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The Ubiquitin Proteosome Pathway The Ubiquitin Proteosome Pathway Swati Pradhan Mayura Dange Vidyadhar Daithankar Slide 2 Overview Background Protein misfolding & degradation Ubiquitin & proteosome structure Ubiquitin Proteosome Pathway Mechanism Structures of enzymes involved in pathway Pathogenic implication of defective pathway Biological functions of pathway Diseases & drug development Slide 3 The Central Dogma Slide 4 Translational Folding of a Protein Slide 5 Chaperone Mediated Protein Folding & Misfolding Slide 6 Post-Translational Modification Acetylation Acetylation Glycosylation Glycosylation Phosphorylation Phosphorylation Ubiquitination Ubiquitination http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmdbooks&doptcmdl/Figure+6-79 Slide 7 Degradation of Misfolded Proteins Lysosomal (extracellular) protein degradation Lysosomal (extracellular) protein degradation Protein degraded by lysosomal enzymes Cytosolic (intracellular) protein degradation Cytosolic (intracellular) protein degradation The Ubiquitin Proteosome pathway Slide 8 Lysosomal degradation Proteins delivered via endocytosis Proteins delivered via endocytosis Lysosomes Lysosomes The cellular dust- bins Contain many hydrolytic enzymes Proteases Proteases Lipases Lipases Glycosidases Glycosidases Slide 9 Cytosolic protein degradation The Ubiquitin Proteosome Pathway The Ubiquitin Proteosome Pathway www.ihf.de/forschung/ popup/ubiquitin.html Slide 10 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry The discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation The discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Aaron Ciechanover Avram Hershko Irwin Rose Cells give a chemical "kiss of death" to proteins that need to be destroyed. Cells give a chemical "kiss of death" to proteins that need to be destroyed. Slide 11 Targeting by Ubiquitin Despite help from chaperones, more than 80% fold incorrectly Despite help from chaperones, more than 80% fold incorrectly Proteins are dislocated back into the cytosol Proteins are dislocated back into the cytosol Oligosaccharides are removed Deglycosylation is catalyzed by N-glycanase One third of the newly made polypeptide chains are selected for degradation One third of the newly made polypeptide chains are selected for degradation Slide 12 The Export of Misfolded Proteins Slide 13 Ubiquitin 76 amino acids, 8.5 kDa protein 76 amino acids, 8.5 kDa protein Heat stable Heat stable Folds into a compact globular structure Folds into a compact globular structure Found throughout the cell Found throughout the cell Found in all eukaryotic cells Found in all eukaryotic cells Human and yeast ubiquitin share 96% sequence identity Human and yeast ubiquitin share 96% sequence identity Involved in many cellular processes Involved in many cellular processes http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Users/sgj/thesis/html/node93.html Slide 14 The Proteosome Professional protein degrading organelles Professional protein degrading organelles An abundant ATP- dependent protease An abundant ATP- dependent protease Constitutes nearly 1% of cellular protein Constitutes nearly 1% of cellular protein Present in many copies throughout the cytosol and the nucleus Present in many copies throughout the cytosol and the nucleus Consists of a central hollow cylinder (20S) Consists of a central hollow cylinder (20S) Ends of the cylinder are associated with the 19S cap Ends of the cylinder are associated with the 19S cap http://walz.med.harvard.edu/Proteasome_Complexes/ Slide 15 The Structure of 20S Proteasome http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer.figgrp.3206 Slide 16 Types of Ubiquitination Mono-ubiquitination Mono-ubiquitination Transcription, histone function, endocytosis and membrane trafficking Lys48, Lys11 or Lys29 linked poly ubiquitination Lys48, Lys11 or Lys29 linked poly ubiquitination Target proteins to the proteasome Lys63 linked poly ubiquitination Lys63 linked poly ubiquitination Signaling, DNA repair, stress response, endocytosis and signal transduction Slide 17 UBIQUITIN PATHWAY Slide 18 Covalent Attachment of multiple ubiquitin molecules Covalent Attachment of