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51
The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail: [email protected]
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Page 1: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

The Long and the Short of it:Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers

Paddy Regan

Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey,

Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK

e-mail: [email protected]

Page 2: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

• Isomers in Nature, nuclear astrophysics aspects– 26Al in r-p processed path, inversion of states – 180Ta, nature’s only ‘stable’ isomer (power!)– 176Lu, cosmic chronometer and thermometer– All r-process path and structure of odd-odds !!!

• Production and identification of isomers ? – Fusion-evap, projectile frag. Deep-inelastics, spallation,

neutron capture…– electronic timing, proj. frag. – Mass separation for long-lived isomers

• Cheating with isomer half-lives….undressing!– 74Kr (GANIL) bare, 201,200Pt (GSI) H-like

Page 3: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Outline of Talk

• What are isomers and what can you tell from them.

• Where do you find isomers ?

• How might you measure them ?

• Beta-decaying high-spin isomer(s) in 177Lu ?

• On to the mid-shell (170Dy).

•Future ? Projectile fragmentation, undressing…..

Page 4: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

What is an isomer ?

Metastable (long-lived) nuclear excited state.

‘Long-lived’ could mean

~10-19 seconds, shape isomers in alpha-clusters or

~1015 years 180Ta 9-->1+ decay.

Why/when do you get isomers?

If there is (i) large change in spin (‘spin-trap’)

(ii) small energy change

(iii) dramatic change in structure (shape, K-value)

What do isomers tell you ?

Isomers occur due to single particle structure.

Page 5: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Walker and Dracoulis, Physics World Feb. 1994

Page 6: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Ex>1MeV, T1/2>1ms (red), T1/2>1hour (black)

From Walker and Dracoulis, Nature 399, p35 (1999)

Page 7: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:
Page 8: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:
Page 9: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

From Walker and Dracoulis, Nature 399, p35 (1999)

Page 10: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

decay to states in 208Pb.

212Po, high-spin -decaying yrast trap. (also proton decaying isomers, e.g, 53Co PLB33 (1970) 281ff.

E0 (ec) decay

74Kr, shape isomer

High-spin, yrast-trap (E3) in 212Fr K-isomer in 178Hf

Page 11: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Seniority (spherical shell residual interaction) Isomers

Page 12: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Types of isomers

(b) K-isomers, eg, 178Hf, K=8- state

K=0, I=8+ K=8, I=8- T1/2=4 secs

Single particle spin can align on the axis of symmetry giving large K values. Decay selection rule requires ie large K-changes require high (slow) multipoles.

K=8-, I=8-

K=0, I=8+Instead of E1 decay, need M8!

(a) Spin traps, eg. 26Al, (N=Z=13) 0+ state.

5+, T=0 0 keV, T1/2=7.4x105 yrs

0+, T=1 228.3 keV, T1/2=6.3 secs(decays direct to 26Mg GS via superallowed Fermi+…forking in rp-process

(decays to 2+ states in 26Mgvia forbidden, l=3 decays).

Page 13: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

82

126

50

82Expect to find K-isomers in regions where high-K orbitals are at the Fermi surface.

Also need large, axially symmetric deformation

(

Conditions fulfilled at A~170-190 rare-earth reg.

High- single particle orbitals from eg. i13/2 neutrons couple together togive energetically favoured states with high-K (=i).

Page 14: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Search for long (>100ms) K-isomers in neutron-rich(ish) A~180 nuclei.

low-K high-K mid-K j

K

:rule sel. -K

Walker and Dracoulis Nature 399 (1999) p35

(Stable beam) fusion limit makes high-K in neutronrich hard to synthesise

Page 15: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

• Some ‘special’, exotic cases!– 178Hf K-isomer with many branches….e.g., E5 decays.– 176Lu, chosmothermoter for s-process.– 26Al decay seen from space as example of

nucleosynthesis, rp-process ‘by-pass’.– Nuclear batteries/gamma-ray lasers, can we de-excite

the isomers ? (180Ta paper by PMW, GDD, JJC; 178Hf 31 yrs state?).

Page 16: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:
Page 17: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Smith, Walker et al., submitted to Phys. Rev. C

Page 18: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Full-sky Comptel map of 1.8 MeV gammas in 26Mg following 26Al GS beta-decay.

(a) Spin traps, eg. 26Al, (N=Z=13) 0+ state.

