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The Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiating Background
and Controversies
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Overview 1. Background – How did we get here?
2. The TPP in the grand scheme of things
3. How is the TPP Different?
4. What are some of the controversies surrounding
5.Likely scenarios going forward
6. Broader implications for the global trading system
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Background – How did we get here?
* The TPP’s historical pedigree lies in an earlier set of negotiations between Chile, New Zealand and Singapore, known as the Pacific Three Closer Economic Partnership (P3 CEP), which took place across four rounds of talks between 2002 and 2005, before Brunei Darassalam joinned the talks, transforming them into the Trans-Pacific economic Partnership Agreement (TPSEP or P4) * Very few people outside of the original four contracting parties took much notice of the P4 until the United States announced it would begin negotiations to join the agreement, which it did on 22 September 2008. * Negotiations towards the conclusion of what we now understand as the Trans-Pacific Partnership have officially been going on since the first round of talks in Melbourne, which took place in March 2010. * 18 rounds of formal meetings, plus other meetings of chief negotiators and ministers, the last of which took place from 7 – 9 December 2013 in Singapore (simultaneously to the WTO Ministerial on Bali).
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The TPP in the grand scheme of things
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The TPP in the grand scheme of things
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The TPP in the grand scheme of things The TPP is perhaps best understood as a continuation of an ongoing process of concluding FTAs, led by the United States under its doctrine of "competitive liberalization”
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The TPP in the grand scheme of things And is one of many FTAs under consideration by the US
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The TPP in the grand scheme of things As early as the 1996 WTO Ministerial Declaration in Singapore, a number of the issues on the TPP agenda (and in other US-FTAs) were mentioned, and the possibility of their being the subject of multilateral trade disciplines was raised: Core labour standards; Trade and environment; Trade and investment Trade and competition policy
Other areas also now in the TPP were included in the Doha mandate but have progressed only very slowly or not at all during the course of the Doha Round: The relationship between trade rules and the obligations set forth in various MEAs (multilateral environmental agreements); Government procurement (transparency); Subsidies Liberalization of trade in services Market access (agriculture and non-agriculture)
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The TPP in the grand scheme of things Competitive Liberalization
2005 USTR Trade Policy Agenda and 2004 Annual Report: Four years ago, the Bush Administration initiated a new strategy: to pursue reinforcing trade initiatives globally, regionally, and bilaterally…By pursuing multiple free trade initiatives, the United States has created a ‘competition for liberalization’, launching new global trade negotiations, providing leverage to spur new negotiations and solve problems, and establishing models of success in areas such as intellectual property, e-commerce, enviroment and labor, and anti-corruption.
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The TPP in the grand scheme of things Pivot to Asia Two costly wars in the Middle East / South Asia that were winding down Global Financial Crisis which challenged the long-term viability of the US economic model and the international liberal order it has championed since WWII The perception of US decline and China’s rise with a competing economic model of state-led capitalism Obama administration devised the pivot to Asia in the form of: - Strengthening existing alliances with Japan, Korea, Australia, Philippines, Thailand. - Engaging with emerging powers in the region, most notably though the Strategic and Economic Dialogue with China, elevating engagement with India, and normalizing relations with Myanmar, appointing an Ambassador to ASEAN - Commercial diplomacy, such as hosting APEC, ratifying US- KORUS FTA, and launching the TPP negotiations
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How is the TPP Different? * The TPP is the most ambitious FTA to date in terms of the sheer volume of global GDP and international trade flows it seeks to cover. * The TPP is being touted as a “high-standard agreement” meaning “a landmark, 21st-century trade agreement, setting a new standard for global trade and incorporating next-generation issues” * The TPP negotiations are taking place across twenty-nine chapters and as part of a single undertaking. * So-called "key elements" including the notion of comprehensive market access, a fully regional agreement, cross-cutting issues (regulatory coherence, competiveness and business facilitation, small and medium sized enterprises, and development), new trade challenges (particularly rules on state owned enterprises); as well as, finally, the notion of a living agreement.
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How is the TPP Different? The approximately 25 negotiating groups that have reportedly been formed are focusing on achieving different legal texts and negotiating outcomes on, inter alia, the following areas: •Competition, •Cooperation and capacity building, cross-border services, •Customs, •E-commerce, Environment, •Financial services, Government procurement, •Intellectual property, investment, labor, Legal issues, •Market access for goods, Rules of origin, •Sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS), Technical barriers to trade (TBT), •Telecommunications, Temporary entry, •Textiles and apparel, and t •Trade remedies.
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How is the TPP Different? In terms of international treaty commitments in areas that have thus far eluded multilateral trade rules, the TPP seems to harbor the prospect of a new textual template that will set the tone in both the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership currently getting started between the EU and the US, as well as - further down the road - future trade and investment agreements. These “new” areas include the following: - Regulatory coherence, - State-owned enterprises, - Government procurement, - Competition, - Investment, - E-commerce, - Environment and - Labour.
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How is the TPP Different? In areas that have long been part or were recently brought within the purview of multilateral trade rules, the TPP seems to promise more far-reaching commitments with regard to contracting parties‘ policy space and regulatory autonomy, particularly in policy areas such as:
Export taxes and restrictions,
Subsidies,
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures,
Technical barriers to trade,
Trade in services,
Intellectual property rights.
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What are some of the controversies surrounding the TPP? Probably the biggest controversy surrounding the TPP is the unprecedented secrecy it is being negotiated under.
In bilateral FTA negotiations, there’s usually a great deal of secrecy surrounding negotiating texts.
But in the WTO, the negotiating texts are circulated to all 159 Members, so that they inevitably make it into the public domain sooner rather than later.
In the TPP, which in terms of its scale covers about 40% of global GDP, the secrecy that these talks have been conducted under has been
criticized by all elements of the political spectrum.
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What are some of the controversies
surrounding the TPP? Other areas that have drawn criticism from various sources include the following: Intellectual property where proposals put forward by the US seem to favor established players that long ago managed to capture USTR such as Big Pharma, and Big Hollywood.
State-owned enterprises and government procurement where some elements of civil society feel that proposed rules would curtail the ability of public entities to provide essential services in areas like medical care, education.
Investor-state dispute settlement in the investment chapter
Carve outs with regard to certain areas (investment, IP) on health policy grounds
The lack of binding rules on currency manipulation
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Likely scenarios going forward
• The December 2013 deadline for completing the negotiations has been missed, what now?
• US President first needs to obtain Fast track Negotiating Authority which could be complicated by up-coming congressional mid-term elections
• Applications from additional countries (e.g.South Korea) to join could slow progress even more
• US presidential legacy shopping likely to kick in seriously after the Congressional Mid-Terms which could see a more focused drive by the Obama Administration.
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Broader implications for the global trading system Is this just a China-containment strategy or is there more to this than that?
The implications of a new set of treaty templates (TPP and TTIP) that would then be capable of being multilateralized at the WTO
Relationship between RCEP and TPP (competing or complementary visions of a new trade architecture for the region)
Can other big economies in the Asia-Pac region afford to stay out of the TPP?
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Findings and Conclusions The TPP talks are likely to be concluded this year or the next, certainly in time for
President Obama to ratify the agreement before the end of his term in 2016
The agreement that ultimately results will establish rules that sooner or later all countries, developing and developed will have to follow in one form or another
Countries like Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines will have to join the TPP at some point, and are probably not doing themselves any favours by waiting too long.
China will also have to join the TPP at some point, after which there would be little point to not multilateralizing many of the Agreement’s rules at the WTO (especially if the EU is conducting much of its trade according to similar rules).
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