37
Atoms and the Periodic Table
Atoms and the Periodic Table
Parts of the Atom
• Proton
–Found in the nucleus
–Number of protons defines the element
–Charge +1, mass 1
Parts of the Atom
• Neutron
–Found in the nucleus
–Stabilizes the nucleus
–Charge 0, mass 1
Parts of the Atom
• Electron
–Found outside the nucleus in the electron cloud
– Does all the work in chemical reactions
–Charge -1, mass 0
ISOTOPES
• Atoms of a given element are not all identical
–They can have different masses
–Chlorine has atoms with masses of
35 amu and 37 amu
These are called isotopes
ISOTOPES
• Atoms of a given element with different masses are called isotopes
– They can have different masses because they have different numbers of neutrons
– Chlorine has atoms with a masses of
35 amu and 37 amu
Both have 17 protons, but the isotope with a mass of 35 has 18 neutrons and the one with a mass of 37 has 20 neutrons
ISOTOPES
• Name an isotope in one of these ways:
Cl1737
37 is the Mass number (# of protons + # of neutrons)
17 is the number of protons
ISOTOPES
• Name an isotope in one of these ways:
Chlorine-37
Or
Cl-37
37 is the mass number of the isotope
ISOTOPES
• Some Isotopes are not stable
–When they decompose, some mass changes to energy. This energy is radiation
• Marie and Pierre Curie researched radioactive isotopes in 1903
How do we know how many?
• Number of protons is the same as the atomic number
• Number of electrons is the same as the number of protons
• Number of neutrons is the atomic mass minus the number of protons
We get these numbers from the Periodic Table
6
C
12.011
Atomic
Number
Symbol
Atomic Mass
Practice Time!
6
C
12.011
Atomic
Number is
the number
of electrons
Symbol
Atomic Mass
Round atomic
mass to a whole
number and
subtract the
number of protons
to find the
number of
Atomic
number is
the number
of protons
Practice
6
CCarbon12.011
Atomic number = number of
___________ or ____________
Atomic mass = the number of
_____________ + ____________
# Protons = ___________# Neutrons = ___________# Electrons = ___________
Practice
8
OOxygen15.9994
Atomic number = number of
___________ or ____________
Atomic mass = the number of
_____________ + ____________
# Protons = ___________# Neutrons = ___________# Electrons = ___________
Practice
30
___Zinc
65.39
Atomic number = number of
___________ or ____________
Atomic mass = the number of
_____________ + ____________
# Protons = ___________# Neutrons = ___________# Electrons = ___________
Practice- an Isotope
# Protons = ___________# Neutrons = ___________# Electrons = ___________
Zn30
67
Practice- an Isotope
# Protons = ___________# Neutrons = ___________# Electrons = ___________
C -14
Summary
• Fill in the parts of the atom.
Parts of the Atom
The
Atom
The Electron
Cloud-
Mostly empty
Space, Has most
of the volume of
the atom
Location in
the Atom
he Nucleus-
Contains
most of the
mass of tThe
atom
Part of the
Atom
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Charge
and
Mass
Number
Mass =0
Charge
= -1
Mass =1
Charge = 0
Mass =1
Charge = 1
How to get
that number
from the
periodic table
= # of
protons
= atomic
mass
= mass –
# of protons
The Atom
The Electron
Cloud-
Mostly empty
Space, Has most
of the volume of
the atom
Location in
the Atom
The Nucleus-
Contains
most of the
mass of the
atom
Part of the
Atom and
Who Found it
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Charge
and
Mass
Number
Mass =0
Charge
= -1
Mass =1
Charge = 0
Mass =1
Charge = 1
How to get
that number
from the
periodic table
= # of
protons
= atomic
number
= mass –
# of protons
Periodic Table Important Terms
• Period- a row on the periodic table
Periodic Table Important Terms
• Group (also called a family) A column on the periodic table. All elements in the same group have similar properties.
