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The Plants of Kaho'olawe ift.Steven D. Warren

Stefanie G. Aschmann

Derral R. Herbst

For at least two centuries prior to World War II, theHawaiian island of Kaho'olawe suffered the ravages ofperiodic wildfires, slash-and-bum agriculture, and severe

overgrazing, leaving the island almost barren of vegeta-tion. With the entry of the United States into World WarII, Kahololawe, then part of the U.S. Territory of Hawaii,became a focal point for military training in the SouthPacific. In 1953 the uninhabited island was placed underthe jurisdiction of the U.S. Navy. Today, legislation is inprogress to return the island to the State of Hawaii.

From 1987 to 1993, the U.S. Army Construction Engi-neering Research Laboratories (USACERL) worked withthe U.S. Navy to develop a cost-effective land rehabilita-tion prescription for Kaho'olawe. As part of that effort, astudy was undertaken to determine, as nearly as possi-

ble, the original plant species of the island. This report,containing former and extant plant species, is the productof that study. The list of plant species will be included ina natural resources data base for use in future landrehabilitation projects on Kahololawe.

Prickly poppy (Argemonm gleuc), a native species,survive* on the barmr Kahoro mdnWdcape

94-18851

'19-'l6 1 7 046

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DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN IT IS NO LONGER NEEDED

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Io rvu

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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave BeIN) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVEREDMay 1994 Final

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. UNDING NUMBERSThe Plants of Kahoolawe Reimbursable Order No.

N6144988P007409

s. AUTHOR(S)Steven D. Warren, Stefanie G. Aschmann, Derral R. Herb"t

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONU.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL) REPORT NUMBER

P.O. Box 9005 SR EN-94/05Champaign, IL 61826-9005

9. SPONSORING0MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADORESS(ES) 10. SPONSORINGftON(TORINGCommander, Naval Base Pearl Harbor AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

Box 110Pearl Harbor, HI 96860-5020

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Copies are available from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA22161.

12L. DISTRIBUTIONIAVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

For at least two centuries prior to World War II, the Hawaiian island of Kaho'olawe suffered the ravages ofperiodic wildfires, slash-and-bum agriculture, and severe overgrazing, leaving the island almost barren of vegeta-tion. With the entry of the United State; into World War II, Kaho'olawe, then part of the U.S. Territory ofHawaii, became a focal point for miliia"ry training in the South Pacific. In 1953 the uninhabited island wasplaced under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Navy. Today, legislation is in progress to return the island to the Stateof Hawaii.

From 1987 to 1993, the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL) worked withthe U.S. Navy to develop a cost-effective land rehabilitation prescription for Kaho'olawe. As part of that effort,a study was undertaken to determine, as nearly as possible, the original plant species of the island. This report,containing former and extant plant species, is the product of that study. The list of plant species will be includedin a natural resources data base for use in future land rehabilitation projects on Kaho'olawe.

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES

species checklist 36Kahoolawe, HPRICE CODEnatural resource management

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACTOF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified SAR

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)plow by ANSI Sd 239-I82Me-102

2 us~cum. - ine.a

Foreword

Funding for this study was provided by the Commander, Naval Base Pearl Harbor,under Reimbursable Order No. N6144988P007409. The project was overseenthrough the Pacific Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, PearlHarbor, HI. The technical monitor was Stefanie Aschmann of the Pacific Division,Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

The work was performed by the Environmental Natural Resources Division (EN)of the Environmental Sustainment Laboratory (EL), U.S. Army ConstructionEngineering Research Laboratories (USACERL). The USACERL principalinvestigator was Dr. Steven D. Warren. Dr. William Severinghaus is Acting Chief,CECER-EN, and Dr. William Goran is Chief, CECER-EL. The USACERLtechnical editor was Thomas E. Rice, Information Management Office.

The authors thank the staff of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu,Hawaii, for access to historical records and herbarium materials. Thanks are alsoextended to Hardy Spoehr of the Kaho'olawe Conveyance Commission forproviding a copy of the Hawaii Heritage Program report cited in the References.

LTC David J. Rehbein is Commander, USACERL, and Dr. L.R. Shaffer is Director.

IIIIIIumIII ON EN4M 3

ContentsSIF2 ....................................................... 1

Forewor ..................................................... 2

1 1nt o ducUon ..................................................... 5Background ................................................... 5Objective ................................................. 5Approach ................................................. 5

2 A Vegetative History ............................................ 6Pre-European Conditions .......................................... 6

The Ranching Era ............................................... 6

The M ilitary Era ................................................ 7

3 Spec es Chec l t .............................................. 9

Reereces ................................................ . 30

DISTRIBUTIONAccesion For

NTIS CRA&WDTIC TABUnannounced UJustification

. .... .... ..ByDistribution I

Availability Codes

Avail a.-id I orDist Special

'-U,'I

UNACEmL OR uN4WU 5

I Introduction

Bmckground

Researchers have speculated that much of the Hawaiian land of Kaho'olawe wasat one time covered with a dryland scrub forest similar to remnants of thatecotype presently found on the 'Ewa Plains of Oahu and the Kawaihae-Waimeaarea on Hawaii (15). But periodic wildfires, slash-and-burn agriculture, andsevere overgrazing ravaged Kaho'olawe for at least two centuries before WorldWar II; today, the island is almost barren of natural vegetation. Approximatelyone-third of the island is virtually denuded; the remainder is dominated by kiawe(Prosopi8 pallida), an introduced shrub, and a variety of introduced grasses andforbs. The only native species contributing significant biomass are phi grass(Heteropogon contortus) and the shrubs ma'o (Goesypium tomentoaum and Abutilonincanum), 'ilima (Sida fallax), and 'uhaloa (Waltheria indica).

From 1987 to 1993, the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Labo-ratories (USACERL) worked with the U.S. Navy to develop a cost-effective landrehabilitation prescription for Kaho'olawe. As part of that effort, a study wasundertaken to determine, as nearly as possible, the original plant species of theisland. This report, containing former and extant plant species, is the product ofthat study.

