The Meeting of the American Historical Association at Chicago

The Meeting of the American Historical Association at ChicagoSource: The American Historical Review, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Apr., 1905), pp. 489-510Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical AssociationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1832276 .

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Volume X April, 1905. [Number 3

THE MWEETING OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION AT CHICAGO

F OR some years the stuccessive meetinlgs of the American His- torical Association have vied one with the other in interest

and usefulness. In describing these meetings it is no longer possible to use descriptive adjectives in the comparative or suiperlative degree. All of them have been practically above criticism or com- plaint. The recent meeting at Chicago-December 28 to 30, 1904. -was no less satisfactory in all respects than its predecessors, and candor forbids us to use miore laudatory plhrases. The programme was excellent, the social arrangemienlts were admliirable, the courtesy of those in charge of the miieeting and the attentions of friends of the Association in Chicago unfailing and unremittin-g.

Most of the sessions were held at the University of Chicago, in the Rey1nolds Club HouLse and in the Leon Mandel Assemhbly Hall adjoining, which were well adapted to the purposes and gave facili- ties not only for the stated programme bhut for committee anld boardI meetings, and for social inltercoturse, which after all is the most important featture of these gatlherilngs. The Amlerican Econolmlic Asso- ciation and the American Political Science Association hcldkl meeting s at the same tinme and place, ancd there were tlhree joil]t sessionls at the first the chief paper was the address of the presi(leiut of the Political Science Association; at the second, tlhe addcresses of the presidents of the Economic Associatioln and the H-istorical Association were real; at the third, topics in iniluhstrial history were (lisctusse(l bv tlle econom-lists anid the hiistorians. The attenidance was large andl representative, more nlumhlbers heingt registered and probahly mlialny more present than at any previous meeting. As was the case at New Orleans, nearlv all sections of the couintry were well represelnted. Thoug>h not so mnanlv came fromn the Pacific coast or the sotutl

AM. LUST. REV .. VO.. x. -32. 489



490 CGlcag-o Aleelzn,ig of I/he

Atlantic states as were in attendance a year ago, New England(I and the nidldle states were largely represented, as were nearlv all of the states of the AiIississippi basin.

At the end of the first session a luncheon was served to visiting (lelegates in Huitchinson Hall, the tuniversity commons-a charming reproduiction of the hall of Christ Chturch College, Oxford. The samie afternoon the ladies were invited to a tea by Mrs. William Gardn-er Hale. Wednesday evening a reception was given by the Chicago Historical Society at their buiilding, andl the next afternoon the delegates were received by President and Mrs. Harper. An enjoyable snmoker was held at the Hotel del Prado on Thuirsday evening. The same evening the ladies were entertained at the residence of Professor James Westfall Thompson, by Mrs. Thoompson and Mirs. MIary J. Wilmarth. The Quadrangle Club, the Union Leagutie Club, the City Cluib, and the University Club gave nonl-resi- dent menmbers the free use of their club-rooms, and the same courtesy was shown the ladies of the Association by the Chicago Women's Cltub. The suiccess of the meeting was in no small measure due to the tireless work and good juidgment of Professor J. Franklin Jameson, chairman of the committee on programme, and of MT\ r. Charles L. Huitclhinson, chairnan of the committee on arrangements.

The meetings once more gave evidenice of the wide interests of American historical scholars, of the spirit of co6peration, and of the best of scholastic good-fellowship. One of the miieetings was givenl up to conferences or " round-tables " on special stlbjects, a feature of the programme which proved pectuliarly attractive, as is likelyr to be the case wxhere topics of live interest are discussed andl where practical miiethods are considered. The practice of dividing the Associationi inito sections, which years ago was followed for a time, had its evidlent disadvantages, silnce it destroyed the uinity of the nmeetincgs ancd simiiply added to the ntumber of fornmal papers to whicl one migh-lit listen if he chose ; buit suich a plan as that adopted at Clhicago, of <giving, one session to a numiber of special gatherings in which imiatters of interest mav be freelv discuisse(d by a comaparativelyr small numniber of miien, is of very evident effect in increasincg the ilnterest and the valuie of the meetings. One wouild hesitate to say that the plan slhotuld alwavs be followvedl in the ftutture, buit this at least is certain, that the mornilng session given tip to the round-table conferenices was the most profitable an(d ilnteresting of all. The meetinlg as a whole was of tunqtuestioned service to western sclholars, anid perhaps of special valtue becauise it brought together anl tunutstual numtliber of wvorkers in local history and(l gave tlheml new coturage and interest.



Amer/can Histori-cal Association 491

At the first session, held in Leon M\andel Assembly Hall, anl address of welcome was given by President William R. Harper, after wlhich Professor Frank J. Goodnow, of Coltumbia Unliversity, presi(lent of the Amiierican Political Science Association, gave the first animal ad(dress, choosilng for his topic the work of the new associationl. He dwelt chiefly on topics and fields of stndy that need attention fromn investigators in political science and on the desirability of cociperation between practical workers and theorists which the association might promote, and emphasized the desirability of a thorotgih and scientific examination of principles and practices of administration.

After these addresses had been delivered before the three societies, two papers were read in a joint meeting of the Historical and Political Science Associations. Professor William M. Sloane, of Columiiibia University, in a paper entitled " The Contrast of Political Theory and Practice in France under the Convention ", examined critically the Frenclh government utnder the Convention from 1793 to 1795. He cleclared that an assembly clhosen to mlake a constitution usurped the sovereign power withoout excuse, and that the plea of necessity was invalid. The coalition against France was not for- midable, because it hadl no solid basis and no consistency. The internal affairs of France gave the Jacobins no monopoly in saving the countrv, for there was already a constituted executive, and the botundless resources of the country were just as available for the republicans as a whole as they were for one faction of the party. The Convention was not merely a usurper, it was irregular and illegitimiiate in both its membership and its organization. Surrender- ing, its power to two committees, the Executive Council and that of Ptublic Security, it dlevoted itself solely to party ends. Its earliest effort in arrogating, sovereignty to an oligarchy by the Committee of General Defenise was a failure. Thereupon it deliberately sacri- ficed for its own-i ends the entire Girondin partv and created the Com- mlittee of Public Safetv, which took advantage of the public dis- orders to create a Jacobin autocracy. The most efficient organ of this shamiieless tyrann,y-the Revolutionarv tribunal-steadily de- clinedI into a factional committee of assassination. Any effort to judge the " Terror " even as a means justified bv the end is fore- doomed to failure; for France has been savedI several times in moments quite as critical: but it was done by sane men, and the stuccess didl not deliver her bound to governments like the disrep- utable Directory and an eventual nmilitary despotism.

