The New Monarchies The New Monarchies 1450-15501450-1550

Territories were diverse: Territories were diverse: linguistically, culturally, linguistically, culturally,

historicallyhistorically

Consolidation of power by political Consolidation of power by political means: means:

DiplomacyDiplomacy

MarriageMarriage

War- most commonWar- most commonLook at map: nearly 500 distinct Look at map: nearly 500 distinct political unitspolitical units

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

Germanic peoplesGermanic peoples Ecclesiastical city-states(Church Ecclesiastical city-states(Church

lands), principalities, fiefs, free lands), principalities, fiefs, free towns, counties, duchiestowns, counties, duchies

Succession to role of Holy Roman Succession to role of Holy Roman Emperor was left to 7 princes (votes) Emperor was left to 7 princes (votes)

States relatively stable but the States relatively stable but the empire as whole was becoming empire as whole was becoming powerlesspowerless

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire (cont.)(cont.)

Boundaries shifted according to Boundaries shifted according to marriages, war, inheritancemarriages, war, inheritance

No Papal authority in the EmpireNo Papal authority in the Empire Arms manufacturer of the world Arms manufacturer of the world Big commercial centre: agric., mineral Big commercial centre: agric., mineral

ores, industrialores, industrial Ports- north, westPorts- north, west Eventually replaced Italians as Eventually replaced Italians as

international bankersinternational bankers

Italian Peninsula Italian Peninsula Power balance between:Power balance between:Duchy of Milan, Republic of Duchy of Milan, Republic of Venice, city-state of Florence, Venice, city-state of Florence, Papal StatesPapal StatesKingdom of Naples & SicilyKingdom of Naples & Sicily( Fr. then Aragon –Spanish rule) ( Fr. then Aragon –Spanish rule)

* Rome- city-state but politics * Rome- city-state but politics intertwined with those of the Papal intertwined with those of the Papal StatesStates

The The Italian Italian

PeninsuPeninsula ca. la ca. 14001400

Italian Peninsula Italian Peninsula (cont.)(cont.)

City-states governed themselves as City-states governed themselves as separate political units form those of separate political units form those of the neighbouring regions/city-statesthe neighbouring regions/city-states

Rule by local despots/noble Rule by local despots/noble (important) families (Milan) or an (important) families (Milan) or an elite group of people (Venice)elite group of people (Venice)

Genova, Modena, Siena, Lucca, Genova, Modena, Siena, Lucca, Bologna, Ferrara, UrbinoBologna, Ferrara, Urbino

Italian Peninsula Italian Peninsula (cont.)(cont.)

Due to insecurity of power balance, Due to insecurity of power balance, diplomacy developed & was refined:diplomacy developed & was refined:

ambassadorsambassadors espionageespionage alliances between smaller &weaker alliances between smaller &weaker

city-states to oppose the larger onecity-states to oppose the larger one 1494 1494 became arena for Franco-became arena for Franco-

Spanish rivalries & Italian diplomacy Spanish rivalries & Italian diplomacy began ot influence northern kingdomsbegan ot influence northern kingdoms

Iberian Peninsula: Spain & Iberian Peninsula: Spain & PortugalPortugal

Moors during Middle AgesMoors during Middle Ages 88thth to 15 to 15thth centuries: reconquest of centuries: reconquest of

peninsula: peninsula: reconquistareconquista 14921492 completed at Granada: Moors completed at Granada: Moors

left & Jews expelled left & Jews expelled Several kingdoms including PortugalSeveral kingdoms including Portugal Its borders confirmed in 1500- same Its borders confirmed in 1500- same

as todayas today

Iberian Iberian PeninsulaPeninsula: Spain & : Spain & PortugalPortugal

The last reduct of the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula after the fall of Granada in 1492

Iberian Peninsula: Spain & Iberian Peninsula: Spain & Portugal (Portugal (continued)continued)

14691469 Marriage of King Ferdinand Marriage of King Ferdinand (Aragon) & Queen Isabella (Castile) (Aragon) & Queen Isabella (Castile) created Spain as a political unitcreated Spain as a political unit

France France

End of 15End of 15thth century it was still divided century it was still divided into small fiefsinto small fiefs

Centred on Paris, Champagne, Centred on Paris, Champagne, Normandy- royal domainNormandy- royal domain

Others were contested lands Others were contested lands between England & Francebetween England & France

