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THE RHETORICITY OF OVID'S CONSTRUCTION OF EXILE AND THEPOETA
STRUCTUS EXSULIS
(WITH A SPECIAL ADDENDUM CONCERNING ALEXANDER PUSHKIN)
by
SAMANTHA C. TOMAN
A THESIS
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THESIS APPROVAL PAGE
S"-#e!"5 S!"% C. T$!
T+"*e5 T%e R%e"$r+,+"y $ O+#' C$!"r-,"+$! $ E6+*e !# "%ePoeta Structus Exsulis (W+"% S&e,+* A##e!#- C$!,er!+!/ A*e6!#er P-%7+!)
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THESIS A9STRACT
S!"% C. T$!
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T+"*e5 T%e R%e"$r+,+"y $ O+#
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CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME OF AUTHOR5 S!"% C. T$!
GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED5
U!+er+"y $ Ore/$!= E-/e!e
We"er! W%+!/"$! U!+er+"y= 9e**+!/%
DEGREES AWARDED5
M"er $ Ar" +! C*+,= 2342= U!+er+"y $ Ore/$!9,%e*$r $ Ar" +! H-!+"+e= 233?= We"er! W%+!/"$! U!+er+"y
AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST5
C*+,* P%+*$*$/y
A!,+e!" P%+*$$&%y
L"+! E&+,
L"+! E*e/y
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE5
Te,%+!/ +"!"= C*+, De&r"e!"= U!+er+"y $ Ore/$!= E-/e!e= 2343@2342
GRANTS= AWARDS= AND HONORS
Gr#-"e Te,%+!/ Fe**$8%+&= C*+,= 2343@2342
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TA9LE OF CONTENTS
C%&"er P/e
I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 4
II.LE!ILIS UT "OSTER STATUS EST, ITA LE!ILE CAR#E"$ THE OVIDIAN
CONSTRUCT AND THE POWER OF LANGUAGE....................................................
III. A DRAMATIC AND HYPER9OLIC LANDSCAPE5 OVID AND THE
RHETORIC OF PHYSICAL DISTANCE................................................................... 4
IV. THE RHETORIC OF 9ODILY FRAGMENTATION IN THE OVIDIANPOETA
STRUCTUS.................................................................................................................... 2B
V.#E"S%UE #A&IS &RACILI CORPORE "OSTRA 'ALET$ CICERO= OVID=
DEATH@RHETORIC= AND"AURA&IU#................................................................ ?
VI. ADDENDUMARE(ELL, REE ELE#E"T$ ALEXANDER PUSHKIN
AND THE OVIDIAN CONSTRUCT........................................................................... 3
REFERENCES CITED................................................................................................. ?
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
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4
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CHAPTER II
LE!ILIS UT "OSTER STATUS EST, ITA LE!ILE CAR#E"$ THE OVIDIAN
CONSTRUCT AND THE POWER OF LANGUAGE
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!-!, 0-$0-e e= 0-+ e" +- 0-+e,ere= 0-+! "e
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A $ "%e 8r+"+!/ $ "%e +"% b$$7 $ "%e Tristia, O+# % bee! +! T$+ $r "%ree yer.
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+&*+e ! ," $ "r!*"+$!= ! e$r" "$ "r!,e!# "%e brr+er $ >$"%er!e.,&"+e< ""e $ %+ &$e"+, r" ($!,e $re= re+"er"+$! $ "%e &re+$-*y e6&*$re#
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A"= &-"$= + #ee! "-#+- "*e re"e&"e=
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#+"!,e r$ "%e +!&+r"+$! $ R$e= %+ ,$!+!ee!"= *+!/-+"+, !# &%y+,*= !# be+!/
,$!"+!"e#= +" 8ere= by "%e "$!/-e $ "%e other= 8%e! "%e -!#++!+%e# 7+** -!#er*y+!/ "%e
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*e" 8+"% &$e" 8%$ + "%r++!/ *+!/-+"+,**y= + e"r!/e# r$ eery"%+!/ e*e r$ 8%+,% %e
y #er+e e!$ye!"= 8%+*e %e &*y-**y #+$*e %+ $8! -*"+,e"e# ,$!"r-," +! ! r"-*=
,$&*e6 &$*y@r%e"$r+,* e6er,+e.
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CHAPTER III
A DRAMATIC AND HYPER9OLIC LANDSCAPE5 OVID AND THE
RHETORIC OF PHYSICAL DISTANCE
) ) ) ) ) )
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,$!+!ee!" !# ,$!"+!"+$!= &ree!"e# "r-//*+!/ "$ re"+! %+ ars poetica= +" ee !"-r*
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,%&"er 8+** #e$!"r"e= + ! e*b$r"e ,$!"r-," *#e! 8+"% +" $8! ery &e,++, r%e"$r+,*
#+,$-re$!e 8%+,% 8e %** ,** "%e r%e"$r+, $ #+"!,e= b$"% &%y+,* !# "e&$r*. T%" + "$
y= O+# % %+$!e# %y&erb$*+,= "%" + "$ y= grossl. an intentionall. exaggerate
*!#,&e,$!$+!e# 8+"%= 8e %** ee= *e+"$"+ $ ,$!+!ee!" !# "++! $r#er "$
ee,"+e*y e&%+e "%e %eer other!e $ %+ -rr$-!#+!/ (,$&rb*e "$ "%e otherness$ "%e
Ge"+, !# Sr"+! linguae)= +! $r#er "$ #r8 ,$!"r" be"8ee! #+"!"= ',++*+e#' R$e !#
%+ *+e!= 'brbr+!' -rr$-!#+!/. T%e +!,ree# ,$!"r" re*+e $! "%e &%y+,* #+"!,e r$
R$e5 "%e -!#e!"* ," "%" T$+ *+e " "%e ery r+!/e $ "%e e&+re= 8%+*e R$e= $
,$-re= 8 "%e ,e!"er. F-r"%er$re= O+# e*b$r"e $! "e&$r* #+"!,e by &&e*+!/ "$ "%e
e$ry $ %+ %rb$re# by #+"!" r+e!#= +*y= !# $,+"e= "%r$-/% -e $ "%e r%e"$r+,*
#e+,e $ b$#+*y r/e!""+$!b-" "$ "%+ 8e %** "-r! +! "%e $**$8+!/ ,%&"er= +" +!$*e
"%e +!"ere,"+$! be"8ee! ,$!"r-," !# *!#,&e.