Nir. Jesse S. Reeves read a paper on the Napoleonic Confederacy in the United States, an organization by the French refugees in



492 ChGcago MVAeelning of Ih/e

Anmerica lhaving for its pnrpose the placing of Joseph Bonaparte npon the throne of Mexico. In the snimmer of 1817 G. Hvde de Neniville, the French muinister at WVashington, obtained possession of certain letters sent by Joseph Lakanal to Joseph Bonaparte. These letters disclosed a conspiracy among French refngees in America, bnt, though the attention of the State Departmlent was called to the miatter, no steps were taken to apprehend the leaders. In the spring of i8i8, a comipany of two hLnndred men, under Gen- eral Lallemand, left Philadelphia, landed at Galvestoni, and proceeded np the Trinity river. A settlem-ent called Champ d'Asile was fotnnded, btnt its existence was short; menaced by the Spanislh. and suffering for want of food, the wretched Napoleonic soldiers aTan- doned their settlement and retnrned to Galveston, where they were fouind by General Graham, wlho 1had been sent by Monroe to investigate the pnrposes of the expedition. Inasmuch as Lallenland's plans came to natng-bt and there was no proof that Joseph Bon1aparte had any part in the tindertaking, the government of the United States did not think it best to take fturther notice of the pturposes and plans of the conspirators. Mr. Reeves's narrative was based on the correspondence on file in the Department of State.

The afternoon of Wednesday was given to a meeting of the Cotuncil, anid of various comlimittees and boards wlhich now have in clharge manv of the important fuinctions of the Association. In the evening a joint miieetilng of the Historical and Economic Associations was hield in the Chicago Historical Society building. Mr. Franklin H. Head, in behalf of the Chicago Historical Society, welcomlled the associations in a felicitotus address. President Frank WV. Tatussig, of the Econom-iic Association, disctussed the present position of the doctrine of free trade. After considerinc, the general argtlments for free trade and protcctioin, he said that conclu-sions as to the general aruniment for protection for y-oung indutstries have an tuncertain ring; and that wlile protection canlnot be proved to be useless, certain economic plhenomena in this cotuntrv show that it is not indispensable. The essence of the doctrine of free trade is that international trade brilng,s a gain, and, in colnsequienlce, all restrictions tipoll it a loss. Departuires fromn this prinlciple miiay perhaps be juistified, hut they need to prove their own case, and if miade in view of the pressure of opposing interests, suiclh departtures are a matter of regret. The address of the president of the Historical Association, Professor Goldwin Smith, which in his absence was read b- Professor Benja-

in S. Terry, appears in this nlutmber of tlhe REVIInw, alid in colnse-

quleince it is not necessary to speak of its scope or character.

Thle scssionl of Thursdav nmorning. wlheIl the round-table con-



iAnzericaun i/s/orica/ Associa lion 493

ferenlces were lheld, was of pecutliar interest; anid the fact that imlanly

felt, wheni the conferenlces were finislhed, that nimtclh remiiained to be said is aimiple proof of the profitableness and utility of the discussions. The officers of the Association lhave long felt that an effort slhould be imiade to bring the state historical societies into closer relations withi onIe anlother and witlh the gelneral association, in order that, by mleanls of greater cooperation, objects of common interest miiiglht be attained, and unvwise and unnlecessary duplication of work avoided. \Vitlh tlhe hlope of establislhing this closer relationship, a conference of represenltatives fromll state and local societies was 1made part of the Chicago programmnie, anld its success was marked. The sessions wvere lheld in the librarv of the Reynolds Club House. Dr. Reuben G. TIhlw-aites, whlo acted as clhairman, in opening the meeting stated in a few well-clhosen words the purposes in view and what might be gail1e(l for muttual benefit bv a better understanding among local societies. In a paper on the forms of organization and the relation to the state governiments M\rr. Thomas WI. Owen, director of the Alabamiia Department of Archives and History, spoke of the obliga- tion resting tiponl the state for the preservation and care of its arclhives, and of the desirability of having an officer specially charged Nith tlis dultv. This work slhould be consigned to some one wvho is interested in historical matters and appreciates the value of docu- mlentarv miaterial, inasmtuch as the average adminiistrative officer is not likely to have much rcspect for documents that have no; immediate and evidenlt utility. The state historical society is tinable to care for the public records, andl only by the establishment of a distinct departmlelnt can stitable appropriations commilonly be expected. The speaker described the orgaanization existing in Alabama, where there is a separate department of the government, under the general managemient of a board of trtustees, and a director is appointed as a state trustee; the State Historical Society of Alabama lhas decided to suirrender to the state the task of collecting manuscripts, and to content itself with lholding meetings, publishing material, and stimu- lating interest in history. iVIr. Warren Upham, secretary of the ilinnesota Historical Society, spoke in approval of the methods existing in those states wlhere the expenses of the historical society are mlet by legislative appropriations. Without denying the value of suiclh an organization as that of Alabama, and without underesti- mlating the immense work done by such associations as the MIassa- chlisetts Historical Society, he pointed out the evident advantages of suiclh a system as that of Wisconsin and of some of the other states in the nortlhwest. A state departmlelnt of history is in danger of being subjected to political influence. A historical societv, aided



494 Clzicago MVeeling of t/e

by the state in an evidenlt public duty, can collect and care for historical (locumllents and also arouse popular interest as a public officer cannot. AMr. C. M. Burton, of Detroit, president of the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, and well known as a devoted col- lector of hiistorical materials, spoke earnestly of the need of coopera- tioln to the end that unnecessary duplication of work might be avoided and more thorough work accomplished. He advocated the preparation of a general index to the publications of historical societies, a task which would be easily performed if the historical societies of the couintry would be willing to work together. Professor B. F. Shambauglh, of the University of Iowa, spoke briefly of the proper division of the field between the state society and the local societies within the same state, and pointed out the value of local societies in preserving documents and in aiding the state society in the task of collection.

Professor F. L. Riley, of the University of Mississippi, comnmi1ent- ilg on the general subject under discussion, spoke favorably of the arrangement in Mississippi, where there is an active historical society and also a well-organized state department, the formiier at the university, the latter at the state capital. Professor A. C. M\IcLaugh- lin, at the suggestion of the chairman, gave a short statement of the proposed work of the Bureau of Historical Research of the Carnegie Institution. Referrinog to the work already done in England by Professor C. M. Andrews, he said that it is the intenltion to miake a thorough report on the British archives and, in the cominig -ear, to begin the examination of the Spanish archives, with the hope of being of service not only to investigators, but to historical societies that wish to have transcripts made. It is also the intention of the bureau to gather information concerning all manuscript collections of historical societies, in order that there may be in one place knowledge of the materials that are scattered throughout the country.

