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1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist [email protected] Today’s Discussion Outline Comparative anatomy & histology Embryonic development of the mouse placenta (extra‐embryonic tissue) Normal histology Histopathology ‐ lesion classification Developmental abnormalities Infectious diseases Toxicologic pathology Tumors Resources Origin of the Terminology “placenta” Modern Latin from L, literally , a cake from Classical Greek plakounta Πλακούντας
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Page 1: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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The Mouse Placenta

Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP

Veterinary Pathologist

[email protected]

Today’s Discussion Outline

• Comparative anatomy & histology• Embryonic development of the mouse placenta 

(extra‐embryonic tissue)• Normal histology• Histopathology ‐ lesion classification• Developmental abnormalities • Infectious diseases• Toxicologic pathology• Tumors• Resources

Origin of  the Terminology “placenta”

Modern Latin from L, literally , a cake from Classical Greek plakounta

Πλακούντας

Page 2: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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What is a Placenta?

John King’s Necropsy Show & Tell ‐ submitted by Dr. M Smith, Cornell U., Sheep, Twin lambs in a single amnion 

Classification of The Placenta by Gross AppearanceSatoshi Furukawa et al, Nissan Chemical Industries, J Tox Path 27: 11, 2014

Horses, pigsRuminants

Carnivores Primates, rodents

Rats, micePrimates

Rabbits

Carnivores

Ruminants

Horses, pigs

Classification of The Placenta by HistologyS Furukawa et al, J Tox Path 27: 11, 2014

Page 3: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Extra‐embryonic Tissues

MRI, A Carretero et al in J Ruberte

E12

FromWard &Devor-Henneman2000

Uterus &Embryo

NecropsySheet

Placenta Dissection & Trimminguse formalin fixation

SC Pang et al. InBN Croy et al.Guide to Investigation of Mouse Pregnancy2014

Page 4: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Fixation and Trimming of The Placenta

IHC, ISH: paraformaldehyde or formalinImaging: formalin or other fixatives

The intact placenta is fixed in formalin (48 hrs), not Bouin’s

E12.5

The Pregnant Mouse Uterus

E 8.5

E 14.5E12.5

Courtesy of P. Treuting

Mouse Placental DevelopmentJ Rossant and JC Cross, Nature Rev Genetics 2: 502, 2001 

Jay Cross, DVM, Calgary 

Vet Med

Page 5: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Placental Development    E7‐12

From Ward and Devor-Henneman, 2000

EMBRYO

PLACENTA

Pregnancy Dating in the

Rat Placenta

EP De Rijk et alToxicol Pathol30: 271, 2002

Mouse Placenta Histology Section Orientation

JM Ward (for mouse)

Decidua

DeciduaUterus

Uterus

J Rossant and JC Cross

S Furukawa (for rat)

Page 6: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Uterus

Decidua

Yolk sac Chorionic plate

Labyrinth

The Mature Mouse Placenta E12.5

endoderm

Embryonal&

Maternal

Maternal

GIANT CELLS

SPONGIOTROPHOBLASTS

LABYRINTH

DECIDUA

CHORIONIC PLATE

Yolk Sac

Labyrinth E10 Labyrinth E11

Embryonic erythroid cells

E

EmbryonicLabyrinthtrophoblasts(LTB)

LTB

Embryonic endothelium LTB

LTB

Maternal rbc

Dam’srbc

Dam’srbc

Page 7: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Labyrinth E13 Labyrinth E15

M

EmbryonicEndothelium

LTB

E

Maturing embryonal erythroid cells

LTB

Mature erythrocytes of embryo and dam

LTB

LTB

EmbryonicEndothelium

Placental Vascularization – micro‐CTMY Rennie, In The Guide to Investigation of Mouse Pregnancy, 2014

Glycogen Cells   ‐ E14a trophoblast cell of unknown origin with unknown functions

PAS

Page 8: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Placental Aging/Degenerative Changes

Membranes

E12

GibbonAM Cater et al, Placenta 2016 Jan;37:65‐71

E14.5

Decidua

Page 9: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Immune Functions of The Placenta