T%e r%e"$r+, $ #+"!,e= b$"% &%y+,* an "e&$r*= + ,$!$+!e# by !"-re "$ 8%" 8+**
22 'T%e C$!er"+$! $ "%e P$e" !# "%e 9$$7e**er'L.ric Poems$ 59*>)59*?+
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%e!,e$r"% be "ere# "%e 'r%e"$r+, $ "%re"'. D+"!,e r$ R$e + &ree!"e# !"-r**y
%rb$r+!/ "%re" "$ "%epoeta= +! "%" %e + -rr$-!#e# by &ere!!+* !# &"%$@+!#-,+!/
periculum= +!"e!#e# "$ e$7e y&"%y +! %+ #+"!" !# #8+!#*+!/ -#+e!,e#8+!#*+!/= "%e
r/-e!" ,$e "$ be= be,-e $ e!,r$,%+!/ $b*++$!= 8%+,% &r"+**y +!$*e "%e
J,$!"r+!e# M-e (+*e!,e) e6+!e# b$e. T%+ &r"+,-*r r%e"$r+, $ #+"!,e= 8+"% +"
,$!,$+"!" "%re"@r%e"$r+,= eer/e "%e #$+!!" #+,$-re 8%e! -rey+!/ O+#'
%y&erb$*+, *!#,&e. F-r"%er$re= "8+! "r$&e $ e$ry !# *!#,&e ,$!+"e!"*y &&er@@
$!e $r e,% "r$&e= e,% 8+"% +" $8! re,-rr+!/ *e+"$"+.
W+"%+! "%e r%e"$r+, $ #+"!,e= &%y+,* #+"!,e + r"+,-*"e# by "%e "r$&e $ *!#,&e5
&&r$&r+"+$! $ +/e $ 8rre= r$ e&+, /e!re= 8+"%+! "%e "e,%!+,* "r-,"-re $ e*e/y +
,$$!&*,e e"-re. L!#,&e +"e* -!,"+$! e"&%$r $r "%e &y,%$*$/+,* ""e $ "%e
poeta structus= *$!/ 8+"% #e,+#e#*y %y&erb$*+, "re"e!" $ O+#' e!+r$! +! T$+. T7e!
"$/e"%er= "%ee "8$ e*ee!"= *!#,&e@@e"&%$r !# %y&erb$*e= ,re"e !# %e+*y
-!#er,$re e!e $ ++!e!" #!/er "$ "%e e6+*+,@,$!"r-,"= "%- e!b*+!/ "%e r%e"$r+, $ "%re"
+" &&*+e "$ %+ &%y+,* b$#y= 8e** re!#er+!/ +! %ey "r$7e "%e +&*+,"+$! $ "%e
&$e"' #+"!,e r$ R$e $r "%e &reer"+$! $ %+ &$e"+, &r$8e !# ,$!"+!-"+$! $ %+ ,r"
"$ "%+ *""er -be,"= 8e %** *"er re"-r!.
T%e r%e"$r+, $ &%y+,* #+"!,e 7e %ey -e $ "%e e&+, /e!re= 8%+*e "%e r%e"$r+, $
"e&$r* #+"!,e= +" ,$-!"er&r" "%" + e6&ree# + "%e "r$&e $ memoria!# "%e !ee# $r
e$r+*+"+$!= #r8 %e+*y r$ e*e/y. T%e "%re" r%e"$r+, 8+"%+! "%e r%e"$r+, $ "e&$r*
#+"!,e &&er= $ ,$-re= +! "%e $r $ "%e re0-e!"*y r"+,-*"e# ,$!,er! "%" "%e memoria$
"%e &$e"= be,-e $ #e,re+!/ &$e"+, &r$#-,"++"y= 8+** #e r$ "%e ,$**e,"+e e$ry $ b$"%
O+#' R$! -#+e!,e !#= $re +/!++,!"*y= +! "%e +!# $ %+ ,*$e ,#re $ r+e!# !#
$,+"e. T%e &*,ee!" $ e&%+ $! #+"!,e= b$"% &%y+,* !# "e&$r*= + r%e"$r+,*
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&$e"+,= e!b*e "%e &$e" "$ *+! %+ ,$!"r-," +/-re &%y+,**y !# e6+"e!"+**y e!#!/ere#5
+!,re+!/*y ,$!"r+!e# by $-"+#e $r,e= 8%+*e +! ""e $ r"+"+, "+= $r #++!+%+!/=
&er%&. T%ere r+e !$"+$!= r$ "%ee ,$&*e6 &$e"+,= !$"+$! ##ree# +! re/r# "$ "%e
&$e"+, ,$!"r-," +"e* +! "%e &re+$- ,%&"er= "%" O+# + &*y+!/ 8+"% "%e /e!re "%r$-/%$-" "%e
e6+*+, ,$r&- "%+ !$"+$! + !$"%+!/ $r+/+!*N+7* H$*ber/= 9e""y R$e N/*e !# P-* A**e!
