·"

O�..

·

.

,

TIm IUORGA1UC COMPomrns

THEIR P�TIV CLASSIFICATION

Che'mio section.�:.

Conc111um bibl1ographicum.

Zurioh. S'wi tzerl·e.nd.

THE T.EH RULES FO'R CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMIC COMPOUNDS

UPON WHICH THE .cODE IS BASED.

The �eynote of t�e �lassifiqation is to bring those compounds hav­ing the most properties in common, together.

The most important 6f the many existing classifications of the ele­ments, the Metalloid-metal, and those of Mendelejeff, Moissan, Werner,Ramsay, and Dewey were tested and found not to agree with the research­es of experimental chemists. As the result of a renewed search of theZentralblatt der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft covering 400 hours,and lOOO hours of work in tabulating and studying the data accumulated,

another arrangement of the elements was arrived at.

RULE 1. ADOPT THE EMPIRIC CI..ASSIFICATION OF THE ELEMF.NTS

AST����T�e��nt���o����·the greatest number of compounds and thosemost often studied receive the smaTLe s t numeric symbols.

The acidic radical is at leRst twice as often the point-of-view ofa research as is the metal, where several compounds are studied togeth­er , as the extensive search of the Zentralblatt has shown.

��i�nigL�g� ���Jar�Wf��o�1?�il�� tFI��� �Jg�re of compoundshave both beEn used in treatises to classify compounds relat1vly. Toadopt both conceptions 8ide-by-side would certainly result in separat­ing many re]ate� bo�p0unds. Neither conception alone can be applied toall compounds wjthout great arbitrariness. At least 30� of the inorganiocompounds do not Lorri z e ; thei r i O1'1S canno t be determined. Therefore ifthe ionic concepticn is a,dopted at least 30� must be arbitrarily clastand symbo Ll z e d . DuaLi s t io Ly , the oxids have been written by such author­j.ties a.s Al)8Ct..., Y{erner arid Ranaay . They consti tute probably over 50 't ofthe inorganic compounds. The arbitrariness in dealing dualisticly withthe remaining co��ounds is not 1/5 that encountered in applying the ioniaconception.RULE 3. WRITE ALL c_&�?tJNDH2�8�J'SJ;8�lo;OR CLASSIFICATIOl� :F'tJRPOSES.

In writing dualistic formulae adopt Werner as authority *

RtJLE 4. CLASS EACH COMPOmm UNDER ITS DUALISTICLY )VlRITTEll ACIDIC RADIe"CI. e. H"2b'D4 uriaer SDs, no-t BD4•

RULE 6. CLASS EACH ACIDIC RADICAL UNDER ITS MOST ACIDIC OR ELECTRO�!."'EGATIV EI.EliGmT.

(I.e. SOs under 0 and not under S. )In cases of .doubt adopt Ramsay as authority.**

'Before considering tlle'1Jature of the metallic or basic radical the a.tom­ratio of the acj�ic radical elements must be recognized. That is, allsulfites should be clftst together rather than the sulfite and sulfateof potassium t()2:(d'�'�8J�, o.s the 8u1 f' i tes have more properties in common

than have the sulfite and sulfate of potassium.RULE 6. CLASS THE COMPOtn{o ACCORDING TO THE RATIO OF nrm ATOMS OF THEELEMENTS OF THE ACIDIC RADICAL BEFORE EXFRESSING THE METALLIC OR BASICRADICAL.Ru� 7. CLASS SECONDARILY ACCORDING TO THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC BASIC

����e�]'A��eRQ.�Om�hanU!1Gen 8uf clem Gebiete der anorganischenChemi e. Br8.. un s C:}J.','iT8 i g, Vj eWlec;. ?� tel Aufla.ge; 1909 •

** Ramsay, Vlill tam. A f3;:rstem of inorganic chemistryLondon, Churchill. 1891.

In decicling on this most cJ;laracteristic radical follow Ramsayin general.

.

.

The two or more salts of a given acid radical. with a metalof variable valence are more nearly related than the salt o� this acidformed with on8 valency of this metal and the salt of the acid formedwith same valency of another metal.E.g.: FeS04 and FeZ(S04)S are more nearly related than are FeSO"and .

CoSO,.

RULE 8. CLASS ACCORDING TO ALL RADICALS PP�SENT I� THE co��otnr.o:BEFORE CONSIDERING TIlE �� ·OF MOLEC1JL'ES OF .A1IY OF TIiESE llADlCAis.RULE 9. CLASS ACCORDInG TO MOLECULE-mJM.BER OF THE RADICALS IN SE­Q,UEtWE. AF'.rER ALL RADICALS HAVE DEER COliSIDERED· AND EXPRES�.RULE 10. FINALLY RECOGNIZE Alf.D DISTINGUISH BET�i ISOMERIC AND

!:,OLYMERIC COMPOmIDS BY EXPRESSION OF PHASE OR CRYSTAL-FORK, ETC.

THE CHEMIC ELEMENTS

THEIR SEQUENCE AND SYMBOLS

.12- OxygenO .43 Stibium or .572 nYtterbium .72 AluminumAntimony

.19 Hydrogen .44 Bismuth .573 Lutecium .73 Ferrum or

Iron.1993 Helium .45 Stannum or .574 Scandium .74 Nickel

Tin.1994 Argon .483 Tantalum .575 Thulium .75 Cobalt

.1995 Neon .465 Niobium .576 Holmium .76 Manganese

.1998 Krypton .47 Vanadium .577 Dysprosium .77 Cadmium

.1997 Xenon .48 Molybdenum .578 Terbium .78 Zino

.21- Nitrogen .49 Wolfram .5791 Viotorium .79 Magnesium(Tungsten)

.23- Sulfur .51 Titanium ·.58 Uranium .81 Plumbum or

Lead.292- Selenium .52 Zirconium .591 Radium .82 Cuprum or

Copper.294- Tellurium .53 Thorium .592 Actinium .83 Argentum

or Emanium or Silver.31- Chlorin .54 Cerium .593 Polonium .84 Barium

.33 Bromin .55 Lanthanum .594 Ionium .85 Calcium

.34 Iodin .582 (Didymium) .61 Ruthenium .859 Strontium

.35 Fluorin .563 Praseodymium .62 Osmium .86 Natrium or

Sodium.36 (Cyanogen) .584 Neodymium .63 Iridium .87 Kalium or

Potassium.37 Carbon .566 Samarium .64 Rhodium .88 (Ammonium)

.379 Germanium .567 Europium .65 Palladium .892 Lithium

.38 Silicon .568 Gadolinium .66 Platinum .893 Rubidium

.39 Boron .571 Yttrium .67 Aurum or .894 CesiumGold

.41 Phosforus • 57191(Erbium) .68 Hydrargyrum .895 Thalliumor Meroury

.42 Arsenic • 57192(Ytterbium) .71 Chromium .896 Indium

.719 Beryllium .897 Gallium(Glucinum)

01221 is really Oxygen,the element;12 is the symbol for a general head-ing including all of the compounds of oxygen,etc.This holds for everyelement symbol,7822 being in reality the symbol for zinc,the metal.

.19

.199317

.199318

.19932/8

.1994

.1995

.1996

.1997

.2116

.2117

.2118

.2119

.212-

.22

.23-

.28

.292-

.293

THE CHEMIC EIJWENTS.

THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL HEADINGS

o(In other than 1st

radical,use 1 onlyto express 0)

HHe+N groups

He groupHeArNeKrX

N+Cl+C groupsN+Cl groups

N groupN+S

N

(In other than 1stradical use 21 to

express N)

S(In other than 1stradical use 2 to

express S)

Se(In other than 1stradical use 292 to

express Se).294-.295

.11 (Reserved for use .3116with 1 radical .3117compound symbols) .3118

.1211 NON-METALS .3119AND METALS .312-

.1212 NON-METALS .32(For expression aftera special radiQa1symbol see 1192)

.1215 0+He+N+C1 groups

.1216 O+He+N groups

.1217 Air

.1218 O+He groups

.1219 O+H

.122-

.18

Te(In other than 1stradical use 294 to

express Te)

C1+C+p groupsC1+C groups

C1 groupC1+Br

C1(In other tha,n 1stradical use 31 toexpress C1)

.33 Br

.34 I

.35 F

.359 (2-ha1ogencompounds) (Subd,see

acidic radicals)CN(CNO)

Cyanates(CNN)

Cyanamide(CNS)Su1focyanates

.3711 METALLOIDS-METALS

.3712 METALLOIDS

.3716 C+P+Ta groups

.3717 C+P groups

.3718 C group.372/8 C.379 Ge.38 8i.39 B.4116 P+Ta+Ti groups.4117 P+Ta groups.4118 P group.4119 P+As

.412/8 P

.4219 As+Sb

.422/8 As

.43 Sb.44 Bi.45 Sn

(Compounds of Hwith elements abovethis point classunder that element;with elements belowthis point classunder H)

.36

.3692

.3694

.3695

.461 THE METALS

.4626 Ta+Ti+Rare­earth groupsTa+Ti groups

Ta groupTa+Nb

TaNbVMoW

Ti+Rare+Ra

.4627

.4628

.4629

.463

.465

.47

.48.49.5116

.5117groupe

Ti+Rare-earthgroups

Ti+ZrTiZr

Rare+Ra grpsTh+Rare grs.(Ce+Y groupsclass here)

.532/8 Th

.5418 Ce group

.5419 Ce+La

.542/8 Ce

.55 La

.562 (Di)

.56319 Pr+Nd

.5632/8 Pr

.564 Nd

.566 Sa

.567 Eu

.568 Gd

.57118 Y group

.5712/8 Y

.57191 (Er)

.57192 (Yb)

.572 nYb

.573 Lu

.574 Se

.575 Tu

.576 Ho

.577 ])y

.578 Tb

.5791 Vi

.5818 U+Ra groups

.5819 U+Ra

.582/8 U

.59118 Ra group

.5912/8 Ra

.5119.512/8.52.5317.5318

General headings are only to be used where at least 2 elements in eachof at least two groups are studied.Example:lf Nand S are studied classunder 2119,if Sand Se are studied,under 2219;if N,S and Cl,under 2119and 312/8:if N.S.Cl & Br.under 21l7:if N,S.Cl.Br.C & 8i under 2116.

Ba+Na groupsBa group

Ba+Ca:BaCaSr

Na+Tl groupsNa group

Na+KNaKNH4Li

Rb+CsRbCs

Tl groupT1

In+GaInGa

Doubtfulelements

Organic radioalaffixes

.9(Unassigned; reservedto permit of expansion

under all symbols ofradicals)

*2/8 signifies that the subdivisions 2,3,4.5,6,7,& 8 have been assignedto the element in question. This holds true for every element unless ex-

pressly symbo Li aed otherwise. The symbol 2/8 is however onlyintroduoed where confusion might occur, due to the special assignment ofsubdivision 1.

.592

.593

.594

.6117

.6118

.6119

.612/8*

.62

.6319

.632/8

.64

.6519

.652/8

.6617

.6618

.6619

.662/8

.6719

.672/8

.68

.7117

.7118

.712/8

.719

(Ra groupcontinued)

Ac (=Em)Po10

Ru+Pt groupsRu group

Ru+OsRuOs

Ir+RhIrRh

Pd+PtPd

Pt+Cr groupsPt group

Pt+AuPt

Au+HgAuHg

Cr+Ni groupsCr group

CrBe

.7219 A1+Fe

.722/8 Al

.73 Fe

.7417 Ni+Cd groups

.7418 Ni group

.7419 Ni+Co

.742/8 Ni

.75 Co

.76 Mn

.7716 Cd+Pb+Ba groups

.7717 Cd+Pb groups

.7718 Cd group

.7719 Cd+Zn

.772/8 Cd

.78· Zn

.79 Mg

.8116 Pb+Ba+Na groups

.8117 Pb+Ba groups

.8118 Pb group

.8119 Pb+Cu

.812/8 Pb

.8219 Cu+·Ag

.822/8 Cu

.83 Ag

.8417

.8418

.8419

.842/8

.85

.859

.8617

.8618

.8619

.862/8

.87

.88

.892

.89219

.8932/8

.894

.89518

.8952/8

.89619

.8962/8

.897

.898

.899

MAIN DIVISIONS OF EACH ELEMENT.

Summary •

. 1 Group symbol

.2 General. The element,its compounds and radicals .

• 3 Compounds and radicals of the element.General �ndwith non-metals .

. 4 Compounds and radicals of the element with metalloids

.5 Compounds and radicals of the element with metals

.6 (Mnemonic classification of compounds of the element)

.7 Organic compoun�s of the element •

• 8 (Condenst formulae classification of its compounds).9 Related elements; unknown or little studied •

• 1 GROUP SYMBOL(For classing references to several elements or their compounds •

• 15 Members of the following 4 groups of elements studied in common.

(Subdivide as an element is subdivided).16 Members of the following 3 groups of elements studied in common •

• 17 " "" " 2" "" """

.18 Members of the following group of elements studied in common •

• 19 The 2 directly following elements studied in common •

• 2 THE ELEMENT,ITS COMPOUNDS AND RADICALS •

• 21 General.22 The element

(To be used only where the element is alone studied,apart from its compounds or other elements.)(Subdivisions to be used only fer uncommon forms.)

1 General forms.2 Solid forms.General3 Crystallin forms31 General32 Cubic,regular or tesseral forms33 Tetragonal or quadratio ·forms34 Trigonal and hexagonal forms35 Rhombic or orthorhombic forms36 Monoclinic or monosymmetric forms37 Triclinic,anorthic or asymmetrio forms4 Amorfous forma49 Colloidal forms5 Liquid forms6 Gaseous forms7 Ionic forms8 Molecule expression

(Use only where distinction is necessary:e.g.Ozone=Osa12283)81 Monatomio molecules82 Diatomio moleoules83 Triatomio molecules

Eto.

.23 Disintegrations of the element

(Applicable in case of the element itself breaking down)Compounds of the element�General

Valency classification of the compounds of an element(A secondary method of classification for use only for

general articles;e.g.Ferrous compounds .73262)Monovalent compounds of the ,elementDivalent compounds "" "

Trivalent compounds "" "

Etc.Octavalent compounds of the element

Pseudovalent compounds and radicals of the element(Subdivide di�ectly for radical next in sequence,using'Basicradical'table. Applicable only in compounds where primaryvalencies are not active; e.g.: C12.lO H�O=.3129 134 283)

CO'lPO�l)S AND RADICALS OF THE ET!E1\1IE�"'"T. GE1-r:ERAL Alm N01J-M.ETALLIC­Prlmary valence compounds(For subdivisions,applicable only to first radical exprest inthe compound, see following table of ACID-RADICAL SUBDIVISIONS)

c06g�Thf&bli�irflJ�At�e Clam !Pa�l-·�l!tli°lf&ivisions)C(r)�Cf.ill�lrv1.lr��c�� ��b�¥ o��:l!�.l�ICsUbd ivisions)

(]In,,�QUI q .CI.ASS IFiI CATtI ON fOF COMPomrns OFt TEE ELEL'El�T) *i the(SUbulVide ajrec �ly or eIemen�nex in-sequence n

chemic formula) Example: PNC1�=.4l62l6314 112

ORG���a����Pe�J11Rr c��llf���T(Subdivide as 547 Organic chemistry)

Condenst formulae classificaton of organic compoundsof the element(Subdivide. for element 2nd in sequence,prefixing each

following element symbol with an 8.)

