The possibility of the cultivation of Undaria pinnatifida(Harvey) Suringar in Taiwan
誌名誌名 水産増殖 = The aquiculture
ISSNISSN 03714217
著者著者
Ogawa, H.Lin, S.M.Huang, T.Y.Liu, L.C.Shyu, C.Z.Liao, I.C.
巻/号巻/号 63巻2号
掲載ページ掲載ページ p. 203-206
発行年月発行年月 2015年6月
農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事務局筑波産学連携支援センターTsukuba Business-Academia Cooperation Support Center, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research CouncilSecretariat
Aquacult. Sci. 63 (2), 203 -206 (2015)
Short Paper
The possibility of the cultivation of
Und1αriαPinnαtifidiα (Harvey) Suringar in Taiwan
Hisao 0GAWA1・*, Show-Mei LIN2, Teng-Yi Hu釧 G2,
Li-Chia Lru2, Chung-Zen S町 u3and I Chiu LIAo1
Abs仕act:The study examined the possibility of
Undariαρinnati/ida cultivation in Taiwan. Although a
temperature of 23℃was favorable for the growth of仕1e
gametophyte, propagation was possible in the labora-
tory at 24-27℃when seawater was enriched with nutri-
ents. The maturation of gametophytes occurred on出e
shelves in the laboratory at 24-27℃， and juvenile spo・
rophytes were formed from出ecultured gametophyte
and grew at 17℃. The cultivation of U.ρinnatijida is
thought to be possible in Taiwan, because the sea sur-
face temperature ranges in12-26℃in the coastal area
of Kinmen and Matsu Islands, Taiwan.
Key words: Undaria pinnatijid，α；Cultivation; Taiwan
Undariaρinnat併dα （Harvey)Suringar, known in
Japan as 'wakame’， belongs to the brown algal family,
Alariaceae.百1isspecies is widely distributed from
subarctic to temperate regions of the western Pacific
Ocean, mainly Japan and Korea, but its distribution has
been expanding from these regions to others, Australia,
New Zealand, France so on. U.ρinnatijida grows on
rocks or concrete blocks in the sublittoral zone at
depths of 1-5 m. It has been utilized as an important
marine resource by Japanese people during the old
days and is currently receiving much attention as
functional food because of its high content of DHA and
the production of useful substances to human health,
i.e., fucoidan and fucoxanthin, due to antioxidant,
antihypertensive, anti-diabetic activities σ'ujimoto
and Kaneda 1980; Pang and Wu 1996; Suetsuna et al.
2003; Miyashita and Hosokawa 2008). Such medicinal
functions found in the products of U.ρinnnatijida
expanded its consumption and market scale in many
countries.
Received 9 October 2014; Accepted 17 March 2015.
Cultivation of U.ρinnat併dawas宣rst仕iedin Japan
in the 1950’s, and successfully developed in the 1980’s
(Akiyama and Kurogi 1982; Saito 1984). Afterwards,
the cultivation system was introduced to Korea and
China, where the cultivation is widely spread toda手
The yields in China and Korea were 1,341,750 and
396,745 me仕ictons in 2011, respectively (FAO 2013).
In Taiwan，ιρinnat折dais, also, popularly utilized
in daily diet. However, the consumption is mainly
supported by imports. The amount imported from
Chinese mainland including the kelp Sαccharina
japonica (Syn. Laminariαjaponica) was 8,065 metric
tons in 2011 (valued at US$ 7,009×10ろand8,289
metric tons in 2012 (US$ 7,173×103, Council of
Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan 2014). Though
it is clear企omthe governmental statistical data that
large amounts ofιρinnatifida are yearly imported
in Taiwan from China, its cultivation in Taiwan has
not yet been succeeded to date.τbe chief d百ficultyof
the cultivation seems to be due to high temperature
around Taiwan’s coastal area, where the temperature of
surface seawater rises above 25℃in summer (Arasaki
1958). On the other hand, S. japonica, growing in cold
wate巳hasbeen successfully cultivated in Kinmen and
Matsu Islands, Taiwan.τbe average annual change in
temperature of surface water in these regions ranges
from 12 to 26℃（Cen仕alWeather Bureau, Taiwan
2014）.官1esuccess of the cultivation of S. japonica,
suggests the possibility of cultivating U. pinnat折ぬ in
Taiwan.百1eplants of U.ρinnatijida are often found
to be drifted to the cultivating fields of S. japonicαin
Taiwan from the mainland of China. Although the local
people has been attempted to cultivate uρinnatijida,
wi出 suchdrifting plants, there has been no success
so far. The present study examined the possibility of
cultivating U.ρinnαtijida in Taiwan.
