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The Smuggler’s EmpireI. National CharacterII. The Tools of StatecraftIII. Building an American StateIV. Tariff DebateV. Gilded-age Diplomacy VI. ContrabandVII. Regulating TradeVIII. National GreatnessIX. ExpansionX. Empire
National
Character • Founding values
are initially hostile
to conquest,
expansion, and
even engagement
with the world:
– Self-determination
– Anti-Diplomacy
– No standing armies
– Constitution
Anti-diplomatic cartoon, 1805
Building an American
State
• Whigs and Nullifiers (1832-54)• Civil War (1860-5)
• Reconstruction (1865-76)
Gilded-age Diplomacy
Principles Practices Monroe Doctrine
Promotional State
Open Door Reciprocity
“Keep off! The
Monroe Doctrine must be
respected.”
Judge, 1896.
Enforcing Nationalism
• Fear rising inequality and the emergence of a cosmopolitan upper class, unbound by national loyalties
Harper’s
Weekly,
1879
Gender
• Protectionists
saw women as
social-climbing
consumers,
challenging the
masculine
producers’
republic.Female agent inspecting
traveler.National Police Gazette,
1879
Anglo-Saxonism
•Religion•Race
Jewish Smugglers
National Police Gazette, 1879
Black soldiers
Brownsville, TX, ca. 1906
Morality• High tariffs
on opium, liquor, sugar, and tobacco
• Comstock law (1873) bars importation of contraceptives and objects deemed obscene Searching Chinese immigrants for
opium, San Francisco, January 1882