Objective

The objective of this study was to provide a list of all plant species that haveexisted on Kaho'olawe as part of a natural resources data base for use in futureland rehabilitation efforts on the island.

Approach

A literature search and field observations were compiled to determine thehistorical presence and fate of the plants of Kahololawe.

S SAcm, O UORM

2 A Vegetative History

Pre-Europen Conditions

The demise of Kaho'olawe began long before the arrival of European explorers.The cumulative effects of slash-and-burn agriculture practiced by the earlyHawaiian people undoubtedly contributed to the loss of the scrub forest (24).Intense interisland warfare in the years just prior to the arrival of Europeanexplorers left the island "nearly over-run with weeds, and exhausted of...inhabitants" (36). In 1779, members of the crew of Captain James Cook describedKaho'olawe as "barren," "desolate," and an "altogether poor island" (12).

The Ranching Era

The same explorers that lamented the poor condition of Kaho'olawe unwittinglycontributed to its further decline. Captain Cook and other early visitorsintroduced goats to the Hawaiian islands as gifts to the native monarchy near theend of the 18th century. It has been speculated that some of the goats weresubsequently placed on Kaho'olawe (6). Although numerous visits were made toKahdolawe over the next half-century, the presence of goats was not actuallyrecorded until 1850 when the explorer E.T. Perkins characterized the island as"desolate in the extreme; the reddish, sterile soil being unrelieved by either treeor shrub" (29). Perkins mentions a grove of "akokoa shrubs" (Chamaesyce spp.)and a few stunted wiliwili trees (Erythrina sandwicensis), many of the formerhaving died after being stripped of bark by goats. Some sizeable expanses ofgrassland were also present, at least on the lower slopes. Perkins mentions thata group of his men set fire to the grass as a signal to their companions, and thatthe fire burned for nearly a week, serving as a beacon to passing ships.

In 1858, William F. Allen sighted and killed a single goat, although he speculatedthat there were considerably more (1). Allen also reported to R.C. Wyllie, co-owner of a 20-year lease of Kaho'olawe, that the island could support 20,000sheep. The first sheep apparently arrived the following year (48), beginning aseries of ill-fated ranching enterprises. By 1875 there were approximately 20,000sheep and several hundred goats present (2). Six years later, cattle wereintroduced (4), and by 1884 there were about 9000 goats, 2000 sheep, 200 head ofcattle, and 40 horses on the island (11).

The many years of human and animal activity scarred Kaho'olawe's soil. Severewind erosion was noted as early as 1880 (3), with reports of red clouds of dust

IMACERL SR E84405 7

being blown 30 to 40 miles out to sea. By 1910 it was apparent that the carryingcapacity of the island--the ability of the environment to support livestock-hadbeen vastly exceeded. To protect the limited remaining resources, the island wasdeclared a forest reserve (21). Numerous forays were organized over the next 8years to eradicate the livestock, but the goats and sheep persisted. There werealso unsuccessful attempts to reestablish woody vegetation (7). Charles N. Forbesof the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum visited Kaho'olawe during this period andrecorded a total of 16 native plant species and 15 introduced species (17).

By 1918 the economic demand for Kaho'olawe as a cattle ranch, and the failedattempts to eradicate the goats, the unsumessful reestablishment of trees, andlack of funds to continue these efforts led the governor of the Hawaiian Islands towithdraw Kaho'olawe from the forest reserve (8). Cattle were reintroduced thatyear under the terms of a lease requiring the elimination of the goat populationand the establishment of steps toward reforestation. Over the next two decades,thousands of native and introduced tree seedlings were planted (10) but withlimited success (30). Also, several tons of native and introduced grass and forbseeds were planted (10). More than 13,000 goats were either removed ordestroyed. Despite these gallant efforts, the goats persisted in small numbers andgreat clouds of eroded dust continued to blow off the island (23). In 1931 E.H.Bryan recorded 33 species of plants, adding 3 native species and 12 introducedspecies to the list recorded by Forbes in 1913 (13).

The Military Era

With the onset of World War II, the U.S. military subleased Kaho'olawe for

training purposes. The cattle and horses were subsequently removed, but withoutranch hands to control them, the small bands of sheep and goats reproduced

rapidly. In 1953 President Eisenhower issued an Executive Order "reservingKaho'olawe... for the use of the United States for naval purposes and placing itunder the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Navy" until such a time as it mightbe "no longer needed for naval purposes.. ." The Executive Order also requiredthe Navy to "eradicate from the island all cloven-hooved animals... " or limit theirpopulation to less than 200.

When compared to the results of overgrazing, the effects of military activity on theflora of Kaho'olawe have been minimal. The Navy instituted a successful programto eradicate the goats and sheep (16) and established several revegetation projectsthat have allowed the vegetation to begin a remarkable recovery. In 1978 a

botanical survey revealed 106 plant species living on Kaho'olawe, including 27endemic and indigenous species (16). Two years later, 52 species, including 5

* um• ncmuII I Im il Io ~UBACEM B 8 MM

more natives, were added to the list (14). A survey conducted by the Hawai'iHeritage Program in 1992 recorded a total of 139 species, adding 5 native speie,including a previously undescribed genus (18).

UStAC W 0416 9

3 Species Checklist

The checklist provided in this report combines information from all of theaforementioned surveys with numerous other published accounts of species livingon Kaho'olawe. The checklist includes species that have been cultivated for food,fiber, or ornamental purposes, and those that have been introduced to Kaho'olawefor land rehabilitation and erosion control. Species known to have been plantedby seed during revegetation trials, but for which there is no evidence ofgermination, have been excluded. Species known only from drift material orarchaeological sites have been excluded because it is impossible to conclude thatthey ever lived on Kaho'olawe. First-hand accounts of sightings or collections werethe preferred sources of information due to the unreliability of second-handinformation. However, even some first-hand accounts are inconclusive, especiallythose referring to species by common names only. Because there is often morethan one species with the same common name, such references are included onlywhere there is a reasonable degree of assurance that the common namecorresponds to a single species.