τbe mix of male and female gametophytes of U.
ρinnat折dawas used for the following experiments.百1e
stock culture of the gametophytes was established企om
a sporophyte cast up on出ecoast of Oofunato City,
Iwate Prefecture in 2011, and maintained at 20 ± 2℃
under 40～60 μmol photons m-2s-1 by daylight white
fluorescent tubes with a photoperiod of 12h:12h仏：D).
The growth of出egametophytes was examined under
different culture conditions. The gametophytes were
1 Center of Excellence for the Ocean, National Taiwan Ocean University. 2 Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean Universi旬3 Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University. * Corresponding author: Tel, (+886) 2剖 623055;Fax, (+886) 2-24634994; Email, [email protected]但.Ogawa).
204 H. Ogawa, S.-M. Lin, T.-Y. Huang, L.-C. Liu, C.-Z. Shyu and I C. Liao
Table 1. Protocl for役1epreparation of modified PESI medium
additives p訂 1l distilled water volume
τ＇ris-hydor河沼1e白ylaminome仕1加 E 5.0 g NaN03 3.5 g Na2 glycerophosphate 500 mg Fe stock solution 250 ml 250 ml distilled wa舵fcontaining N匂EDTA・ 2H20 165 mg and Fe(NH4h(S04h・6H2ρ175mgKI stock solution 10 ml 10 ml distilled water c。ntainingKI 1 mg Soil eま廿act 100 ml supernatant liquid obtained from the mixing of 10 g dried soil with 200 ml distilled water
pH 7.8-8.0
Table 2. Protocol of vitamin mixes for the preparation of modi目
fled PESI medium
additives par 100 ml distilled water
B12 stock solution Thi閣mine-HCIBiotine
volume
O.lmg 0.5mg
0.5mg
cultured in a plant growth chamber側odelST4, Saint
Tien Co., Ltd., Taiwan) at 23土1℃ under30-35 μ mol
photons m-2s-1 or on shelves in the laboratory at
24-27℃ under 40-50 μmol photons m-2s 1. Light was
supplied with daylight white fluorescent tubes, and the
irradiance was measured by a qu印刷mmeter仏fodel
QSL2100, Biospherical Instruments Inc., USA）.τhe
photoperiod was set 12h:12h (L:D) by a timer. Two
types of culture media were used in the present study;
one was seawater without addition of any nutrients and
the other was a modified PESI 1 l seawater including
modified PESI mixes 20 ml and vitamin mixes 10 ml/
pH 8.0-8.2ぐfables1, 2). Although PESI is a popular
culture medium for marine brown algaeぐfatewaki
1966), soil extract was used instead of P司IImetal
for convenience and cost saving, and a vitamin mix
consisting of thiamine-HCI, biotin, and cyanocobalamin
was added in the present study. Approximately 100 mg
(wet weight) of the gametophyte was gently grounded
in a mortar with 5 ml of sterilized seawater. One ml of
this gametophyte suspension was inoculated into each
four plastic bottles containing 9 ml culture medium,
and cultured for three weeks with manual shaking
twice a day.τhe following criteria were used to evaluate
the growth and physiological condition of the cultured
gametophyte: （ー） faded or light brown and poor growth,
(±) brown and fair growth, and (+) dark brown and
good grow仕1. Gametophyte maturation, namely the
formation of oogonia and spermatangia, was examined
under irradiance of 40 and 80-100 μ mol photons m-2s-1
with a short-day photoperiod of 10h:14h (L:D) in白e
laboratory at 24-27℃. The gametophyte was cultured
in a 4 l bo仕lewith aeration to promote maturation.
When juvenile sporophytes were formed, the culture
Table 3. Gametophyte growth of U百dariapinnatがdain varying media and temperature conditions
Temperature
23±1℃
24～27℃
Culture medium
Plain Seawater Modified PESI
＋ ＋
→ー
was transferred into a 50 l aquarium containing an
enriched seawater medium with one-fi剖ethof the
nu仕ientmix for preparation of the modified PESI.
τhe medium in the aquarium was circulated by a
pump (CAP-3000, Hwa-開IAquarium Equipment Co.