multiple ubiquitin molecules Degradation of the tagged protein Degradation of the tagged protein 3 Enzymes : Ub Activating enzyme E1 3 Enzymes : Ub Activating enzyme E1 Ub Conjugating enzyme E2 Ub Conjugating enzyme E2 Ub Ligases E3 Ub Ligases E3 UBIQUITIN PATHWAY Slide 19 Hierarchical structure Several E2 transfer Ub from E1 to E3 to which substrate protein is bound Several E2 transfer Ub from E1 to E3 to which substrate protein is bound E3s catalyze covalent attachment to the substrate and recognize the substrate E3s catalyze covalent attachment to the substrate and recognize the substrate Slide 20 Ubiquitin Pathway Slide 21 Ubiquitin Activating Enzyme E1 Adenylation Adenylation Thio-ester bond formation Thio-ester bond formation E2 association E2 association Slide 22 Mechanism E1 activates C-terminus of Ub by forming acyl -adenylate intermediate E1 activates C-terminus of Ub by forming acyl -adenylate intermediate Catalytic Cys residue forms thioester bond with Ub Catalytic Cys residue forms thioester bond with Ub Another Ub is adenylated Another Ub is adenylated Transfer of Ub to E2 forming a thioester bond Transfer of Ub to E2 forming a thioester bond Slide 23 Ubiquitin Conjugating enzyme E2 Carries activated Ub from E1 to the substrate Carries activated Ub from E1 to the substrate Cys residue positioned in a shallow groove Cys residue positioned in a shallow groove Relatively inflexible structure Relatively inflexible structure Conserved Asn may be required for H- bond network OR plays a catalytic role in isopeptide bond formation Conserved Asn may be required for H- bond network OR plays a catalytic role in isopeptide bond formation Slide 24 Ub Ligases E3 Final target selection and specificity Final target selection and specificity Place activated Ub near Lys of substrate Place activated Ub near Lys of substrate Isopeptide formation of Gly of Ub with the NH 2 Lys or to the N-terminal residue of the substrate Isopeptide formation of Gly of Ub with the NH 2 Lys or to the N-terminal residue of the substrate Slide 25 Categories of E3 Ligases HECT domain: Homologous to E6-AP C terminus HECT domain: Homologous to E6-AP C terminus RING domain: Really Interesting New Gene RING domain: Really Interesting New Gene Slide 26 Conserved 350 amino acids Conserved 350 amino acids Catalytic contribution Catalytic contribution Forms thiol ester bond with Ub before transferring it to the substrate Forms thiol ester bond with Ub before transferring it to the substrate N lobe and C- lobe form L or inverted T shape N lobe and C- lobe form L or inverted T shape Flexibility of hinge loop is required for catalytic activity Flexibility of hinge loop is required for catalytic activity C lobe accepts Ub form E2 and transfers it to the substrate C lobe accepts Ub form E2 and transfers it to the substrate Sequential addition / Indexation Sequential addition / Indexation HECT Ub Ligases E3 Slide 27 L shaped E2/E3 complex Slide 28 15 th most common domain in Human genome 15 th most common domain in Human genome Conserved Cys and His Zn 2+ co-ordinating residues Conserved Cys and His Zn 2+ co-ordinating residues Interact directly with E2s Interact directly with E2s Allosterically activate E2 enzymes Acts as molecular scaffold Brings Ub-E2 and substrate closer Increase # Lys in the vicinity of E2 RING Ub Ligases E3 Slide 29 Polyubiquitination Poly Ub chain synthesized by adding Ub moieties to Lys of the previous Ub Poly Ub chain synthesized by adding Ub moieties to Lys of the previous Ub Another enzyme E4 may be catalyzing this step Another enzyme E4 may be catalyzing this step Slide 30 Deubiquitination Thiol proteases Thiol proteases Ubiquitin processing (UBP) enzymes Ubiquitin processing (UBP) enzymes Removes Ub from polyubiquinated proteins Ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolases (UBH) Ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolases (UBH) Regenerates monomeric Ub Slide 31 Pathological implication of defective ubiquitin-proteosome pathway Slide 32 Ubiquitin proteasome pathway is ubiquitous & targets many processes and substrates. Several complex processes are mediated via degradation or processing of specific proteins. Aberrations in these systems associates