Setting the Stage Setting the Stage for Revolution: for Revolution:

Absolute MonarchiesAbsolute Monarchies

EuropeEuropePre 1400sPre 1400s

Small kingdoms/no political Small kingdoms/no political unity/Feudalismunity/Feudalism

1400s-1500s1400s-1500s

Small kingdoms merge into Small kingdoms merge into big kingdoms/End of big kingdoms/End of FeudalismFeudalism

1600s-1700s1600s-1700s

Age of Absolute MonarchsAge of Absolute Monarchs

DefinitionsDefinitions1. 1. Divine RightDivine Right::

Belief that a ruler’s authority Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God.comes directly from God.

2. 2. Absolute MonarchAbsolute Monarch::

Ruler with complete authority Ruler with complete authority over the government and over the government and lives of the people he or she lives of the people he or she governs.governs.

Absolute Monarchies in Absolute Monarchies in EuropeEurope

1550-18001550-1800SpainSpain

FranceFrance

EnglandEngland

AustriaAustria

PrussiaPrussia

RussiaRussia

Absolute Monarchies in EuropeAbsolute Monarchies in Europe1550-18001550-1800

From From World History: World History: Connections to Today Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003

Spain – Philip IISpain – Philip IIRuled 1556-1598Ruled 1556-1598

• Sought to expand Spanish influence Sought to expand Spanish influence • Ruled Spain when the empire was at its Ruled Spain when the empire was at its

height.height.• At points, ruled Portugal, parts of Italy, At points, ruled Portugal, parts of Italy,

Netherlands, & EnglandNetherlands, & England• Controlled almost all South America Controlled almost all South America

• Centralized royal powerCentralized royal power• Wealth from the Spanish New WorldWealth from the Spanish New World• Taxed the middle class to build the ArmadaTaxed the middle class to build the Armada• Devout: tried to strengthen Catholic churchDevout: tried to strengthen Catholic church

• Waged war against all enemies of the Catholic Waged war against all enemies of the Catholic Church; crushed Protestant revolts in Holland; Church; crushed Protestant revolts in Holland; attempted to invade England; Imposed attempted to invade England; Imposed Inquisition Inquisition

• Married Mary I of England – returned England Married Mary I of England – returned England to Catholicismto Catholicism

• Invaded England with Spanish Armada Invaded England with Spanish Armada against Elizabeth I – He lost most of the against Elizabeth I – He lost most of the Armada. (1588)Armada. (1588)

Spain – Philip IISpain – Philip IIRuled 1556-1598Ruled 1556-1598

“What is done for the state is done for God, who is the basis and foundation of it......Where the interests of the state are concerned, God absolves actions which, if privately committed, would be a crime.”

— Cardinal Richelieu

"If you give me six lines writtenby the most honest man, I will findsomething in them to hang him."                                    —Cardinal Richelieu

France – Louis XIVFrance – Louis XIVRuled 1643 - 1715Ruled 1643 - 1715

Called himself the Called himself the Sun King Believed in divine right. Believed in divine right.

“L’etat, c’est moi.” I am the “L’etat, c’est moi.” I am the state. Made French army the state. Made French army the strongest in Europestrongest in Europe

France was the wealthiest France was the wealthiest country in Europe under country in Europe under Louis XIVLouis XIV

Louis XIV spent huge Louis XIV spent huge amounts of moneyamounts of money

Built Versailles. War of Built Versailles. War of Spanish SuccessionSpanish Succession

France – Louis XIVFrance – Louis XIVVersaillesVersailles

Expanded from a Expanded from a hunting lodge in 1669.hunting lodge in 1669.

Became the symbol to Became the symbol to European monarchs of European monarchs of the wealth and power the wealth and power of the king of France.of the king of France.

Seat of French Seat of French government for nearly government for nearly over 100 years.over 100 years.

Its upkeep consumed Its upkeep consumed as much as 25% of the as much as 25% of the income of France.income of France.

Russia

• Romanoff family united people

• Descendants of Roman Empire• Ivan I married

daughter of last Byzantine emperor

• Caesar = Tsar

• Ivan IV (the terrible)

• Peter the Great

Russia – Peter the GreatRussia – Peter the GreatRuled 1682-1725Ruled 1682-1725

• Goal was to westernize Russia. Goal was to westernize Russia. Forced powerful boyars to bow to Forced powerful boyars to bow to his will.his will.

• Built modern Western city for Built modern Western city for Russian capital – St. Petersburg.Russian capital – St. Petersburg.

• Spread serfdom.Spread serfdom.• Studied Western technology. Studied Western technology.

Worked in a shipyardWorked in a shipyard• Extended Russian territory – to Extended Russian territory – to

Pacific Ocean.Pacific Ocean.• 1700: Fought Sweden for control 1700: Fought Sweden for control

of Baltic. Gained several Baltic of Baltic. Gained several Baltic ports ports

Lands added by Peter the Great

Peter wants to create a new city-St. Petersburg

• Banned construction of stone structures anywhere in Russia to prevent materials he needed for his city from being used up elsewhere.

• People who ignored his orders were exiled to Siberia.

• The czar lacked the labor he needed to build his city so he conscripted (drafted) hundreds of thousands of criminals

• Having no tools at first, they dug the mud from the marsh with their bare hands and carried it away in the long shirts that Russian peasants wore at the time.

Tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of men died from injury, disease, exhaustion, the freezing temperatures, or starvation

The first residential building in St. Petersburg built for Peter the Great

Catherine the Great (1729-1796)

•Born in Germany. •At age 14, she was chosen to marry the grandson of Peter the Great and heir to the Russian throne. •When her incompetent husband was murdered, she became the ruler.•She was intelligent, ambitious, and is know to have had several lovers!