(COllD�ST.FORMULAE CLASSIFICATION OF2ITSiINORGANIC COMPOUNDS)**(bubdlVlde-dlrectly for �Iement nd n sequence,preff�fngeach following element with an 8.)Example: NH4NOs condenst = H4N20S = 198218124 423

RELATED ELEMENTSJ UN]l�OWN OR LITTLE STUDIEDExamples: .05 Calcium; .895 Strontium •

• 295 Tellurium; .2959 Tellurium X

.24

.26

123

81.29

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.79

.8

.9

*Tho the simplest method of classification to apply, thelength of the resultant symbols will generally prohibitits use. Not use� in the classif1cation of compounds forthe proposed chemic bibliografy.

**In this method of classification the principalof grouping related compounds together is sacriftoed.It will probably never be resorted to,in the proposedchemic bibliografy)

. 31

.3111

.3115

.3123456771

• 32

?889

.329

.33

ACI� B.ADIC.A.L AI_<1) FIRST ORDER COMPOUND SYMBOLIZATIOl�

8

The following symbols are to be affixed directly tothe symbol of the primary element.These subdivisions are applicable to all elements except C,H,U,S,Se,Te and Cl which have requi.red ape c Le.L subdivision.These subdivisions anrl symbols are applicable only in

expressing the first(or acidlc)radical of the compound.RADICALS OF THE ELEMENT. GENERAL .

A*�Nonmetal compounds and radicals.Gener�lA-Oxygen compounds and radicals.General**

(As a rule, the other possible classification under C is

preferred) ,

All subdivisions assume the constancy of the valency of thee16nl8ut first exprest,and the RESULTANT APPARENT valency ofthe :2nd. element ,0. Example: lJa20G J sodium is assumed constant

I-valent, therefore ° is I-valent,and the symbol is 86312)I-valent oxygen2-valent "

3-valent "

4-valent "

5-valent "

Higher-valent oxygen6-valent oxygenEtc.

Mixt-valent "

(Subdivide for atoms of A,then for atoms of 0

Example: AS04 = 834.)9 atoms of AEtc.

A-O-X combinations (3 elements)(For mixt first-order compounds and radicals)(X = any third elementExample- UO�C12=5831931 .••

A-O-X-Y combinations (4 elements)(X = any 3rd element; Y = any 4th element)Example: OsOsNH = 623199216194 1311

A-Hydrogen compounds and radicals •

(Same conditions for subdivision hold as under oxygen)I-valent hydrogen2-valent "

Etc.Higher-valent hydrogen5-valent hydrogenEtc.

Mixt-valent "

A-H-X combinationsA-H-X-Y combinations

(Reserved for possible compounds of radicals with membersof the Helium group)

A-Nitrogen compounds and radicals(Subdivide as A-C)

891

9

99

23

661

* A is the element under which the compound or radical is

primarily clas�.** When 'A' is Br,I,F or CN,for expressing the atom-ratio use the

'valency' termination symbols as under the following; when A is C,Ge,Si,B,P,As,Sb,Bi or Sn,use the '2-element combination' symbols

for expressing the atom-ratio of the elements.

.34234551

6779

.348

.349

.3511

.3512-2

771

8999

.36

.'37

.382

661

7889

.38922192222222422622823233235237242432472526

291

A-Sulfur compounds and radicalsI-valent sulfur2-valent sulfur3-valent "

Higher-valent sulfur·4-valent sulfurEtc.

Mixt-valent "

A-S-X combinations (3 elements)A-S-X-Y combinations (4 elements)

A-Selenium compounds and radicals(Subdivide as A-O)

A-Tellurium compounds and radicals(Subdivide as A-O)

A-HAI,OCnm COMPOUNDS AlID RADI CALS . GENERALA-Chlorin compounds and radicals. General

I-valent chlorinEtc.Higher-valent chlorin6-valent "

Etc.Mixt-valent chlorinA-Cl-X combinations (3 elements)A-Cl-X-Y combinations (4 elements)

A-Eromin compounds and radicals(Subdivide as A-Cl)

A-Iodin compounds and radicals(Subdivide as A-Cl)

A-Fluorin compounds and radicalsI-valent fluorinEtc.Higher-valent fluorin5-valent "

Etc.Mixt-valent "

A-F-X combinations (3 elements)A-F-X-Y combinations (4 elements)

A-Mixt halogen combinationsA-Br-Cl combinations

A-6 atoms of (ClBr)A-5 atoms of (ClBr)

AClBr4AC12BraAClsBraAC14Br

A-4 atoms of (CIBr)ACIBrsAClaBr2AClsBr

A-3 atoms of (OlBr)ACIBraAClaBrACIBr

Aa-ClBr combinations(Subdivide as 3892)

A -CIBr combinations5

Etc.

.3893

.3894

.3895

.3896

.3897

.3898225335445

.392

6617889992

94

.�lll

.4115

.412

.42

.43

.44

.45

.46

.47

.48

.49

.51-.52

.53

.54-.58

95

A-Cl-I combinations(Subdivide as .3892)

A-Cl-F combinations(Subdivide as .3892)

A-Br-I combinations(Subdivide as .3892)

A-Br-F combinations(Subdivide as .3892)

A-I-·F combinations(Subdivide as .3892)

A-3 halogen combinationsA-Cl-Br-I combinations

AClBrIA-Cl-Br-F combinations

AClBrFA-Br-I-F combinations

ABrIFA-Cyanogen compounds and radicals

I-valent cyanogenEtc.Higher-valent cyanogen5-valent cyanogen

Mixt-valent cyanogenA-C-X combipationsA-CN-X-Y combinationsSpecial A-CN-X compounds and radicals

A-CN-O compounds and radicals. Cyanates(Subdivide as A-O)

A-CN-N compounds and radicals. Cyanamids(Subdivide as A-O)

A-CN-S compounds and radicals. Sulfocyanates(Subdivide as A-O)

A-Metalloid and metal compounds. GeneralA-Carbon compounds and radicals. General

I-valent carbonEtc.

(Subdivide as A-O)A-Germanium compounds and r�dicals

(Subdivide as A-OJA-Silicon compounds and radicals

(Subdivide as A-O)A-Boron compounds an� radicals

(Subdivide as A-O)A-Phosforus compounds and radicals

(Subdivide as A-O)A-Arsenic compounds and radicals

(Subdivide as A-O)A-Antimony compounds and radicals

(Subdivide as A-O)A-Bismuth compounds and radicals

(Subdivide as A-O)A-Tin compounds and radicals

(Subdivide as A-O)Other special compounds and radicals of AA-Metal compounds and rad1.uals. General

Special metal compounds and radicals of A(Subdivide 5 as 546 (= element table) for 2nd metal, then

subdivide for valence as under A-H, or for atom-ratios;according to nature of first element. elK - 315872 )(See note on previous page)

S'lAlJDARD SUBDIVI S IONSof

A�Y TWO COMPOu}TD-FORMING ELEMENTSfor expressing

ATOM-NUMBER P�TIOS AND C01ffiINATIONS.(These symbols can f'o Ll.ow directly any symbol expressing combinationbetween two e l emen t s unless that symbol has been specially subdivided.)(Unless spectfically stated, no subdivision of this table is SPECIALLYfurther subdivisible. Tb.e"ACID RADICAL SUFFIX FIGURES" are directlyaffixable to all such otherwise unsubdivisible heads.)A = the element unier which the compound is PRIMARILY clast.-For classification purposes a constant valence is assigned to it,in allof its compounds. X = any element combining with A.15 A-X compounds and radicals. General17 X = 1/3 valent.18 X = 1/2 "

19 X = 2/3 "

2 X = 1- "

3 X = 2- II

4 X = 3- "

5 X = 4- "

6 X =higher-valent.61 X = 5- "

62 X = 6- "

63 X = 7- "

64 X = 8- u

65 X = 9- n

7 Mixt valences.(For expressing fractional ratios between atom-numbers)(Subdivide for atom-number of A, then for atom-number of X.)