The origin of each species in the checklist is listed as follows:

E Species occurring naturally only on Kaho'olawe or elsewhere withinthe Hawaiian Archipelago (i.e., endemic)

I Species occurring naturally on Kaho'olawe, but also known to occurnaturally outside the Hawaiian Archipelago (i.e., indigenous)

N Species introduced to Hawaii by man that have been consideredthoroughly established on Kaho'olawe at some time (i.e., naturalized)

C Species that have been cultivated on Kaho'olawe for food, fiber, or asan ornamental, but have not become naturalized

R Species introduced to Kaho'olawe for the purpose of land rehabil-itation that have not become naturalized

For endemic and indigenous species, the earliest published source documentingoccurrence on Kaho'olawe is provided. If these species have also been planted onKaho'olawe, sources are listed for all documented accounts of successfulestablishment. For naturalized species, the first source documenting a naturalizedpopulation is provided along with sources for all documented introductiono where

10 USACUEL WR EMOW

such information is available. For cultivated species or species planted f&r thepurpose of land rehabilitation, sources are listed for all documented accounts ofsuccessful establishment. The source numbers correspond to the numberedreferences in the References section of this report.

Some species currently or formerly occurring on Kaho'olawe are considered by theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to be extinct or threatened to some degree (34, 35).The following categories are used to describe the endangerment status:

e Species that are endangered to the point that survival is questionable

c1 Species that are first priority candidates for listing as threatened orendangered based on substantial evidence to support such an action

cý Species that are candidates for listing as threatened or endangered,but for which adequate evidence is currently unavailable

x Species that are believed to be extinct throughout the Hawaiian

Archipelago

k This category has been added by the authors of this report to indicatespecies that have been recorded as living on Kaho'olawe but which areconsidered to be no longer present.

Whether some reported species have ever occurred on Kaho'olawe is questionable.

The following codes are used to identify those species:

- Species reported only from second-hand sources

? Species questioned by the Hawaii Heritage Program due to theabsence of properly identified specimens in the Bishop Museum.

USLACE ORL EN100

ORIGIN SOURCE(S) STATUS

ADIANTACEAEAdiatmsm hikiapdum Sw. N 18

Rough maidenhair

AGAVACEAEAgee siub.. Perrine N 17

Century plant, sisal, malmnaCondyimefrufkeaa (L) A. Chev. C 32 k

Plaewk aawea (H. Mann) N.E. Brown R 28Hala Pepe, le'ie

AIZOACEAESesuvwas poWadcstrums (L) L JIR 10(8

Sea pursiane, 'dkslikuli

AMARANTH[ACEAEAnuaratkus apiaeaui L. N 16

Spin~y amaranth, pakai kukfiAnwtmlhu, vir&l L. N 16

Slender amaranth, pakai, 'itheahea, pdkaikaiNI.Ariclkmsir andwiceaac (A. Gray) Hfillebr. E 37?

Kudu'r

ANACARDIACEAEMaagrfera kidica L. N 37 k

Mango, manako, manakr meneke, meneke

APIACEAEDanewa pn51w Michx. C 10 k

Carrot

APOCYNACEAECad~wwagkusroseuaa (L.) G. Don N 37 ?

Madagascar periwinkle, kilhpaiNerlua htdicum L. R 42

Oleander

12 UmACinin W .EH4

ARACAEACdlocud. eacueuat. (L) Schott C 17 -k

Taro, kalo

ARALIACEAEReynoddai sandwlcewk A. Gray E 17 -k

'Ohe, 'ohe kuksduae'o, 'ohe makai, 'oheokai

ARAUCACEAEAreucaui. kekuerphyia (Saliab.) Franca R 45 k

Norfolk Island pine

ARECACEAECocos nueuclere L. N 9

Coconut palm, niai, ololani

ASCLEPIADACEAEAwclipaa cawurasavca L. N 16

Butterfly weed. bloodflower, laulele, lauhele, nu 'umela,

pua 'anuheAwclpi~a physoaeew (E. Mey.) Schlechter N 16

Balloon plantCab*"&pd Sigantea (L.) W.T. Mion N 14

Crown flower, puakalawwu

ASPLENIACEAEAaplxalaa adiantwum-nlgrum L.I1

ASTERACEAEAcanthosopenvaum austu* (Loefi.) Kuntze N 17

Spiny-bur, Paraguay bur, kakee hipa, IhN M~ae hipa, pipiliAgcroabs. r~pwd. (Regel) R. King & H. Robinson N 18

Spreading mist flower, hdmdkua pdmakaniAgeratum. ceayzeides L. N 16

Maile hohono, maile honohono, maile kulaAo*miai aaaatridis Less. E/R 37/28

'Ahinahina, hinahina, hinahina kuaiziwiBd~en alba (L.) DC var. radkot (Schultz-Bip.) Ballard ex Meichert N 37

Spanish needle, beggartick, ko'oko'olau, ko'olauBide,., amadensia (A. Gray) Sherif E 16

Spanish needle, beggartick. ko'oko'olau, ko'olauBidena pile, L. N 49

Kfa kf nehe, kipipili, nehe

USACERL OR EN044M 13

Ceiuluurv mleftesa L N 14Naps thistle, yellow star thistle

Cirui u ls adm (Savi) Ten. N 14

Bull thistle, pua kala

Ceusyza beisarieaa (L) Cronq. N 14

Hairy horseweedCoayza canasdensis (L.) Cronq. var. puwifa (NutL) Cronq. N 49

Horseweed, lani welaCrrauseephalaum Cempidleides (Bcnth.) S. Moore N 18

Emilia coccimwa (Sims) G. Don N 13Flora's paintbrush

Emilia fosbergii Nicolson N 14

Ewilia sonchifolia (L) DC N 49Flora's paintbrush

Flaveria biseri'ia (Spreng.) C. Mohr N 40

Galiasoga parvijira Cay. N 16

Gnaphuiiw. purpureum L N 14

Purple cudweed

Hetaeduca grwAdflora Nutt. N 13Telegraph weed

Hypachoeris glabra L. N 14

Smooth cat's earHypochoeris radlicata L. N 14

Hairy cat's ear, gosmore

Lactuca serriala L. N 18Prickly lettuce

Lipticharta bryanu Sherif E 13 x

NeheLipochacta cennata (Gaud.) DC E 20

NeheLipochaeta iategrifolia (Nutt.) A. Gray E 37?