The Metrial Gland in  The RatC Picut et al.  Tox Path 37: 474, 2009

Perforin IHCNK marker

Mouse Granulated Metrial Gland?D. Bulmer et al, Cell Differentiation 20: 77, 1987

E14

Page 10: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Mouse Placental Gene Expression(Gheorghe et al, J Soc Gynec Invest 13: 256, 2006; Gasperowicz et al, Placenta 29: 651, 2008)

DG Simmons, In  Guide to Investigation of Mouse Pregnancy BA Croy et al, Eds

Genes Expressed in Mouse Placenta

Endothelium ‐ MECA‐32, CD31

TB giant cells ‐ ProlactinDecidual cells – MAC2

Spongiotrophoblasts ‐ SOS‐2

SM Isaac et al, 2014

Labyrinth TBs

Labyrinth and Junction TBs

Page 11: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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KL Boyd et al., in Treuting, Dintzis & Montine, 2017

The Primate Placenta

Monkey – Cyno, E120

Courtesy of Mark Cline, WFU

Human

M, maternal bloodIVS, IntervillousSpace

SK, Syncytial knot

V, fetal vessel

The Placenta Is Important For Embryonic Growth 

From E9‐12

If it develops abnormality or fails, the embryo will die due to lack of normal nutrition received 

from the dam through the placenta

Possible Causes of Embryonic Mortality E9‐12

• Placental failure• Membrane abnormalities

• Cardiovascular abnormalitiesAbnormal embryonal blood vessel    

developmentHeart failure 

• Abnormal erythropoeisis (in yolk sac/embryo)

• Loss of normal cell cycle regulation 

• Cell adhesion/germ layer defects/patterning 

Page 12: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Placental Failure As A Cause of Embryonic Lethality

• Inactivation of a gene important for placental development and function

• Toxic or other changes to specific placental anatomical components

• Functional changes in the placenta that interfere with nutrition and oxygenation of embryo

• Changes that interfere with normal embryo development

• Most placental changes cause embryonic lethality prior to birth

How to Evaluate Placental Causes of Embryo Lethality

• Determine patterns of gene expression in placenta, membranes and embryo at various stages of gestation – ISH/IHC/Northern blotting/other methods

• Determine cells and anatomic placental/embryonal structures normally expressing the gene

• In null mice, these cells may not function normally for placental development

• Null mutation       abnormal placenta developmentembryonic death

Jackson LaboratoryMammalian PhenotypeBrowser

http://www.informatics.jax.org/vocab/mp_ontology/MP:0001711

558 genotypes1214 annotations

Page 13: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Which Comes First?Placental Lesions or Embryonic Lesions

or Are They Concurrent?

Patterns of Lesions in the Placenta

Bolon & Ward2015

Developmental Abnormalities in The Mouse Placenta

• Labyrinth blood vessel formation (94 genotypes) ‐ Vhl, Tfeb, Dlx3, Ppar, Mash2 (Ascl2), Hgf, Egfr, Lifr, Il11ra, Err‐JunB, Hsp90Cyr61, Rap250 (Ncoa6)

• Labyrinth trophoblasts ‐ Vhl, Egrfr, Ascl2, Rxra, Arnt, Lifr, Err‐, l‐mfa (Mdfi), Hsd17b2, Cx26 (Gjb2)

• Spongiotrophoblasts ‐ Arnt• Giant cell trophoblasts ‐Mdfi, Cdkn1c

• Giant placenta – cloned mice, Cdkn1c

• Decidua ‐ Il11ra

Page 14: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Blood Vessels of the Placental Labyrinth

•Angiogenesis – the formation of new blood vessels from pre‐existing blood vessels (endothelium)

•Vasculogenesis ‐ the formation of new blood vessels when there are no pre‐existing ones; formation of new blood vessels from mesenchyme, in mouse embryo from the chorionic plate (CP)

No Nulls At BirthDNA Analyzed From Yolk Sac

+/+, +/‐, but no ‐/‐ (no yolk sac found grossly or in HE slides)