The round-table conlference on the teaching of church history had a fair attendance, and the proceedings were of great interest to all present. Professor F. A. Christie, of the Meadville Theological School, presiding, opened the conference by a plea for a consideration of the problems of church history as problems of historical science without the control of dogmatic or ecclesiastical interests. Regret was expressed that the body of workers in this field does not compare favorably in numbers or energy with those who contribute to other divisions of the field of history, and that the production of results is equally disappointing. Having indicated certain problems of the definition and treatment of the subject, the speaker held that a hligher scientific activity calls for ampler material equiipment in theological



ide -iatit IHislon'cal 7-s socidaio 495

sclhools a(li for the intro(dtuctioln of the study in instituitions otlher tlhain tlheological. WhIien colleges afford an outline of knowledge, the inlstructionl in tlheological sclhools can tuse mlore intenlsive methods and y-ield hiigher resu-lts.

Professor Albert T. Swilng, of Oberlinl, speakinig onl miietl-hods of teachlinig, ma(le a vigorotis argtumiient for a system that wotuld occupy the stud(lelnt with the problemiis of exposition anldl reprocIuictioln. In view of the future vocation of the sttudent, an extensive tlhesis was leldk to be less desirable than the preparation- of addresses in suich literary form as would make a living appeal to a mass of lhearers. The aimii shotuld be twofold: the discovery and analysis of vital miiovements by the exercise of trtue historical inlsight; and the inmme- diate presenltation of these ideas with a judicial temper and a sensi- tive skill of artistic expression. After indicating the divisions and metlhods of the general suirvey of chturch historv, Professor Swing rgeld the hiistorical anal-sis of the origin and development of doc-

trinles as the crowning work of the departmiient. Dealingy with the problemii of the fostering of indepeildeln t re-

searchl, IProfessor Slhailer MIathews, of the lUniversity of Clhicago, lheld that a tlheological sclhool aimls at practical efficienlcv inl a pro- fession, anld that the general body of its stu-dents shotuld nlot he ex- pecte d to accomplislh special research. The semiinary multst first teach the body of thinlgs and thenl in the senior vear give somiie dis- cipline in the use of soturces, not for the production of teclmical hiistorialns, btut to show the difference of opinion andl fact and to teaclh the mletlhod of constrtuctionl. On the other hand, sttudents preparing to teach mtist be given a separate technical traininlg, and the instructor miiust ptursue research for his own good. Professor Mathews advocated the s-stematic editing and publication of docu- mlenlts of Anmerican chlurclh history by instructors, witlh the collabora- tion of advanced sttudents, and a project of cooperative hiistorical writincg after the model of the Cainbridg-e Modern History.

On the theme of church history in colleges and graduate schools, Professor Carl Russell Fish, of the Unliversity of Wisconsin, made a stimitulating and suggestive speech with special regard to American history. Althotugli chlurches have lhad a great influence on the growtth of our civilization, the attention given to theem in general coturses is slighlt and confined to the bizarre and the picturesqtue. Vital problems are seldom lhandled. As the mtultiplication of college couirses forbids the average student to take a special course in church history, it is necessary to correlate the subject with general history. The advantage of this is seen in the broadening and consequent simplification of the wvhole view of history. An illustration is the



496 Cklcago Meeting of the

growth and the history of united organizations in the churches and the political union of the country. If college teachers are to have the basis for such correlation, it must be furnished by the specialists in church history and by those who have made a comparative study of the several churches, as well as of religious and civil institutions. This is the most profitable field for the graduate student, who will find whole series of problems by simply placing side by side the ascertained facts in these several subjects and observing the rela- tionships and the discrepancies which there appear.

The conference on the teaching of history in the elementary school was likewise interesting and profitable. Professor J. A. James, of Northwestern University, who acted as chairman, opened the meeting with a few words concerning the importance of the problems that were to come up for discussion. He showed that there is at the present time no agreement in practice or in theory; there are few indications of any tendency to uniformity in the schools. Occasionally men competent to speak with wisdom have been called to plan a course of study for the grades, but expert recommendations have in the past been of little use. The time, however, may now have come for a thorough and, if possible, au- thoritative study of the whole situation. Professor H. W. Thurston, of the Chicago Normal School, read a paper on " Some Suggestions for an Elementary Course of Study in History." The aim of history teaching is to help the child to understand in a true sense what his American fellows are now doing and to help him to intelligent voluntary action in agreement or disagreement with them; a course of study with this general aim would begin with the child's problems in his social environment and carry on from grade to grade the examination of such contemporary social problems as are within the child's comprehension. This study would embrace likewise attention in every grade to genetic problems in the past. The events studied should be in the industrial, political, social, and religious fields, and be chosen primarily from direct physical and psychical ancestry of Americans. Different "unit topics" should not, the speaker said, be presented in chronological order, but rather in such a way that there will be the strongest tendency in the child to relate the past to himself, that he may feel that the ways and thoughts of the present are the product of development and evolution.

In continuing the discussion, Dr. George 0. Virtue, of the Win- ona State Normal School, Minnesota, said he did not think that in choosing material for preparatory work stress should be laid on the interest of the child; the safer guide is the child's future needs. A proper course would not be very different from that now followed



Ai/e/-icazl 17'istorivcal Assocltzol 497

in man', American sclhools. It gives a prominlenlt place in the sevenlth anld eightlh years to Amierican history, whiclh mnighlt well be prece(l(l by ancielnt alnd Englislh history. The momentary interests of sticlh a coturse miglht be made to conformii roughly to the demlands of those holding to the cultuire-epoclh theory and be fitted to the lnee(ds of clildreni of varyi-ng expcrience and abilities; it is rich in. possibilities for developling the inaginlation, rousing the elntlmtsiasn, anld buildin(g stanldards of personal anld civic conlduct. The miiental training frolmi the study of hiistory, wvlhich some persons assert to be only a by-product of hiistory study in the loxwer schools, could be imiade really valuable anid significant if proper attenltion were paid to conditions of preparation, to the time employed, and to securin1g skilledI instrtuction. M\iss Emily J. Rice, of the School of Etidca- tiOln, University of Chicago, spoke bricfly on the preparation of the elenmentary teacher. She emplhasized the fact that new ideals in edutcation are mlaking new demands on the teacher; her task is not to comlpel lher ptupils to commlit a few pages or to mlemiorize a few miealillngless details ; she mutst help to bring the stubject-mlatter of history holmie to the child and to relate it to his experience. Stress slhotuldI be laid on industrial history and the development of the arts. The test of a teacher's success is to be fotund in the habits of study w1hicll lher ptupils acqluire tinder her gtuidance and inspiration.