M+**er %e ** e6&*$re# O+#' &&r$&r+"+$! !# #e" !+&-*"+$! $ "%e e*e/+, y"e2+!
8%" H$*ber/ "er J"%e #+*$,"e# e*e/+, 8$r*# $ e6+*e2. N/*e #e"*y &+!&$+!" $!e &$+b*e
+ $ "%e &$e"5
O+# %$8 "%" ee! +! +" %+/%*y &e,+*+e# -be,"+e@er$"+, A-/-"! $r=
e*e/y + ! &&r$&r+"e e#+- $r %+ re&$!e "$ %+ +"-"+$! +! e6+*e. He #$e "%+
by !*$/++!/ "%e olores exilii "$ "%e olores amoris "$ -//e" "%" ! !*$/$-+"-"+$! 8rr!" ! !*$/$- re&$!e. W*"er N+,$*+ % &$+!"e# $-" "%e b+,
++*r+"y be"8ee! r-"r"e# er$"+, #e+re (+! "%eAmores!#@eroies) !# -!"++e#
*$!/+!/ $r %$e (+! "%e e6+*+, e*e/+e).2
F-r"%er= "%e J!*$/$- +"-"+$! (Jr-"r"e# er$"+, #e+re= 8%+,% &8! e*e/y) + +"e* $!e
"%" + !$ "r!/er "$ /r$ e6//er"+$! $! "%e &r" $ "%e &$e" ,r"+!/ "%e &er$! $ "%e clausus
$r exclusus amator$ $"e!= "%e *$er' &*+/%" + -!#er,$re# 8+"% e&+, "er+!$*$/y= &e,++,**y
r"+* $,b-*ry= +! "%e &re*e!" *$e@+@@b""*e+e*# "r$&e= 8%ere *$er %e "%e+r $8!
/ulnera !# "%e $be," $ "%e+r e,"+$! 8+e*# %er $8! imperium -,%= +" $**$8 "%" "%e
2 H$*ber/5 O/i, The Poet an his (orB(C$r!e**= 2332) N/*e5 The Poetics of Exile$
Program an Polemic in the Tr+"+ an E&+"-*e e6 P$!"$ of O/i (L"$-= 4?3) M+**er5
Su-ecting 'erses (Pr+!,e"$!= 233).
2 H$*ber/ (4BB)5 J...+! "%e #+*$,"e# e*e/+, 8$r*# $ e6+*e= "%e e&er$r + ," +! "%e r$*e $
"%e ura puella (%r#%er"e# be*$e#) !#= "%e e6+*e &+$-*y -b+" "$ "%e ,&r+,+$-!e
$ "%e J/$# +! R$e ("%e amator "$$ "re" %+puella + %e 8ere /$##eQ)= %e +!#
%+e* +! +"-"+$! 7+! "$ser/itium amoris (er$"+, er+"-#e)...
I! ##+"+$! "$ "%e e*e/+, themes $ "%e &$e $ e6+*e= "%e+r r+,%*y e"&%$r+, *!/-/e=
+*+r r$ Pr$&er"+-= T+b-**-= !# O+#'Amores= *$ ,$!"!"*y re,** "%e 8$r*# $
er$"+, e*e/y. W%e! "%e e6+*e ** +**= $r $"e! %&&e!= *$!/ $r #e"%= %+ 8y $
#e,r+b+!/ %+ ee*+!/ $"e! re+!# - $ *$e+,7poeta;amator+3
2 N/*e= .
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e6+*e' ,re-**y ,r"e# e6+*+, *!#,&e +"e* 8+** be re&*e"e 8+"% /r$*y e6//er"e# #e"+* !#
e&+, "er+!$*$/y e&*$ye# "$ ! *$" *-#+,r$- ee,".
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#e&e!# $! "%e -,,e $ &ree!"+!/ %y&erb$*+, !# '$"%er' e!+r$!e!" "$ "%e e6+*e
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+! -,% 8y "$ re!#er +" e6&*+,+"*y $re+/!= !# "%- #+"!"= +! +" ,$!,e&"-* $"%er!e= "$ "%e
R$! +e8er. T%" 8%+,% + r r$ +*+r+"y= +! "%e #e" %!# $ "%e &$e"= e0-"e e+*y
8+"% /e$/r&%+,**y #+"!"! $,+"+$! "%" "%e &$e" re+!$r,e e*e8%ere +! "%e e6+*+,
,$r&-= !# "$ "%+ 8e 8+** re"-r!.
T%e -b"*e"+e $ "%+ &/e= %$8eer= "%e &$e"+, ,%+!ery "%" re!#er +" $ ee,"+e=
re+#e +! "%e r+$- 8y +! 8%+,% "%e &$e" e6er,+e %+ r%e"$r+, $ "%re"= +! "%ree $ee!"