Examples:732 AaX2738 AaXs7813 AaXs7825 A9:X5

A-X-Y combinations ( 3 elements )(For expressing mixt fi.rst-order compounds of 3 elements)(Subdivide directly for 3d element,Y; then for atom-numberratio as in following TABLE OF THREE-ELEMENT COMBINATIONS.)

Example: NPC12N-P compounds and r-adi ca.LsN-P-Y combinationsN-P-Cl combinations1-1-2 atoms,in table

therefore NPC12A-X-Y-Z combinations ( 4 or more elements )

(For expressing mixt first-order compounds and radicals offour or more elements )

(Subdivide directly for 3d element,Y; add the combination­

figure,6; and then the symbol of the 4th element,Z. Thenadd the atom-number suffix symbol,4, and subdivide forthe atom numbers in sequence.)

.

Example: OOsC14K2O-Os compounds and radicals = 162O-Os-Y-Z combinations = 16289O-Os-CI-Z = 16289316O-Os-CI-K = 1628931687Atom number sequence 1-1-4-2= 1142

therefore: 020sC14K2 = 16289316874 1142(Reserved for related but little-studied,or undiscovered elements:

8

21642164821648313·21648313

89

9

TWO - ELEMENT COMBINATION SYMBOLS.For expresJing atom-ratios between the components

of a first order ( two-element ) compound or radical.

Chiefly app'Ld ca'hLe under acidic radical symbols where A == carbon,ge rn.an l um , s iLt c on , boron, phosforus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth or

tjn, i.e. for elements of variable valence.AJ so applicable under 'basic' radicals wher-e X == the same elements.

A* or X or

1st element 2nd element(.2117)** 1 9

(.2118) 2 15(.2119) 2 13.212 1 8

( .213) 1 7.214 1 6

(.215) 2 11.216 1 5

(.217) 3 14(.218) 2 9

(.2198) 3 13(.2199) 3 11

.22 1 4

.23 2 7( .246) 3 10( .248) 4 13.25 1 3(268) 4 11.27 3 8.28 2 5

(.292) 5 12( .294) 3 7(.296) 4 9( .298) 5 11.3 1 2

( .414) 6 11( .416) 5 9.418 4 7.42 3 5.43 2 3

( .444) 5 8

(.446) 7 10(.448) 5 7.45 :3 4

(.468) 7 9.47 4 5.48 5 6

(.494) 6 7(.496) 7 8( .498) 8 9

• 5

(.612)(.614)(.616)

�62.63

(.642).65

(.662)(.664)(.666).67.68.692

(.694)(.696).7

( .812)( .814).816

( .818).82.83

( .842).85

( .862)( .864).866.87

( .8811)( .88l2)( .882)( .883)

.884(.885)

.886(.887)

.888(.8891)( .8892)(.8893)

A or X or1st element 2nd element

1 19 88 77 66 55 49 74 37 5

10 78 53 25 37 49 5

11 62 1

11 59 47 3

12 55 28 3

11 43 1

13 410 3

7 24 1

11 :313 3

9 214 :3

5 111 2

6 17 18 1

13 215 2

9 1.89 A-X-Y combinations

(Subdivisions see table for Two compound-forming elements).899 A-X-Y-Z combinations

(Subdivisions see above-mentioned table).9 (Reserved for related, but little-studied or unknown elements)

EXAMPLE: SiCrs; Si-Cr rad1cals == .38571,therefore Siers == .3857125*A == the first element symbolized in the compound, X == 2nd element.**Numbers in curves are for ratios for which no compound exists.

ST}JJDARD SUFFIXESfor

rrm.1-RATIO EXPRJTISSION ofTE�ITIiE-EL::81M'ENT COMBINATIONS

l;fter aLl three e Lement: en t e rLng t.h e combination have been exprestsubdivi e DllrSCTLY for atom numbers as in the following table: )

halogens may 08 c cris Ld e rd as one e Lerren t , i. e. XYBrC1 as a 3-e1ementcombina tion.

Atoms of X or

1st element1

Tvo

• .1S· .19· .191· .192" .1981" .2• • 3· .43• .44" .45" .46• .47• .481· .482· .49

• • 5• .61• .623

· .6281· .631• .632• .63S1

• .6811• .6812• .68181•• 69• .691· .692• .6981• • 7· .81• .8213· .82181• .8221

· .82281· .82811• .828181· .829• .88111• .881181• .88121• .8818181· .8891

Atoms of Y or

2nd e l, emento

1 01 01 01 01 11 11 11141151161171181191 1 2 ( =1) i. e • 2 halogen s

(Subdivide for atom-numbers of halogens in sequence)1 2 11 2 2

2 3

Atoms of Z or

3d elementox

1I 2

8123.

1

Etc.1111

Etc.111

233

8128

128x

128123812 )=( 1 1818x

1818x

3

888oooo111122288'01128o

222222222

( 222238888o

Example:Symbolize such

compounds as

OPC12Bras follows:

O-P radicals =.144combinations = 9

C1-Br = 35921:1:2 (=1) = 49

2 C1 : 1 Br = 21therefore :

OPC12Br =

.144935924931

SPECIAL SUFFIXESfor

ATOM'-RATIO EXPRESSIONof

THREE-ELEMENT COMBINATIONSFor special ust: where the compound is clast primarily under the

two elements of lO�8st valence, i.e. where the combined valences ofthe 1st and 2nd. e Lernent s are nec ee aar'y to satisfy the valence ofthe 3d element. )

Examp.Le : VOCI; when cLe.s t under OCI and not under OV or CIV.After all three e l ements ent e r i.ng the combination have been exprest

subdivirJe DIRECTLY for atom-numbers as in the following table:( Polymers are first to be exprest in simplest form; e.g.:

XaYGZ4 is to be considered as (XYZ2)a

Atomsof X or

1st element

Atomsof Y or

2nd element

Atomsof Z or

3d element

14 3 4 115 2 5 116 1 6 117 1 5 118 1 4 119 2 3 12 1 3 13 1 2 14 1 1 149 l.x l.x l.x i.e. XaY2Z2 read (XYZ)a492 1 times 2 I times 2 I times 2

Etc.5 2 1 16 :3 1 171 3 2 172 4 1 173 5 1 174 6 1 175 5 2 176 4 3 177 7 1 182 x x 2

( Subdivide as 1-7 )8211 1 1 28212 1 2 2

Etc.83 x x 3

Etc.881 x x 8

Etc.

Example Symbolize OBraTeO-Br·-X combinations = .1379Te = 294O-Br-Te combinations = .1379294In the table 1 : 2 : 1 atoms = 3

therefore OEraTe = .13792943 ..

SPECIAL ACIDIC. RADICAI.JS.

Al'JD FI2ST-ORDER COMPOUNDS

The radicals Gtven in the folJ_o\ving t.abl e are mostly those for whichthe assignment of symbols varies from that in the preceding auidicradical symbolization ta-ble. They are applicable ONLY TOTHE FIRST RADICAL of the compound.Unless specificalJ.y stated othenvise, their atom-ratio subdivions,etc. are those of the staniard Acidic radical symbolization table.