Followving these papers was a general discussion in which a ntulimber of persons participated, among them Professor A. H. San- ford, of the Stevens Point iNormal School, Wiscolnsin, who declared that general principles shotuld be laid down and superintendents left to work otut the details in a way stuited to their own needs; Professor J. S. Yotulng, of the AMlankato Normal School, MIinnesota, who said that historv sttudy should begin with the first grade and develop by regtilar stages; Professor J. B. MXcMIaster, of the University of Pennsylvania, who believed that in the process of Americanizing the foreig-lcrs wve muist fill their minds with facts of American history, wlhichi theyi may not understand, buit which they mutst take as so mutchi imie(licine andI Professor James Suillivan, who said that we now hlave an undue proportion of American historv. Some of the speakers radically disaagree(l with Professor AIc'Master, declaring that a mere accuimutlation of facts is of little moment. There seemle(l to be general agreement as to the wisdom of a wide and suibstanltial coturse in American historv, as the best preparation for civic (luties aln(d for the comprelhension of the mealing of American society, in wliclh the boys andl girls of the sclhool are called tpon to pass their lives. One wxotilI juidge from the couirse of the (lisctussion that there shotldc be no seriouis difficultv in imiarking ouit a cotirse of



498 CGzhcargo Meelbizg of t/he

sttudy- for the grades, if the task is entered tupoln seriouslyr and intel- ligently. That the stubject miiight secture the requisite attentioln, the conferenlce asked the Cotuncil to appoint a comlittee siimilar to the Comm1iiittee of Seven, wlich shouldl recomnmend a historv coturse for the elemnentary schools.

At the conference whiclh considered the doctoral dissertation in hiistory and the doctor's degree there was a large attenldance. The room where the session was held was too small to contain all wlho sotught admiission, and the discussions were of untustual inlterest. There was a general feeling that the problems tunder consiclerationl are vital and important. In opening the disctussion, the presiding officer, P'rofessor George 13. Adams,1 of Yale, said that in following Germaan practice in this cotuntry we had, in his opinion, followed the wrong road; by granting the degree freely to every one completing a reqtired course, and by demlalnding as a dissertation a piece of originial work, we are likely in the endl to mlagnify the inmportance of little things and run the risk of creating the imiipression that whlat is onl the beginning is the real end; we shall fall also into a state in wlhich process seems the only thing, withotut regard to the valtue of the restult. For the first of these conditions the thesis is largelv re- sponsible; for the sttudent-and sometimes the instrtuctor-labors tunder the impression that the prodtuct of the student's mlintte toil is reallv an imiportant contribtution to knowledge, whereas in the mna- jority of cases, certainly in medieval historv, these laboriotus thieses merely ctumhber the shelves and are bu-t impediments in the wvay of the really creative scholar. Professor Adams called attenltionl to the ntlulber of men who do nothing, after compiling their dissertations, and fall back witlh an tundeserved and tunnecessary feeling of failture ilnto the work of the secondlary schools. As a remedy-, he advised the establishmlelnt of two doctorates, the first of which should stand for abotut the amotunt and kincd of training now reqtlired for the doctorate. For this dlegree the tlhesis need not be an original conltribtu- tion to knowledge, anld there shotuld be no reqtuiremlenlt that it be printed ; the imore advaniced sl1ouldC be similar to the Frenclh declree, obtainable only, by mlatture scholars after a searching exalmiination an(l on the presentation of a dissertation indicative of real scholarship) and creative ability. If it were possible, he said, to advance otur present master's degr-ee to abotut otur preselnt (loctor's deg-ree, and the doctor's to the poilnt of the French doctorate, the arrange- melt vouild be altogether desirable. By agreeing on ani advanced degree, Amierican tiniversities wouLld gain the advalntages of both

Professor Adanms's paper iintroducin- this discussion, rewritten and en- larged, will appear in an early number of the Edtcational Revieu.



Amzerican Hislorical Assoctalzion 499

Geriuvml alnd French practices; they woould not lose their influelnce on the secondary schools; we shotuld avoid conveying to the student a wrong impression of hiis own attainmllents and prospects, and shotuld escape a barren and desolating flood of printed dissertations of no substantial value, which threatens to be a burden to every branch of knowledge.

Professor D. C. lMunro, of the University of Wisconsin, spoke of the variouis kinds of students who seek the doctorate; the training given those who are to be writers of history should be different from that offered those who are seeking only a broad scholarslhip and a fuller knowledge tlhan can be acqnired in the nndergradtnate course. If the formier class is to be properly prepared, training in the techniqtle of history reqtlires so mntch time that no thesis fairly worth printing can as a rule be written. In this respect history stands, perlhaps, on a differeut plane from that of the plhysical sci- ences, wlhere it is not impossible for the comparatively immature sttudent to make a serions contribntion to his science. Professor \flunro could not agree with Professor Adams as to the tusefulness

of the proposed second doctorate. Professor James Harvey Robin- soul, of Columl-bia, said that the doctor's degree miight be taken too seriously; certainlv for somle purposes the master's degree is more useftul. There are great differelnces, he said, in the capaci- ties of sttudelnts, some of tlhem lreaching their limit by the end of the first vear of graduate work. To obtain an elaborate literary pro- dtuction would 1be very diffictult in these days when so few can write the Englislh langtuage in accordance with accepted tisage. Perhaps a traluslation might prove an agreeable substitute for a tlhesis in somle cases, for it reqtlires the intelligent use of two languages and a knowledge of the stnbject in hanid. Professor George E. Howard, of the University of Nebraska, on the other hand, pleaded for the retention of the doctorate as a scholar's degree, declaring that the last decade lhas seen a decided improvemiient in the standlard, that the present thesis is creditable, and that in American alud English historv it is better than the typical German thesis. He could not see the wisdoml of establishing a new degree, btnt lhe did believe that the m1aster's degree should be given more meaning, for it has a distinct acadeemic ftunction. The main thing is to keep the standards hiigh. Professor N. M. Trenlholnme, of the University of Missouri, considered the present (loctor's examination too severe for the stucdents who have had no preparation for such an ordeal, and advocated making an examination for the master's degree a preliminary training for the doctor's exanmination. Professor J. M. Vincent spoke of the value of the work on the thesis in the intellectual developmient