8%+,% ** ere "$ ,re"e e!e $ ,$!+!ee!"5 +r"= %y&erb$*+, "re"e!" $ "%e *!#,&e
+"e*= $**$8e# by ! e6&er"*y ,r"e# ""ee!" b$-" "%e Ge"+, *!/-/e= !# " *" ,$!,*-#+!/
8+"% #e,+#e#*y e&+, +/e +! 8%+,% *e$*e!" brbr+! %$r#e -rr$-!# %+ J$! eery +#e
(uni1ue). T%e "r-,"-re $ "%+ &+e,e $ r%e"$r+, + +"e* be-"+-*"r+7+!/*y ye"r+,*=
&$+!/ "%re" "$ "%e &$e"' e!"* e$*-"+$!= +! ,$-&*e"= be"8ee! "8$ &+e,e= *$ "8$ *+!e
&+e,e= +!#+,"+!/ b$#+*y "%re"= b-" 8+"% #+ere!" /e!" &-" $r"% &$+!/ "%e "%re" (8e"%er=
brbr+!). A 8+** be,$e e+#e!" +! ++*r +"er"+$! $ "%+ *!#,&e= "%e 8e"%er !# "%e
brbr+! %$r#e ,$e &,7/e# 8+"% "%e e ""r+b-"e5 "%e ,*+"e + *8y ,$*#= !# "%e
Sr"+! re !eer 8+"%$-" "%e+rsagitta= "$ &-" +" +&*y. T%+ &/e + !$ e6,e&"+$!5 "%e
caelum + num1uam sine frigore, !# "%e er"% + J%r#e!e# (o-usta) by canenti gelu= J%$ry
r$"= 8%+*e "%e e6+*e #e,*re "%" %e + Jpremor uni1ue #arte3@@!# +!#ee#= uni1ue +
e&*$ye# re0-e!"*y 8%e! O+# *e!" b$-" "%e 8rr+!/ &e$&*e -rr$-!#+!/ %+. Pr"+,-*r*y
!$"e8$r"%y +! "%+ &/e= %$8eer= re "%e ,e!"r* "8$ *+!e= +! 8%+,% "%e Jbrbr+! "$!/-e
7!$8 !$" $ "%e L"+! "$!/-e= !# Gree7 + ,$!0-ere# by "%e Ge"+, $-!# (&etico sono). T%e
r"+* *!/-/e 8%+,% r7 "%e "8$ *+!e "er "%ee &&*+e %ere "$$= 8+"% &raecabe+!/ /icta
by $e"%+!/ $re &r++"+e "%! +"e*= +!#+,"e# by "%e ,$!"r" be"8ee! lo1uella (&raeca)
!#sono (&etico). T%e !$"+$! "%" ! +$*"e# &r$#-," $ ,++*+e# $,+e"yO+#
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+" er"8%+*e re+!ee!" by ,r-#er e*ee!" + "r!erre# "$ "%e &$e" %+e* "%r$-/%$-" "%e
e6+*+, ,$r&-= &r"+,-*r*y +! "%eEpistulae Ex Ponto, !# +" + %ere "%" "%e $"e!+b*e "%re" "$ "%e
e6+*+, ,$!"r-,"' &$e"+, ,-*"+e + ,*er*y *+!7e# "$ "%e $"e!+b*e "%re" "$ %+ &%y+,* b$#y. 9y
-"+*++!/ "%e $r $ "%e erbpremere!# "%e #erb uni1ue, 8e** "%r$-/% "%e ""e $
&y,%$*$/+,* !# ,re"+e "+ e"&%$r+,**y r"+,-*"e# +! O+#' #e,r+&"+$! $ &er&e"-*
8+!"er= ,$!+!ee!" !# "+ re &$e"+,**y -!+"e#. L"*y $ !$"e +! "%+ &/e + "%e
e&*$ye!" $ e&+, $,b-*ry "$ %+$! +/!e""e +! 8%+,% "%+ e!e $ "%re" + +!*"e#= 8+"%
"%e +!* *+!e *+!+!/ "%e "%re"e!e# &$e" %-##*+!/ be%+!# J%$r" 8** (-re/is murus)= be+!/
J&ree# %e += J,r,e*y e (/ix+++tutum) r$ "%e Je!ey (hoste)= 8%+*e "%e *!/-/e
+"e* += e6&*$re# b$e= J,&"+e. A #-* re#+!/ + &$+b*e %ere8%+*e O+# #e,r+be
his ,&"++"y !# *+!/-+"+, +$*"+$!= Ge"+, + +"e* %e*# J,&"+e *+"er**y +! "%e &$e"ry
A!$"%er +!"!,e $ &&r$&r+"+$! $ e&+, $,b-*ry "$ +!"+** %e+/%"e!e# e!e $
#!/er= b-" 8+"% #e,+#e#*y #+ere!" ee,"= $,,-r +!Ex Ponto I.2= 8%e! O+# *e!"= +! "%e
,e!"er $ "%e *+!e= *+!7e# #+re,"*y "$ /icta. T%+ + +/!++,!" $r 8%" +" -//e" b$-" O+#
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"%ee e!e+e 8%$= "$ #$-b*e "%e ,-e $ #e"% 8+"% /e 8$-!#=
er "%e rr$8%e# 8+"% +&er e!$.
W+"% "%ee= "%e %$ree! ,+r,*e "%e "err++e# 8**
8$* ,+r,*+!/ ,$!"r+!e# %ee&5
" "%e e "+e "%e *+/%" b$8= "r-!/ 8+"% %$re%+r=re+! "-"= e!#*e*y e""ere#. T%e r$$"$& ,-re=
+6e# 8+"% ,$er $ rr$8= !# "%e +r /"e %r#*yre&e* "",7.
Pericula+++in meiis hosti-us, 1ui+++geminent sae/o /ulnere, perterrita moenia, /incula, sagittis,
arma:"%ere + !$ #er"% $ e&+, $,b-*ry e&*$ye# %ere +! 8%" $-!" "$ ! $##*y
,$!#e!e# !# $e8%" *""e!e# !&%$" $ ! +!"e!e b""*e be"8ee! "8$ brbr+! ,"+$!.