OXYGEN RADICALS A11J) COMPOUNDS( 0 assumed constantly 2-valent thruout

Oxygen radi caLs and compounds. GeneralOxids. General

O-Hydrogen radicals and compounds( Reserved for possible O-Heliv� group radicals and compoundsO�Nitrogen radicals and compoundsO-Sulfur radicals and compoundsO-Selenium radicals and compoundsO-Tellurium radicals and compoundsO-Chlorin radicals and compoundsO-Bromin radicals and compoundsO-Iodin radicals and compoundsO-Fluorin radicals and compoundsO-Mixt halogen radicals and compounds

GeneralO-Chlorin-bromin radicals and compounds

OClBrsOCI2Br2OCIsBrOClBr�OClaBrOClEr

02C1BrO-Cl-Br combinations

O-Chlorin-iodin radicals and compounds( Subdivide as .13942 )

O-Chlorin-fluorin radicals and compounds( Subdivide as .13942 )

O-Bromin-iodin radicals and compounds( Subdivide as .13942 )

O-Bromin-fluorin radicals and compounds( Subdivide as .13942 )

O-Iodin-fluorin radic�ls and compounds( Subdivide as .13942 )

O-Three halogen radicals and compoundsO-Cyanogen radicals and compounds

(Cyanates are preferably clast under .3692, Cyanates. ).14 O-METALLOID RADICALS AND COMPOUNDS.14111 General.141 O-Carbon radicals and compounds.1416 Higher-valent carbon.1417 Mi.xt-valence radicals and compounds.1418 O-C-Y combinations.14189 O-C-Y-Z "

.1419 O-Germanium radicals and compounds

.14196 Higher valent germanium7 Mixt-valence radicals and compounds8 O-Ge-Y combinations89 O-Ge-Y-Z combinations

.131

.. 1312

.132

.1329

.133

.134

.1352

.1354

.136

.137

.138

.1392

.139412232

353741475659

3

8.1395

4

5

6

7

.142

.143

.144

.1452

.1454·

.1456

.1458

.146

.1841

.1842

.1843

.1844

.1845

.1846

.1847

.1848

.1849

.1852

.1854

.1856

.1859

.186

.187

.188

.19 .•

.2131

.2132/8

.214

7889

.• 2152

O:_Sili con rad i c a l.s al1(� COiDpC·O_:v3sO-:-BOl'Oil r'ad icaLs and compoundsO-Phosfor1.::'�i ra.i i ca Ls and c ompound s

O-Ars eni c r-ad i.oal s arid compoundsO-·Anth:lOYlY rad i.ca.Ls and compoundsO-J3iSlY!U.th radicals and c ompound.sO-Tin radicals and compounds

O-METAT_J RADICALS �A..ND COMPOUND��

(Subdivide 1 directly for the metals.

EXR�ple: O-Tant�lum raticals and compounds = 1463.)EXCEPTIONS:

O-Barium radicals and compoundsO-Calcium radicals and compoundsO-Strontium" fI II

O-Sodium " " II

O-Potassium fI " "

O-Ammonium " " "

O-Li thiurn" " "

O-Rubidium " " "

O-Cesium " " "

O-Thallium " " "

O-Indium rr " "

O-G::tllium " " "

(Reserved for possible O-org�nometallic acidic radicals)O-INORGANIC ACIDIC RADICA:LS & COMPOUNDS. MNEMONICLY CLASTO-ORGANIC RADICALS AND COMPOUUDSO-RADICAI�S Mill cmJPOUUDS. cmmENST FOHMULAE CLASSIFICATIONHYDROGEN RADICALS Arm COMPommS

(Hydrogen assumed constantly I-valent thruout.)(Subdivide as under standard Acidic radical and first order

compound symbolization)NITROGEN· RADICALS AND COMPOUNDS

2344996

(Nitrogen assu�ed constantly 3-valent thruout)General

N-Oxygen radicals and compounds(Class preferably under O-N, at .133)

N-Hydrogen radicals and compounds(This head has special atom-ratio subdivisions)NH radicals and compoundsNH2 radicals and compounds11[3 radicals and compoundsN(Ho)H3 radicals and compoundsOther N:-H radicals and compounds

(Subdivide in standard way, for valency of H)Mixt-valent N-H radicals and compoundsN-H-Y combinationsN-H-Y-Z combinations

N-Other nonmetal radical and compoundsN-Sulfur radicals and compounds

(Class preferably under S-N at .233)N-Selenium radicals and compounds

(Class preferably under Se-N at .29246N-Tellurium radicals and compounds

(Class preferably under Te-N at .29446)N-Chlorin radicals and compoundsN-Bromin radicals and compoundsN-Iodin radicals and compoundsN-Fluorin radicals and compounds

3

4

6789

N-T�e i.. ,:!,i_-l c: c-:_ r-ad l caLs -:1'1<1 co.tvou.rd s

" " n(C-;/C::';lC,senC »mpo urid f::

II

.216preferably clast at .39)1

:1 �--C :_; } �J;L',.::"l .i 1:..m

X-fjiliconIJ-30rol1]'�-}1110 sf0 rus

IT-Arsc:n:Lc

r-ad i c a l .]"

"

19II2

3 rr

"

rr

rr

"

"

rr45678

"

lJ'-Antimor..y " "

H-J3ismuth " "

U-Tin ""

N-I1etal rad t ca.Ls arid ccmpoun.eN-Tcintc'ull,)_ffi group r-arl • c a l s a: d c ompotnd s

N-�le_Y1talum radi cals and o or.rpound s

"

"

"

.2171

""

"

2 N-Kior)iumN-Vanac1ium

"

""468

.21812345636466

.219

1':r_1'ITO]i7b,�·-:o.n'll'Y'1 r-ad i 0.o:>-j C' e.rid (,r-"""'Y-,o'U'l"'d:--o.1.'. �_, ,) "cC \..U.:.J. c. _ ...."_4-_ . .:> Cv-" '- ,,).I.J-J::-' ,J .,.)

N-V.�olfn.;m radi cals (_',nd CO]l� o un-l s

N-T j t a.n i um group rad.i cals 3,i .d compo .ind s

N-Ti t.arri um radicals arid c cipound s"IT-Zircnnium

K-ThoriumN-Cerium1T-I£mthanum

"

"

"

"

"

"

If

n

"

"

"

lr-l'r8,s e odym.i urn radi caLsl�-Neo dym iurn "

N-SE"vmari urn "

an �_ c ompound s" "

" ff

N-Radhun group " "

U--Urani urn ""

N-Ru then ium group" "

}I-Gold radicals a.id c cmpourid s

"

2 "

".22178

.22211923456789

.223123456

.22412347

.225

.226

.227

.228

N-llercury "

N-Chromium groupN-Chromi'LunN-}3erylliurnN-AlumintunN-IronN-NickelN-Cobalt

ff "

a rd c ompo .md.s" It

rr ff

" T!