Cause of conflictCause of conflict

England England

Romans, Danes, Angles, Saxons, Romans, Danes, Angles, Saxons, 1111thth century 1066 French Normans century 1066 French Normans Scotland & Wales were separate Scotland & Wales were separate

from Englandfrom England Series of unstable monarchs & Series of unstable monarchs &

rivalries over the throne of England- rivalries over the throne of England- Wars of the RosesWars of the Roses

Traditional rivals of France Traditional rivals of France

Previously the ChurchPreviously the Church was the object of highest allegiancewas the object of highest allegiance Church led by the Pope who resided in the Church led by the Pope who resided in the

Papal States (mid-Italian peninsula)Papal States (mid-Italian peninsula) Clergy as Pope’s delegates helped to lead Clergy as Pope’s delegates helped to lead

& morally guide the peoples of Europe& morally guide the peoples of Europe Papal authority over churches of various Papal authority over churches of various

kingdoms- becoming weaker by nowkingdoms- becoming weaker by now Collapse of papal spiritual prestige & a Collapse of papal spiritual prestige & a

gulf between Church & its flockgulf between Church & its flock

NOW Formation of NOW Formation of States: MachiavelliStates: Machiavelli

A successful prince: A successful prince:

Unites peoples & landsUnites peoples & lands

Secures his borders &Secures his borders &

Brings prosperity to his subjectsBrings prosperity to his subjects

Power can be centralised or dispersedPower can be centralised or dispersed

Thus, the role a prince plays is Thus, the role a prince plays is essential to this process.essential to this process.

The PrinceThe Prince PrincipePrincipe ( (The PrinceThe Prince) is a ) is a political treatise by Niccolò political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli Machiavelli

written in 1513, written in 1513, Published in 1532, after Published in 1532, after

Machiavelli's death Machiavelli's death

““A prince must have no A prince must have no other objective, no other other objective, no other thought, nor take up any thought, nor take up any profession but that of war, profession but that of war, its methods and its its methods and its discipline, for that is the discipline, for that is the only art expected of a ruler. only art expected of a ruler. And it is of such great value And it is of such great value that it not only keeps that it not only keeps hereditary princes in power, hereditary princes in power, but often raises men of but often raises men of lowly condition to that lowly condition to that rank.” rank.” – –

Chapter XIV Chapter XIV

Formation of States: Formation of States: difficultiesdifficulties

Transportation: eg, dependent on Transportation: eg, dependent on winds, seasonswinds, seasons

Communication: distances, Communication: distances, languages, literacy, cultural practiceslanguages, literacy, cultural practices

Difficult to ensure directives from the Difficult to ensure directives from the centre of power were adhered to in centre of power were adhered to in distant parts of the domainsdistant parts of the domains

Formation of StatesFormation of States States were generally inheritedStates were generally inherited A Prince must outdo his rivals & A Prince must outdo his rivals &

defend his throne from others with defend his throne from others with strong claims to legitimacystrong claims to legitimacy

Rule of primogeniture: inheritance by Rule of primogeniture: inheritance by eldest soneldest son

Variations: estates divided among Variations: estates divided among sons/children of either gender; sons/children of either gender; excluded females (Fr.), equality to excluded females (Fr.), equality to both (Castile,Sp)both (Castile,Sp)

Formation of States Formation of States (cont.)(cont.)

Late Middle Ages- constant warfareLate Middle Ages- constant warfare Alliances to prevent this: marriagesAlliances to prevent this: marriages Independent institutions: Independent institutions:

the Church, the Church,

fortified towns- armies, privilegesfortified towns- armies, privileges Assemblies to represent propertied Assemblies to represent propertied

classes- resistance to taxation. classes- resistance to taxation. Parliament, Cortes (Sp)Parliament, Cortes (Sp)

Formation of States Formation of States (cont.)(cont.)

Too many small states made Too many small states made consolidation of political entities consolidation of political entities inevitableinevitable

Problem of dynastic marriages- small Problem of dynastic marriages- small states inherited, matters of instability, states inherited, matters of instability, precarious positionprecarious position

Technological advances in warfare-eg, Technological advances in warfare-eg, fortifications no longer held, gunpowder, fortifications no longer held, gunpowder, lightly armoured & mobile soldierslightly armoured & mobile soldiers

Confusion of authority leads Confusion of authority leads to New Monarchies to New Monarchies

Dukes & earls- their interests Dukes & earls- their interests conflicted with those of their conflicted with those of their monarchsmonarchs

Threat to royal authorityThreat to royal authority Monarchs aimed to rectify this: Monarchs aimed to rectify this:

by having central govts. & by having central govts. & officials to represent royal interestsofficials to represent royal interests

Solid boundaries/national frontiersSolid boundaries/national frontiers

What were the New What were the New Monarchies? Monarchies?

