7/23/2019 The Metamorphoses of Fat: A History of Obesity

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-metamorphoses-of-fat-a-history-of-obesity 1/6

7/23/2019 The Metamorphoses of Fat: A History of Obesity

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-metamorphoses-of-fat-a-history-of-obesity 2/6

fcWrmgu`Wfmc

Fc mck m ekr nkttkrs rmd tek kcg m tek skvkctkkcte `kctury. Knfzbikte

@ebrnmttk. tek Qbnbtfck Qrfc`kss. lfvks tek rkbgkr tefs fdblk m ekrskn? „dy 

wbfst fs dmcstrmusny wfgk. F bd bs squbrk bs b `uik. dy sjfc fs rkg. spk`j$

nkg wfte yknnmw#—2 Wfs tkstfdmcy fs prk`fmus ik`busk peysf`bn skn$gks`rfp$tfmc fs rbrk fc mng rklfdk Hrbc`k# Ft suppmsks b gfstbc`k. bc miok`tf`btfmc

m tek skn. b gmdfcbtfcl ougldkct tebt mcny b snmw prm`kss m `unturbn

nbimr `mung dbjk pmssfink# Wk tkstfdmcy fs kspk`fbnny vbnubink ik`busk

ft `mcrds tebt b gkcftfvk `ebclk fc tefcjfcl ebs m``urrkg? ifl fs cmw

mcny ibg# Wk prfc`kss fcsfsts mc tek gfslrb`k. tek ekbvfckss. tek frrkdkgf$

bink gks`kct rmd „kbtekry tm bt— tebt „pnb`ks ekr bdmcl tek ulny#—9 Wkc

`mdk bck`gmtks cbdfcl tek sydptmds m vbrfmus trmuinks bcg bfndkcts?

„spnkkc pbfc.— „`mnf`.— „vbpmrs.— bcg b „nmss m ibnbc`k— wmrskckg iy iudpy `brrfblks# Ikfcl ifl fs b gfsbgvbctblk. pkrebps kvkc b `ursk#

Wk ifl pkrsmc. emwkvkr. wbs cmt bnwbys sm strmclny gkcmuc`kg‗b

b`t tebt oustfks efstmrf`bn fcqufry# Dbssfvk imgfks `bc ik prbfskg fc tek

Dfggnk Blks. mr kxbdpnk. bs gkcmtfcl pmwkr bcg bs`kcgbc`y# Pfdfnbrny.

fc tfdks m euclkr. bgdfrfcl prbfsk fs b``mrgkg tm nbcgs m pnkcty Z pbys

gk `m`blckT wfte bnn$ymu$`bc$kbt ibcqukts bcg vfsfmcs m kcgnkssny stuh$

fcl mckskn# Hmr`k fs bssm`fbtkg wfte tek nbrlk ekbrty dkbn# B``udunbt$

fcl pmucgs fs skkc bs ekbnte fcsurbc`k# Bcg sm`fbn „prfvfnklk— fs sflcfkg

termule b gfspnby m mck‖s mwc sfzk# Wksk fgkbs brk prmibiny `mdpnf`btkgbs wknn. temule. ik`busk kvkc fc tek Dfggnk Blks teky brk ̀ mctkstkg iy tek

skrdmcs m `nkrf`s bcg tek rkskrvbtfmcs bcg iknfks m gm`tmrs bcg kvkc

@mpyrfletkg Dbtkrfbn

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 x ftt

iy tek gknf`btkny perbskg gkdbcgs m `murtny `mgks# Ckvkrteknkss. teky 

brk fdprkssfvk. fddkgfbtkny rk`mlcfzbink sflcs tebt nkcg tek ifl pkrsmc

pmwkr bcg `mcvf`tfmc# B gkcftfvk irkbj emwkvkr tbjks pnb`k wfte tek bgvkct m dmgkrc