" If

" "

" "

" fI

" "

" "

" ff

11 II

If It

" "

" "

" "

" "

" "

" "

n "

" "

" "

n n

ff ff

rad .�_ c e.I s"

"

fI

i7

II

n

N-1�angane s e

N-CadmiumN-ZincN-l1agnesium

N-Lead groupN-LeadN-CopperN-SilverN-BariurnN-CalciurnN-Strontium

N-Sodiwn groupN-SodiumN�PotassiumN-AmmoniumN-LithiumN-Thallium

(Unassigned)N - INORGANI C RADI CAIJ,3 t�N-ORGANIC fu\DICAI,S AnD

II

ff

"

ff

fr

"

ff

Tf

"

"

"

"

"

CLASSIFICATIONcot!lPomms

· 231 SULFU�1, r;�r; RAnIC_,�.I!S AND COJJIPOu'lmS( S'J.lf,_u· D.3 �.)'X;,�2(: constantly 2-va1ent thruout )

.2312 Sulfur

.2:513

.2315-

.232''!'233.2342.2344.235.236.237.2382.2384

.239

.24

.241678

.2419

.242

.243

.244

.2452.. �

.2454

.2456

.2458

.2481r:

.2842

.2843

.2844

.2845

.2846

.2847

.2848

.2849

.2852

.2854

.2856

.286

.287

.288

.2922

.2923

.29235

.2924

Sulfur rQ�ic�ls and compounds. GenaralS-O�:37'G:::::t1 radl c.il.e arid compounds

( ClasG preflrably under O-S �t .134 )S-ltTclrc0C::�1 radi caLs a1': '1 compoundsS-Ni t rog en " 'ii II

S-Sel eri iurn " " If

S-TelluriumS-ChlorinS-13rominS-IodinS-Fluorin

ff If It

11

11

11 11

If

"

"

If

"

"

"

S-mixt halogen combinations(Subdivide as .1334)

S-CN radicals and compounds8-Metalloid radicQls and compounds

S-Carbon radicals and compoundsHigher-valent carbonMixt-valencesS-C-y combinations

S-GenlClni 11-::21 r-ad i cals and compounds8-8ilicon radice.ls and compounds8-Boron ii"

S-Phnsforus " "

S-Arsenic " "

8-Antimony " "

S-Bismuth " It

8-Tin ""

S-METAL RADICALS AUD COMPOUNDS(Subdivide 2 directly for mGtal �s in element table)Exa.:mple- .247 S-Vanadium radicals and compounds

EXCEPTIONS:

"

"

"

"

"

"

S-I3arium radicals and compoundsS-Calcium " rr "

S-Strontium " " II

S-Sodium " " "

8-Potassium " " "

S-Junrnoni urn " II "

8-Lithium " " "

S-Rubidium " " "

s-Cesium " " "

S-Thallium " " "

S-Indium " " rt

S-Ga11ium " " "

S-INORGA1HC PJ\DICALS 6r. coarourra. lE\JEMOUIC CLASSIFICATIONS-ORGANIC RADICALS AND COMI)OmmSS-RADICALS iUq-n coarcurns. com:;:E�l'JST FORMULP..E CLASSIFICATION

SET;RNIlJM, ITS RP..DI CALS AND COMPOUNDSselenium radicals and compounds. General

(selenium assumed constantly 2-valent thruout.)se-Oxygen radicals a.nd compounds

'

(Clast preferably under O-se at .1352)se-Hydrogen radicals and compounds

9.2926

1234568

.2927

.29278

.2928

.2929

.29292

.2931356

.293213456789

.2933123456

.29341

347

.2936

.2937

.2938

.i2

SC--'-���C��J>:;··tJ.I r�.�'_-Li ea Ls a::1·.1 c orrpound s

2 �,_l':-i t',�n:.�r-r r:=:i_,1-j cql :-� '.-1'1"',1 c ourcounds.. '...... "'......) - ...

'-...J. .,.'.... _,�"", -- 'l..�<oi"""".:;:) L.�..l .� Iv .u .• J:-i .

S e-SuI :L'tU" ." " "

(C1:.:�C;.t }Jl"cfC:Y'8.:bly und er S-Se at .23428c:-T(:;1].!)�:ci um radLc o.Ls ani compounds3

5.678284

n " "Se-ChlorinSe-Bro:ninSe-IodinSe-Jnuorin

"

"

n

"

"

If

"

"

"

. Se;_T'Jizt haLog e n c cmb i na t r ons

'( Subdivi�e as .1394 )·S· '---C"'r"�Y'o'r;":::''V'l rad i ca l S '-.VI.:'! c otnpound se ')i r ......<:..!. W t:::_·.l.L CA, .. �"... _._.... (....l. .L ... 'J.. .l,. 1 l.A..

Se--l.::e::a,lJ o i d rad l ca l e a:-'lrl compound s

Se-Carbon " " "

88-.Sili con " II II

Se-J3.oron " " "

S '3-Ph0 sf 0 ru s n " 'If

Se-Arsenic " II "

SC-A'1timony " " "

Se-Tin 11 iF II

Se-1.1ET.\TJ RADICAIJS AN'D COMPOUNDSSe-TGl'l ta Lum group rad j ca Ls and compounds

Se-\701frBm "rr"

Se-Titanium groupSe-Eat"li um group

Se--UranitlmSe-RnthE.ni urn gr oupSe-IridiumSe-Pal1adiumSe-Platinum

Se-ChroDiu� groupSe-ChromiumSe-Iron

"

"

"

"

"

" "

" n

"

n

n

rt

"

"

"

n

n

"

"

"

"

ff

ff

rr

"

ff

""

,f

rr

rr

"

"

Se-NickelSe-CobaltS e-I�IaYlgan e s e

Se-Cadmj_um

"

fT

"

If

"

ff

"

"

o?J

Se-ZincS e-l,�agne s iurn

Se-Lsdd croupSe-Lead

Se-CopperSe-SilverSe-:BariumSe-CalciumSe-Strontium

Se-Sodium groupSe-SodiumSe-PotassiumS e-Annon ium

f:\e-Li thi urn

Be-Thallium

"

"

"

" rr

"

tt

n

rr

" "

"

" "

n

"

"

ff "

""If

" "

ff

"

n

tf

"

If

"

" ff "

ff

n

"

"

rr

n

"

rr

n

SE-DTO::=���.A;ac R4_DICJ\IB & (�Ol.ft)01LTDS. M�1;MOlnC CLASSIFICATIONSE-Ox).:} .\HI C RiillI CAIJS AND (!OMPOU:TDSSE-i�'\DIC1\:':J:�) A].'T�) COI,�POmrr:r:�. CcaCiltHi3T F")RM1JJJAE CLASSIFICATION

Te-Ruthenium" " "

Te-Chromium" " "

Te-Lead " tf 11

Te-Sodium " " "

CHLORIN, ITS RADICALS ANTI COMPOUNDS .

Chlorin radic�ls and compound�. General(Chlorin assumed constantly I-valent

.31312/9 CI-Oxygen radicals and compnunds(Clast preferably under O-Cl at .136)

CI-Hydrogen radicals and compoundsHClCI-H radicals and compounds. Higher-valent

2-va1ent H3-valent HEtc.

.29-12

.2943

.2944

.2945

.2946

.294"1

.2948

.2949

.2951

.2952

.2953

.2954

. 312

.31311

.31321

.31322

.3132313

.31324

.31325

.31326

.31327

.31328

.31329

.3133r:

.3134

.3135

.3136

.3137

.31379

.3138• 3139.3141.3142.3143.3144.3145

TEL]�URIuM. ITS RADICALS A:;;m COMPOmmSTellurium radicals and compounds. General

(Tellurium assumed eonstantly 2-valent(Subdivide precisely as selenium)

Te-Hydrogen rad.icals and compounds'I'e=Nonmet aL ralUcals and compoundsTe..,...Metalloid " " "

Te-Tantalum group radicals an� compoundsTe-Titanium" " " "

Te-Radi um " " " "

thruout)

"

n

"

"

thruout)

Cl-H radicals and compounds. Mixt valenceCl-H-Y combinations

(Instead of using the following subdivisions in curves

prefer classing under the other element of the pair.)(Cl-Nitrogen radicals and compounds)(Cl-Sulfur " " " )(CI-Selenium " " " )(CI-Tellurium " " " )Cl-Bromin radicals and compounds

(CI-Br-X combinations see.3592CI-Iodin radicals and compounds

(CI-I-X combinations see.3593)CI-Fluorin radicals and compounds

(Cl-F-X combinations see .3594)Cl-Cyanogen radicals and compoundsCI-Carbon radicals and compoundsCl-Germanium n " "

CI-Silicon" " "

CI-Boron " fI ..

