The Malacca Straits Expedition: The Malacca Straits Expedition:
New dimension in the Sustainable New dimension in the Sustainable Development of the Straits.Development of the Straits.
H.M.IbrahimH.M.Ibrahim, F.M. , F.M. YusoffYusoff & A. & A. ArshadArshad..
Marine Science Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science Laboratory, Institute of BioscienceBioscience
University University PutraPutra Malaysia Malaysia
Format
• Introduction- UPM-JICA project on the Natural Resources and Pollution on the SOM
• Objective of the Malacca Straits Expedition• Expedition periods• Study site• Types of study• Results• What next?
The Straits of Malacca
Located - west Peninsular MalaysiaCoastline - 1000 km. Shallow sea -partially land-locked, connects Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean. Supports ~ 50% of fishing resources in P. M’siaDeeper in North (100 m) & shallower in South (10 m). Upwelling processes in One Fathom Bank 2nd busiest shipping lane in the world
SW Monsoon
NE Monsoon
98oE 99o 100o 101o 102o 103o 104o 105o
1o
2o
3o
4o
5o
6o
7o N
Penang
Lumut
Port Klang
Port Dickson
Malacca
PENINSULARMALAYSIA
SUMATRA
South ChinaSea
∀Surface
Surface
Dominant currents in the Straits of Malacca.Straits of M
alacca
JICA Research Vessel; Dept. of Fisheries M’sia
Sampling PeriodsCruise 1 – NE Monsoon, Nov.-Dec. `98Cruise II – Post-NE Monsoon, Mar-Apr. `99Cruise III – Post-SW Monsoon, Aug. `99Cruise IV - SW Monsoon, Jul-Aug `00Cruise V - SW Monsoon, Jul-Aug `03’
The Straits of Malacca
1 *2 *
8 *
9 * 1 0 *
1 3 * 1 4 *
1 5 1 6 *
1 7
1 8 *
1 9 *
2 0
2 1 *
2 2
2 3 2 4 *
9 8 oE 9 9 o 1 0 0o 1 0 1 o 1 0 2 o 1 0 3 o 1 0 4 o 1 0 5 o
1 o
2 o
3 o
4 o
5 o
6 o
7 o N
P enan g
L um u t
P o rt K lang
P o rt D ickso n
M alac ca
P E N IN S U L A RM A L A Y S IA
S U M A T R A
S o u th C h ina S ea
∀
Jo ho r
7*
12*
3*
C
S
N
L a ngk aw i
Zooplankton sampling stations in the Straits of Malacca:N - north; C- centre & S-south.
Straits of Malacca
24 Sampling Stations
N
Salinity (ppt) at different stations in different zon. during intermonsoons
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
30 32 34 36 38
St.3
St.15
St.22
(a)D
epth
(m)
(N)(S)
(C)
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
20 22 24 26 28 30
(b)
St.22
St.3
St.15
Dep
th (m
)
Temperature (oC) at different stations in different zon. during intermonsoons
(N)
(S)(C)
98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
0.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.450.500.550.600.650.700.750.800.850.900.951.00
Langkawi
Penang
Lumut
Port Kelang
Port Dickson
Malacca
PENINSULARMALAYSIA
SUMATRA
Orthophosphate-P (µmole) in surface waters duringNorth–east Monsoon (Law et al. 2000)
98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
0.801.001.201.401.601.802.002.202.402.602.803.003.203.403.603.804.004.204.404.604.80
Langkawi
Penang
Lumut
Port Kelang
Port Dickson
Malacca
SUMATRA
PENINSULARMALAYSIA
Dissolved Organic Phosphate (µmole) in surface waters duringNorth–east Monsoon (Law et al. 2000)
Total Ammonia-N (µmole) in surface waters duringNorth–east Monsoon (Law et al. 2000)
98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
0.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.802.002.202.402.602.803.003.203.403.603.804.004.204.404.60
Langkawi
Penang
Lumut
Port Kelang
Port DicksonMalacca
PENINSULARMALAYSIA
SUMATRA
Nitrate-N (µmole) in surface waters duringNorth–east Monsoon (Law et al. 2000)
98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
Langkawi
Penang
Lumut
Port Kelang
Port Dickson
Melacca
SUMATRA
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Major Diatom Genera (Pulau Payar)
Nitzschia10%
Pseudo-nitzschia
1%Skeletonema
16%
Bacteriastrum3% Others
3%
Chaetoceros6%
Melosira61%
Common Phytoplankton
Actinoptychus sp.