NeheLipechaeta lAfvarw (Gaud.) DC E/R 16/28

NeheLipechacta rockii Sherif E 14

NeheLipechaeta aswccudnta (Hook. & Arnott) DC E 37 7

NeheMoehtaoa hibicifelita Benth. N 18

Tree daisy

14 USACWLWSWU.ý

Phiwehe Lvdica (L) Lass. N 14hidian flesahne, Indian pluches

Pluh.. qu~pkW5. (Ml.) liflhis N - 16

S*pabekI. .ekieuli L N 16Small yellow crown-beard

Sonckws oltrct.., L N 27sow thiste, pualde

SyxedreE. .od4 4 k (L) Gumn. N 14Nodeweed

Trdidx procuuubens L N 13Coat buttons

Verbealna excefialdes (Cay.) Bendi. & Hook. N 13Golden cown-beard

Vwenjnia danges (L) Less var. parvyler (Reinw.) DC N 16Litte ironwoed

Xanthlaaasauawoami L var. canadense (NMIl.) Torr. & AL Gray N 13Coklbu, kW al

Zinnia peruviane (L.) L. N 49Pua pihi

BATACEAEBadis iofnwli L N 49

Pickleweed, '&iklkdi kai

BORAGINACEAECerdi subceewfWta Lamn. R 42,45 k

JKouHeliefeplam .exosslma Hook. & Arnott hVR 47128

Hinahina, hinahina ka~ khakai, pfhinahinaHeffebopluus cuausmWcuus L 1 16

Seaside heliotrop, kfpakai, nenaTeurnefare aWgntea L f. R 42,45 k

Tree heliotrp

BRASSICACEAEDreasd lcra dre L var. capitat L C 10 k

CabbageCereuepug didYMUa (L.) Sm. N 16

SwinecressLepidluam hddexaWm Montin

var. o-wakkxew. (Chain & Schlechtend.) Fosb. 1 18'Anawsau, adnwunou, kanana, nawma

Lephdlam obloimng Small N 14

q. uu aaWua L N 14

Wild radla

SlqUhviuau .Wishame L N 14

Tumnble mustard

BROhMEUACEAEAuaý ceauuua (L) Marr. C 27 k

Pimep*~ hala kai

CACTACEAEHyloernu undisfwa (flaw.) Britton & Rowc N 37 ?k

Night-blooming cemus. pdniniokapwiakou. pdpipi pua

Opus*a codukeuiDfw (L) Mill. R 32 k

Cochinneal cactusOpwuniaflcua-idica (L) Mil. N 1

Prickly pear, pdnini, p4pipi

CANNABACEAECamMa so"i L subsp. "mic (Lam.) E. Small & Croq. C 16 k

Marijuana, paka IM1

CAPPARACEAECappd gaudwichiwue DC E 17 C2

Maiapiob, piob, pua pilo

CARICACEAECarica papaya L C 10 It

Papaya, mikana, he'r milikana, papaia

CARYOPHYLLACEAEPoelyasimn teAtrapyUmm (L.)L. N 16

CASUARINACEAECasuarina equiuetibflia L R 32,42,45

Commaon ironwood, paina

Caauarla Shleaa Siebold ex Spreng. R 45

Longleaf or saltmarsh ironwood

Cauuaarina quadriwuat Labill. R 22

Drooping she oak

CHENOPODIACEAE

Abiplex caneacens (Pursb) Nutt. R 45 k

Four-wing saitbush

Afeu ue wccn IL Br. N 19

A&Wwe~ =u~Wef Verd. N 18Sakbush

Be&. vlg.* L C 10 k

Chenseftaw ewbautm.. Br. N 16Goosefoot

CAenpadiua mwwi. L N 37Goosefoot, '4&eahea

CkeaeFdinwas ekmxe (Meyen) Aelien R 28'Aheahea, 'ahea, 'dhewahewa, aaweo, adweoweo, kd~ha'iha'i

Sds.Ia kag L N 49Russian thistle, tumbleweed

CLUSIACEAECalophy~ua ivWphylauu L R 10.42,45 k

Alexandrian laurel, kamani, kamanu

COMBRETACEAETeuwimulia cakppo L R 42 k

Tropical or Indian almond, fase kamani, kamani haole, kawman 'uad

CON VOL VULACEAEBe,.awa ,uwndisal A. Gray R 28

Cresse buxlllanai Kunth 1 37

1ppam. bales (L) Lam. C 10,29,46 kSweet potato, 'uala, 'aawala

1pom... cajuica (L.) Sweet N 17Ivy-leaved morning glory, koali 'ai, koali, koali Iau manamana,

kowali, pa'ali'iIptioee juudica (J. Burm.) Mewf. 1 14

Koali 'awa, koaii 'awahia, kodli pehaIpeauota pes-capav (L.) R. Br. subsp. brvudlknsl (L.) Ooststr. I 17

Beach morning glory, p6huehsae, puhhuele

Iponae. ftboides Degene & Ooststr. E 16Hawaiian moon flower

Jacqweuevuaelfelyi. (Choisy) H. Haullersubsp. sandwicensia (A. Gray) K. Robertson E 13

PJ'fiohi'aka, kMkuohi'iaka, kampo'oMervewl a.ej~pda (L.) Urb. N 17

Hairy mervemia, koaui kua hudu, kuahulu

W Wc. EN.S4 17

CUCURBITACnEAcounn kI..., (Thnmb) Matsum. &Nakal C 9,10 k

Wagennelon, 4w. ipu hwolCucwaui dlpceu Ehrerkb. ex Spach N 14

Hedgehog or ftasel -orCwucwi maw L C 16 k

CucumberCocurldt. sxm~xu Duchemne ex Lam. C I k

PumpkiLqeuwiaW uiceenix (Molina) Standi. C 27 k

Calabash gourd, ipu 'awa'awaMenwilic chaawngia L N 37 ?