Cl-Phosforus " " "

CI-Arsenic" U "

CI-Antimony" ft II

CI-Bismuth" " U

CI-Tin " " "

CL-METAL RADI CALS & COMPOUNDS.(Subdivide 31 directly for metal as in element table )

Example: .3166 CI-Platinum radicals and compounds •

• 326 CL-INORGAi\fIC RADICALS AND COMPOUNDS. MNEMONIC CLASSIFICATION.327 CL-ORGANIC RADICALS AND COMPOUNDS.328 CL-RADICALS AND COMPOtnJDS. CONDENST FORm�LAE CLASSIFICATION

.11

.1112331

(94

.12

.13 to

.898

.9

Iv.TAI�J DIVlSImm RADICALEACH ACIDIC

33

The compound, it2elf as distinguished from its radical

802 = .134511 H2SOS = S02.H20 =.1345 1924 11FOFJ.\J DIVI S IOS:3 OF THE Cm.t?OUl\JD

Only applicable after the first or acidic radicalGeneral formsSolid forms. General

Cr t e t.e.l.Lt n formsGeneral

Cubic,regular or tesseral forms

Tetragonal or quadratic formsTrigonal an� hexagonal formsRhornb i o or orthorhombic formsEonoclinic or ll1onosymmetric forms

Triclinic, anorthic or a symme t rLc formsAmo r f'ou s forms

Colloidal forms

Liquid formsGaseous formsIonic forms

3435363?4495678 Molecule numoer expression

(Use on.Ly Y. r e polymerism makes the distinction necessary)Examp'l e : (HJC12) s

= .21648313 1183

(PNC12)4 = .21648313 118481 UonoITolecular compounds82 Dimolecular "

83 Trimolecular "

Etc.8818891

8-molecular16- " II

II

Etc.91

1121314

Metalloid and metal ccmpounds of the radicalGeneral

E • g • ( XY) • R I

E. g. (XY) .R�Monovalent combinationsDiv�lent "

Trivalent "

Etc.Metalloid conpoun1s of the radical GeneralMetal "" II II ")

(Clast preferably under .. 461 of the element table)

cmEm.nXDS OJ"' 'IT�� R/�DI CAT; COHTAINING TWO OR MORE RADICALS(The symbo l of the a o i d i c or primary radical is to be directlysubdiv i.u ed , vii thout suffix symbol, for the basic radical

next in sequence.)Example: H�S04 =OsS.H�O

OsS =.1347

H20 in basic tables = 192therefore H2S04 = .1347 192 •••

Double acid�c �adicals of the radical

Exqmple: PlatiDo�olybdic acid = (OsMO)ao.Pt02.(H20)4OsMo =.1487

Pt02 = 6655

H20 = 192t.her e I'o r e the symbol is .14879 66555 192 •••

.99 Yo-co�StitU3�t expressionThis c·:rr·':·._�::::ic)n 'i_:3 v.1ccGssary in c e r ta in instances to bring

c La s s :«: ;y�� r e l a t ed C01EJ)lex compounds together.S1).hJ.i-�r:>: ".::' �:; i r e c tJ::l for t.he other elements in the radical J

cor:l1'::i-;':iJ-':= -Li-�.=:Lc =:�,T�1"·.�Jo]_;3,if more then one element,with thefigure G.

After the 18�� 81c�GDt in the ra�ical has bee exprest, expressthe a t o:n n:i,�'I-i�::::::"l�S r n E;CCr.H�:uce affixing them wi th the figure 4.

Example:AId.11 su.Lf'onat (; s = l:::112 SO 3M = N (Ho ) H2M. SOs

=.214499196461 41021 ••

Ami'n eli s u Lf'oria t e s = nIL (SO 3M) 2= N (Ho ):FIM2 • (SO a ) 2= .214499196461 41012

Amin trisulfol13.tes = N(SOsM)s = N(Ho)Ms.(SOs)s,

= .214499461 4103These trisulfoP1ts2, COl1taining no longer H, would no longer come

under .2144 }:�-II r[.,'-1jc,::ds,':�b�Te their related compounds are, unlessthi s recogni ti on of II as lIo was made.

The follC':;;'"lJ.J::::; c, ,_,."1:>"3.1 v i r 2 OIl 0 to 1)9 8.p1'1 j ed info rm.i ng symbolsto expres$ any r�ljc�l of th3 CODfO��l other thQD the acidic or

first exprest radical .

. 1211 Nonmetal G�i �2tal ra�icals of the element. General

.2 Second r�dicals �ni co��o��ds of the clement. General

.22 Compounds of the ?nd-radic�l element. General( Su" ,.:31' Vi :1 n "..,.-, ., 1 un ri "1.... f, rv -� d.! c Y"':> d i c a L ma I' n dl" VI" C" 1· onslJ'vL �G.'.> �.�::) J.. l.-� .Lu..":; .J;)..v.!...1. -' .l. Cl. _,...-r" ,..:,." . >.:l •

A-OXYGEIT RADI CALS. GIBi'JERAI,( 0 assumed constantly 2-valent thruout )

I-valent c omb in ing element in A-O radical.s

(No confusion can occur wi t.h .23 as this is always followed byt.he a tO�l-llUir:lJE.;r sjTml:Jol, 4-, or by the f'ur t.he r radical symbol, 5. )

2-valent combining element3-valent If It

.23

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.61

.62

.63

.64

.641

.65

.66

.67

.679

.68

89.69

4-valent "

"

It

"

"

If

Higher-valent "

5-valent "

6-valent "

7-valent "

2;3456616263647

Higer-valent combining element8-valent II "

Mixt-valence(Subdivide directly for atom-numbers, first for

combining element and then for ° )May be assigned to a�y i�portant mixt-valent radical of the

element with O. Generally to AS04 combinations.)A-·O-Y combinations (3 elements )

( Y is any 3rd element entering the radical )(Subdivide for 3d element direcly and then for atom­

numbers as under acidic radicals )A-O-Y-Z combinations ( 4 or more elements

( Subdivide for 3d elsment directly, affix 4th and furtherelement eymbo Ls each '-Viri t.h fi£pr8 6 and subd i v-ide for a tom­numbers in sequence, with fig.4 prefixt as in acid radicals.)

A-HYDROGEN ILA.DICALS(H as sume d cons tantly I-valent thruout.)1-valent.combining element2-valent" "

3-valent It n

4-valent" "

Higher-valent combi.ning element5-valent " II

6-valent " n

7-valent " tt

8-valent " "

Mixt valences( Subdiviele for e.t om-numbe r s directly, first for

combining element and then for HA-H-Y combinations ( 3 elements )

( Subdivide for 3d element directly a�d then foratom-numbers as under acidic radicals )

A-H-Y-Z combinations ( 4 or more elements )A-NITROGEN RADICALS

(N assumed constantly 3 valent thruout.)( Subdivide as .68 A-H radicals)

l_;.valent az o inrl d AlI 3

2-valent " Al'J6

8

6768

.712

.713

.72• 73.741.742.743."144'.745.7451

.746

.747

.7479.

.748

7889

• 749

.751

.702

.76

.77

.78• 791.792.793.794.795.796.797.798.'7989• 81

.812

.813

.814

.815

.8161

.817

.818

.8189

A-pu1fl),r group re.dicalsA---SUL:FUR RADICAIJG. GENERAL

( S as sumed constantly 2-valent thruout )I�vaient combining element2-valEmtil ..