New monarchies were the rulers of New monarchies were the rulers of European nations during the 15th European nations during the 15th century who created a strong central century who created a strong central government, ie, during the Renaissance.government, ie, during the Renaissance.

Centralised governments: Centralised governments: enabled the New Monarchs in the 15th enabled the New Monarchs in the 15th

century for an era of colonisation & century for an era of colonisation & conquest in the 16th century conquest in the 16th century

paved the way for rapid economic paved the way for rapid economic growth in Europe.growth in Europe.

What were the New Monarchies? What were the New Monarchies? cont.cont.

Rule was hereditary in nature, but they Rule was hereditary in nature, but they cared for the aspirations of the people. cared for the aspirations of the people.

The new monarchs created a strong The new monarchs created a strong central governmentcentral government with the help of large with the help of large standing army. standing army.

Centralised system of taxation & tariffsCentralised system of taxation & tariffs. . Laws were enacted according to their wish Laws were enacted according to their wish

& they controlled many aspects of religion. & they controlled many aspects of religion. The rise of these new monarchs was a The rise of these new monarchs was a

great blow to the great blow to the ChurchChurch & & noblesnobles, but the , but the middle class supported them. middle class supported them.

What were the New Monarchies? What were the New Monarchies? cont.cont.

Law & order existed Law & order existed To get support of the middle class: reduction of To get support of the middle class: reduction of

local tariffslocal tariffs Rulers fostered domestic & international trade. Rulers fostered domestic & international trade.

The stability of these governments led to The stability of these governments led to colonisation in the 16th century & led to colonisation in the 16th century & led to further development of trade. further development of trade.

Some of the rulers of the new monarchies were Some of the rulers of the new monarchies were Charles, the VII of France, Louis XI of France, Charles, the VII of France, Louis XI of France, Henry, the VII of England, Queen Isabella I of Henry, the VII of England, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, etc..Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, etc..

Dynastic RivalriesDynastic Rivalries The kings of these emerging countries The kings of these emerging countries

spent much of their time re-organising spent much of their time re-organising their governments & keeping their their governments & keeping their lords in linelords in line

From the 16From the 16thth C they spent their time C they spent their time increasing their territories, as a result, increasing their territories, as a result, war was constant & ruthlessness a war was constant & ruthlessness a virtuevirtue

Expansion came at dire costExpansion came at dire cost

Explained in “The Prince” by Niccolo Explained in “The Prince” by Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)Machiavelli (1469-1527)

Different routes to Different routes to centralisation of govt. early centralisation of govt. early

1414thth & mid-15 & mid-15thth Centuries Centuries

France, Spain , Portugal & England France, Spain , Portugal & England approached the problem in different waysapproached the problem in different ways

These attempts were affected by:These attempts were affected by:

1. wars1. wars

2. internal dissensions 2. internal dissensions (conflicts/disagreements)(conflicts/disagreements)

3.Riots3.Riots

Different routes to Different routes to centralisation of Govt. (cont.)centralisation of Govt. (cont.)

4. Famines4. Famines 5. Plagues5. Plagues End of 15End of 15thth century- century-

royal houses of royal houses of England, France, Spain England, France, Spain & Portugal regained & Portugal regained control of their control of their governmentsgovernments

England, France, England, France, Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal

FranceFrance Many independent Many independent states states

Loyalty= fealty to Loyalty= fealty to local ruler= lord , local ruler= lord , not kingnot king

Policy : inheritance, Policy : inheritance, marriage, war, the marriage, war, the French crown French crown achieved territorial achieved territorial sovereigntysovereignty

Philip IV the Fair Philip IV the Fair 1268- 13141268- 1314

Forced the Pope to Forced the Pope to dissolve the dissolve the Knights Templars Knights Templars in 1313 & in 1313 & appropriated their appropriated their wealthwealth

Papal Court moved to Avignon (in France from Italy) in 1307

NEXTNEXT Louis X Louis X && Philip V Philip V

reigned nextreigned next 1322 Charles IV to 1322 Charles IV to

throne: increased throne: increased taxes, debased taxes, debased coinage, confiscated coinage, confiscated noble estatesnoble estates