5+, T=0 0 keV, T1/2=7.4x105 yrs

0+, T=1 228.3 keV, T1/2=6.3 secs(decays direct to 26Mg GS via superallowed Fermi+…forking in rp-process

(decays to 2+ states in 26Mgvia forbidden, l=3 decays).

Page 19: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

N=Z, isospin isomers, potentially important consequences for rp-process path.See e.g., Coc, Porquet and Nowacki, Phys. Rev. C61 (1999) 015801

Page 20: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Astrophysical Consequences of Isomers

Ta is ‘stable’ in its isomeric state, but its ground state decays in hours!

Longstanding problem as to how the isomeric state is created in nature (via eg. S-process). Possible mechanism via heavier nuclei spallation or K-mixing of higher states in 180Ta.

Page 21: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Figure from Wiescher, Regan and Aprahamian, Physics World, Feb 2002.For explanation see Walker, Dracoulis and CarrolPhys. Rev. C64 061302(R) (2001) K=9- isomer might be de-excited to

1+ ground state through intermediatepath with states of K=5+.

Page 22: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

7- ground state, 4x1010yrs

1- excited state, 4hrs

123 keV

176Lu

176Lu survival depends on not exciting -decaying isomer

Page 23: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:
Page 24: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Bohr and Mottelson, Phys. Rev. 90, 717 (1953)Wrong spin for isomer (I>11 shown later to be 8- by Korner et al. Phys. Rev. Letts. 27, 1593 (1971)). K-value and real spectroscopy very imporant in understanding isomers.

Page 25: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

How do you measure isomers ?

• ns : Use in-beam electronic techniques (eg. start-stop)

• ns -> ms: In-flight technique, projectile fragmentation.

• 100 ms -> hours: On-line mass-separator (eg. GSI set-up).

• > hours: (Mass diffs. in eg, traps, coupled cyclotrons etc.)

Page 26: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

In-beam, electronic technique (t)

eg, PHR et al. Nucl. Phys. A586 (1995) p351

Fusion-evaporation reaction with pulsed beam (~1ns), separated by fixed period (~500ns). Using coincidence gamma-rays to see across isomer

Page 27: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

100Mo + 136Xe @ 750 MeVGAMMASPHERE + CHICO

TLFs

BLFs

elastics

Page 28: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Isomer gating very useful in DIC experiments. Test with known case…..

Page 29: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

primary beamPb @ 1GeV/u

Production target

Central focus, S2Final focus, S4

E(Z2)cu

eB

Q

A

FTO

catcher

degraderdegrader

dipole, B

scintscint

MW=x,y

scint(veto)

Use FRS (or LISE3) to ID exotic nuclei. Transport some in isomeric states (TOF~ x00ns).Stop and correlate isomeric decays with nuclei id.

eg. R. Grzywacz et al. Phys. Rev. C55 (1997) p1126 -> LISE C.Chandler et al. Phys. Rev. C61 (2000) 044309 ->LISE M. Pfutzner et al. Phys. Lett. B444 (1998) p32 -> FRS

Page 30: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Chandler et al. Phys. Rev. C61 (2000) 044309

67Ge

69Se

76Rb

Page 31: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Heaviest odd-odd,N=Z gammas, isobaric analog states ? 86Tc, C. Chandler et al. Phys. Rev. C61 (2000) 044309

Page 32: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

8+ isomer in 78Zn, real evidence of 78Ni shell closure.J.M.Daugas et al. Phys. Lett.

B476 (2000) p213

Page 33: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

74Kr isomer from 92Mo fragmentationat GANIL. 456 keV appears to decay (a) too fast (500 nsflight time) and (b) too slow for measured value of 2+ state (~25 ps).

Effect of undressing the nucleus of its e-

and switching off electron-conversion decay mode…see later.

Page 34: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:
Page 35: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

from Bouchez et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 082502 (2003)

Page 36: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Gamma-gamma analysis on 200Pt isomer (21 ns!), Caamano et al. Nucl. Phys. A682 (2001) p223c; Acta Phys. Pol. B32 (2001) p763

Page 37: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:
Page 38: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

136Sb

135Te

Use FRS to select projectile fission products (forward boosted ones). Note transmission a few %.