Balsam pear

Siqee packyewpuu Hook. & Amott E 37Kiipala

CUPRESSACEAECupresua saxerapelweu L R 42

Mediterranean cypress

CYPERACEAECaa'x ainyeni Nees 1 37 ?

Eleeckwar calve Tonr. 1 37Spikerush, kohekohe, pfpi'wai

Madwriamsjaaacu (HoutL.) Men. & Metcalfe R 28'Ahu'awa. 'ehu'awa

Nane., phleoidca News ex Kunth subsp. pkloies e E 18

DIOSCOREACEAEDkwscrea sp. L N 25 Ak

Yam

EBENACEAEMewrea awdwicanau (A. DC) Foeb. R 28,45

Lama, flama

EPACRIDACEAES~ypheUa kwiaeme (Chamn. & Schlechtend.) F. v. Muell. 1 17 A

Pakiawe, Vaai'i mahu, kdnehoa, maiele, maieli, puaktawe,puakkawe, pukeawe, pipai~awe

EUPUORDIACKARAkewba nebieceu (L) Wild. R lox2 k

KukuL, kuikuChmemacyc. cd.Mueide (Boiss) Croiza & Degene

var. aaipkecsew (Sberff Degener & L Degewe E 14

Spurge, 'akoko. koko, 'ekosto. kA&*udlevar. ma~kaai (C. Forbes) Degoear & L Dopier E 37 ?

Spurge, 'akoko, koko, 'ekoko, kadmdlei

ChwneMAN (L) MWifp. N 17Hairy or garden spurge koko kahkib

CAaye ypeari/eI. (L) Millap. N 49Graceful spurge

Chwaqc - nubdianids (Hook. & Amnot) Croizat & Degonervar. nkrqupy&a (Boiss.) Dagene & L Dogener E 33 ?

'Akoko, koko. 'ekoko, kaktud~eiCha~eyepe'w (Aiton) Small N 49

Prostrate spurgeCkauuayseaftbegdl (Sherfi Croizat & Degeme

var. vwcciuuildea (Sherft Koutnik E 37 C2

'Akoko, koko, 'ekoko, kakdmdei

Chem"eece tkym~l ix (L-) Millap. N 17Spurge

Eapherle heorrphyffa L N 37 ?Spurge. kaliko

Riclaw cemnunkl L N 16Castor bean, pd'aila, ka'apehd, kamdkou, koli; ld'au 'aie

FABACEAEGen. et sp. nov. E 18

(new genus)Acede ceifujhe Merr. N 42

Fonnosa koaAced. fwudaiw. (L.) Wilid. N 17

Klu, aroma, kohlAced. l~kxp a Beath. R 43,45

Twisted wattleAced. ke. A. Gray R 28,41,42,45

Koa, koai'a, koai'e, koa 'ohdAced. nanslua Wilid. R 45 k

wattleAM&4 lbbeck (L) Denth. R 43 k

Sinis tree, woman's tongue

COMMsu C*Ru (L.) Mfiliap. N 19Pigeon pea, pf ,an&W. pf Pokoliko

IMACWn. M NOW1

Ch~ei udiina (L) Woenchanbsp. j ! 0 (DC ex Colsid.) R. hwin A flarnby

var. gSurdem (Vogel) IL Irwin & Darneby N 16

pup "w kwCrehilwin Emma L N 14

Fun -alpd k~behoD--~u 11 ~ u P1wm(L) Wid. N 49

Slender or virgt mimosa

Ne...ii a.dwiciuem B May. N 27

Spaniah or chili clover, pua OWLpi k~bnia p~ip

-amu~ kwhuamism (Sw.) DC N 14

Mmida -egtreD-9- dI- #bUemn (L) DC N 17

Three-flowered beggiiweed

Ery#frlima smsdwkveual Degene F4R 29/28,41.42,45

WiuwHl

Glydu wtghf (Wight & Arnott) Verdc. N/R 14t39,42,45

Glycine,

Inudigefer -xfdm MII. N 49Indigo, 'inika, 'inikoa, kola

iLeweme. Inevwpha. (Lam.) de Wit N 13

Koa haole, Am. hIlikoa

M jcvep -I-u rpwupwewu (DC) Irb. R 39

Siramrmaffep VUjx. hdniddes (L) Urb. N 13

Wild bean cow pea

Nium p.0*. L var. xxft. (Ducbaus. & Walp.) Griseb N 17Sensitive pbAnt sleeping pus, pua hialahla

Phasaehl vulgari L C 10 k

String beansFlu. ga~lvm, L C 10 k

Garden peawPuel peWda (Humb. & Bonipi. ex Willd.) Kunth N 5

Alg.Toba, mesquite, kiaweSemis. gaudichaud (Hook. & Arnott) RL Irin & Bameby N/R 1 8f28

Kolomona, heuhiuhi, kalamona, uhiuhi

Sesbeua ,,wudplwe (L) Poir. R 42 k

Ssbemia owtouulu Hook. & Aniont E 16 C'Ohai

Sephev chapephyffe (Salisb.) Seen. F/R W/10,28Mdniane, mo~nam

Stjleenatefradcms (Reaz.) Alston R 45 kc

a~UsACEIm eM MUM

&kk. u huui Kmib R 45 kTownsville lucerne

Tqhmeeai pwpww (L.) Pers. var. pa, inaa N/R 16145Fiab poisno, 'auhuhu, alhuhs 'auhoka hola

