The Rise of Monarchies

900 C.E. – 1500 C.E.

French Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 937 – Hugh Capet– Established a line of kings lasting 300+ years

France

French Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1108 – Louis VI (Louis the Fat)– Got rid of disloyal nobles– Stopped raids of lawless vassals– Granted town charters

French Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1179 – 1223 – Philip II (Philip Augustus)– Made Paris center of government– Increased French territory• -marriage• -took land back from English

– Appointed royal agents during Crusades

French Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1226 – Louis IX– Ordered nobles to stop

fighting– Outlawed dueling– Centralized money minting

(nobles no longer)– Set up royal court

French Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1285 – 1314 Philip IV (Philip the Fair)– Seized English fortresses in

France– Warred w/ Flemish over cloth

trade– Collected taxes regularly– Established Estates-General

• Made of nobles, clergy, & townspeople

– United all of France under 1 ruler

England

English Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1042 – Edward the Confessor

English Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1066 – Harold Godwinson takes thrown– William, Duke of Normandy, claims rights to

throne (cousin of Edward)

Battle of Hastings

• William crosses E. Channel w/ 4-7000 men• Harold’s men w/ shields form wall /

William’s men pretend to retreat• Harold’s men followed – trapped –

defeated

English Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1066 - King William I of England– Introduced feudalism– Divided England among Norman nobles– Advised by Great Council– Followed French / Norman customs– Domesday Book – Anglo-Saxon “Doom” -

judgement– Census & land survey in 1086

English Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1154 – Henry II (William’s great-grandson)– England, m Ireland, Scotland, Wales, feudal

lord in France– Wife – Eleanor of Aquitaine (French)– Restored order, demanded noble loyalty– Central royal court in London

Henry II con’t– Trouble with the Church• Thomas a Becket Archbishop of Canterbury

– Becket friend of Henry Didn’t want royal control of church– Becket murdered– Henry made piece w/ church by allowing officials tried in Church court

English Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1189 – Richard the Lion Heart– Called to lead Crusade

English Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1199 – John (Richard’s brother)– Lost lands in France to

French king– Increased English

Taxes / Ignored laws / Angered nobles

– 1215 – King met nobles at Runnymede, signed Great Charter (Magna Carta)

Magna Carta

• Took away king’s powers, increased noble’s power

• King can’t collect taxes w/o Great Council approval

• Freeman right to trial by peers• Important step toward democracy

English Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1216 – Henry III– Weak king, allowed feudal lords & Council

to rule• 1264 – Simon de Montfort (Henry’s brother in

law)– Commoner Representatives in Great Council

/Gave people voice

English Kings & Their Accomplishments

• 1272 – Edward I– Parliament – meeting of reps for advising• House of Lords – nobles & clergy• House of Commons – knights & townspeople

Hundred Years’ War

• 1300’s - French wanted English out of France• 1337 – English Edward III declares king of

France – Long series of battles begins

Hundred Years’ War

• The beginning – – English beat French for control of sea– English invaded France• Defeated France at:• 1346 – Battle of Crecy• 1415 – Battle of Agincourt

Hundred Years’ War

• New Weapons– Longbow – English weapon (Steel tipped arrows)– French – crossbow– First use of cannon

Hundred Years’ War

• Joan of Arc– 1429 - 17 year old hears heavenly

voices tell her to save France– Frees Orleans in 10 days (Charles

VII King)– Captured by French traitor – sold

to English– Burned at Stake – exonerated 24

years later

Hundred Years’ War

• 1453 – French drive English out except for Calais Port Hundred Years’ War

• Results of War– By 1500 – France unified under King– England unified under weak ruler

• 1485 – Henry Tudor king– Commoners more important – made demands

• Wages• Live outside manors• Farmer rented land from nobles

War of the Roses

• Lancaster (red) vs. York (white)• War for the throne– Henry Tutor (Lancaster) defeats Richard III (York)– Henry founds Tutor dynasty

German Rulers

• 936 – Otto I– Turned to church to unify – 951 – marched to Italy– 962 – Freed Pope from

Roman noble– Crown emperor of

Holy Roman Empire

German Rulers

• 1152 – Frederick I (Barbarossa – “red beard”)– Nobles wealthy – worked

against emperor– Italian city-states break away– Killed in Crusade• Myth – not dead, magic sleep,

return & restore glory

German Rulers

• 1220 – Frederick II – Concentrated on Sicily– Educated – languages, science experiments – 1227 – Excommunicated (taking over Italian

lands)

German Rulers

• The Hapsburgs– German princes met in diet – assembly– 1273 - Elected Rudolf Hapsburg– Rule for 650 years

German Rulers• 1493 - Maximilian I– Mary of Burgundy – gained Flanders,

Belgium, Netherlands & Luxembourg• Married off children for other areas• Not all of Germany – princes control

own area

Spain• 711 – Moors conquer Spain• 1200’s – Christians drive Moors south

Spain

• 1469 - Fedinand & Isabella– “Catholic Monarchs” – all Spanish to be

catholic– Ran off Jews & Moors

Spain• 1492 – Moors ousted from Granada• 1502 – Moors ordered to convert or leave – Lost most of its artisans, merchants, bankers,

doctors & educators