Death without a male Death without a male heir in 1328 =end of heir in 1328 =end of Capetian dynasty Capetian dynasty which led to which led to

The Valois The Valois DynastyDynasty The Valois dynasty The Valois dynasty

which ruled France which ruled France during the 14during the 14thth 15 15thth CenturiesCenturies

The Hundred Years’ The Hundred Years’ War War allowed this allowed this dynasty to dynasty to establish its power, establish its power, consolidated during consolidated during the reign of Philip the reign of Philip IV (1285-1314)IV (1285-1314)

Hundred Years’ WarHundred Years’ War

1328 Philip VI (1293-1350) 1328 Philip VI (1293-1350) crowned King of France. Valois crowned King of France. Valois Dynasty Dynasty

Edward III of England eventually Edward III of England eventually contested the crown of France contested the crown of France leading to the 100 Years’ War.leading to the 100 Years’ War.

1340 French fleet destroyed in the 1340 French fleet destroyed in the NetherlandsNetherlands

100 Years’ War100 Years’ War 1346 French defeat at 1346 French defeat at

Crecy Crecy French lost Calais in French lost Calais in

13471347 Philip VI signed truce Philip VI signed truce

with Edward III until with Edward III until his (P’s) death in 1350his (P’s) death in 1350

Most of the fighting Most of the fighting occurred on French occurred on French soil, the French people soil, the French people sufferedsuffered

100 Years’ War 100 Years’ War continuedcontinued Mercenaries, disease, Mercenaries, disease,

famines,famines, 1356 Loss at Poitiers, John 1356 Loss at Poitiers, John

II capturedII captured His son, the Dauphin, His son, the Dauphin,

appointed regentappointed regent Instead France was ruled Instead France was ruled

by Etienne Marcel, a cloth by Etienne Marcel, a cloth merchant- assumed merchant- assumed control of govt.control of govt.

1358 1358 Revolt of the peasants, the Jacquerie

Peasants’ revolt 1358Peasants’ revolt 1358 No leader so eventually No leader so eventually

crushed by the crushed by the aristocracyaristocracy

1364 dauphin, Charles, 1364 dauphin, Charles, assumed regency until assumed regency until his father’s death & he his father’s death & he became known as: became known as: Charles V (1337-1380)Charles V (1337-1380)

1380 English withdrew & 1380 English withdrew & abandoned further milt. abandoned further milt. advances advances

Charles set about Charles set about strengthening his power strengthening his power and the Crown’s and the Crown’s revenuesrevenues

Charles VI the Mad (1380-Charles VI the Mad (1380-1422)1422)

Unstable king from Unstable king from 13801380

Henry V of England Henry V of England began the war againbegan the war again

Agincourt 1415 forced Agincourt 1415 forced Charles VI to sign a to sign a treaty with Henry V & treaty with Henry V & thus accepted him thus accepted him (Henry) as heir(Henry) as heir

Charles VI of France (1368-(1368-1422) 1422) & Henry V (1387-1422) (1387-1422) of England welcomed by the clergy, Paris, 1420 as they make their triumphal entrance to the allied courts in Paris.

The Treaty of Troyes, signed on 21st May 1420, recognised Henry as Charles' heir to the French throne & as the virtual ruler of most of France.

TREATY OF TROYES 1420TREATY OF TROYES 1420 Marriage of Charles Marriage of Charles

VI's daughter VI's daughter Catherine to Henry Catherine to Henry V, who was made V, who was made regent of France regent of France

acknowledged acknowledged (along with his (along with his future sons) as future sons) as successor to the successor to the French throne. French throne. Dauphin Charles was

disinherited from the succession.

Henry VIHenry VI Next king: Henry VI Next king: Henry VI

(son of Henry V) of (son of Henry V) of England England

Joan of Arc entered Joan of Arc entered history here. Victory history here. Victory at Orléans led to at Orléans led to crowning of Charles crowning of Charles VII (1403-1461) at VII (1403-1461) at Reims in 1429Reims in 1429..