500 Clicag-o MIeeling of t/e

of the stutdent; to work over old topics may be good, but to do sonme- tlhilug uew is better; the printing of theses is considered a reward of effort and industry. P'rofessor C. M. Andrews advocated the main- telialnce of highl standards for the degree. The result of not print- Mi(g the theses wouldl, he tlhought, be the clheapening of the degree; both the instructor and the student need the stimutltus, the check, and the enlcouirag-emient that comle from the knowledge that the disserta- tioln is to be printed anid mutist bear the inspection of others. Sub- jects for tlheses shotuld be wisely selected and stuited to the needs of the science. Professor F. 1M. Fling believed we shotuld have no inflexible rtile about printing, and that college stuidents should be so crrouinded in the p)rinciples of historical metlhiod andl so tanglht by continlUinCg practice to express their ideas that, wlhen the need comues, they will be able to prepare a thesis in intelligent and readable English. Professor F. H. Hodder and Professor F. M4. Anderson both dwelt on the desirability of strengthening the master's degree. Professor J. F. Jameson said we shouldl adjust otur degrees to Amer- ican needs; the master's degree shotuld indicate that its possessor has the scholarly preparation for teaclhing in secondary schools; the doctor's (dcgree that he is fitted for the college. The person who is to handle college classes shotuld have experienced the pains and pleas- ures of dliscovery and lhave ascertained by hiis own trials lhow hiistory is writteni. Three-foturtlhs of all theses, he said, are in American history, and of these the larger portion is good. Like Professor Andrews he believed the certainty that the dissertation would be in- spected by others is of salutary influence, but thought it might pos- sibly be wise not to print the dissertation, in a giveen case, if it were judged good by a professor in another university. Professor A. B. Hart said( he had not seen the evil of the doctorate, for the educa- tional developmlent of recent years was due to the desire for the degree of doctor of philosophy and to the fact that it is a good standard measture for professional purposes. The dissertations had, moreover, added considerably to our knowledge; and he advocated that tinme be devoted to the sttudy of topics that would yield positive and helpful results. Professor C. H. Haskins thotught there had been a mlarked imnprovemient in the real value of the doctorate, and that nmtuch miiore was asked thlan twenty years ago; lhe believed that stan(lar(ls slhotuld be raised for both the mnaster's and the doctor's degrees the latter to be given on!y to students showing unusual promllise aicl likely to follow a university, as distinguished from a college, career. In a word, without establislhing a new degree, the universities miiight well provide for the type of manl that Professor Adamis ha(l in milnd. At present we are in a transitional stage; and



American Historical Association 501

while we provide fairly well for the future college professor, we do not do enough to develop the type of man who looks forward to a university career, and who should have the power and the training to conduct profitable investigation. At the end of the discussion, Professor Milyoukov, comparing the conditions in Russia with those prevailing here, said that the Russian degree of magister is as a rule obtained by men who are already too old, and that in his country the attainment of a degree is too difficult, and here too easy.

At the fourth session five papers were read on a variety of subjects. Professor C. W. Colby, of McGill University, characterized in an interesting manner the personnel and the work of the Historical Congress at St. Louis. Professor Ettore Pais, of the University of Naples, beginning with a tribute to the late Theodor Mommsen, and a reference to the marvelous breadth of his scholarship and the value of his contributions to Roman history, proceeded to point out the work that remains to be done. The soil of Italy still has many archaeological treasures, and new discoveries will add new knowledge and raise fresh problems. The study of primitive life in other lands and the study of ancient law will throw light on the early development of Rome. Even for the study of the empire much remains to be done, for we know much more of the administrative system than of the real history of the people; we know more of their law than of their ideas, their moral movements, or their social development. Because of the similarity between the character and the history of modern America and those of ancient Rome, American scholars are especially called upon to study and interpret Roman life and history.

Professor Henry E. Bourne made a report upon the work of American historical societies, a summary of impressions received from the inquiry for the general committee of the Association. De- scribing with considerable care the different forms of organization and effort, he dwelt on the desirability of co6peration, and especially on the need of good understanding between the local societies and the general association. The next paper, by Professor E. G. Bourne, was a clever and interesting effort to test the trustworthiness of the Traels of Jonathan Carver by an application of the principles of modern historical criticism. Even the conclusions, not to speak of the proofs, cannot be given here in a word; and we must content ourselves with saying that Professor Bourne demonstrated that the book ascribed to Carver has no standing as a piece of first-hand testi- mony, that in all probability he did not write it, and that while portions were probably written by adroit literary hacks from -Carver's own statements, much was but a rehearsal of the sayings of Charle-



502 Chicago Meelinzg of Ilke

voix and otlher early explorers, including the miendaciotus Lahonitani. In the last paper of the evening, Mr. Isaac J. Cox, of the University of Cincinnati, spoke of the explorations in the southwest by Hunter, Dtinbar, Pike, and Freeman in the first tlhree years after the purclhase of Lotuisiana. Altlhotuglh these expeditions were much less comiipre- lhensive than origilnally planned, they fturnished valuable information concernling the geograph-y of the territory, marked the first step in deflecting the border Indians from their nominal Spanish allegiance, aln(l were a miiaterial factor in the final assertion of American claims to large portions of the sotuthwest.

Professor Friedrich Keutgen, of Jena and Johns Hopkins, gave the first paper of the Friday morning session, on the necessity in America for the study of the early history of modern European natiolns. The real antecedents of America, he said, are to be fotund in the early life of the Eturopean nations, whose history is continuous froml the time of their formation on the rtuins of the older Romaln world. B-'utt not for this reason alone, not from any merely patriotic mlotive, slhotuld Amnerican sttudents study this early history, btut be- catuse the backbone of every science is its method, and this method can best be learned where the miiaterials are most easilv mastered. In the earl periodl of Europealn history conditions were compara- tivelv sillmple, and the evidence we lhave to handle can be tested by certain and intelligible rules. Opportutnity is given for training and practice in paleographv and diplomatics, while power of correct ob- servation andl inference can be developed in sttudents with comparative ease. Professor Paul M1ilyoukov, formerly professor in the Universityr of Sofia, read a paper on Russian historiography, in wvliclh lie traced the periods throtugh which the writing of history lhas passed froml early days to the present. It is now, he said. tunder the infltuence of the wider sociological conceptions, to which Amiierican schlolars lhave made notable contributions.

Following these papers by distinguished European hiistorialns, tlhree papers were read, all describing certain archives and the materials to l)e fotund in them of particular interest to historical ilnvesti- grators. Professor A. C. McLaughlil, of the Carnegie Institution, ,ave the restults of hiis investigation of the diplomatic archives of the Departmiienit of State. Confining his description to the period from 1789 to 1845, lhe l)ointed olut the amotunt, character. and apparelnt interest of the great qtiantitxv of unpuiblished materials, whiclh throw liglht lnot only- on ouir diplomatic history but on conditions in foreign states. Special attelntion was called to the despatclhes of Williamii Short, Jolhn QOtinlcv Adalmis, and Jonathan Ruissell, and to the papers bearing on1 ou-r diplolmmatic relations with the old republic of Texas.