Vascular Lesions in the PlacentaJR Gnarra et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 9102, 1997

Dead Embryo

E12.5Lack of normal vasculogenesis

disruption of normal placental development

+/+ Vhl -/-Hemorrhagicplacental sites3/12 were KO

Page 15: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Laser Capture Microdissection Performed

16 yolk sac laser capture microdissection‐procured DNA analyzed14 were ‐/‐2 were +/‐

Abnormal Vasculogenesis of  The LabyrinthCD31  IHC

CD31 (formalin, Santa Cruz M-20, goat anti-mouse,1:500, antigen retrieval)

Labyrinth

Labyrinth

Chorionic Plate

+/+ Labyrinth  E 12.5                              Vhl ‐/‐

Labyrinth

Trophoblast Degenerative Lesions Eosinophilic Droplets

Dysplasia, HyperplasiaSyncytial Labyrinth Trophoblasts

Necrosis

Page 16: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Abnormalities of Cell Cycle Regulation  

• Increased apoptosis•Cell proliferation (Rb1 in placenta)• Imbalance between apoptosis and cell proliferation

•Brca1, Brca2, Rad51, Braf, Kras, Ski, p130 (Nolc1), DNA ligase IV (Lig4)

•Cell cycle abnormalities were usually reported in the embryo and not placenta

Trophoblast Hyperplasia from Rb loss in Tb stem cells  PL Wenzel, A De Bruin, et al, Genes & Development 21: 85, 2007 

Placentomegaly of Cloned EmbryosS Tanaka et al, Biol Reprod 65:1813, 2001 ;C. Palmieri et al, Vet Pathol 45: 865, 2008

Expansion of spongiotrophoblasts with increased glycogen cells

Page 17: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Abnormalities of The Yolk Sac

•Mesodermal defects ‐ alpha‐5‐integrin (Itga5), Fn1

• Endodermal defects – Fn1, Hand1•Vascular hypoplasia ‐ Itga5, MEF2C•Vascular dysgenesis ‐Myc, Hand1, Np1/Np2•Dysgenesis of erythropoiesis ‐ Tf, Scl, Tgf‐1•Hypoplasia of vitelline vessels ‐ Tf, c‐myc, Scl

Yolk Sac lesions

Ballooning degeneration, apoptosis – E16

No vessels or no blood?

Defects inVasculogenesis

&Hematopoiesis

TGF1 -/-

Dic

(Dickson et al 1995)

Defective haematopoiesisand vasculogenesisin transforming growth factor‐beta 1 knock out mice

MC DicksonDevelopment121: 1845, 1995

Page 18: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Abnormalities of the Chorion & Allantois

• Lack of or abnormal fusion ‐ Vcam1, alpha‐4      integrin (Itga), Rbp‐Jk, Smad1, Lpp (Ppap2b) 

• Mesodermal defects ‐Mash2 (Ascl2)

• Allantoic ballooning ‐ alpha‐4 integrin (Itga)

• Chorionic ectoderm defects ‐ Hand1

• Allantoic defects ‐Myc

Absence of Chorioallantoic Fusion

VCAM-1 null, GC Gurtneret al, Genes Dev 9:1, 1995

Infectious Disease

• Bacteria (Brucella, Streptococcus, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Treponema)

• Fungi (Candida)

• Viruses (CMV, Zika, Herpes, HIV, others), 

• Protozoa (Trypanosomes, Plasmodium)

Page 19: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Placental Pathology of the Pregnant Mouse Inoculated with Brucella abortus Strain 2308

L. T OBIAS, et al, Virginia Tech Pathobiology, Vet Pathol 30: 119, 1993.

BALB/c mice, ip at E9, sac at E18, necrosuppurative placentitis

IHC

Massive Decidual Necrosis: Plasmodium chabaudiM Waisberg, M Orandle, et al, PLoS One. 2013; 8(5): e62820    E8

Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy in Mice Causes Placental Damage and Fetal Demise

JJ Miner et al, Cell 165: 1081, 2016

Normal mice – clear virus

Kos ‐Ifnar1‐/‐ mice(lack of  Type I interferon signaling)

develop placental infection(trophoblasts, endothelial cells), and brain infection

Page 20: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Toxicology ‐ Rat PlacentaS Furukawa et al, Exp Tox Path 67: 443, 2015; 65: 211, 2013

Chlorpromazine‐induced placental toxicity

Cisplatin

Tumors of the Placenta

• Choriocarcinoma

• Yolk sac carcinoma

• Deciduoma

• Granular cell tumor?