Parts of the Periodic Table
• Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids1
H
1.01
2
He
4.00
3
Li
6.94
4
Be
9.01
5
B
10.81
6
C
12.01
7
N
14.01
8
O
16.00
9
F
19.00
10
Ne
20.18
11
Na
22.99
12
Mg
24.30
13
Al
26.98
14
Si
28.09
15
P
30.97
16
S
32.07
17
Cl
35.45
18
Ar
39.95
19
K
39.10
20
Ca
40.08
21
Sc
44.96
22
Ti
47.87
23
V
50.94
24
Cr
52.00
25
Mn
54.94
26
Fe
55.85
27
Co
58.93
28
Ni
58.69
29
Cu
63.55
30
Zn
65.39
31
Ga
69.72
32
Ge
72.61
33
As
74.92
34
Se
78.96
35
Br
79.90
36
Kr
83.80
37
Rb
85.47
38
Sr
87.62
39
Y
88.91
40
Zr
91.22
41
Nb
92.91
42
Mo
95.94
43
Tc
(98)
44
Ru
101.1
45
Rh
102.9
46
Pd
106.4
47
Ag
107.9
48
Cd
112.4
49
In
114.8
50
Sn
118.7
51
Sb
121.8
52
Te
127.6
53
I
126.9
54
Xe
131.3
55
Cs
132.9
56
Ba
137.3
57
La
138.9
72
Hf
178.5
73
Ta
180.9
74
W
184
75
Re
186.2
76
Os
190.2
77
Ir
192.2
78
Pt
195.1
79
Au
196.7
80
Hg
200.6
81
Tl
204.4
82
Pb
207.2
83
Bi
209.0
84
Po
209.0
85
At
210.0
86
Rn
222.0
87
Fr
(223)
88
Ra
(226)
89
Ac
(227)
104
Rf
(261)
105
Db
(262)
106
Sg
(266)
107
Bh
(264)
108
Hs
(277)
109
Mt
(268)
110
Ds
(281)
111
Rg
(272)
112
Cn
(277)
113
Uut
114
Uuq
115
Uup
116
Uuh
117
Uus
118
Uuo
57
La
138.9
58
Ce
140.1
59
Pr
140.9
60
Nd
144.2
61
Pm
(145)
62
Sm
150.4
63
Eu
152.0
64
Gd
157.2
65
Tb
159.0
66
Dy
162.0
67
Ho
164.9
68
Er
167.3
69
Tm
168.9
70
Yb
173.0
71
Lu
175.0
89
Ac
(227)
90
Th
231.0
91
Pa
231.0
92
U
238.0
93
Np
(237)
94
Pu
(244)
95
Am
(243)
96
Cm
(247)
97
Bk
(247)
98
Cf
(251)
99
Es
(252)
100
Fm
(257)
101
Md
(258)
102
No
(259)
103
Lr
(262)
Properties of Metals• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• A clean metal surface will be shiny or “lustrous”
• Solids at room temperature
– (Except mercury [Hg])
• Ductile- can be made into wire
• Malleable- can be hammered into shapes without breaking
Properties of Non-metals
• Properties vary a lot
• Most are gases, but the ones that are not have low melting or boiling points
• Poor conductors of heat or electricity (except carbon)
• If solid, they are brittle – they break easily
• Usually not shiny
Properties of Metalloids
• Also called semi-metals and semiconductors
• Under some conditions they act like metals
• Under other conditions they act like non-metals
• Used in computers and other electronics
The Individual Squares
26
Fe55.85
Location on the Periodic Table
• Groups
– Elements in the same groups have similar properties
Elements that “Don’t Belong”
• Hydrogen
– The smallest, lightest element.
– All the other elements get made from hydrogen in the cores of stars or when stars explode.