T%e e!e $ ,$!+!ee!" re,-r %ere= 8+"% "%e e6+*e be+!/ in meiis, !# "%e e1ues,
e"&%$r+,* lupi, J,+r,*+!/ "%e+r clausas "r/e". T%e "%re"= $ ,$-re= + !$" *++"e# -" "$ "%e
+#e b-" *$ "$ "%e tecta= 8%+,% J,-re -!#er "%e 8e+/%" $ "%e rr$8= ! b-r# +/e 8%+,%
-!#er,-" "%egra/itas $ "%e ,e!e !# re!#er +" $e8%" *-#+,r$-. T%e $,- $! "%e +!!+"e
$be," +! "%+ ,e!e (r"%er "%! "%e -ar-ari "%ee*e) *$ ere "$ *""e! "%e ,e!e !# "r+&
+" $ e&+,gra/itas, 8+"% "%e "r!erre# e&+"%e" $,,-rr+!/ +! perterrita moenia= !# "%e %y&er$,-
$! "%e b$8 be+!/ intentus ner/o+++ha-ens /incula inresoluta= !# "%eporta J,r,e*y (/ix, $!,e
/+!= !# *$ &&*+e# "$ "r-,"-re r"%er "%! %-! /e!"= !$"b*y) b*e "$ summo/ere "%e
arma-rr$-!#+!/ +". T%e re&e"+"+$- ,+r,*+!/ !# ,$!"!" brr/e= *$!/ 8+"% "%e inresoluta
/incula (J+$b*e b$!#) $ "%e b$8 re+!$r,e "%e ,$!"+!-$- !"-re $ "%+ ee!"= b-" "%e
$,- $! +!!+"e $be," (8**= r$$)= &r+!7*e# %e+*y 8+"% e&+, $,b-*ry !# "%e! &$+"e#
8+"%+! ! e*e/+, ere "r-,"-re= &r$#-,e $e"%+!/ r"%er "r!/e 8%e! "7e! "$/e"%er
8%$*e"%e &*y-* "r$7e -!#er*y+!/ "%+ ,$!"r-,"e# ,e!e %$8 "%r$-/% %ere= b-" "$ 8%"
e6"e!" #+# "%e &$e" +!"e!# "%e "$ be ++b*e A" 8%" &$+!" ,! $!e **$8 $!e
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W%" O+# "e** - b$-" "%e -er+!/ %e e!#-re# be,-e $ "%e **@b-"@&er&e"-*
+,y 8+!"er= "%e &r$6++"y $ "%e brbr+! $ "%e $" &r++"+e $r"= !# "%e ,$!"!"
"%re" "$ 8%+,% %+ "$8! 8 e6&$e# by $-!"e# %$r#e *e""+!/ *y 8+"% &$+$!e#
rr$8 "!# +! */r!" ,$!"r#+,"+$! "$ "%e &er-+e ,$!,*-+$! re,%e# +! $#er!"-#+e $ "%e !,+e!" 9*,7 Se re/+$!...T%ee "-#+e +!#+,"e "%" &ree!"@#y D$br$/e
8 $r /r+!@&r$#-,+!/ re/+$!= 8%+,% by +"e* &r$e "%" +" ,!!$" %e bee!*$" &er!e!"*y ,$ere# by !$8 !# +,e. M$re$er= ,+"y "%" %# bee! $-!#e#
by Gree7 ,$*$!+er !# "%" b$"e# g.mnasion= 7+!# $ ,e!"er $r ,-*"-r* ,"++"+e=
T$+ ,$-*# %r#*y %e bee! brbr+, &*,e "%e e6+*e !eer 8er+e $ 7+!/ +"
$-" "$ be.2
O ,$-re= "%e J,++* #e"+* $ T$+ -" be +/!++,!"*y #++!+%e# $r *"$/e"%er $+""e# +!
"%e er+,e $ "%e &$e"' &ree!""+$! $ "%e re %$"+*e !# #+"+!,"*y J$"%er "$ $&%+"+,"e#
!# ,++*+e# R$! -#+e!,e. I "%+ J$"%ere# (re),$!"r-,"+$! $ T$+ %$-*# &r$e
+!e+,,+$-= "%e r%e"$r+, $ #+"!,e= !# "%e r%e"$r+, $ "%re" 8%+,% #e&e!# -&$! +"= 8$-*#
*+7e8+e be re!#ere# +!ee,"+e. A!# ye"= +" 8 -!*+7e*y "%" 7!$8*e#/eb*e R$! -#+e!,e
8$-*# be e!"+re*y "7e! +! by -,% ! e6//er"e# #e&+,"+$! $ re/+$! $" 7!e8 -** 8e** 8
,++*+e#= &r$#-,+!/ /r+! !# ,$!"+!+!/ $!e $ "%e &r+ry +!"+"-"+$! $ Gree7 ,++*+"+$!=
g.mnasion:+!#ee#= "%e &*,e %# bee! ,++*+e# +!,e be$re "%e R$! ee! rr+e# "%ere.
F-r"%er$re= O+# %# #ee&*y@r$$"e# "r#+"+$! $ *+!+!/ "%e Ge"+, !# Sr"+! !"+e +!