Kurmpk# Wk `nmskny `mctkdpmrbry tkstfdmcfks m Pbfct$Pfdmc fc Hrbc`k

bcg Pbdukn Qkpys fc Kclnbcg gkcflrbtk b „nbzy. bt prfkst.—0 gkrfgk b „bt

`efng— `bnnkg „Quc`e.— „b wmrg m `mddmc usk mr bnn tebt fs tef`j bcg

semrt.—7 „ifl. bt `rkbturks.—; bcg „bt bcg nusty bcg ruggy— `murtfkrs.8 

wefnk Dbgbdk gk Pævflcæ kbrs bimvk bnn ik`mdfcl b „bttkckg btty#— < 

Wk ifl pkrsmc Znk lrmsT fs cmw mcny b bt pkrsmc Znk lrbsT‗fcgmnkct bcg

`mnnbpskg#5 Qrkstflk bcg dmgkns `ebclk# Wk rmule tbinks m mngkc tfdks

ekbpkg wfte mmg brk cm nmclkr `nbssy. bcg b``udunbtfcl pmucgs m ksefs cm nmclkr b sflc m mr`kun rkskrvks iut rbtekr m b `krtbfc nmss m `mc$

trmn bcg lrmssckss#

Wk efstmry m ikfcl ifl fs tek stmry m teksk rkvkrsbns# Wk gkvknmp$

dkct m \kstkrc sm`fktfks prmdmtks b tkcgkc`y tmwbrg snfddkr imgfks.

b jkkckr supkrvfsfmc m peysf`bn `mctmurs. bcg bc fc`rkbsfclny bnbrdkg

rkusbn m ekbvfckss# Wfs m `mursk irfcls `ebclks fc webt `mucts bs ifl

bcg b ibrkny fdpkr`kptfink iut stkbgy prfvfnklfcl m nfletckss# Wfs fc

turc strmclny kxb`kribtks `mctkdpt mr ifl pkmpnk. wem cg tekdsknvks

fc`rkbsfclny gfs`rkgftkg# Xmnudfcmus fcgfvfgubns bnn urtekr bcg urtekr

iknmw stbcgbrgs m rkckdkct. wefnk ikbuty fs kvkr dmrk bssm`fbtkg wfte

tek tefc bcg snkcgkr#

Wfs sbdk gfs`rkgft tbjks mc b gfhkrkct `mctkct mvkr tfdk bcg teksk

`ebclks urtekr oustfy b efstmry m iflckss# Wk vfsfmc m tek „bunt— sefts.

teus rkvkbnfcl emw du`e tek imgy‖s bppkbrbc`k. wfte fts rkbn mr suppmskg

bws. fs nfcjkg tm b efstmry m `unturks bcg skcsfifnftfks# Dkgfkvbn `rftf$

`fsds. mrdunbtkg iy `nkrf`s bcg gfhuskg wfte smdk su``kss fc tek mur$

tkkcte bcg tkkcte `kcturfks fc bgvbc`k m mur dmgkrc krb. fcsfst mc tek`bpftbn mr „gkbgny— sfcs# Wksk `rftf`fsds bssbfn tek pbssfmcs. sfclnk mut tek

lnuttmc. bcg gkcmuc`k efs nb`j m gflcfty# Wky `mcgkdc bvbrf`k. wefnk

dmgkrc `rftf`fsds fcsfst mc b nb`j m gkxtkrfty bcg k`fkc`y# Wk ifl. cmw

bt. pkrsmc ik`mdks b lurk m tek fcbpt. tek uct‗biiy bcg fckrt#

Wkfr bunt fs b gk`ft m gmfcl. bc fcsu`fkc`y m pmwkr bcg b`tfmc# Bccf$

ibn @brrb`ek‖s ̀ brf`bturk „pmrtrbfts— rmd tek skvkctkkcte ̀ kctury brk tek

ikst fnnustrbtfmcs? lrmups m dkc wfte mvkrsfzkg stmdb`es bcg semrt nfdis

stu`j fc pmsks m ekbvfckss#6 Wk bw m tek bt pkrsmc fc dmgkrc tfdks

fs nb`j m gycbdfsd bcg b `bpb`fty mr gmfcl# Wk gmdfcbct fgkb ik`mdkshbt 4 cm pmwkr# Wk bt pkrsmc `bc bnsm prmvmjk `mnnk`tfvk gkcuc`fbtfmcs.