Asteromphalus sp.
Actinocyclus sp.
Coscinodiscus sp.
Thalassiosira sp.
Cyclotella sp.
Common Phytoplankton, Con’t
Chaetoceros sp. Biddulphia sp. Hemiaulus sp.
Triceratium spp. Bacteriastrum sp.
Zooplankton CollectionZooplankton Collection
I II III IV
Cruise
0
5
10
15
20
Mea
n de
nsity
(ind
. x 1
000
m- 3
)
1998 1999 2000 1999
Mean abundance of tot. zooplankton during various cruises in the Straits of Malacca
0-1010-2020-40
>400 15 30 45 60
0 3 6 9 12Density (ind. m -3 x 1000)
North
0-10
10-20
20-40
>40
Dep
th st
ratu
m (m
)
0 15 30 45 60
0 3 6 9 12
0-10
10-20
20-40
>400 100 200 300 400 500
0 20 40 60 80
Centre
South
-3 )
Biomass (mg dry wt. m-3)
(Dry wt.)
(Dry wt.)
(Dry wt.)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Total Zooplankton
ZOOPLANKTON IN THE STRAITS ZOOPLANKTON IN THE STRAITS 119 species in Malacca Straits119 species in Malacca Straits
a total of 112 species in the a total of 112 species in the North zoneNorth zone--HH11 = 3.632= 3.632
97 species in the 97 species in the Central zoneCentral zone-- HH11 = 3.172= 3.172
80 species in the 80 species in the South zoneSouth zone-- HH11 = 2.967= 2.967
O. simplex, E. O. simplex, E. acutifronsacutifrons and P. and P. parvusparvusare the most dominant speciesare the most dominant species
Copepod DistributionCopepod DistributionNorthern Zone:Northern Zone:Highest # copepod species: 112Highest # copepod species: 112Highest diversity index, HHighest diversity index, H’’: 3.63: 3.63Central Zone:Central Zone:
# copepod species: 97# copepod species: 97Diversity index, HDiversity index, H’’: 3.17: 3.17Southern Zone: Southern Zone: Lowest # copepod species: 80Lowest # copepod species: 80Lowest diversity index, HLowest diversity index, H’’: 2.967: 2.967
Nauplii of copepodsNauplii of copepods
Copepodites Copepodites
Three main orders of copepodThree main orders of copepod
Note the general shape, placement of eggs and antennal length
CalanoidCalanoid
CyclopoidCyclopoid
HarpacticoidHarpacticoid
South China Sea
98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
S U M A T R A2.00
2.40
2.80
3.20
3.60
4.00
Distribution of copepods (zooplankton, log transformed), average for 4 cruises
NDensity(ind. m-3)
The Straits of Malacca
0510152025303540
6 7 8 9 13 17 18 21 23 24 31 36 37 38 51 52
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 6 7 12 17 20 21 24 27 29 37 50 52 53 67 80
024681012141618
4 6 7 12 17 20 21 24 29 37 42 50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2 5 6 7 1012161920212425353740415154668081
Den
sity
(ind
ivid
uals
.mD
ensi
ty (i
ndiv
idua
ls.m
-- 33x
1000
)x
1000
)
Distance from the shore (nautical mile)Distance from the shore (nautical mile)
Near-coastal
Neritic
Cruise I
Cruise II
Cruise III
Cruise IV
Variation of copepod density from the nearVariation of copepod density from the near--coastal to neritic waterscoastal to neritic waters
Distribution of Cu in zooplankton in the Malacca Straits.
98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
SUMATRA
0.00
0.40
0.80
1.20
1.60
2.00
2.40
2.80
3.20
ppm wet wt.(log transformed)
Penang Island
Distribution of Zn in zooplankton in the Malacca Straits.
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
SUMATRA
0.00
30.00
60.00
90.00
120.00
150.00
180.00
210.00
240.00
270.00
300.00
ppm wet wt.
South China Sea
Distribution of Pb in zooplankton in the Malacca Straits.
South China Sea
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
SUMATRA0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
ppm wet wt.