American Iislorical Association 503

Professor C. M. Andrews, of Bryn Mawr, described briefly the clhar- acter of the miaterial relating to American history to be found in the leading Britislh arclhives, especially the Public Record Office, wlhere exist gTreat mlasses of documents, of some of which little has hitherto beeln klnowvn. For the internal history of the colonies in the sevell- teentlh centurv (loctulmientary evidelnce is scanty, though of the highliest imiportanlce; on the other hand, for the study of British colonial policy anl the developmiient of the organs of administration the evidelnce is of great extent and of corresponding value. The materials bearing, onl British trade and revenue, on the cost of general admin- istrationl anid on the expense of managing the military are enormoous, especially for the y-ears 1745, 1755-1763, alid for the Revolution. Professor Alndrexvs also spoke appreciatively of the Stevens index, which contains references to nmore than i6o,ooo documents in Elng- land, Franlce, Spaini, and Holland relating to the period 1763-1783. AIr. WNI-orthington C. Ford, of the Libraryr of Congress, briefly described the extent and condition of the public archives at Manila and the riclhness of the papers in their historical features. While the great bultk of tlhemii is concerneed with qtuestions of local adminis- trationl the large collection of royal decrees and orders distinguish the arclhives fromll those obtainied in previotus acquisitions of Spanish territory-. The insuilar government has appointed a keeper of the arclhives, anid is taking measures for preserving the papers from fturtlher loss ancd damage, even sending a special stuident to Eturope to obtain additional imiatter relating to the history of the Philippines. The Guamii records, few in nuimber and much mtutilated, have in part been transferred- to the Library of Congress, Washington, where they caln receive greater care and attention. The archives of Porto Rico l)rbal)ly conitain some material of value for historical purposes; but the arclhives of nio dependency are complete, having suffered mutch in the past fromn carelessness and from clhanges of sovereignty or fromii revoluition. The history of the Spanish colonial policy in the sixteenith and( seventeenth centuries is closely related to that of the Britislh colonies in America, and should be studied in connection witlh the attempt of Spain to maintain a trading monopoly in tlle face of rivalrv fromii Egland, France, and Holland.

The last session-a joint meeting with the Economic Association -was leldI onl Friday evening in the building of the Northwestern University in the center of the city. Professor E. F. Gay, of liar- vard, rea(l a paper oni the signlificalnce of the ilnclosture mlovemiient in England, aln importanlt contribtution to the stubject of English indtustrial history, its conclulsionls being in some respects qtuite at variance witlh tlhose commonl1 accepted. The distinctioni slhotuld be mnade, the



504 Glz!cag-o M1AeehinAg of Ilie

speaker said, between the inclosure of colimimloln waste andl tlle de- populating of the colimimloln fields, the formler being mucthl older and more wide-spread, btut less disqtuieting- tlhan the latter. Tlle depop- ulating- inclostires of the common or open fields, especiallv clharac- teristic of the sixteenth century, were not so seriouis a matter as contemporaries believedI and almlost all modern writers think. These inclosuires were nmainlv confined to the imidland cotunties; even there, till late in the eighliteelntlh century, they were in o:eneral smiall piece- meal affairs, and the wlhole movement was one of graduial alnd not of violelnt change. Professor Gay brought otut witlh especial dis- tinctness the condlitiolns tundler which this great agrarian chlange was made-tlhe strong econonmic and social motives that tendled to lhasten it, and the eqtnallv strong obstacles, likewise economlic and social, that retarded it. In concltusion he said that the comlparisoni of the inclostire mlovemiients of the sixteenth and eighteenth centuiries as tistially made overlooks the contintity of the developlmlent in tlle differenit sections of Engyland. and dloes lnot stufficiently take into accotunt the differing social effects of the mnovemiients in the two periods.

After Professor Gay s paper, the rest of the evening, was taken up with a disctussion of the plan for preparing an Economic History of the United States. President Carroll D. Wright, head of the department of economics of the Carnegie Ilnstittution, wlho is respon- sible for the inception and the general managemient of the under- taking, briefly otutlined the plans that have tlmtis far been agreed tnpoln. The wlhole field of American indutstrial hiistorv is divided into eleveni miiain parts, and the general mlalnagemiielnt of eaclh one of these is in the lhands of a competent person. wlhose duty it is to provi(le for the special investiogation and the preparation of (lesirable monographs witlhin hiis field. The divisions an(l the persolns in charge of tlheml are as follows: (i) Poptnlation and Imiimig-ratioll Professor Walter F. Willcox; (2) Agriculture and(I Forestry, in- celing- puiblic dlomiiaini alnd irrigationi, Presidlenit Kenyon L. Buttter- field ; (3) rMiningr, M,r. Edward W. Parker; (4) Manufactures, Presi(leint Wright; (5) Tranisportation. Professor B. H. MIeyer; (6) Domestic and Foreigni Commerce, Professor Emiiorv R. Iolln- sOll; (7) Money alnd Banlking, Professor Davis R. Dewey; (8) The Labor iMovement, Presidenit Carroll D. Wright; (9) Indtustrial Org-anization, Professor J. V. Jenkis; (io) Social Legislation. including provident ilnstituitiols, ilnsuiralnce. aln(l poor laws, Professor Henirv W. Farnam; (I ii) Federal an-id State Finalce, inlcludingb taxation, Professor Henry B. Gardlner. At the preselnt timiie there are som11e sevenlty-five persolns encgage(l in oneC capacity or alnotlher,



A mericai flisloirical Associa/zon 505

and(I it is expected that m11alny mllore will sool1 be at work. It is l)lain froml Colonel Wright's statemlelnt that hiis plan colntemiiplates, at least tor solmle timie to come, the stuld(y of eleven or miiore parallel lines of iniduistrial development, leaving anv general scheme of coodrdination or combination to be dealt with at a later (lav. Ini the miieanitinme. Within these special fields wlhere work is to be carried on by separate investii-ationl, the work is to be in mlvan, if not in milost cases, (le- ci(le(lldv moloraphic and( natuirally the task must be that of collecting dlata, wvlhiclh at solmie ftuttire timle can be properly arrangte-ed in chronological or logical relationlslhips.