T1/2=565(50) ns state in 136Sb (Z=51, N=85)

M. Mineva et al. Eur. Phys. J. A11 (2001) p9-13

Page 39: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

170Dy, double mid-shell, may be best case yet for ‘pure’ K-isomer see PHR et al. Phys. Rev. C65 (2002) 037302

Page 40: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

33 ns isomer in 195Os (last stable 192Os), useful test of structure in prolate/oblate shape coexistence region. 194Os Wheldon et al. Phys. Rev. C63 (2001) 011304(R)

First id of ‘doubly mid-shell’ nucleus, 170Dy (N=104, Z=66). K=6+ isomers predicted for well deformed N=104 nuclei. TRS calcs (F.Xu) predict a very ‘stiff’, highly deformed prolate nucleus. Could be the best K-isomer?

Data from M.Caamano et al.

Page 41: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

C. Schlegel et al.Physica Scripta T88 (2000) p72

High spins (>35/2) populated

Page 42: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Proton drip line isomer physicsfrom 208Pb fragmentation.N=74 chain of K=8- isomers.Next in chain would be 140Dy, proton decay daughter of (deformed) 141Tb.

Isomers orginally seen in fusion-evap (ANU data)A.M.Bruce et al. Phys.Rev. C50 (1994) p480and C55 (1997) p620

Page 43: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

2

3/22

22

2

)1(exp

ratio,isomer predicts model off-cut sharp

1

3

3

210178.0

, 2

)1(exp

2

12

fJ jth

p

ppf

ffjj

JJdJPR

A

AAAA

JJJP

m

M. de Jong et al. Nucl. Phys. A613 (1997) p435

M. Pfutzner et al. Phys. Rev. C & Acta. Phys. Pol. (submitted)

Page 44: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

iitot

i

fii

qq

effimp

tot

b

ttG

TOFTOF

FGbN

NR

1

expexp

11

expF

, )1(

0

2

2

22

1

11

Isomeric Ratio Calculations

M. Pfutzner et al. Phys Rev. C65, 064604 (2002)

Page 45: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

M. Pfutzner et al. Phys Rev. C65, 064604 (2002)

Page 46: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

2)12( LModified from Introductory Nuclear Physics, Hodgson, Gadioli and Gadioli Erba, Oxford Press (2000) p509

Aim? To perform high-spin physics in stable and neutron rich nuclei. Problem: Fusion makes proton-rich nuclei.Solutions? (a)fragmentation (b) binary collisions/multi-nucleon transfer

See eg. Broda et al. Phys. Rev Lett. 74 (1995) p868Juutinen et al. Phys. Lett. 386B (1996) p80Wheldon et al. Phys. Lett. 425B (1998) p239 Cocks et al. J. Phys. G26 (2000) p23Krolas et al. Acta. Phys. Pol. B27 (1996) p493Asztalos et al. Phys. Rev. C60 (1999) 044307

CCMMAX

MAX

TB

TLF

VER

L

LAA

L

2

2

31

2

1

1

7

2

:limit Rolling

Page 47: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Online-Mass Separation Technique

Select by massSelect by decay times

Lifetimes from grow-in curve

Surrey/GSI/Liverpool,

136Xe+Tanat

Page 48: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

A=184

A=185

A=186

A=183

A=182

136Xe @11.4 MeV/u on to 186W target in thermal ion source (TIS), tape speed 160 s.

Mass selection achieved using dipole magnet in GSI Onlinemass separator (ASEP).

keVEQ

Qe

EAu

Qe

vAuB

60 ,1

2.

Z selection by tape speed (ie. removing activity before it decays) and ion source choice.

See Bruske et al. NIM 186 (1981) p61

S. Al Garni et al. Surrey/GSI/Liv./Goettingen/Milano

Page 49: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Gate on electron ( or ec) at implantation point of tape drive, gives ‘clean’ trigger. Use add-back

Use grow-in curve techniqueR=Ao(1-exp(t/

Select cycle length for specific , add together multiple tape cycles.

Page 50: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:
Page 51: The Long and the Short of it: Some Fundamentals about Nuclear Isomers Paddy Regan Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK e-mail:

Basic Technical Requirements for Studies with Isomers

• Beam pulsing, good t=0 reference for short (ns) lifetimes.

• In-flight separator (eg. FMA, LISE, FRS...) for ~microsecond-ms decays.

• Tape drive/helium jet system for 10ms->hours lifetimes

• Traps, cyclotrons etc. for longer lived species


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