THE NEW MONARCHIES

AP Euro History

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Rulers attempted to bring civil peace back to

kingdoms. Institution of monarchy was a guarantee of

law and order. Enlisted help of bourgeoisie who were tired of

private wars and marauding (Roam in search of things to steal or people to attack) nobles. Townspeople willing to let kings rule w/o parliaments or Estate Generals (strongholds of nobles).

Kings, receiving money in taxes, able to organize armies; pike and longbow enables foot soldier to stand up to horsemen.

Roman law adopted by monarchies – break down of feudal or “common” law.

Called themselves “sovereign” and addressed as “majesty”; court life to reflect royal power continually developed.

TWO BASIC OBSTACLES TO THE RISE OF THE “NEW MONARCHIES” WERE BEING REDUCED IN POWER Nobles weakened by Hundred Years’

War, War of the Roses, and Black Death. Catholic Church weakened by the

Schism (Spanish Church was exception).

THE NEW MONARCHIESMonarchies Political/

MilitarySocial/Economic

Cultural/Intellect

The TudorsHenry VII (1485-1509)

1. Star Chamber

2. War of Roses3. Henry VII

married . . .

1. Confiscation of noble land

2. Rule w/o parliament

1. Roman law2. Divine Right

theory

Valois - Louis XI (1461-1483)

1. Built up royal army

2. Subdued nobles

1. Estates General requested Louis rule w/o them

2. Heavy taxes3. Built up

economy (Silk)

1. Enlarged power over Church

-1483 Pragmatic Sanction

-1516 Concordat of Bologna

2. Signf of Gallican Church

Spain 1. Defeat of Moors & unification of Spain

1. Alcabala2. Hermandad3. Mesta

1. Inquisition2. Cardinal

Ximenez3. Expulsion of .

.

THE TUDORS – HENRY VII (1485-1509) P & M Star chamber – Henry used the Star

Chamber to weaken the power of the landed gentry.

War of Roses weakened – conflict of what royal family would control England.

Henry VII (1st monarch of the House of Tudor) married Elizabeth of York (they were 3rd cousins).

S & E Confiscation of noble land. Rule w/o Parliament (Parliament granted

Henry custom revenue for life – it was the king’s right to collect taxes from royal lands, church, feudal dues, etc.)

C & I Roman Law – basis of modern laws Divine Right Theory - It asserts that a

king is receives his power from the will of God.

VALOIS - LOUIS XI (1461-1483) P & M Built up royal army Subdued nobles

The Spider King

S & E Estate General requested that Louis

ruled w/o them. Heavy taxes – gabelle – unpopular tax

on salt in France. Built up economy – ex: silk industry (by

the 16th century, Lyon will become the silk capital of Europe)

C & I Enlarged power over Church

1483 – Pragmatic Sanction – recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy w/o interference from Pope, prohibited payment of annates (tax on 1st year’s income) to Rome, and limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome.

1516 – Concordat of Bologna – gave French King control over French clergy in exchange for French recognition of pope’s superiority over church councils and his right to collect annates in France.

Significance of Gallican (French) Church

SPAIN P & M Defeat of the Moors (Muslims) &

unification of Spain (reconquista)

S & E Alcabala – sales tax up to 14% Hermandad – a powerful league of cities

and towns that served the king and queen of Spain against stubborn noble landowners.

Mesta – gov’t backed organization that developed economic planning. Particularly in the sheep farming industry in Castile.

C & I Inquisition (1479) – Ferdinand and

Isabella restore royal Catholic authority in Spain.

Cardinal Ximenez (Jimenez de Cisneros) – 1502 – nonconverting Moors in Granada were driven into exile (he was a major reason why Spain remained a loyal Catholic country)

Expulsion of the Jews in 1492 and property is confiscated.