Catherine’s Coronation Coach

Catherine II

•Catherine the Great became empress of Russia in 1762 and reigned for 34 years. •She expanded the country's territory and encouraged the development of the arts. •She preserved and extended serfdom.

Statue of Peter the Great ordered built by Catherine the Great

Catherine Palace built in the 1700’s in St. Petersburg

England - Pathway to England - Pathway to RevolutionRevolution1603-16891603-1689

• Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) – (1558 – 1603) – Absolute ruler of England. Absolute ruler of England.

• Kept Parliament on her Kept Parliament on her side. side.

• Stabilized the nation and Stabilized the nation and expanded British territory. expanded British territory.

• Died without an heir.Died without an heir.• Country had to decide Country had to decide

who would replace her.who would replace her.

England - Pathway to RevolutionEngland - Pathway to Revolution1603-16891603-1689

England – James IEngland – James I (1603 – 1625) (1603 – 1625)

• James VI of Scotland• Became James I of England Became James I of England

when Elizabeth I died.when Elizabeth I died.• Believed in Divine Right of Believed in Divine Right of

Kings. “Kings are called Kings. “Kings are called gods because they sit upon gods because they sit upon God’s throne on earth.God’s throne on earth.

• Ran up a huge debt in Ran up a huge debt in England.England.

• Had Bible translated from Had Bible translated from Latin into EnglishLatin into English

England – Charles IEngland – Charles I1625 - 16491625 - 1649

• Charles I of England• Absolute monarch - had no Absolute monarch - had no

problem with putting his problem with putting his enemies in prison without trialenemies in prison without trial

• Ran up a huge debtRan up a huge debt• Dissolved Parliament in 1629Dissolved Parliament in 1629• Touched off a massive Touched off a massive

English Civil War between between supporters of Charles and supporters of Charles and supporters of Parliament led supporters of Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell.by Oliver Cromwell.

• Charles I beheaded in 1649.Charles I beheaded in 1649.

England – Oliver CromwellEngland – Oliver Cromwell1649 - 16581649 - 1658• Oliver Cromwell: Lord : Lord

Protector – EnglandProtector – England• Ruled through the armyRuled through the army• Exiled Catholics to IrelandExiled Catholics to Ireland• Strict Puritan laws passed – Strict Puritan laws passed –

theaters closed, Sunday set theaters closed, Sunday set aside for worship, no lewd aside for worship, no lewd dancing, taverns or gamblingdancing, taverns or gambling

• Religious freedom for Religious freedom for everyone elseeveryone else

• When Cromwell died, When Cromwell died, Restoration began.Restoration began.

England – Charles IIEngland – Charles IIThe RestorationThe Restoration

1660 - 16851660 - 1685• Charles II - Popular - Popular

rulerruler• Monarchy restored – Monarchy restored –

Hence: RestorationHence: Restoration• Bowed to the wishes of Bowed to the wishes of

ParliamentParliament• Restored the Church Restored the Church

of Englandof England• Stabilized governmentStabilized government

England – James IIEngland – James II1685 - 16881685 - 1688

• James II - Absolute RulerJames II - Absolute Ruler• Antagonized ParliamentAntagonized Parliament• Ran up a huge debtRan up a huge debt• Openly CatholicOpenly Catholic• Forced from throne in Forced from throne in

what came to be called what came to be called the the Glorious Revolution.Glorious Revolution.

• Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution

England – William and MaryEngland – William and MaryEnglish Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights

1689 1689 • William and Mary were given the throne after the William and Mary were given the throne after the

English Bill of Rights was passed. English Bill of Rights was passed. • Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the

monarchy.monarchy.• Parliament had to meet on a regular basisParliament had to meet on a regular basis• Monarchy could neither make nor suspend lawsMonarchy could neither make nor suspend laws• Trial by jury reinstated.Trial by jury reinstated.• Abolished fines and cruel and unusual punishment.Abolished fines and cruel and unusual punishment.• Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person can be Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person can be

held in prison without first being charged with a held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Due process of laws.specific crime. Due process of laws.

• Laid groundwork for American system of laws.Laid groundwork for American system of laws.

Germany

• Divided by the Reformation

• The Thirty Years War 1618-16481618-1648

Population losses in Germany as a result of the Thirty Years War

From From World History: World History: Connections to Today Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003

Austria

• Ruled by Hapsburgs• Resignation of Charles V• Separation into Spanish

and Austrian branches

• Hapsburgs married other royal families• Grew the Holy Roman

Empire

Austria – Maria TheresaAustria – Maria Theresaruled 1740 - 1780ruled 1740 - 1780

Absolute monarch of AustriaAbsolute monarch of Austria Fought Frederick II of Prussia Fought Frederick II of Prussia

for control of Hungary and for control of Hungary and SilesiaSilesia

Reorganized the governmentReorganized the government Enlightened DespotEnlightened Despot Eased tax burden on her Eased tax burden on her

peoplepeople Gave more rights to her Gave more rights to her

subjectssubjects Gave birth to 16 children while Gave birth to 16 children while

in powerin power

Prussia – Frederick IIPrussia – Frederick IIRuled 1740-1786Ruled 1740-1786

Absolute ruler of Absolute ruler of Prussia (Germany)Prussia (Germany)

Attacked Austria, Attacked Austria, sparking the War of sparking the War of Austrian SuccessionAustrian Succession

Unified Prussia, part of Unified Prussia, part of the Holy Roman the Holy Roman Empire, into one Empire, into one nationnation

Absolutism Summary ChartAbsolutism Summary Chart

From From World History: Connections to Today World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003