The United States Expanded from the Atlantic to the Pacific

in 50 years (1803-1853).

Manifest Destiny: America’s Expansion

West

Manifest DestinyA belief shared by many Americans in the mid 1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.Many believed that the United States mission was to spread freedom by occupying the entire continent.President Polk believed it was our manifest destiny, or “obvious fate” to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean in order to spread democracy.

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How does this painting capture the idea of Manifest Destiny?

America in the 1820s

Factors That Contributed to the Settlement of the West

1. Manifest Destiny2. Gold Discovered in California

3. Homestead Act of 1862 (gave 160 free acres of land to any settler

who paid a filing fee and lived on the land for 5 years)

4. Transcontinental Railroad5. The American Dream

8

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1776

•Great Britain

•US declared independence from Great Britain.

A - 13 Original Colonies

9

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1783

•Great Britain

•Part of Treaty of Paris (ended Revolutionary War)

B

B - Western Lands

10

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1803

•France

•Napoleon needed $

•Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans.

•He got all of this instead!

B

C - Louisiana Purchase

C

11

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1819

•Spain

•Andrew Jackson invaded

•Spain then sold it to us for $5 million

B

D - Florida

D

C

12

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1845

•Republic of Texas (Independent Country)

•Texas independent from Mexico in 1836

•Gained independence to become part of US

B

E - Texas

D

C

E

13

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1846

•Great Britain

•Claimed by four countries (Britain, Russia, Spain, & US)

•Americans demanded “54° 40’ or fight!”

•Britain compromised 49° & US accepted.

B

F - Oregon Territory

D

C

E

F

14

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

How?

•1848

•Mexico

•Polk offers to buy G from Mexico & they refuse.

•War!

•US wins

•In Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, US offers $15 million for G.

B

G - Mexican Cession

D

C

E

F

G

Mr. Manifest Destiny•James K. Polk:

•Elected President in 1844

•Added more territory to the US than any other President

•Died 103 days after his only term ended

16

Thinking Question

Why weren’t Americans happy with the size of their country at this point in their history?

Louisiana Purchase: 1803

Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million.

Jefferson wanted to make sure the U.S. had control of the Port of New Orleans and the Mississippi River.

The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.

The U.S. stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains.

The Louisiana Purchase

What was important about the Mississippi River and New Orleans?

The Louisiana Purchase

Farmers relied on the Mississippi to get crops to the market.

In New Orleans, crops were loaded on to ships bound for Europe or the East

Coast.

The Louisiana Purchase

What were Napoleon’s plans for Louisiana?

How were they ruined?

The Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon planned to settle the territory with French farmers who could raise food for slaves in France’s Caribbean

sugar plantations.Toussaint L’Ouverture led a slave revolt in

Haiti.

The Louisiana Purchase

Name 3 Reasons Napoleon was willing to sell the Louisiana

territory to America.

The Louisiana Purchase

After losing control of Haiti, Napoleon no longer had plans for the area.

Napoleon was planning war with Britain and needed money to finance the war.

Napoleon wanted to avoid Britain gaining any claim to the territory in the event France lost the war.

The United States signed the Convention of 1818 with Great Britain in order to settle some issues left open by the Treaty of Ghent, which four years earlier had ended the War of 1812. The new treaty stated that Britain and the United States would jointly occupy Oregon Territory (an arrangement that lasted until 1846), and clarified the northern border of the Louisiana Purchase. The land acquired by the United States in the treaty, known as the Red River Basin, would ultimately become part of the states of Minnesota and North Dakota.

Red River Basin (1818)

Florida: 1819The U.S. wanted to take Florida from Spain because of attacks by Seminole Indians and runaway slaves in Georgia.

In 1819, President Monroe sent General Andrew Jackson to Florida to help protect the U.S. border.

Jackson invaded Florida and overthrew the governor of Florida. He had no direct orders from President Monroe.