bs wekc tek unn `eksts m tek wkbntey brk pmfctkg tm bs b sflc kftekr m 

@mpyrfletkg Dbtkrfbn

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ftt x

tekfr rbpb`fmusckss mr tekfr truk fck`fkc`y# \fte tekfr rmucg tuddfks

bcg gklrbgkg imgfks. brfstm`rbts bcg biimts bt tek kcg m tek kfletkkcte

`kctury brk tek `nbssf` kxbdpnks‗„prmtkkrs— tebt rkvmnutfmcbry fgkbswfnn squkkzk gmwc. tekc mut. teus kxpmsfcl tekfr usknkssckss#

@rftf`fsds bnsm ik`mdk dmrk psy`emnmlf`bn bs sm`fktfks b``kctubtk

fcgfvfgubnfsd bcg vbnmrfzk butmcmdy bcg skn$brdbtfmc# Wk „nmskrs— fc

teksk b``mucts brk dmrk fctfdbtk. kdmtfmcbn `bsks# Ekc`k tek „bpbtey—21 

tebt wkflety bcbtmdfks brk rkprmb`ekg mr fc cmrtekrc `muctrfks fc tek

nbtk kfletkkcte `kctury. mr tek „klmfsd—22 ekng blbfcst tek „bt pkrsmc—

fc tek prmtm$sm`fmnmlf`bn pmrtrbfts m Ymdbctf` nftkrbturk: mr kxbdpnk.

tek ymucl iunnfkg jfg. „bt bcg sbg.— bs gks`rfikg iy Lrbcvfnnk fc efs Pdbnn

 Dfskrfks mh Eudbc Nfhk %2570&#29 Pfzk `mdks gkcftfvkny tm ik temulet m bs`mrrknbtfcl wfte fcgfvfgubn bttftugks bcg pkrsmcbnfty trbfts bcg kvkc wbys

m tefcjfcl# Bt tek kcg m tek cfcktkkcte `kctury. Dbcukn Nkvkc lmks

sm br bs tm wrftk up b nmcl skrfks m trkbtfsks bssm`fbtfcl ckurmsfs bcg

miksfty#20 Wk `rftf`fsd m tek bt pkrsmc teus pbrtf`fpbtks fc tek fddkcsk

seft wftefc \kstkrc sm`fktfks tebt gkkpkcs tek spb`k lfvkc mvkr tm psy$

`emnmlfks‗tbjfcl gfstbc`k rmd mngkr dmrbn `nbssf`btfmcs bcg fcstkbg

gkvknmpfcl bc fccftk brrby m pkrsmcbn gfhkrkctfbtfmcs bcg typks

m ikebvfmr#

Fc mtekr wmrgs. tefs stfldbtfzbtfmc rkk`ts bimvk bnn bc b``kctubtfmc

m cmrds tebt fc \kstkrc sm`fktfks gf`tbtkg kvkr strf`tkr runks bcg prk`fsk

lufgknfcks mr peysf`bn bppkbrbc`k bcg tek kxprkssfmc m skn# Ft `bc bnsm

rkk`t gfhkrkc`ks tebt brk upekng iktwkkc dbnk bcg kdbnk lkcgkrs bs

wknn bs iktwkkc sm`fbn lrmups# Hmr kxbdpnk. puinf` `mcgkdcbtfmc fs dmrk

skvkrk tmwbrg tek kdbnk imgy. wef`e ebs ikkc trbgftfmcbnny kxpk`tkg tm

ik suppnk bcg ufg# Fcvkrskny. ougldkcts ebvk ikkc dmrk tmnkrbct tmwbrg

tek gmdfcbct skx wemsk bs`kcgbc`y ebs trbgftfmcbnny bnnmwkg mr b dmrk

fdpmsfcl vmnudfcmus sfzk# Wk `murt m tek lrkbt jfcl fc tek skvkctkkcte`kctury. mr kxbdpnk. gmks cmt nb`j mr prfc`ks m b `krtbfc rmtucg stbt$

urk. oust bs fc tek cfcktkkcte$`kctury wmrng m tek imurlkmfs tekrk fs cm

semrtblk m lurks wemsk prkstflk fs dbrjkg iy b `krtbfc ekty. cmt tm

sby ekbvy. bnnurk# Ekrk. tmm. sm`fbn bcg `unturbn pmnbrftfks. tek gfhkrkc`ks

`mcstru`tkg iktwkkc dkc bcg wmdkc. fckvftbiny trbvkrsk imte pmsftfvk

bcg cklbtfvk ougldkcts#

Mivfmusny tek efstmry m tek ifl bcg tek bt fs bnsm tek efstmry m tek

vbnubtfmcs m imgfny mrds bcg tek wmrj teky‖rk put tm# Hmr b nmcl tfdk

teksk ougldkcts rkdbfc fdprk`fsk ik`busk m b nb`j m dkbsurbink. stb$tfstf`bn `rftkrfb# Hmr b nmcl tfdk tek fctkrdkgfbry stblks mr typks iktwkkc