Last battle of the Last battle of the 100 Years’ War100 Years’ War

1453 Castillon the 1453 Castillon the English lost all English lost all territories except territories except CalaisCalais

Charles VII Charles VII consolidated consolidated royal authorityroyal authority

Authority over the Authority over the Church’s income Church’s income & personnel & personnel

Louis XILouis XI•Son of Charles VII

•King 1461 – 1483•As a young man he spent much of his time organising a series of rebellions against his father, Charles VII

• one of the most effective kings of France

•Through guile, wit & sheer brute force he united all of France

The Reign of Louis XIThe Reign of Louis XI1461 – 14831461 – 1483

unpopular man, ruthless & efficient ruler

Brought the Church, nobles & merchants to heel

Smashed the Dukes of Burgundy

Left a strong, united, nationalistic France that possessed a strong central government

Charles VIII (1470-1498)Charles VIII (1470-1498) 1491 was on throne 1491 was on throne

under a regencyunder a regency 1494 invaded Italy 1494 invaded Italy

& briefly occupied & briefly occupied NaplesNaples

Driven out through Driven out through a strenuous Italian a strenuous Italian efforteffort

France attempted France attempted to invade Italy in to invade Italy in the next half the next half centurycentury

France by 1500France by 1500

Had become a Had become a strong nation. strong nation. Flourishing Flourishing economy staffed economy staffed by noble & middle by noble & middle class bureaucratsclass bureaucrats

The Rise and Decline of The Rise and Decline of PortugalPortugal

On the western coast On the western coast of the Iberian of the Iberian peninsula, was once a peninsula, was once a great power of Europe.great power of Europe.

For much of its history For much of its history it was fought over by it was fought over by Moors, the Spanish Moors, the Spanish and even the French.and even the French.

By the 15By the 15thth C, the C, the country became country became united and through its united and through its sailors, established its sailors, established its place in Europe.place in Europe.

The Aviz DynastyThe Aviz Dynasty This dynasty, founded This dynasty, founded

by John I (king 1385-by John I (king 1385-1433) established a 1433) established a powerful parliament, powerful parliament, called the Cortescalled the Cortes

They formed an They formed an alliance with England alliance with England & together defeated & together defeated their Spanish and Arab their Spanish and Arab enemiesenemies

He broadened his He broadened his empire into northern empire into northern Africa & his son Henry Africa & his son Henry found the first sea found the first sea route to Indiaroute to India

Decline of PortugalDecline of Portugal a super power at sea, a super power at sea,

commanding most sea commanding most sea routes around Europeroutes around Europe

Under the rule of John II Under the rule of John II (king 1481-1495) & (king 1481-1495) & Emanuel I (king 1495 – Emanuel I (king 1495 – 1521) its navy won sea 1521) its navy won sea battles against Egypt & battles against Egypt & TurkeyTurkey

Territories: Africa, Brazil, Territories: Africa, Brazil, India, China & JapanIndia, China & Japan

weak kings allowed Spain weak kings allowed Spain to conquer Portugal in to conquer Portugal in 15801580 & soon after lost & soon after lost most of her territoriesmost of her territories

Prince Henry exploring the coastline of Africa

The Unification of SpainThe Unification of Spain Centuries of conflict Centuries of conflict

with Muslim Moors with Muslim Moors (8th C) failed to unite (8th C) failed to unite the Iberian peninsulathe Iberian peninsula

Divided: Portugal, Divided: Portugal, Castile, Aragon & Castile, Aragon & Moorish state of Moorish state of Granada Granada

Greed, pride & Greed, pride & political differences political differences prevented any prevented any unification like in unification like in England or France England or France

Limits of the Kingdom of Castile & Kingdom of Aragon in 1210.

Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella In 1469 Ferdinand, heir In 1469 Ferdinand, heir

to the crown of Aragon, to the crown of Aragon, married Isabella, heiress married Isabella, heiress to the crown of castileto the crown of castile

This marriage united the This marriage united the Christian factions & Christian factions & helped create a single helped create a single Spanish monarchySpanish monarchy

Under their leadership Under their leadership (1474-1516) they re-(1474-1516) they re-organised their organised their government & gained government & gained support from the Church, support from the Church, middle-class & nobles middle-class & nobles

Spain, opening the worldSpain, opening the world 1492 The Reconquista 1492 The Reconquista

& stopped tolerance of & stopped tolerance of any other religionany other religion

Sponsored Columbus’ Sponsored Columbus’ exploration to the New exploration to the New World & established World & established colonies in Americascolonies in Americas

Such actions, combined Such actions, combined with their beneficial with their beneficial alliances, allowed alliances, allowed Spain to become the Spain to become the richest & most richest & most important monarchiesimportant monarchies

SourcesSources Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe. C. Warren Hollister. C. Warren Hollister Civilization in the WestCivilization in the West. M. Kishlansky, . M. Kishlansky,

P. Geary & P. O’Brien P. Geary & P. O’Brien