The Roaring Twenties : economic and cultural explosion that dominated the decadeOr…..

Jazz Age: Growth of new American culture revolving around new forms of entertainment and urban cultural lifeOr…

Age of Normalcy: Return to practices of discrimination, laissez faire, and isolationism that have been traditions in American Government

- Economic Boom – 33% increase in incomes, 60% increase in GDP, increased standard of living

Why?

1. European Demand – Destruction after World War I

2. New Business Techniques

- Mass Production + Assembly Line – Henry Ford

- Credit and Installment Plans

- Advertising

3. Consumer Economy –

- Consumerism – not just buying for necessity but buying goods for pleasure – discretionary goods and services

- Consumerism –

1.The Automobile – Henry Ford – Model T

- 1924 - $295

- 1930 - 30 million

2. Airplane – 1927- Charles Lindbergh

3. Consumer Goods: (Irons, Vacuums, Toasters, Washing Machines, Refrigerators)

But mostly……

-The Radio – Marconi

-Jazz Music – Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Cotton Club

The 1920s was marked by many cultural conflicts – most of which were Change v. Tradition or Urban v. Rural

1. Communism + The First Red Scare- Russian Revolution and Comintern- Labor Strikes – 3600 in 1919, Boston PD - 30 Letter Bombs, 8 Cities, Wall Street

- A. Mitchell Palmer + Palmer Raids - 6000/5002. Immigrants - Nativism - Radical Ideas

- Sacco and Vanzetti - 1921 – Emergency Quota Act - 3%/1910 - 300,000 - 1924 – National Origins Act - 2%/1890- 1929 - 150,000- No Asian Immigration, No Limits on Latin America

3. Alcohol

- 18th Amendment + Prohibition

- Bootlegging + Speakeasies

- Organized Crime, Racketeering, and Al Capone

- Protestant Fundamentalism

4. Science

- New Technology and inventions – Consumerism – Changing American values and culture

- Evolution v. Fundamentalism

- John T. Scopes - Dayton, TN - Biology

- Scopes Monkey Trial - 1924

- Clarence Darrow v. William Jennings Bryan

5. African Americans - Great Migration

- Marcus Garvey + Black Nationalism - Back to Africa Movement and UNIA

- Harlem Renaissance

- 1919 – Race Riots in 25 Cities - Chicago

- Jim Crow Laws + Lynchings

6. New Women

- 19th Amendment

- Educational and Job opportunities

- Margaret Sanger - Birth Control Movement

- Flappers

- Alice Paul - ERA

- Divorce Rates

Ku Klux KlanBirth of a Nation – D.W. Griffith

Ku Klux Klan – Against Catholics, Jews, Immigrants, Scientists, Communists, African Americans, and changing urban society

– 4 Million Members in 1924

Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge returned the US to normalcy in politics

1. Isolation and Disarmament

- Kellogg-Briand Pact

- Washington Conference – 9 Power Pact, 5 Power Pact, 4 Power Pact

- Dawes Plan

2. Laissez- Faire

- Supply-side economics

- Gov’t support of business, strikes, taxes, tariffs3. Corruption

- Teapot Dome Scandal- $500,000 in bribes

Sept. 1929 – Stock Market Index = 400Black Thursday – 10/24 Black Tuesday – 10/29By 11/13 – Index = 200, $30 Billion LostThis began a depression that would last for 12 years and be the worst in American History.

1. Business Decline – Overproduction, Foreign Trade, and Tariffs

2. Distribution of Wealth in United States3. Over speculation in the stock market – Buying

on Margin4. Bank Failures – 9000 banks closed in 4 years5. International Crisis – Dawes Plan? Germany,

Britain, and France cannot repay war debts6. Federal Reserve Bank – Raised Interest Rates

and Cut Circulation of Money

- 1932 – 25% Unemployment, 50% in Cities- Farmers -Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers

- Homelessness – Hobos and Hoovervilles

Dust Bowl and Okies

Malnutrition, Starvation, health problems – Bread Lines and Soup Kitchens

- Family Values – Divorce, Marriage, and Birth Rates Down- Discrimination – Women, Asians, Hispanics, and African Americans, Scottsboro Boys- Entertainment – Movies, Radio, and Books

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mickey-025.gif

Trickle Down Theory + Supply side Economics - Individualism

1. Public Works – Hoover Dam2. Hawley – Smoot Tariff – 60%3. Reconstruction Finance Corp – loans to banks,

business, and farms- only spent 20% of $2 Billion budget

Public’s Anger – Hoovervilles, Hoover flags, Hoover Blankets- Bonus Army – 20,000 WWI Veterans + General MacArthur

Election of 1932 – Herbert Hoover (R) v. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (D) – New Deal

1st Inaugural Speech – “Nothing to fear but fear itself”March 5 – Bank Holiday + The First Fireside Chat

- Elected to four terms – Great Depression and WWII

The New Deal :Three R’s:Relief: Programs designed to solve people’s immediate problems, relief from homelessness, poverty, hungerRecovery: Programs designed to fix the American economy, help industry and farmers recover from economic declineReform: Programs designed to change American government to ensure another great depression could not occur

Alphabet Agencies - The First Hundred Days (March – June 1933) and the Second 100 Days (1935)

Relief - Aimed at solving people’s immediate problems

1. Unemployment – Public Works Programs – FERA, CWA, CCC, PWA, WPA, TVA

2. Homelessness – HOLCRecovery - Aimed at fixing industry and farming so they could prosper – NIRA, AAA, FSAReform- Aimed at fixing the system so it wouldn’t happen again

– SEC, FDIC, Social Security, Fair Labor Standards Act

New Deal Programs to Remember1.Public Works – 20 Million Jobs

- CCC – created jobs for urban youths in conservation projects- TVA - built over 30 hydroelectric dams

2.Recovery – AAA and NRA - Supreme Court Packing Scheme

- Separation of Powers, Checks andBalances

New Deal Programs to Remember

3. Legacy-Social Security- Old Age Pension, Unemployment and Disability Insurance, AFDC, Payroll Taxes

- FDIC – Insured bank deposits up to $2500 ($250,000 today)

- SEC – Regulates Stock Markets – Protects investors, requires financial reports, investigates fraud

- Wagner Act – protected unions in the United States

- Fair Labor Standards Act – No Child Labor, 40 hr. workweek, minimum wage

The Bad: 1. Didn’t End the Depression2. Civil Rights – CCC, TVA, Anti-lynching laws? – Democratic Party and Southern Support3. 1940 – National Debt = $43 Billion

The Good: 1. Confidence in America + FDR – Fireside

Chats and use of the Media2. Increase power of President and the scope and

power of the federal government – Welfare, Workers Rights, Banks and Stock Market

3. Democratic Party - New Deal Coalition – Civil Rights and Minorities, Women, Urban,

Poverty4. Legacy: Public Works, SEC, FDIC, Social Security, minimum wage, Unions