„cmrdbn— bcg „vkry ifl— brk cmt `nkbrny gks`rfikg# Ft tbjks b snmw. lrbgubn

@mpyrfletkg Dbtkrfbn

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 x ftt

fcvkctfmc m b skt m tkrds bcg gfdfcutfvks iktwkkc tek sfxtkkcte bcg

skvkctkkcte `kcturfks tm sullkst b s`bnk m `euiifckss. pmsft typks. bcg

bttkdpt tm mrdbnfzk tekd gkspftk tek fckvftbink pkrsfstkc`k m fdprk`f$sfmc#27 Wk fc`rkbsfcl vbrfkty m tkrds tkstfks tm tek fc`rkbsfcl gfs`rfdf$

cbtfmc m tek kyk. kvkc temule fts ougldkct rkdbfckg rbtekr bpprmxfdbtk

bcg kvkc gfsbppmfctfcl iy tmgby‖s stbcgbrgs mr quftk b wefnk# \k dby 

cmtk tek fcsfstkct brdbtfmc fc b Gf`tfmccbfrk gk dægk`fck rmd 259< tebt

btckss „prkskcts b duntftugk m gklrkks#—2; B efstmry m tek imgy dust

lfvk bc b``muct m imte teksk kvbnubtfmcs m bppkbrbc`ks bcg tek efstmry 

m tekfr kvkr dmrk kxpnf`ft knbimrbtfmc#

 B sflc m tefs lrmwfcl kxb`tftugk fs tek stbtfstf`bn ̀ bn`unbtfmc bcg rkpmrt

m imgy wkflet tebt ik`mdks ̀ ustmdbry iy tek kcg m tek cfcktkkcte ̀ kc$tury. oust bs bc fc`rkbsfclny fcgustrfmus vfsfmc m imgfks bcg bcbtmdfks fs

bnsm tbjfcl emng# Ft wfnn tbjk tfdk ikmrk tek ibtermmd s`bnk bcg rknbtkg

pkrsmcbn tmmns brrfvk fc prfvbtk spb`ks fc tek twkctfkte `kctury. dbrj$

fcl b ckw rkqufrkdkct mr skn$dbfctkcbc`k tebt tek kvfgkc`k m pkrfmgf`

skn$wkflefcl unnns# Wk prkskc`k m tek s`bnk ebs ik`mdk pbrt m kvkry$

gby nfk. bndmst „cbturbn.— sm spmctbckmus tebt ft `bc dbjk us mrlkt emw

du`e mur ougldkcts m wkflet gkvknmpkg bcg rkckg tekdsknvks ikmrk

tek bgvkct m cudikrs bcg tksts# Iut ft fs tefs rkckdkct bcg fts gfvkrsf$

`btfmc bcg fcgfvfgubnfzbtfmc tebt brk `kctrbn tm b efstmry m „ifl— pkmpnk#

Hfcbnny tekrk brk tek tckss tb`tf`s bcg strbtklfks mr letfcl bt bs

prfmrfty fs lrbgubnny lfvkc mvkr tm snfddfcl wftefc \kstkrc sm`fktfks#

Wksk prb`tf`ks bnsm b``knkrbtk termule tek dmgkrc krb. gfvkrsfyfcl mvkr

tfdk. rkvkbnfcl tebt tek „let— blbfcst wkflet fs cmt b ckw fcvkctfmc iut

b``mdpbcfks tek lrbgubn rkckdkct m ougldkct bimut imgfny ̀ urvks bcg

tekfr dmgf`btfmcs# Hmr b nmcl tfdk tefs ibttnk ebg bs fts rst prfc`fpnk

tek `mcstrbfct kxkrtkg mc tek sjfc ftskn? tek `mrskt. tek lfrgnk. bcg strbps

m bnn smrts# Bs temule tek imgy‖s mrds ebg tm miky tek dmst dbtkrfbndbcfpunbtfmcs. bs temule teky ebg tm yfkng tm tek tfletkst strf`turks# Bt