The genleral plan, as presenited by Presidlent Wrighlit, wvas com- nienltedl onl by several speakers, btut the timie was so limllite(d that any- tlhling like a tlhorotughl discutssionl was imiipossible. The imiatter is one of suiclh g,eneral interest, and the cooperation of historical sclholars an(l econlomiiists so (lesirable, that it is regrettable that a tlhoroulghl lebate aln(d initerclhange of views were impossible. Professor MIc- IMaster ii1 a few lumillinouis remiiarks called attention to the fact that real histor- in wlhich events are broulght ouit inl their signlificant asl)ects cannliot be written by following with precision anty nlumlber of parallel lines. WNThile sulch special treatmenlt may be of mnuch valuie, the investigrator mutlst remelmiber that even in his choice of facts, as well as in their interpretation, multclh more mutst be considered thial the changes taking place in one phase of humllan activity. In the period after the Revoltution, for examnple, all social anld inlnltstrial condlitionls had their bearing on Constitutional change and on the need of establisling a new political order. The uiltimate effect of induistrial conditions mutist affect the choice, arrangemlenlt, and( presentation of facts. The next speaker, Professor C. H. Htull, of Corlnell, fortifyilno his argument bNy the enumtlierationi of variouis

Europealn alid American examples, contended that amiong, subsidized

and cooperative undertakings of wide range, whetlher in ecclesiastical or in political historv, those had proved on the whole mllost usefuil whose mlanlagers had confined their efforts chiefly to the editin,g of souirces, anid lhad left the produiction of co6rdillated nlarra- tives to the enterprise of individuial writers and of commilercial pub- lishers. He maintained that this experience ought to lhave weight in planning the Econom-iic History of the United States; and espe- ciallx so becauise, uinlike the official materials of ecclesiastical and political history, the m1aterials of economllic history do not become accessible after a few years as a matter of course. He therefore welcolme(d Colonel 'Wright's annotuncemient that " the real and important work of the Departmenlt of Economics and Sociology of the Carnegie Instituition is . . . to place the largest possible collection of

AM. ITIST. REV., VOL. X.-33.



506 Chicago Meeting of the

materials in the hands of both" the economist and the historian. Professor Henry R. Seager, of Columbia, spoke in approval of the general plan, and said that the work was properly undertaken by economists because the historians have as yet taken so little interest in the writing of economic history. He believed, however, that there were certain omissions, notably in the failure to provide for the study of the growth of trade in the ordinary sense as distinguished from commerce and transportation. Professor Jacob H. Hollander, of Johns Hopkins, said that the description of economic status rather than the narrative of economic development is the urgent need of economic study in the United States. Descriptive investigation, -as distinct from historical study and local inquiry, must bear the same relation to political economy that field-work does to geology and the clinic does to medicine. The immediate environment should first be utilized as an economic laboratory for the development of scientific spirit in economic study and sound method in economic research, and as the field from which bases of working hypotheses may be derived. Thereafter the investigator must extend the range of his inquiry by visits to representative localities and even residence in them with a view to collecting wider and more varied data and to testing tentative conclusions. Such a procedure involves two essentials: leisure and resources. The investigators for scientific inquiry must certainly not be unduly absorbed by the routine engagement of the student or the teacher. With respect to resources, the investigator must be in command of funds sufficient to enable him to visit, and upon certain occasions temporarily to reside in representative localities for the purpose of gathering additional evidence and of testing and verifying tentative conclusions. Here seems to lie the present prime usefulness of private or public endowment in economic research.

The business meeting, which was held Friday afternoon, showed that the affairs of the Association are in their customary prosperous condition, and that the various committees and commissions are working with zeal and success. In accordance with the desire of the round-table conference of state and local historical societies, a conference of such societies was appointed to be held in connection with the next annual meeting.- Mr. Thomas M. Owen was appointed chairman, and Professor Benjamin F. Shambaugh secretary. The request of the conference on the teaching of history in the elementary school was answered by a resolution favoring the appointment of a committee to investigate the subject and prepare a report on a course of history for elementary schools and the proper training of teachers for their work. The report of the treasurer, Dr. Clarence



Arnericai Hi'stori'cal Associationz 507

W. Bowell, was not less gratifying than usual, showing the total assets of the Association to be $22,477.69, an increase during the year, despite the heavv expenses incurred for the numerous activities of the Associatioln, of $1,243.99. The mlelmiberslhip of the Associa- tiOll in 1904 was 2,163, an increase of 93 over the preceding year.

The report of the Pacific coast branch, which was transmitted by Professor MAIax Farrand, was filed with the records, and Professor H. Morse Stephens gave a statement concerning the numbers and the plalns and pturposes of the new western organization. One meeting, a very successful one, has been held in San Francisco, and it is intended to hold a meeting the coming year at Portland in connection with the Lewis and Clark celebrations. The present nmelmiber- ship of the branch is 130. The committee on the Justiln Winsor prize expressed its gratification at the general character and quality of the papers submitted, and announced the awarding of the prize to Mr. AA. R. MIanning, of Purdtle University, for his monograph on the Nootka Sound Controversy, and that the monograph of Mlr. C. 0. Paullin on the Navy of the American Revoltution had received honorable mention. The Association approved recommendations of the conmittee to the effect that more emphasis shotuld be laid on the critical bibliograplhy and that all nmention of tuniversities or former instrtuctors shotuld be omitted. Approval was likewise given the report of the committee on the Herbert Baxter Adams prize, which recomlnmended that for the present the prize shotuld be two hundred dollars, that it be awarded every second year, and that the rules governing the competition be practically the samie as those in force for the Wiinsor prize competition. The prize is to be offered for the best monograph " based upon independent investigation in EuLropean historv, by which is meant the history of Europe, continental or insuLlar, or any part thereof ".

Professor E. G. BouLrne, in behalf of the Historical Manuscripts Comlission, said that steps had been taken to edit and prepare for the printer the diploimatic correspondence of the republic of Texas. The editorial work is to be done by Professor George P. Garrison. In giving the report of the Public Archives Commission, Professor H. V. Ames said that the commission has representatives in thirty- two states andl has already ptublished one or more reports from eighteeln states. Six additional reports will appear in the Aiunnal Rcport of the Associatio,t for 1904, and other investigations are in progress. The work of the conmmission has helped the passage of laws in several of the states for the better preservation of the public records. Professor H. L. Osgood is editing the cotuncil joturnals of New York city, the proposed publication of which is directly trace-



508 Chicago Mee/ing- of /he

able to his study of the records of the state in behalf of the commission. Dr. E. C. Richardson reported that the bibliographical committee had been engaged in making additions to the information collected by Professor W. H. Siebert concerning collections of material on European history in American libraries. At present the list is limited to special library collections and does not indicate indi- vidual books; but the committee intends to make up a list of two or three thousand of the great series, with indication of the libraries in which they may be found. The work of the General Committee consisted in preparing a list of persons eligible to membership in the Association, and of assisting the committee on the programme of the Chicago meeting in arranging for a conference of representatives of state and local historical societies. The success of the conference led to the appointment of a subcommittee, composed of Dr. R. G. Thwaites and Professors B. F. Shambaugh and F. L. Riley, with the special task of reporting at a further conference upon the best methods of organization and work on the part of state and local historical societies. The General Committee, in addition to its usual duties, will undertake the preparation of a list of those members who are engaged in research, classifying them according to the fields in which they are at work. The committee will also investigate, in connection with other historical societies, the extent to which historic sites have been marked or otherwise accurately determined.