with pathogenic conditions either directly or indirectly. Slide 33 Biological function of Ubiquitin Proteosome pathway Slide 34 Consequences of Defects in Ubiquitination Slide 35 Pathological Conditions Associated with Ubiquitin Proteosome Pathway Malignancies Neurodegenerative disorders Genetic disease Cystic fibrosis, Angelmans syndrome & Liddles syndrome Immune and inflammatory responses Slide 36 Malignancies Oncoproteins like NMyc, c-Myc, c-Fos, are substrates of U-P pathway. Destabilization of tumor suppressor genes like p53 and p27. Extremely low levels of p53 in uterine cervical carcinoma. Prostate, Colorectal and breast cancer: Tumor suppressor protein p27 is CDK inhibitor of the cell cycle. Healthy individuals have high levels of p27. Mitogenic stimuli rapidly degrades the protein. Cancer patients has low levels of p27 in quiescent cells. Defects in ubiquitin system accelerates degradation of suppressor. Strong correlation of low levels of p27 and aggressiveness of cancer. Slide 37 Cell Cycle Regulators and Cancer Defect in ubiquitin pathway ( Skp2) Degradation of P27 Skp2 Polyubiquitination Slide 38 Neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease Huntingtons disease Spinocerebellar ataxias Spinobulbar muscular dystrophy (Kennedys syndrome) Formation of inclusion bodies (Ref: http://w3.dbb.su.se/~oliveberg/images/bildstrat1.jpg) Slide 39 Accumulation of ubiquitin may be secondary reflecting unsuccessful attempts of ubiquitination. Abnormal protein associate with each other forming aggregates. Hypothesis: Aggregated proteins inhibit ubiquitin proteosome pathway. ( Ref: http://www.neurodegeneration.uni-goettingen.de/index.html?/en/p311.html) Parkinsons disease and Lewy Bodies Slide 40 Liddles Syndrome Hereditary form of hypertension. Caused due to deletion of proline rich (PY) region in the and subunits of epithelial Na + channel (hENaC). HECT domain of E3 binds to PY motif of hENaC. Mutation in PY motif leads to stabilization of channel complex and E3 ligase cannot bind to PY motif. Increased expression of hENaC channel causing excessive reabsorption of sodium and water. Stabilization of channel Slide 41 Angleman syndrome Ubiquitin system is considered to be involved in brain development. Defective synthesis of gene coding for E3 ligase E6-AP Characteristic symptoms involve mental retardation, seizures, out of context frequent smiling and laughter. Brain proteins that could be stabilized by mutation have not been identified. Cystic fibrosis Gene codes for a protein, CFTR, which is chloride ion channel. Small fraction of protein matures to the cell surface. Mutation in protein F508, CFTR F508 doesn't reach the cell surface. Ubiquitination degrades mutant CFTR F508, resulting in complete lack of cell surface expression. Slide 42 Immune and inflammatory responses Ubiqutin proteosome pathway is involved in processing of antigenic proteins. Epitopes are presented on class I MHC molecule generating T cell immune response. Ubiquitin proteosome pathway Native protein Foreign protein CLASS I MHC molecule No immune response Immune response Slide 43 Drug Development for Ubiquitin Dysfunction Inhibition of enzymes common to entire pathway would target the process non- specifically. Narrow window between benefits and toxicity needs to be identified. Develop completely specific E3 ligase inhibitors that would affect the pathways of interests. Better approach would be development of small molecules that would be specific for substrates. Slide 44 Conclusions Ubiquitylation plays a fundamental role of protein degradation at cellular level. (Levels of proteins in nucleus, cytoplasm, ER lumen and transmembrane protein are kept in check by ubiquitin proteosome pathway.) Ubiquitylation is highly complex, temporally controlled and tightly regulated process. Enzymologically Ubiquitination is more complex pathway compared to other post translational modification. Mechanism of catalysis by E3 ligase still remains unclear. Elucidation of complete catalytic mechanism of ubiquitylation will provide considerable insight on cellular functions. Slide 45 Questions Slide 46 extra Slide 47 Extra www.mekentosj.com/ubiquitin/proteasome.html Slide 48 Extra (The Central Dogma)