imttmd tefs fs cmtefcl iut tek kxprkssfmc m bc br`ebf` iknfk tebt tbrlkts

tek imgy bs b pbssfvk kcskdink. b ̀ mcsuddbtkny dbnnkbink miok`t. b dbtk$

rfbn suidfssfvk tm tek sfdpnkst dk`ebcf`bn `mrrk`tfmcs#

Wfs let blbfcst bt ebs b ckw gfdkcsfmc tebt ebs cmt rk`kfvkg du`e

efstmrf`bn bttkctfmc gkspftk fts fdpb`t. cbdkny. tebt b prmok`t m lkttfcl

tefc `bc kc`muctkr nfdfts bcg kvkc fdpmssfifnftfks# Cmt tebt ft fs bnwbys

gk`fkct# Pu``kssks `mctfcuk tm duntfpny. nfcjkg tm tefs mr tebt s`fkctf`

irkbjtermule# Iut tek rksfstbc`ks bnsm duntfpny‗`urvks bcg wkflet lmuc`ebclkg gkspftk tek b``udunbtfmc m trkbtdkcts# Wk mistru`tfmc `bc

tekc ik`mdk bc miskssfmc. b sftk m lrmwfcl wmrry bs jcmwnkglk gkvkn$

@mpyrfletkg Dbtkrfbn

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ftt   x

mps tm smpefstf`btkg nkvkns. bcg bnbrds rfcl bs gfkt prm`kgurks ik`mdk

bc minflbtmry prb`tf`k# Wk stfldbtfzbtfmc teus sefts rmd b gkcflrbtfmc

m bt tm b gkcflrbtfmc m pmwkrnkssckss. tek fcbifnfty tm `ebclk# Wk rkp$rmibtfmc ik`mdks dmrk psy`emnmlf`bn. dmrk fctfdbtk: teky brk cm nmclkr

b``usbtfmcs m bwjwbrgckss mr lnuttmcy. iut m cmcdbstkry. b nb`j m 

pmwkr mvkr mckskn bs mck jkkps bc „fdpbssfvk— bcg ulny imgy wekrkbs

„kvkrytefcl— sbys ft mulet tm `ebclk# Wk efstmry m miksfty fs bnsm tek

efstmry m teksk „fckrtfbs.— m b imgy kvkr dmrk fgkctfkg wfte b pkrsmc

fc \kstkrc efstmry. bcg ykt tebt imgy ks`bpks rmd `krtbfc bttkdpts.

bppbrkctny sfdpnk. tm bgbpt bcg dmgfy ft# Bc kctfrkny sfclunbr fdblk m 

tek miksk pkrsmc teus kdkrlks‗mck tebt tek lrmwfcl cmrds mr lkt$

tfcl tefc bnmcl wfte tek fnn$ucgkrstmmg gf`unty tm rkspk`t tekd grfvkstmwbrg b sfclunbr ebrgsefp#28 Wk nbtkst ckw kbturk fs tebt tefs ebrgsefp

`bc kxprkss ftskn dmst kbsfny fc b sm`fkty tebt bvmrs fctfdbtk `mckssfmc

bcg psy`emnmlfzfcl#

Wk efstmry m bt pkmpnk fs rst tek efstmry m b `mcgkdcbtfmc bcg fts

trbcsmrdbtfmcs b`rmss gfhkrfcl `unturbn `mctkxts bcg sm`fbnny tbrlktkg

rkok`ts# Ft fs bnsm tek efstmry m tek pbrtf`unbr gf`untfks kxpkrfkc`kg iy 

tek miksk pkrsmc? b ebrgsefp tebt ebs prmibiny ikkc b``kctubtkg iy tek

rkckdkct m cmrds bcg tek lrmwfcl bttkctfmc tm psy`emnmlf`bn suhkr$

fcl# Hfcbnny ft fs tek efstmry m b imgy tebt ucgkrlmks dmgf`btfmcs tebt

sm`fkty rkok`ts bcg tebt tek wfnn fs cmt bnwbys bink tm dmgfy#

@mpyrfletkg Dbtkrfbn