-,% e6"ree "er"%e $" !$"b*e e6&*e $ "%+ "r#+"+$! $,,-r +! Ver/+*= &eorg+ III5
9-" r !# 8+#e
T%e re/+$! #ee&*y r$e! + #e$r
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I" + ,er"+! "%" O+#= poeta octus= 8$-*# 7!$8 %+ Ver/+* -,%= %+
(re),$!"r-,"+$! $ T$+ -" ere ! e!"+re*y *+"erry &-r&$e= + ,"-* ,re#+b+*+"y ,$-*# !$"
&$+b*y be "%e +. 9y -6"&$+!/ "%e J,$!"r-,"e# &$e" !# "%e %y&erb$*+, *!#,&e= O+# +
b$"% 7+!/ ! +!"er"e6"-* /e"-re " "%e "r#+"+$! $ /e!er+, ,$!e!"+$! "%" &re,e#e %+=
8e** &*y+!/ %+ $8! arsby -+!/ "%ee ,$!e!"+$! +! $re ,$&*e6 %+$!. O!e &e," $
"%+ #e,+#e#*y J*+"erry + + ree*e#= $r r"%er "%e &$e" %+e* **$8 +" "$ be ree*e#= 8%e!
O+# #+,-e %+ J+!&+r"+$! $r *+/%" $ !,y. A! +!"!,e $ "%e $rer $,,-r +! Ex Ponto
II.V= 8%e! %e ##ree "%e re#er5
"- "e! %+, "r-,"$ +!"er er &r$e*+ er-
e" *e/+ e" *e,"$ $re e!"e &r$b=+!/e!+$0-e e$= e! 0-$# &-&ere !"=
&*-#+= e" e r+$ *-+! /! ,+.4
Neer"%e*e y$- re# "%ee ere= ,$!"r-,"e# +#+er,e b""*e= !# &&r$e 8+"% $r+!/ 8$r#=
!# y$- &&*-# y +!/e!+-= 8%+,% re+! "+!y e+!=
!# by &&*-#+!/ y$- 7e +" /re" r+er.
Structus %ere + ,*er*y e!" "$ ,,$&!y /ersus= b-" +! "%e ,%ee $ "%e e6+*+, ,$r&-= +"
&&*+e -" 8e** "$ "%e *!#,&e= "%eproelia= !# +!#ee# "$ "%epoeta %+e*. T%e e!e $ "%e
#e,"+estructos= $#+y+!/ /ersus= re*e," b,7 $! "%e &$e" J"r-,"-r+!/ %+ $8! ,$!"r-,"=
!# %ere %e +!"+** +" 8+"% #% $ -6gra/itas by reerr+!/ "$fera proelia, +! "%e e
%+$! "%e &/e e6+!e# b$e= "%e &%y+,* e""+!/ +! 8%+,% "%e ," $ &$e"+, ,re"+$!
$,,-r. T%+ y be ,$&re# "$ "%e /ena paupere $ %+ $8! ingenium: "r!/e $r" $
+!er+$!= "%e ingenium + re**y be%+!# "%e 8%$*e e*b$r"e ,$!"r-,"+$! $ "%epoeta !# "%e
*!#,&e +!%b+"e# by "%epoeta ,$!"r-,". T%e !ee# $r &-b*+, e$r+*+"+$! 7e !
3 Ke!!e#y "r!.= ,. H$7!$!= .
4Ex Ponto II.V (4@2).
2
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&&er!,e 8+"% "%e &ree!,e $ &&*-e $e"%+!/ +"*= 8%+,% "-r! "%e J"+!y "re2 +!"$
magna flumina= $e8%" &*y+!/ -& "%e ee," $ &-b*+, re,e&"+$! -&$! "%e &$e"' 8$r7= !$
e! $"+ +"e*= "%e !ee# $r e$r+*+"+$! + $r ,$&$!e!" $ "%e r%e"$r+, $
#+"!,e 8e**= +!$r +" &er"+! "$ e$ry= b-" "$ "%+ 8e 8+** *"er "-r!. A*$ &ree!" +! "%e
&/e + recusatio= 8+"% "%e &$e"@,$!"r-," -&&$e#*y re"r+,"+!/ %+e* "$ re-us par/is !#
be+!/ $&&ree# by "%egra/itas $ $re e&+,**y -+"e# "er+*.
A +"* ,$&$!e!" +!#ee# $ "%epoeta structus + "%" %e + $ r= r 8y= !# O+#
"er-**y -!#er,$re "%+ by &ree!"+!/ %+ e&+"$*ry ++e e6"e!+$! $ %+e*=
7+!/ "%e $-r!ey +! %+ "e#= -,% +! "%e $&e!+!/ *+!e $ "%e +r" b$$7 $Epistolae ex
Ponto$
N$ T$+"+!e + !$! !$+ +!,$* "erre
%$, "+b+ #e Ge"+,$ *+"$re +""+" $&-.+ ,"= %$&+"+$ &ere/r+!$= 9r-"e= *+be**$
e6,+&e= #-0-e *+0-$= 0-$*+be" b#e *$,$.
&-b*+, !$! -#e!" +!"r $!+e! e!+re=
!e -- %$, +**+ ,*-er+" -,"$r +"er.
N$ #+&",%e "%+ 8$r7 "$ y$- r$ "%e Ge"+,
%$re= *re#y !$ +!"er*$&er +! "%e *!# $ T$+.
I y$- %e "+e= 9r-"-= re,e+e "%ee 8!#er+!/ b$$78+"% %$&+"*+"y= !# %+#e "%e $e8%ere= +! 8%"eer
&*,e + &*e+!/. T%ey #$ !$" #re /$ $!/ &-b*+,
*+brr+e= *e" "%e+r -"%$r % ,*$e# "%e 8y $r "%e.
