The Prophet MuhammadEQ: How did Islam originate and spread?

Ch. 8 The Prophet MuhammadVisual Vocabulary

1. Islam

• The religious faith of Muslims; believe Muhammad is a prophet of Allah (God)

2. Prophet

• A person who speaks or interprets for God to another person.

Ch. 8 The Prophet MuhammadVisual Vocabulary

3. Muslims

• A follower of the Islamic faith

4. Polytheism

• The belief that there is more than one God.

Ch. 8 The Prophet MuhammadVisual Vocabulary

5. Monotheism

• The belief in a single God.

6. Madinah

• Also known as the “City of the Prophet”. It was here that Muhammad developed a new Muslim community and they pledged their protection.

Ch. 8 The Prophet MuhammadVisual Vocabulary

7. Caliph

• A title taken by Muslim rulers who claimed religious authority to rule.

8. Umayyad Dynasty

• A line of rulers descended from the Umayyad family line. They ruled for close to 100 years.

The Prophet MuhammadEQ: How did Islam originate and spread?

Arabia During Muhammad’s Time

• Muhammad is born in Makkah

• The city of Makkah was located at the crossroads of two heavily-traveled trade routes.

• Most Arabs were polytheists.

Arabia During Muhammad’s Time (continued)

• The nomadic families of Arabia often joined together to form clans and tribes headed by a shaikh.

• In Makkah was a cube-shaped shrine (Ka’ba) where idols were placed over time.

Muhammad’s Early Life

• 570, Muhammad is born in Makkah, orphaned at age 6.

• Spent childhood learning to be a nomadic trader, traveled to Syria.

• Became known as al-Amin (the Trustworthy).

• Muhammad marries wealthy widow, Khadijah.

The Call to Prophethood• In A.D. 610, Muslims

believe Muhammad had a vision of the angel Gabriel while he was in a cave, in which he received messages from God. He and his followers came to believe that he was the last messenger in a long line of prophets (Moses, Noah, Jesus, etc..) sent by God.

• Khadijah: first convert to Islam

The Call to Prophethood (continued)

• Muhammad taught monotheism, the belief in only one God.

• Muhammad named the new faith Islam, which means "submission" to Allah (God). Believers in Islam are called Muslims (those who surrender to God)

• Muslims believe that the Qur'an is the word of Allah

Muhammad’s Teaching Meets with Rejection

• Muhammad taught all believers in God were equal, and that the rich should share their wealth

• He urged better treatment of orphans, poor, and women

• Many Makkans disagreed and rejected Muhammad’s teachings.

Muhammad’s Teaching Meets with Rejection (continued)

• Muhammad was protected by the head of a clan.

• Many Makkans boycotted Muslims.

• 620, Muslims believe Muhammad went on a Night Journey and met Abraham, Moses, and Jesus and ascended to heaven from Jerusalem.

The Migration to Madinah• 622: (the hijrah)

Muhammad and his followers fled to Yathrib, change name to Madinah (City of the Prophet); year 1 in Muslim calendar.

• Muhammad becomes leader of city and general of the Muslim army.

• Muhammad taught Christians and Jews were “People of the Book.”

The End of His Life• Muslims attack Makkan

caravans to avenge loss of property which results in war. Atrocities are committed by both sides.

• 630: A battle takes place and Muslims stage a siege on Makkah: Makkans surrender.

• Muhammad destroys the idols in the Ka’ba (Muslims believe that Abraham and Ishmael built the Ka'ba), and forgives his enemies

• 632: Muhammad gives his last sermon; shortly after Muhammad dies

The Four Caliphs• When Muhammad

died in A.D. 632, his advisers chose a caliph, or successor.

• The first caliph was Muhammad's father-in-law, Abu Bakr. As caliph, he acted as the administrator and military leader of Islam and its provinces.

The Four Caliphs (cont.)

• To succeed him as caliph, Abu Bakr appointed Umar, one of Muhammad's long-time friends and advisers.

• Umar's armies conquered more lands in the name of Allah.

• Uthman, who succeeded Umar as caliph, also expanded the Muslim empire, conquering Persia and other areas.

The Four Caliphs (cont.)• When Uthman was

murdered, the resulting struggle for power caused a civil war in the Muslim empire.

• Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law becomes 4th caliph. When he ends civil war through negotiation, he is murdered by one of his former followers.

The Umayyad Dynasty• Mu’awiyah, Uthman’s

cousin begins Umayyad Dynasty

• Muslims split into two groups. The Shiites believe that only members of Muhammad's family could be his successors. The Sunnis believe that the election of caliphs was valid.

• Today, Sunnis make up more than 80 percent of Muslims.

The Umayyad Dynasty (cont.)• Mu’awiyah moves

capital from Madinah to Damascus, and kept large armies posted in garrison towns.

• The lands Muslims conquered are infused with Arab culture

• “People of the Book” are not forced to join Islam, but some do.

The Umayyad Dynasty (cont.)• 711: Muslims begin

conquest of Spain• 732: Charles Martel

stops Muslim advance at the Battle of Tours.

• By mid 700s, the Muslim empire included Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, and part of central Asia and India.

Sunni (green) Shiite (blue)

Illustrated Manuscript

Chapter 8

“The Prophet Muhammad”

Creating an Illustrated ManuscriptFollow these steps to create an illustrated manuscript about the life of Muhammad:

1. Create a cover with a title and with designs that incorporate colorful geometric shapes. 2. Create four pages about the life of Muhammad that include information from each of the first four pages of your Cornell Notes.

• Colorful and appropriate illustrations (no human or animal figures).• Key words from your Cornell Notes should be incorporated.• At least one large Arabic word on each page.• One paragraph on each page; the paragraphs should flow like a biography about Muhammad.

 3. Write neatly in ink or trace in colored pencil. 4. Add creative touches to make your manuscript look authentic.

Sentences that may help…

• Create four pages about the life of Muhammad.

• Each page should include information connected to the following that best matches the topic for that page:– Page 1 (purple): Muhammad was born poor, but he grew up to

become a trader.

– Page 2 (orange): For more than 20 years, Muhammad listened to the messages the angel Gabriel brought from God, whom the Arabs call Allah.

– Page 3 (yellow): Muhammad preached his ideas but was rejected by most Makkans.

– Page 4 (pink): Muhammad created a Muslim community in Madinah that respected Christians and Jews; later he recaptured Makkah and forgave his enemies.