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The origins of ‘Christendom’expansion and integration of secular Empire• Roman occupation of increasingly remote
areasGaul, Germany, Britain, Spain
• coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources
• developed infrastructure, cities emerge [paved roads, postal system
Pax Romana
Belief and Roman Society• polytheistic
• ready absorption of gods from other cultures, except Masada
• Judaism: monotheisticJewish governance; crushed in Jewish Wars, 70CE
• other religious sects: teacher named JesusRomans feared rebellion and executed himfollowers believed divinity and resurrectioncalled the ‘Christ’ - the anointed onepersecuted until after 325, Council of Nicea
• split – Constantinople vs. Rome
‘Christendom’: successors to the Roman EmpireDivisive factors:
growth of secular states c.800lack of strong central governments
Unifying factors:faith (the idea)monasteries (the institution)landholders to 1250social welfare – inns, orphans, hospiceeducation
c. 500
State and Society:feudalism
The Three Estatesthose who pray: clergythose who fight: knightsthose who work: peasants
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
800 CE 1000 1100 1200 1300 CE
Millions
and…development of arable landsminimized threat of invading nomadsclearing of swamps, forestsimproved agricultural techniques
- crop rotation and new crops - horseshoes and collars (horses faster than oxen)
Stable societies: resources to change and grow1. Growth of manufacturing 2. Reconquista –
a commercial economy 1060s-1492trade Islamic states displaced from Europe
3. Crusades * shapes nature of contact *to capture Jerusalem1096-mid13C
Overall of note:The geography, topography of the society:
• how has that impacted its development and structure, its homogeneity or multi-ethnicity
• how has that shaped relations between it and other groups
The overall organization of the society: • model of leadership• social structure• what positions/roles are valued in society
The philosophic/spiritual principles of the society:unique
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