I" + ,*er %ere "%" "%e opus + "!# +! $r "%e &$e" %+e*= !# "%e *!/-/e +/!e# "$ +" +
"%" $ re-/ee %e -r/e %+ r+e!# 9r-"- "$ Jre,e+e "%e 8+"% %$&+"*+"y(excipe+++hospitio)
2 A*$ !$"b*e= &er%&= $e8%" C**+,%e! &&r$&r+"+$!= ye" !$"%er !$# "$ "%e
e*e/+, /e!re= $r ! +!+!,ere ,$&*+!" "%" "%e &$e"@,$!"r-," + *++"e# by "%e e*e/+, /e!re
+! ##+"+$! "$ %+ *,7 $ +!&+r"+$!= &er%&= +! %+ e!#e$r "$ ,r" magna flumina. ($r &r+e &$e"ry"%e +&*+,"+$! "%"= *,7+!/ &&*-e r$ %+ R$! -#+e!,e= %e + !$
*$!/er -+"e# "$ "-r! r$-!# !# &r+e R$e. T%+ + ye" !$"%er -"+*+"+$! $ r%e"$r+, $
"%re"= e6,e&" %ere= +!"e# $ "%e &$e" %+e* be+!/ &%y+,**y !# e6+"e!"+**y " r+7= R$e
8+** be "%e &r"y "$ -er= !$" be+!/ *+%e# 8+"% %+ &$e"ry 8%+*e "%e -"%$r + $ #+"!".
Ex Ponto I.4 (4@).
2
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8e** "$ J%+#e "%e +! J8%"eer &*,e + &*e+!/ (a-e+++1uoli-et loco)= "%ey J#$ !$"
#re "$ e!"er &-b*+, &,e r$ 8%+,% "%ey re clausus #-e "$ "%e+r auctor ("%e &$e" %+e*= $
,$-re). T%e +r" *+!e= "7e! by +"e*= ree* ! r"-* ,$!"r-,"+$! +! "%e -6"&$+"+$! $ "%e
&$e"' !e 8+"% %+ &*,e $ e6+*e"%ey re "r-,"-r**y *+!7e#= !# "%- "%epoeta@,$!"r-," +
/+! ,$!+!e#= b-" "%+ "+e $*e*y by *!/-/e!# "%e opus + #eerre# "$ "%e e!# $ "%e
e!"e!,e= 8+"% "%e ##reee &re,e#+!/ +" (ti-i)= "%- +&*+,+"*y &r+$r+"+e# by "%e y!"6. A e!e
$ re+/!"+$! ,$e ,r$ +! "%e "",%e!" $ "%e "er incola (! +!%b+"!"= e""*er= &er%&) "$
%+e*= +!#+,"+!/ !$" $!*y "%e &%y+,* #+"!,e be"8ee! %+ !# %+patriab-" *$ "%e
"e&$r* #+"!,e "%+ += %e "7e ,$!"!" ,re "$ re+!# %+ re#er%+&= non no/is:"%e
&*&b*e e!e $ !$"*/+= "%e &$e" e!++$! %+ 8$r7 +!%b+"+!/ 9r-"-' &,e !# be+!/
e!"er"+!e# /-e" 8%+*e 7ee&+!/ *$8 &r$+*e= -r"%er -/e!" "%e ery #e*+ber"epathos+
T%e &$e"'somnia structa= +" 8ere= re ee! $re ree*+!/ +! re&e," "$ %+ "7 $
&*y+!/ %+ ars er- #e&+,"+$! $ e6+*+, re*+"y. A##re+!/ #+ere!" r+e!# +! I.2= %e *e!"
b$-" "%e ,$!"e!" $ %+ #re5
$!+ e "erre!" er$ ++"!"+ ,-=
e" +/+*!" e!- +! e #! e+.-" e/$ Sr"+, +#e$r +"re /+""=
-" #re ,&"+ # er +!,* !-.
-" -b+ #e,+&+$r e*+$r+ +/+!e $!+=
&+,+$ &"r+e "e," re*+," ee.
e" $#$ $b+,-= 0-$ - e!er"-= +,+=
e" $#$ ,- ,r ,$!+-/e -*" *$0-$r.+, -b+ &er,e&" e" bre+ e" !$! er $*-&"=
&e+$r b #$!+"- +" ""- +"e b$!+.
Dre ++""+!/ re* &er+* "err+y e=!# y e!e re 87e!e# by y #!"+$!.
E+"%er I ee "$ be #$#/+!/ Sr"+! rr$8=$r /++!/ y %!# ,&"+e "$ er* ,%+!.
Or= 8%e! I #e,e+e# by "%e +/ery $ be""er #re=
I *$$7 -&$! "%e r$$ $ y re*+!0-+%e# %$e*!#.
A!# $e"+e I &e7 8+"% y$-= 8%$ I %e e!er"e#= r+e!#=
Ex Ponto I.2 (@2).
2
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!# $e"+e I &e7 8+"% y be*$e# 8+e= $r 8%+*e.
S$= 8%e! I
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CHAPTER IV
THE RHETORIC OF 9ODILY FRAGMENTATION IN THE OVIDIANPOETA STRUCTUS
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Are 8e "r-*y *$!e
W+"% $-r &%y+, !# y"%=
T%e "r !$ $re
T%! /*+""er+!/ #-"=
W+"% !$ $!e "%ere
T$ %er $-r ,%$r* $#e
I $= 8e ,! "r"
T$ +/!$re "%e +*e!,e
O "%e +!+!+"e &,e
A!# ,$!,e!"r"e +!"e#
O! "%e +!+!+"y
U!#er $-r ery !$e@@
@@Dere7 M%$!= O/i in Tomis
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
S$e8%ere be"8ee! "%e e*b$r"e= %e+*y r%e"$r+,+e# e*@%+$!+!/ e6&*$re# +! "%e
+r" ,%&"er= !# "%e e0-**y %e+*y r%e"$r+,+e# *+!+!/ $ *!#,&e= "%+r# &$e"+, ,"+$! "7e
&*,e$!e 8%+,%= +" 8+** be #e$!"r"e#= "rere b$"% re* $ O+#+! &$e"+, ,$!"r-,"+$!