– Electron configuration is 1s1
Groups to Know• Alkalai metals (group 1 )
– Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
– Metals
– Soft
– Very Reactive
• Always found combined in nature
• Will react with water
– All solids at room temperature,
but have rather low melting points
Group 1(1A)
3
Li
6.94
11
Na
22.99
19
K
39.10
37
Rb
85.47
55
Cs
132.9
87
Fr
(223)
Groups to Know• Alkalai earth metals (group 2 )
– Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba Ra
– Metals
– Soft, but not as soft as group 1
– Reactive (but not as reactive as group 1)
• Always found combined in nature
• Will react with very hot water or steam
– All solids at room temperature
Group 2(2A)
4
Be
9.01
12
Mg
24.30
20
Ca
40.08
38
Sr
87.62
56
Ba
137.3
88
Ra
(226)
Groups to Know• Halogens (group 17 )
– F, Cl, Br, I, At
– Non-metals
– Change from gas to liquid to
solid as you go down the group
– Very Reactive
• Always found combined in nature
• Name means (salt-maker)
Group 17(17A)
9
F
19.00
17
Cl
35.45
35
Br
79.90
53
I
126.9
85
At
210.0
117
Uus
Groups to Know• Noble Gases (group 18 (8A))
– He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
– Non-metals and all Gases
– Very non-reactive
Group 18(18A)
2
He
4.00
10
Ne
20.18
18
Ar
39.95
36
Kr
83.80
54
Xe
131.3
86
Rn
222.0
118
Uuo
1 18
1
H
1.01
2
He
4.00
2 13 14 15 16 17
3
Li
6.94
4
Be
9.01
5
B
10.81
6
C
12.01
7
N
14.01
8
O
16.00
9
F
19.00
10
Ne
20.18
11
Na
22.99
12
Mg
24.30
13
Al
26.98
14
Si
28.09
15
P
30.97
16
S
32.07
17
Cl
35.45
18
Ar
39.95
19
K
39.10
20
Ca
40.08
31
Ga
69.72
32
Ge
72.61
33
As
74.92
34
Se
78.96
35
Br
79.90
36
Kr
83.80
37
Rb
85.47
38
Sr
87.62
49
In
114.8
50
Sn
118.7
51
Sb
121.8
52
Te
127.6
53
I
126.9
54
Xe
131.3
55
Cs
132.9
56
Ba
137.3
81
Tl
204.4
82
Pb
207.2
83
Bi
209.0
84
Po
209.0
85
At
210.0
86
Rn
222.0
87
Fr
(223)
88
Ra
(226)
113
Uut
114
Uuq
115
Uup
116
Uuh
117
Uus
118
Uuo
Groups to KnowMain Group Elements
Groups 1,2,13,14,15,16,17,18
Also called “Representative
Elements”
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
21
Sc
44.96
22
Ti
47.87
23
V
50.94
24
Cr
52.00
25
Mn
54.94
26
Fe
55.85
27
Co
58.93
28
Ni
58.69
29
Cu
63.55
30
Zn
65.39
39
Y
88.91
40
Zr
91.22
41
Nb
92.91
42
Mo
95.94
43
Tc
(98)
44
Ru
101.1
45
Rh
102.9
46
Pd
106.4
47
Ag
107.9
48
Cd
112.4
57
La
138.9
72
Hf
178.5
73
Ta
180.9
74
W
184
75
Re
186.2
76
Os
190.2
77
Ir
192.2
78
Pt
195.1
79
Au
196.7
80
Hg
200.6
89
Ac
(227)
104
Rf
(261)
105
Db
(262)
106
Sg
(266)
107
Bh
(264)
108
Hs
(277)
109
Mt
(268)
110
Ds
(281)
111
Rg
(272)
112
Cn
(277)
Groups to Know
• Transition Metals
• Transition Metals
– Groups 3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10,11,12
• On some Tables : All the columns with “B” after the number
Groups to Know
• Transition Metals
• Also includes the Lanthanides and Actinides
– The two rows below the periodic table
– Called “Inner Transition Metals”
58
Ce
140.1
59
Pr
140.9
60
Nd
144.2
61
Pm
(145)
62
Sm
150.4
63
Eu
152.0
64
Gd
157.2
65
Tb
159.0
66
Dy
162.0
67
Ho
164.9
68
Er
167.3
69
Tm
168.9
70
Yb
173.0
71
Lu
175.0
90
Th
231.0
91
Pa
231.0
92
U
238.0
93
Np
(237)
94
Pu
(244)
95
Am
(243)
96
Cm
(247)
97
Bk
(247)
98
Cf
(251)
99
Es
(252)
100
Fm
(257)
101
Md
(258)
102
No
(259)
103
Lr
(262)
Groups to Know• Transition Metals
Properties are those for metals
Usually high melting points
Usually not very reactive
Conductive