The Association voted to meet the coming year in Baltimore and Washington, and in Providence.in I9o6. The committee on nom- inations, composed of Professors F. J. Turner, Charles H. Hull, and A. L. P. Dennis, proposed a list of officers, all of whom were chosen by the Association. Professor John B. McMaster was chosen president; Judge Simeon E. Baldwin, first vice-president; and Professor J. Franklin Jameson, second vice-president. Mr. A. Howard Clark, Professor Charles H. Haskins, and Dr. Clarence W. Bowen were reelected to their former positions. In the place of Dr. Herbert Putnam and Professor F. J. Turner, who had served three years on the Council, were chosen Professor George P. Garrison and Dr. Reuben G. Thw.aites.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL

ASSOCIATION.

President, Professor John Bach McMaster, Philadelphia.

First Vice-president, Judge Simeon Eben Baldwin, New Haven, Conn.



American izsloricta Association 509

SeccoId VTicc-pr-esident, Professor J. Franklin Jameson, Chicago, 111.

SecretarAy, A. Howard Clark, Esq., Smith- sonian Institution, Washing- ton.

Corresponding,, Secretry, Professor Clharles H. Haskins, 15 Prescott Hall, Cam- bridge, Mlass.

Treasirer, Clarence Winthrop Bowen, Esq., I30 Ftilton St., New York.

Exccuitive Coiuncil (in addition to above-named officers): Hloni. Andlrew Dickson Wlhite,1 Henry Charles Lea, Esq.,' Presidelnt lamies 1B-urrill Angell,' Goldwin Smith, Esq.,' Henrv Adamcis, Esq.,1 Professor George L. Btirr, jai1ies Schotiler, Esq.,1 Professor Edward P. Cheynev, 1 'rofcssor George Park Fisher,1 Professor Edward G. Boturne, Jamnes Ford Rhodes, Esq.,' Professor A. C. McLatughlin, Charles F,rancis Adams, Esq. , Professor George P. Garrisonl, Captaini Aklfred Thaver Mahan,1 Retuben G. Tlhwaites, Esq.

(O0n11o1littees: Fbinance Conuini1ttec: Hon. James H. Eckels, Chicago, Ill., chair-

miian, and( Holn. Peter Whlite. Conunlliittee on Pro<ranuniie for the Twecnty-first Mffeetilng: Pro-

fessor Jolin AT. V;inlcent, Jolhns Hopkins University, chairman, Professors Charles Atf. Andrews, Francis A. Christie, Charles H. Haskinls, anld Andrew C. McLaucghlin.

Joinlt Local Couimniiittee of Arrani i-emncits for the Amlcricall His- torSical AIssociatia n. Aimnerican Econoiiiic Associatioll, and A,in ericait Political Scicence Association: Theodore Marburo. Esq., Baltimloore, Md., chairmiiani, Professors Jacob H. Hol- lanider, Jolhni MA. Vlinceint, alnd Westel W. Willouiglhby (with powver to add miiemiibers at the dliscretionl of the chairmanl).

Commi,iiiittce on7 thlc Enltertaiment of Ladies at the Tzwrenlty-first 11Iefetiii: Mrs. Alnnie MI. L. Siotussat, Baltimore, Md., chair- mal, alnd AMiss Ida M. Tarbell (with power to adld auxiliary miiemlbers at the (liscretioni of the chairmiiani).

Editor-s of the Amiiericani Historical Rcziewc: Professors H. AMIorse Stephenis, George B. Adams, J. Franklin Jameson, Villiaml Atr. Sloane, Albert -Bushnell Hart, and And(lrew C.

1 Tx'-presidenlt.



5 1 0 Mee1ing of I/ie American Hislorical Assocziation

Historical Man atscripts Commission : Professor Edward G. Botirne, Yale University, chairman, Professor Frederick W. Moore, Retuben Gold Thwaites, Esq., Worthington C. Ford, Esq., Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin, and Thomias M. Owen,, Esq.

Contitiittee on1 the Jfustin- Winsor Prize: Professor Charles M. Andrews, Bryn Mawr College, chairman, Roger Foster, Esq., Professors Edward P. Cheyney, Charles H. Hull, and Willis- ton Walker.

Comminittee on1 the Hcrbcr-t Baxtcr Adanus Prize: Professor Charles Gross, Harvard University, chairman, Professors George L. Bnrr, Victor Coffin, James Harvey Robinson, and John M. Vincent.

Public Archives Commntission: Professor Herman V. Ames, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, chairman, Professors 'William iAIac- Donald, Herbert L. Osgood, Charles M. Andrews, and Edwin E. Sparks.

Contiin ittce o0 Bibliog-raphy: Ernest C. Richardson, Esq., Prince- ton University, chairman, A. P. C. Griffin, Esq., George Iles, Esq., William C. Lane, Esq., Reuben G. Thwaites, Esq., and Professor Max Farrand.

Caon 1ll ittee on Patblications: Professor Charles H. Haskins, Harvard University, chairman, A. Howard Clark, Esq., Pro- fessors Fred M. Fling, Samuel M. Jackson, Elizabetlh K. Kendall, Anson D. MIorse, and Earle W. Dow.

Genleral Conumlittee: Professor Henry E. Bourne, Western Re- serve Universitv, chairman, Reuben G. Thwaites, Esq., Presi- deint Lilian WV. Jolhnson, Professors Charles H. Haskins, Lucy, M. Salmon, John S. Bassett, William MacDonald, Frank H. Hodder, Franlklin L. Riley, Benjamiln F. Sham- bautgh, and Frederick G. Young (with power to acld adjulnct members).

Coiumnzittcc ont Histor v in ElemencittaryA Schools: Professor J. A. James, Northwesterni UTniversity, clhairnmaln, Wilbur F. Gordv, Esq., Stuperinitendent of Schools, Springfield, Mass., M,liss Mabel Hill, Lowell Normal School, J. H. Van Sickle, Esq., Superintendent of Schools, Baltimore, Md., E. C. Brooks, Esq., Superinten(lent of Schools, Goldsboro, N. C., Professors Henrv E. Bourne, \Vestern Reserve University, Julius Sachs, Teachers College, Columbia University, and Henrv NV. Tlhurston, Clhicago Normlal School.



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The Meeting of the American Historical Association at Chicago

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