+! "%e e6+*+, ,$r&-. Here +! $!e' +!e"+/"+$! $ &$e"+, ,$!"r-,"+$!= !# +" ,$&*e6+"+e= +"
-" be ,7!$8*e#/e# "%"= "%- r= "%e e&%+ % re"e# $! "%e constructe!"-re $ "%e
exsul' e!+r$!e!"= !# $ %+e*= +!#ee#= $-rpoeta structus= "%e O+#+! ,$!"r-,". N$8=
%$8eer= +" + +""+!/ "$ e6+!e +!"!,e 8%ere "%e &$e" econstructs %+ ,$!"r-,"+r$!+,**y=
$ ,$-re= "%r$-/% ++*r ," $ &$e"+, ,$!"r-,"+$!. W+"% #e,$!"r-,"+$!= %$8eer= !$"%er
'r%e"$r+,' eer/e= "%" $ b$#+*y r/e!""+$!5 -,% +/ery ,%r,"er+e $-rpoeta 8%e! %e
&&er +! "%e $r $ ! $be,"= $r "%r$-/% "r!/e ,*-"er $ e"&%$r= +! $r#er "$ e&%+e
+$*"e# &e," $ %+ e6+*+, e6&er+e!,e.
2B
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A !$"b*e +!"!,e $ b$#+*y r/e!""+$! $,,-r er*y $! +! "%e e6+*+, ,$r&- " Tr+ I.=
%e #e,*re "$ %+ #+"!" 8+e=
"e e -&&$+" -e*-"+ "rbe -*" r-+! e"5
+0-+# #%-, e/$ -= -!er+ $!e "-+ e"."- ,+= -" &$*+- !$! += !e, !-#er b +**+=
!-r/++ "b-* 0-+ &e"+ere e+.
O! y$- y r-+! re"= y$- be!e"% e *+7e be5
I I !y"%+!/ " "%+ &$+!"= +" + 8%$**y by y$-r /+".
Y$- %e #e +" $ I' !$" &*-!#ere#= !$r "r+&&e# bre=9y "%$e ee7+!/ "%e &*!7 r$ y %+&8re,7.
Ab+/-$- "er +/!* "%e e"&%$r+,* !"-re $ $-rpoeta' r/e!""+$!5 ruina ,$-*# be
,$!"r-e# *+"er* 'r-+!'= $r ',$**&e' $r '**' re/r#*e= "%e &%y+,*+"y $ "%e e"&%$r +
-!#er,$re# by "%e $"+ $ 8e+/%" re+!$r,e# by "%e &ere," &r"+,+&*esupposita, !# "%e
,$&r+$! $ "%e ##reee= %+ "%+r# 8+e= "$ tra-s =!$"%er 8$r# ber+!/ -*"+&*e e!+!/=
r$ '"+ber' $r 'be' "$= by e"$!yy= '%+&' $r '%$-e'). A -r"%er re+!$r,ee!" $ %+
#+*$,"e# ""e ,! be /*+&e# +! "%e y!"6 +"e*te, suppositam, !# tra-e re br$7e! -& !#
e&r"e#= -" mea !# ruina, ! +!"!,e $ h.per-aton8%+,% *$ $,,-r +! "%e &r**e*
e"&%$r $ naufragium ( ,$&*e6 "r$&e $ +" $8!= 8%+,% 7e +" +r" &&er!,e +! Tr+ I.II=
!# 8%+,% 8+** be e6&$-!#e# +! -r"%er #e"+* +! "%e $-r"% ,%&"er)= 8%ere "%e ,$rre&$!#+!/
&er$!* $#++er mei+ re*e/"e# "$ "%e e!# $ "%e *+!e. I! &+"e $ "%e r"-**y -b*e# y!"6 $
"%epoeta' ruina, "%e +r" "8$ *+!e $ "%e &/e $r ! +!"r+/-+!/ &+r= %+!/+!/ $! "%e &r**e*
ruina est+++omne est ""ee!". F$**$8+!/ ! e6&$+"+$! $ %+ r/e!"e# !# 'r-+!e#' ""e= b$"%
+! "%e e!e $ e*@re&ree!""+$! *+"er* r-+! %e*# -& by $*+# "r-,"-re= !# **e! &$e"
-"+!e# by "%e -&&$r" $ %+ #+"!" 8+e= 8%$= be+!/ tra-s= +!"+! %er "re!/"%= "%e &$e"
"e!#er*y ""r+b-"e 8%" re+! $ himself(si1ui+++ego sum) "$ %er '/+"' (muneris). W+"%$-" "%e
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r/e!"5 "%"
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A"0-e +" "- ",+"-0-ere!"+ &*-r *e/e!#-@@
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2B) !# J$"e!+!/ Cer (3)= 8+"% "%e &ere," &+e &r"+,+&*e lenito ,rry+!/ ,$!!$""+$!
$ J$"e!+!/!# J&*,"+!/= 8%+,% re,** O+#be+""+!/ !
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+r$!+,**y= e6+*e r$ %+ ars"%" 8%+,% &r$$"e "+.
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