Tuphre.I iwgd Hook. f. R 45 kFiab poison tree

viewa @-w~hueaab Vogel E 37 C1

GENTIANACEAECentAsuriu eujtsiwe Raf. subsp. eurAue N 14

Bitter herb, European centaury

GOODENIACRAESaewile ceriacee Nutt. R 28,45

Dwarf naupaka&aeeela sericee Vahl h/R 47/42,45

Beach naupaka naupaka kahakai, huahekili. naupaka kai

HEMIONMTDACEAEPikpvwgywim culomeiueno (L.) Link N 18

Goldfern

HERNANDIACEAEGyroecapus amercanuas Jacq. R 42 k

American gyrocarp

LAMIACEAEOcimuam guwauiawnm L. N 18

Basll

LILIACEKAEAloe vera L. C 40

Aloe

MALVACEAEAhauilan gnandifofItam (WiIlld) Sweet N 14

Hairy abutilon, ma oAbudilen iacaauau (Link) Sweet 1 17

Houry abutilon, ma oAbuafoxien d"aial Sceem. R 28,41 e

Ko 'bloa 'ulaGosspiwum tmeneesum Nutt. ex Seem. E/C/R 17/10/28,41,45

Hawaiian cotton, ma o, huhshulu

us4ci. - g.um 21

Hdwua bewckeuxidgW A. Gray F4R 37128 C

Mao ham heicRf96=u liemewa L R 28

HauMaim peuw1vp e L N 16

Choose woodMelve&Mt C.. mind-e1 muua (L) Garcke subsp. wmedle N 16

False mallow

Side fafle Walp. 1 13

'fion.

Side rhexmby9We L N 37

Side apdvwaa L N 18

Prickly sida

Thespexi popdabae (L) Sol. ex Corrb R 28,42,45

Portia tree, milo

NW.UACEAEMefte azedvmk L R 42 k

Chinaberry, Pride-of-India, 'flu., 'iliima

MORACEAE

Bmaueufie peppifera (L) Venten. N/C 37/10

Paper mulberry. wazuke, po'a'aha

Ficu kmiceoW L fil. N 40

Chinese or Malayan bmnyan

NUSACEAEMma sp. L C 17 A

Banana, mai'a

MYOPORACEAKMyepwnm seadWiciu A. Gray I/R 18/28,45

Bastard sandalwood, naio, naeo, naieo

MYRTACEAE

Eucalyptus ca~alwleuklu Dehnh. R 42,43,45

Red river gum, Murray red gum

Eucalpftu ciuede,. Hook. R 42

Lemon-scented gum

Eucalyptus glebuiwa Labill. R 42 k

Blue gumEucalypfts pwuckiar DC R 45

Grey gum

a ~UsAcEm. W B644W

Nu-gm Of irbet SmL R 42 kSwamp mahogany

RucelytWa sidexyieu A. Cuun. ex Woolls R 42,45Red iiunburk, mugga

Exce~yptw bredvrnk Sm. R 42 kForest red Sum

EC.L61w i A m~on F. Muchl. R 45 kC-&

Me*wuidere pelyusipha Gaud. R 10 kOlui'a, 'eiha lehua, lehua

Paidium guejuv L N 32 kGuava, kuawa, kuawa ke oke'o. kuawa kma. kuawa momona,puawa

Syminuas WRWlCceaN (L) Merr. & Perry R 10 kMountain or Malay apple, 'M'~a 'ai, '6Aia, '5hi'a 'ai ke'oke'o,'Msi'a hdikea, '6Mi'a kea, 06hIa leo, '5hia 'uad

NEPHROLEPI]DACEAENephrkrlpia nuAa~tbl (Rtoxb.) Jarrett ex Morton N 14

Kupukupu, ni'ami'au

NYCTAGINACEAEBoerheava cecciuea Mill. N 37

Beerhawis glubrat. Blume 1 37Alena, nena

Doerkavia kerbaW Fosb. E 14Alena

Boeedavia repens L 1 37Alena, nena

OLEACEACENorealae euwrgiaat (Lam.) Thiouars ex Hook. R 42 k

NMadagascar olive

OPHIOGLOSSACEAEOphioglosuas cenciaaaum Brack. IS 18 C,

Pololci

OXALEDACEAEOxa& cewuiculats L N 16

Yellow wood sorrel, 'IN 'ai, 'ihi 'awa, 'ihi maka 'ua,IhN makole

USACURL EN44MOW22

PANDANACMEAPadmw wkwkiwa S. Parkinson ex Z R 42.45 k

Screwpine, kala. pd hala

PAPA VERACEAEAnveme glmawc (Nuti ex Pram) Pope vat. Shouw EdR 13/28

Prickly poppy, pua kalrz, kala. naude, p6kalkLalAqpem e..mlesme L N 17

Mlexican poppy

PHYTOLACCACEAEPkyftelac dledc L. R 44,45 kt

'ombu

PINACEAECaflb*i CelaWuaai F. MucHl. R 42 k

Murray River pineCU~o, endlicheri (Parlot.) F.NL Bailey R 42 k

Black cypres inPlaus brutla Ten. R 42,45 k

Brutia pinePinus. halapeusir Mill. R 43 k

PLUMBAGINACEAEPlaurabe zeylanic L h/R 37/45 k

Leadwort, 'ilie'e, hilie'e, 'iihe'e

POACEAEBAk~wicloa iachaenuau (L.) Keng R 39

Yellow bluestemnBodtiwiocle penwa (L) A. Camus N 49

Pitted beardrassBuckle dacdykuides (Nutt.) Engeim. R 39

BuffalograsCenchuwa clMed L. N/R 16/39A,42.5

BuffelgrassCexchaux echinels L. N 27

Common sanbur, 'wne'alu, mau'u kukDCenchnua tibadeddea L N 18

Dune sandburChierl hebal.t (L.) Sw. N 13

Swollen fingergrass, mau'u lii

ail USACERL OR EN44W

Chle.6 divak*t R. Br. var. divwkw. N 14

StargraaChloub buucw ft Br. R 14

StargrassChieris virget Sw. N 49

Feather fingergrassChayseiwg..acicultua (Retz.) Thin. I2

Golden beardgrass, mdnienie 'ua. pi'ipii. pilipili 'uaCyxoede dacg*yl (L) Pers. N/ft 17/39,42,45

Cornmon bermudagrass, mdniere, mdniene haoleCyisedia pkctoutackyraa (K. Schum.) Pilg. R 42.45