3-valent II II

4-valent If "

5�valent II "

6-valent" "

E;igher-:-valent combining element

7-:-valent.'

It "

Etc.Mixt-:valenceA-:S-Y;combinations ( 3 elernets )A-S-Y-Z-combinations ( 4 or more elements)

A�SELENlm� Rfl�ICALS( Se assumed cnostantly 2-v�lent thruout )

l�valent combining element.

2-�alent It If

3-valent" "

4-valent II "

Higher-valent combining element5-valent It "

Etc.Mixt valencesA-Se-Y combinations ( 3 elements )A-Se-Y-Z combinations ( 4 or more elements )

A-TELLURIUM RADICALS .

( Te assumed constantly 2-vA.lent thruout )( Subdivide as Se )

A-HALOGEN RADICALS. GENERALA-·CHLORIN RADICALS. GENERAL

( Cl assumed constantly I-valent thruout )I-valent combining eLement2-vaIent" II

3-valent., II

4-valent It ..

5-valent II "

6-valent" "

"I-valent II "

Higher-valent combining elementMixt-valences

A mtxt valence of special importanceA-Cl-Y combinations ( 3 elements )A-CI-Y-Z combinations ( 4 or more elements )

A-BROMIN RADICALS.

( Br assumed constantly I-valent thruout )I-valent combining element2-valent" It

3-valent" II

4-va1ent It "

Higher-valent combining element5-valent " "

Eto.Mixt-valencesA-Br-Y combinations ( 3 elements )A-Br-Y-Z combinations ( 4 or more elements )

2345661

·82

.83

.843

.84

.85

.86

.871

.872

.873

.874

.8751

.876

.877

.878

.8789

.879

.8792

.8794

.8795

.881

A-IODIN RA.DICALS( I assumed constantly I-valent thruout )

( Subdivide as .81 Br ). A-FLTJORIN RADI CALS

( F assumed constantly I-valent thruout )( Subdivde as .81 Br )

A-eN RADICALS. GElffiRAL(CN assumed constantly I-valent thruout )

I-valent combining element( As the symbol 4 or 5 always follows this symbol

no confusion with .843 can result. )2-valent combining element3-valent It It

4-valent ff "

5-valent It "

6-valent" If

7-valent" It

Higher-valent combining element'8-valent n ff

Etc ..

Mixt valencesA special mtxt valence

A-CN-Y combinations ( 3 elements( See also .879 )

A-CN-Y-Z comb lna tions ( 4 or more elements )Special A-CN-Y combinations

A-CNO radicals. Cyanates( Subdivide as A-H .68 )

A-CNN radicals. Cyanamids( Subdivide as A-H .68 )

A-CNS radicals. Sulfocyanates( Subdivide as A-H .68 )

A-CARBON RADICALS(Subdivide as in table of Two-element combinations)

Examples:3 AC25 AC \

7 A2C89 A-C-Y combinations ( 3 elemets )

.899 A--C-Y-Z combinati ons ( 4 or more elements ).8819 A-GERMANIUM RADICALS

( Subdivide as .881 A-C radicals).882 A-SILICON RADICALS

( Subdivide as .881 A-C radicals )3 ASi25 ASi7 A2Si89 A-Si-Y combinations ( 3 elements )

.883 A-BORON RADICALS( Subdivide as .881 A-C radicals)

.884 A-PHOSFORUS RADICALS( Subdivide as .881 A-C radicals)

3 AP25 AP7 A2P89 A-P-Y combinations ( 3 elements )889 A-P-Y-Z combinations ( 4 or more elements )

·885

35789

.886

.887

.888

.889

.89

.899

.8998

.9

A-ARSENIC· RA.DICALS( Subel iv j_ (] e as . 8al A�C rad i cal s )AAs2AAs

A2As.

A-As-Y c ornb inat Lon s ( 3 elements )A-ANT IMOl'JY RA.DI CALS

( Sudivide as .881 A-C r'ad t ca.Le )A-BISMUTH RADICALS

( Subdivide as .881 A-C radicals )A-TIN RADICALS

( Subdivide as .881 A-C radicals)( 'Assignable to other special radicals of the element )( Specially assignable under each element )

RADICALS Od' THE ELElln�NT WITH AJJL REMAINING ELEMENTS( Sudivide as Element table)Expression of suodivisions of 2, 4 or 5 when a single element

forms the radical in question "

Example :

Ni2N02 = 0aN . Ni�O�N (acidic radical) = .1335 j Ni = 74

therefore Ni2NOa = .1335 74899 ..

Classification according to DEPENDENT radicals(JJ'or compounds which it is not permissable to write dua1isticly,and in which none of th6 valencies concerned are great enoughto consider the compounds as rnixt first-order compounds.)

Example: Hydroxynitrosotetrammin ruthenium cnmpounds(NHs)4.Ru(NO) (HO)R2

NHs=.2144; Ru =61 NO = 213; HO = 193therefore the symbol is .2144 618998 2135 1935 .••

( Unassignable )( Because of conflict with little-studied or unknownelement symbols, which end in 9 ).

EXftlJIPLES OF APPLICATION OF BASIC RADICAL SYMBOLS.(AgNO)2 = ON2 • Ag20; ON2(acidic radical) = .1332; Ag20(BASIC)=832;

therefore (AgNO)2 = ON2.Ag20 = .1332 832 ••

Pb(NO)! = ON2 . FbO; ON2(acidic radical) = .1332; PbO (BASIC)=813therefore Pb(NO)2 � ON2.PbD = .1332 813 •.

FeS(S04)4 = (OSS)4.FeS04; OsS(acidic radical)=.1347; FeS04(BA SIC)=7366therefore FeS(S04)4 = (OSS)4 . FeS04 = .1347 7366 ••

AlS04Cl = 0sS.AlOC].; 0sS(acidic radical)=.1347; AIOCl(BASIC)=7287312 ••

therefore AIS04Cl = OsS . AIOC1 = .1347 7267312 ••

SPECIAL SECOND RADICALS.(Applicable to any but first radical)

.13 OH2 Water of crystalliz�tion

.14 OH2 Basic constitutional water. Hydroxid waterExample: Ca(OH)a = OCa . OH2 = .18423 14 ••

• 15 OH or 02H2 Basic dihydrogen dioxid radicals.192 H20 Acidic constitutional water. (For acids)

H2S04 = Os8 • H�O = .1347 192.193 HO or Ha02 Acidic dihydrogen dioxid

This distinction between basic and acidic water made nec­

essary by the existence of such compounds as the following :3 FeAs04.Fe(OH)s.6HaO ann 2 Fea(HAs04)s.9 H20

which, dualisticly written (;ontain all the same radicals andhence receive the same symbol unless a distinction is made

between acidic and basic constitutional water.

.4 THE CO:,_j:?·YIJ_:D IS 1:-\�)���,:�"_�' J� O�n:JY 7=-LE E ;:):.EGOHm EADICALSSubiivida dirGctJ�� Cor the �olecules of the radicals

in sequence.)Example:

H2S04 = OJS.H�O = .1347 1924 11

Trt"'l"l (('" r. )j\.. 0 0 \ .:.�' .......1 -4 2=

Syrn�:)O 1

1

Number of moleculesof the rarU cal

1234567891011

'1213141516171819202122

234567818283848586878818828838848858868878881Etc •

• 5 THE COMPOUND IS Jj'OfQJED OF OTHER THAN THE FOREGOING RADICALS( These other radicals to follow directly the 5, symbolized

aecnrding to the rules laid down in the BASIC table.)Example:

H2SOS +6H20 0sS. H20. 6H20 .147 145 134 11�0"'\

Code for the numeric symbolization 0

11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111086 509 820

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.