BM Bany In The Guide To Invest In Mouse Pregnancy

SummaryHow to Determine if Placental Failure Occurs

• E9.5‐10.5 determine if embryo is grossly normal

• Determine if there are any histopathological embryonic lesions that could cause death

• Check especially placenta, heart, blood vessels, yolk sac, and any tissues where gene is expressed

• Placenta – determine if lesions found occur prior to early lesions of embryonic death

• Embryonic lethality may occur from lesions in both placenta and embryo 

Page 21: The Mouse Placenta - RTP Rodent Pathologyrtprodentpathology.org/...TheMousePlacenta_handout.pdf · 1 The Mouse Placenta Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP Veterinary Pathologist

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Mouse Placenta References• Comparative Placentation  (K. Benirschke)

http://placentation.ucsd.edu/

• Rossant, J & Cross, JC. Placental development: lessons from mouse mutants. Nature ReviewsGenetics 2: 538‐548, 2001

• Ward & Devor‐Henneman, Gestational mortality in genetically engineered mice. In: Ward, Mahler, Maronpot, Sundberg, Pathology of Genetically Engineered Mice, Ames: Iowa: ISU Press, p.103‐122, 2000

• Ward JM, S Elmore & J Foley, Pathology methods for the evaluation of embryonic and perinatal developmental defects and lethality in genetically engineered mice. Vet Pathol, 49: 71, 2012

• Natale DR, Cross JC, et al, Phenotypic analysis of the mouse placenta, Methods Mol Med. 2006: 121:275‐93, 2006 

• De Rijk EP, et al, Pregnancy dating in the rat.  Toxicol. Pathol. 30:271‐282, 2002

• Furukawa S et al, Toxicological pathology in the rat placenta. J Toxicol Pathol 24:95, 2011. 

• K Benirschke, GJ Burton, Pathology of the Human Placenta, Springer, 2012 

• JM Cline et al, The Placenta in Toxicology. Part III: Pathologic Assessment of the Placenta, ToxicolPathol 42: 339, 2014

• A Croy, AT Yamada,  FJ DeMayo, SL Adamson. The Guide to Investigation of Mouse Pregnancy, Academic Press, 2013

Mouse Embryo References

• ME Dickson et al, High‐throughput discovery of novel developmental phenotypes. Nature 537: 508, 2016

• Theiler K,  The House Mouse,   http://www.emouseatlas.org/emap/ema/theiler_stages/house_mouse/book.html

• Kaufman, MH. The Atlas of Mouse Development, Academic Press, 1992; Kaufman, MH & Bard JBL, The Anatomical Basis of Mouse Development, Academic Press, 1999; Kaufman MH, Nikitin & Sundberg, Mouse Endocrine System Development, 2010 ‐ http://www.emouseatlas.org/emap/eHistology/

• Ward JM, S Elmore & J Foley, Pathology methods for the evaluation of embryonic and perinatal developmental defects and lethality in genetically engineered mice. Vet Pathol, 49: 71, 2012

• Rossant, J and Tam, PPL, Mouse Development, Academic Press, 2002

• Kaufman, MH, Nikitin & Sundberg,  Histologic Basis of Mouse Endocrine System Development, (with digital slides), CRC Press, 2009

• Papaioannou VE & Behringer , RR, Early embryonic lethality in genetically engineered mice: diagnosis and phenotypic analysis. Vet Pathol 49: 64, 2012

• A Croy, AT Yamada,  FJ DeMayo, SL Adamson. The Guide to Investigation of Mouse Pregnancy, Academic Press,2013

• Prenatal brain atlas  http://www.epmba.org


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