StarrgrassDwe~yetexukaa aeg3ptiuam (L.) Willd. N 49

Beach wiregrass;Dicheanthaw avisulawu (Poir.) Hubb. N 49

Wilder grassDichwahiaam sericeam (R. Br.) A. Camus N 37

Australian bluestemDigitaria Miark, (Retz.) Koeler N 16

Henry's crabgrass. kakaepua'aDigltaaa erlmeasa Steud. Rt 45

FingergrassDigituria kmaadais (L.) Mez ex Ekman N 16

SourgrassDigitala peabii Stein N/R 37/42,45

Pangola grassEchiaockks colona (L.) Link N 14

Jungle-riceEhsraal calcina Sm. R 45 k

Perennial veldtgrassEklieuaiaA d/c (L) Gaertn. N 14

Goosegrasa, wiregrass, mdnienie aINErqrmmtl atu'pibeid Hillebr. E 14

LovegrassErqreatia ciftanala (All. Link N 16

StinkgrassErqvj*l mm&ul (Schrad.) Nees R 39,45

Weeping lovegrassEmrqohsia aupawba Peyritsch R 45

LovegrassErqrevi/ tenelia (L) P. Beauv. ex Roemn. & Schult. N 14

Japanese lovegrass, hdkonakonaErqWaalia vwadaM/l (Gaud.) Steud. E/R 26/28

Kitwe/u, 'emoloa, kalamdl6

USACERL 8a EX-S4MO 25

HetUvvipge ceahiita (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roemn. & Schult. h/R 2/10,42,45Twisted beardgrass, tanglehead, pti grass, pti, lule

Ischedusam byroxe (Trin.) Hitchc. R 28 c,,kHilo ischaemnum

Luptechie unlaurvia (K. Presi) Hitchc. & Chase N 40Sprangletop

Lollumn madyflervm Lamn. R 39Italian ryegrass

Mefiais mixsugilore P. Beauv. N 32Molasses grass

Panicam. fauarii Hitchc.var. faudne E 14

Panic grassvar. laduu (St John) Davidse E 14

Panic grassPanicum maximum Jacq. N/R 13/39,42,45

Guinea grass, green panicgrassPaxicum ramesmus Hitchc. E 37

Panic grassPuancum. tearidue, Gaud. E 49

Torrid panicgrass, kakonakonaPancmiEI xerephilua (Hillebr.) Hitchc. E 31

Kiikonakona

Paspaiwn dilatatin Poir. N 22Dallis grass

Penmustum polystachien (L.) Schult. N 16?Feathery pennisetumn

Rhynchebytuar repens (Wilid.) Hubb. N/R 16/10Natal redtop, Natal grass

Stwcharuns efficinarwn L. C 1,27 kSugar cane, ko 'uaa

Setanae grwcilis Kunth N 18Yellow or perennial foxtail, mau 'u Kaleponi

Seferna leucopilta (Scribn. & Merr.) K. Schum. R 39Plains bristlegrass

Setari verticliAt (L.) P. Beauv. N 49Bristly foxtail, mau'u pilhpili

Sperebelus indicus (L.) R. Br. N 38West Indian dropseed, smutgrass

Sperebeluu vio-ginicus (L.) Kuntb I/R 13/28Seashore rushgrass, beach dropseed, 'aki'akz, 'aki, mahiki,

mahlkihiki, mdnienie, manienie 'aki'aki, manienie mahikihiki,

minierne maoli

Tuqus beramniduuu SchulL N 16Burr=&, beitero gootgrasa

POLYGONACEAECoecebb. uv.,' (L) L R 42,45 k

Sea grape

POLYPODIACEAEPhyjhmm t wusclpexdvia (N.L Burm.) Pic.-Ser. N 18

Laaga'e

PORTULACACEAEPoeutdm c alu. Sol. ex G. Foster 1 17?

Pursiane, 'ihiPen vi aw melekixkxusk Hobdy E 37 C2

Pursiane, 'il

Pen~daca elemea L. N 16Pigweed, '&Wziksdi kida, 'dkulkdi lau IN', 'IN

Feuladac piles. L. N 18

Pearalaca sckmecaa A. Gray E20 CPo'e, 'ihi, ihi mdkole

Porawlaa Mwil. Chain. E 37 C2

Pursiane, 'ihi

PRIMULACEAEAuqeaga arveaula L l437

Scarlet pimpernel, poor man's weathergiass

PROTEACEAEGreWill. mbusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. R 26 k

Silk, silver or he oak, 'oka kilika, ha'ikaike'oke'o

RHAMNACEAEAphoitua ponderosa Hillebr. R 28

Kawla, cauwiadColubria ealskica (L.) Brongn. R 28

'Anapanapa, kauiad 'dnapanapa, kaujia zAkku", kukuku

Geumula hilebrandli Oliver B 37 e~k

RHIZOPHORACEAERhlzephoer nangle L. N 16

American or red mangrove

uscOL SR N44e s 27

ROSACAEAWAOates10-1-1 .alAuvalW~ou (Sm.) Lindi. R 211,41

Oleki, uuldei

RUIIACEAECai.Auai Odeevauu (0. Forster) Seem. R 28

Alahe'e, '6he'e, walahe eCeff.. waawha L C 10,27

Arabian coffeeMoeim&d& iVoffa L R 28

Indian mulberry, noni

SANTALACEAEExoawp.. gandkkhMi A- DC E 37?C

Hulumoa, kaumahanaSadaa.a eipoicuas Gaud. EJA 3U/28

Coast sandalwood, 'iiahiao'oeSasidlw. pankufrbms Hook. & Aznott E 20

Sandalwood, 'iiahi

SAPINDACEAEDed.... visacem Jacq. hVR 27/28,41,45

'Aali', 'aalNIii s makani, 'q'ali'i ka~ ma kua, kipsa&an

SINOPTEREDACEAEDeryepteris decipken (Hook.) J. Sm. E 17

KumuniuDeryepkAr decera Brack. E 16?