Ltd., Taiwan) under approximately 200 μmol photons
m-2s-1 with a short-day photoperiod of 10h:14H (L:D).
The tempera加rewas kept at 17 ± 1℃ by a water cooler
(Model DBE-200, Aqua-Nautic Specialist Pet., Ltd.,
Singapore).
The growth of the gametophytes was clearly
promoted by the addition of nutrients under both
temperature conditions (Table 3), and the physiological
condition evaluated on the base of color was also better
than in plane seawaterσ'ig.1). Although the growth in
the chamber at 23℃ was better than on shelves in the
laboratory at 24-27℃ぐfable3），白epropagation of the
gametophytes on shelves in the laboratory at 24-27℃
was practical when nu廿ientswere added. However,
the gametophytes cultured at 24-27℃ Ii仕lepropagated
and faced into light brown during the culture period of
3 weeks when nu仕ientswere not added σig. 1）.百1e
maturation of gametophytes occurred under conditions
in出elaboratory at 24-27 C . A high irradiance of
light accelerated血edevelopment of oogonia and
spermatangia, although bo血 reproductive organs
were formed under two conditions of irradiance of 40
and 80-100 μmol photons m司 2s-1σig.2）.τhe juvenile
sporophytes grew faster at higher irradiance, with
being 40 mm in length after 4 weeks cultureσig. 3A).
Since the juveniles ceased to grow in a 5 l bo仕leat
24-27℃，せ1eywere仕組sferredinto a 50 l aquarium with
cooling at 17℃．τhey grew approximately 40-60 mm in
length a few weeks after the transferring (Fig. 38).
Cultivation of Undariαρinnat折dain Taiwan 205
Fig. 1. Garn巴tophytegrow仕1of Undariaρinnatifida in different temperature and culture medium. A, 24-27℃ and ordinary se仕
water; B, 24-27℃ and modifi巴dPESI; C, 23 ± 1℃ and ordinary seawater; D, 23 ± 1℃and modified PESI.
Fig. 2. Development of the reproductive organ of Undaria pinnatifida. A, male reproductive organ; B, female reproductive organ.
Fig. 3. Sporophyte growth of U:idaria pi制。tifidafrom the game-tophyte acclimatized to the temperature in the range of 24-27℃ A, developing sporophytes in the range of 24-27℃； B, sporo phytes transferred to the temperature at 17 ± 1℃
Saito (1956a, 1956b) reported that suitable temperature
for the growth of the gametophyte of U. pinnatifidα
was 15-23℃ and that the growth delayed and ceased
at temperatures being higher than 25℃. Morita et al.
(2003) reported that the critical temperature for the
grow出of出egametophyte of U. pinnatifida was 28℃and
Watanabe et al. (2014) also reported出atthey revealed
the plants ofιρinnatifi,d，αcould not survive at 28℃．
These res叫tssuggest血atthe temperature of 28℃is血e
critical temperature for growth of the gametophyte of
u.ρinnatifi,da. In the present study a temperature of
23℃was favourable for the growth of the gametophyte.
However, it was also to be propagated at 24-27℃，
and its color was dark brown as well as at 23℃ when
seawater was enriched with nutrients. Ogawa (2004)
reported that the color of laminarian gametophyte
reflected its physiological condition and was a useful
indicator of its growth potential. According to出is
criterion, a mass propagation of the gametophyte is
possible on shelves in the laboratory at at 24-27℃
without any expensive equipment such as growth
chamber. Since the cultivation of uρinnatifi,da
requires a large amount of gametophytes, the
propagation on shelves in the laboratory is a suitable
for the cultivation of ιpinnatifid，αin Taiwan.百1e
growth of sporophytes required a cooling at 17℃．
There is a season suitable for the propagation of
ιpinnatifidαin Chinmen and Matsu Islands, where
temperatures of surface seawater range from 12 to
26℃. There is also a possibility of the cultivation of
ιρinnat切dain Penhu Island, where the sea surface
temperatures range企om18 to 28℃， even though a
suitable period for the propagation of U. pinnatifida
probably becomes a shorter. The present study shows
that the cultivation ofιρinnαtifida is possible in
Taiwan.
Acknowledgemen白
The authors are grateful to the president of
National Taiwan Ocean University Dr. C. F. Chang for
his understanding help and to the staff of National
Museum of Marine Science and Technology and
Fisheries Research Institute for the help.
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