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The Resisting Violence Project presents:
A panel discussion on sexual violence in our
community.
With four speakers from different backgrounds and different experiences with the topic, this event aims to raise awareness about sexual violence and what
can be done to end it.
Thursday 15 November, 7pm
Schwartz 156
‘Throne of weapons’BM collection 2001; Mozambique
Drift towards Total War• assassination of Austrian
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
• European nations: joined by Ottomans, Japan, USsupported by their colonies
• Total War
• altered political landscape:destroyed dynastiessuccessful socialist revolutionpromoted nationalism in colonies
Nationalisms and War
• middle classes, liberalism socialism, science
• Nationalism and self-determination
• Pan-Slavism (irredentalism)
• Britain vs. Germany
• popular opinion
Lead-up to warImperial
1. Moroccan (Agadir) Crises 2. Tripolitan War3. Balkan Crises4. Other crises: Boer War
Boxer CrisisRusso-Japanese War
Count Alfred von Schlieffen
General Helmuth von Moltke
British lines east of Zillebeke, Belgium 1917
2nd Lahore Light infantry
Colonial troops in Europe& the war outside of Europe
Experience of War: Colonial/Imperial
WWI and its Effecton reform in South AsiaIndia ‘declared to be in a state of war’• exodus of ICS, army (15 000) and Europeans civilians• politically, professionally, ‘their chance’• support for the effort – with expectation of Home Rule• increased radical action• 2 million men; £ 100 million ‘gift’ • rise in Muslim nationalism – allied with Congress 1916
In active service• fought, wounded and died alongside fellow critics of
British rule• enjoyed the pleasures of Europe – no divide• nationalism
Does spilled blood make citizens?
As with other colonies:men volunteered for
paypride in communityprotect nationconnection to the
Crown Unlike settler colonies:
no dominion status
The War in AfricaTwo phases:
1. knock out German offensive capabilities in Africa
2. occupy German territories
Lomé in Togo
Duala in KarerunSwakopmund and
Lüderitz Bay in SWAfrika
East Afrika
Kamerun monument to French dead, Duala
German East Africa
Colonial Administration
Former British Administrators – Nigerian Regiment (1918) Henry
Rider Haggard German Mission School, SW Africa(1859-1925)
General Smuts inspection
Africans in the War
Recruitment
ResultsAnti-colonial movements
Economic: depressionsfamine
New technologies and infrastructure
Demography and social structure:new opportunitiesmodern nationalisminfluenza
Bengal Lancers, Palestine, c. 1918
Turning point
Africa reordered: Germany outFrance in CameroonBritain in Togo German East AfricaUnion of South Africa and SW AfricaBelgium in Rwanda and Burundi
Ethnic tensions in specific regionsAim of resistances changed – ‘quiet’ for roughly 20
yearsWWII then changes
What does ‘quiet’ look like: internationalism, western/non-western peoples and the mandate systema. Rough justice: violence to control demob., etc.
b. League of Nations –
Mandate system:territories established under Article 22
previously controlled by states defeated in WWI
different from the protectorates • formal removal of sovereignty of previous states • transfer of powers to individual states
of Allied Powers
Class A mandatesIraq, Palestine, Syria Lebanon, Hatay
Class B mandatesRwanda-Urundi, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Kamerun, Togoland,
Class C mandatesformer German New Guinea Nauru, German Samoa, South Pacific Mandate, South-West Africa
nearly all the former mandates were sovereign states by 1990
Conclusion
British empire its largest post-WWI
And arguably,‘eight-knives’ embroidery –
Hausa, 1860sSokoto Caliphate, British
Museum
British empire its most oppressive post-WWI