Desert doryopteris, '.iwa 'iwa

SOLANACEAELydlu masdwcemw A. Gray 1 17

'Ohelo Wa, 'ae'ae, 'akulkdi 'ae'ae. 'dkzikadi kai,'akultdA 'Ohelo

Lycoersknco eacudeatua MIl. N 14Tomato, 'W~ia lomi, kamako, '6hi'a, '6hi'a haole

Lycepanwen F Hia u .b Ia (Jusi.) MILl N 49Currant tomaito, 'Ohi'a ma ka nahele

Nicedana glauca R.C. Graham N 17Tree tobacco, mustard tree, makzhhala, paka

Nicedana Avbwc... L. C 27 ktTobac~co, paka

Selenim .. erkcsmn Mfill. I 49Glossy nightshade, p6polo, 'olohsua, polopolo

SOI~MM Muumuums Hepper & P. Jaeger N 14Apple of Sodomn, thorn or yellow-fituted popolo,papoto katUi

Sakunui awebmge. L C 10 k

Sehau Mtbenmua L C 1,10 kPotato, 'nada kahki

STERCULUCEAEWolieria bidice L. 1 17

'Uhaloa, 'ala 'ala pai la, hala 'uhalba, hi'aioa, kanakabca

TAMARICACEAETamwix aphy~a (L.) It Karst. R 42,45

Tamarisk

THELYPTERJ]DACEAEChrisleffa denhws (Forsk.) Browney & Jenny 1 14

Oak fernChniateia peveaitka (L) Levi. N 18

THYMELAEACEAEWika nire a sp. End]. E 2

'Akia, kaaai

URTICACEAENeraudia sericea Gaud. E 20CI

Touchardla latiflia Gaud. C 10 kObond

VERBENACEAELanutana causer. L. N 17

LIAkna, ld'au kalakala, miknolia hihiu, mikinolia hohono,mikinolia kukii

Stechyterphete dichateuse (Ruiz & Pay.) Vahl N 49

Stachyferpheftajamicenuis (L.) Vahi N 37Jamaica vervain, OKi of

Verbena ikendia Kunth N 14Vervain, 6w, of

USA~flL K EM4~5

ZYGOPHYLLACEAETdbubgs ciateide L I 17

calw noku, ,aowsohu

u0 umaC. use

References

1. Allen, W.F., Latter to R.C. Wyllie, 31 May 1858, R.C. Wyllie Private Collectioen, Hawaii StateArchives, Honolulu.

2. "Ka Huakai Alii A Kal-ni Morn Davida Kalakaua Ma Na Hono A Pliflai" (The Royal Excursimof iHis Royal Highness David Kalakaum to the Says of P1,lan0, Ka Lalsui Hmwis, 30 December 1875,p 4.

3. Anonymous, The Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Direct"~ and Tourist Guide,1880-1881 (1880).

4. -A Great Change is Coming Over Kahoclawe,- Hawaiian Gazette, 17 August 1881, p 3.

5. Anonymous, -Governor Prear's Address,- Hawaiian Fore ster and Agricultuwist, Vol 6, no. 3 (March1909), pp 88-91.

6. "Kahoolawe, the Tosland That is Wearing Out.-A Problem Solved," Sunday Advertiser, 14 January1912, p 1.

7. "Want Kahoolawe for Cattle Range-Effort To Be Made To Have Wsand Turned Over forGrazing-Would Solve Beef Problem," Hawaiian Gazette, 5 April 1918, p 4.

8. "Goat. of Kahoolawe Must Go, its Order," Hawaiian Gazette, 26 April 1918, p 4.

9. Ashdown, 1., "Kahoolawe," Nhrodise of the Pacific, vol 59 (Christmnas 1947), pp 47-48.

10. Ashdown, I.M., Recolluctions of Kahoolawe (Topgallant Publishing Co., 1979).

11. Bagot, F., ed., McKenney's Hawaiian Directory (LMd. McKenney & Co., 1884).

12. Beaglehole, J.C., ed., The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyage of Dscovery. Vol. 3, Th&eVoyage of the Resolution and Discovery, 177641780 (Cambridge University Press, 1967).

13. Bryan,-E.H., Jr., 1931, "Summary of Plants Found on Kahoolawe," List in Bernice Paushi BishopMuseum Archives, Honolulu.

14. Corn, CA., W. Cher, G. Clarke, and L.W. Cuddihy, Kaho'olawe Botanical Survey (April 21-25,1980), (Division of Forestry, Department of Land end Natural Resources, State of Hawai'i, 1980).

15. Cuddihy, L.W., and C.P. Stone, Alteration of Native Hawaiian Vegetation (University of HawaiiCooperative National Park Resources Study Unit, 1990).

16. Department of the Navy, Environmental Impact Statement: Military Use of Kahoolawe TrainingArea (Environmental Impact Study Corp., 1979).

UIACOKL W 964M~ 31

17. Forbes, C.1(. 1918. Notes an the Floma of Kahoolawe and Molokini, Bernice Panahi BishopMuasum, Occasional Paper No. 4.

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Communities." Prepared for the Kahoolaw. W1and Conveyance Commission, Wailuku Maui.

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25. Malo, D. Hawaiian Antiquities (Hawaiian Gazette Co., 1903).

26. Myhre, S.B., "Kahoolawe," Newel etter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society, vol 9, no. 4 (October1970), pp 21-27.

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28. Pacific Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Conservation Plan for Kahob'lawe Isl and,Hawaii. Report prepared for Commander, Nava Base, Pearl Harbor, 1989.

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30. Rice, H.W., O.L. Sorenson, and R. Hind. 1932. Inspection and Land Re-appraisal Report Submittedto B.C. Brown, Acting Governor of Hawaii. Land Records and Corretspondence, State LandManagement Office, Honolulu.

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32 iUMOci an 6*4Ms

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USACA.. W M64005n

47. Wcm&~ WJLC., Jr., "rb Laub" ima Neboaawe," Hhwaiian Bdamajo Sad8u* Nmvedow val 11.no. 4 (Octabar 1972), p 40.

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