Distribution of Cd in zooplankton in the Malacca Straits.
South China Sea
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
SUMATRA
0.00
0.40
0.80
1.20
1.60
2.00
2.40
2.80
3.20
3.60
4.00
ppm wet wt.
Cu Pb Zn Cd
Heavy Metals
0.05
0.5
5
50
500
/ North Centre South
Heavy metals in mixed zooplankton different parts of the Straits
Log.
Con
cent
rat i o
n (µ
g g-1
wet
wt. )
ResultsMASDEC Chlorophyll-a sampling for three cruises
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 3 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Station
Chl
orop
hyll-
a (m
g/m
3)
Cruise 1 Cruise 2 Cruise 3
Results
SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a for three cruises
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 2 3 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Station
Chl
orop
hyll-
a (m
g/m
3)
Cruise 1 Cruise 2 Cruise 3
Summary of MASDEC and SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a data
• The average chlorophyll-a for MASDEC and SeaWiFS were 2 and 2.32 mg/m3
MASDEC Chlorophyll-a (mg/m3) SeaWiFS Chlorophyll-a (mg/m3)
Cruise 1 Cruise 2 Cruise 3 Cruise 1 Cruise 2 Cruise 3
Maximum 2.81 6.65 4.56 6.84 5.92 4.98
Minimum 0.22 0.27 0.72 0.26 0.45 0.53
Average 1.20 2.70 2.10 2.42 1.93 2.60
Ratio between average SeaWiFS and MASDEC Chlorophyll-a
• The lowest ratio was recorded 0.07 at station 12• The highest ratio was 5.4 at station 15• The offshore stations were generally under estimated,
while the inshore stations were generally over estimated
0.01
0.1
1
10
1 2 3 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Stations
Rat
io
Chlorophyll-a distribution maps for all three MASDEC cruises
MASDEC chlorophyll-a over surface salinity distribution for all cruises
MASDEC chlorophyll-a over sea surface temperature distribution maps for all three cruises
Classification of MASDEC sampling stations into three zones
• Coastal
• Offshore
• Southern
Coastal
Offshore
Southern
MASDEC GIS
Home-page
1 To share the data
NODC (National Oceanographic data Center)
Remote Sensing (SeaWiFS)
MASDEC cruise sampling data
Numerical model
etc.
2 To make people understand the marine environment of the Straits of Malacca plainly
Purpose
This is a simplifieddiagram
of the MASDEC GIS.
GIS Map
METHODOLOGY
User
3D SceneGraph
Spatial Analysis
MASDEC Stations
Available Image
Hotlink
Plankton
Create Contour
SeagrassPollutionChlorophyll
Query
Vector Analysis
Land Locations
Query operation on Hg (cruise 1)
Contour of Cu quantity on cruise 2
Chlorophyll distribution at 20m depth on cruise 4
Comparisons chlorophyll quantity in depth 0.5m and 10m on cruise 1
3D screen of chlorophyll quantity at 20m depth on cruise 4
ETHNICITY (1980 TO 2000)
BumiputrasChineseIndianThaiIndonesiansPortugueseOthers
Pie Chart
FISHERMEN DISTRICT(1988 to 1999)
BumiputrasChineseIndianOthers
40 stationsBar Chart
NODC data (National Oceanographic Data Center).http://masdec.upm.edu.my/nodcdata
NODC Data
month
month
depth
inquiry
11 parameters
panZoom in and out
Initial view
Functions
Sampling points
Clicked area
Zoom in and outInquiryPan
Text fileContour graph Arc/view format output
Salinity
Contour of Sea Surface Temperature from NODC.http://masdec.upm.edu.my/nodcdata
Contour Plotting
Contour plot of salinity.
Salinity Contour
Seagrass Information
Photographs Available
Seagrass Species
Rare Photographs of Fruits & Flowers
SeaWIFS Data - Cruise 3
Fish Species
List
Species Code No.
3103
Fish Description
Fish Description
Fish Statistics
38 yearsTime Series Plots
Wind Speed
Acknowledgements:
JICA for funding the project on ` Aquatic Resource & Environmental Studies on the Straits of Malacca’ –1998-2003
Department of Fisheries Malaysia, KUSTEM, MIMA, Economic Planning Unit & DoE for their support of the UPM project on the Straits of Malacca through MASDEC