Spain gave Florida to the U.S. in exchange for $5 million and control of Texas. These agreements are known as the Adams-Onis Treaty.

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Election of 1824From 1816 to 1824, the United States only had one political party, the Jeffersonian Republicans.Four candidates from the Republican Party competed for presidency.

William H. Crawford, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and John Quincy Adams

Their opinions differed on the role of the federal government.Although Jackson received the popular vote, no candidate received a majority and the vote went to the House to decide.

Adam’s was elected President with Clay’s help, and Clay was immediately named secretary of state.

• Many of Jackson’s followers called this a “corrupt bargain.”

Election of 1828By the election of 1828, the party had divided into two separate parties: the Democratic-Republicans (Jackson) and the National Republicans (Adams).

DR = states’ rights and mistrusted strong central governmentNR = wanted strong central government

Mudslinging, slogans, rallies, buttons, and event barbeques became apart of campaign life during this election.Jackson won the election in a landslide.

56% of the popular vote and 178 electoral votes

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Jackson as President

Jackson was everything most Americans admired, a patriot, a self-made man, and a war hero.Like many of his supporters, he was born in a log cabin.His parents were poor farmers who died before he was 15.As a teenager, he fought with the patriots in the American Revolution.

Jackson as President

Before he was 30, he was elected to Congress from Tennessee.He gained fame during the War of 1812.

Nicknamed “Old Hickory” because he was as tough as a hickory stick.

Started the spoils systemFiring people holding government jobs and filling them with his supporters

Promised more equality to the citizens.

No longer needed to own property to vote.

Jackson and the Nullification Crisis

• Southerners very unhappy about the tariffs being put on imported goods, began to protest (South Carolina).• Vice-President John C. Calhoun argued states had the right to

nullify, or cancel, a federal law it considered against state interest.• Some southerners even spoke of succession if the tariff was not

abolished.• To southern surprise, Jackson was not supportive of their demands.

• “Our federal union…must be preserved.”• To ease the crisis, Jackson supported a compromise bill that would

gradually lower the tariff over several years. • To make sure the south would accept the compromise, Jackson

persuaded Congress to pass the Force Bill, which allowed the President to use the United States military to enforce acts of Congress.

• South Carolina accepted the new tariff, but voted to nullify the Force Bill.

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JACKSON’S INDIAN REMOVAL IN THE UNITED STATES

As the population grew, the colonists

pushed farther west into the

territories occupied by the

American Indians.

Inevitably, this movement led to clashes over land.

By the time Andrew Jackson became President in 1829, the native population east

of the Mississippi River had dwindled to 125,000.

In contrast, the non-Indians population had risen to 13 million.

Jackson saw Indian Removal as an opportunity to

provide for the needs of the white

farmers and businessmen. He also claimed that removal was also

in the best interest of the Indians. Why?

Jackson to the Indians:

“Where you now are, you and my white children are too near to each other to live

in harmony and peace. Your game is gone, and many of your people will not work and

till the earth. . . The land beyond the Mississippi belongs to the President and no one else, and he will give it to you forever.”

How did the Five Civilized Tribes try to

avoid removal?

1. Adopted farming life style

2. Began to receive formal education

3. Had own written language

4. Established their own newspaper (Cherokee Phoenix) 

5.  Adopted white man’s idea of black slavery & established plantations

How did Georgia begin the removal process of the Cherokee and the other

members of the Five Civilized Tribes within its border?

In an agreement with the federal government, the state of Georgia gave up claims to large tracts of

western land in exchange for the federal government negotiating treaties for Indian removal.

Throughout the late 1820s, legal conflict over ownership of Cherokee lands led the

issue to the halls of the U.S. Supreme Court.

How do you think the Supreme Court decided?

Why?

The Supreme Court and Chief

Justice John Marshall ruled the Cherokee

could keep their lands because of

earlier federal treaties.

Furthermore, the court ruled the treaty was an agreement between

two nations and couldn’t be overruled by Georgia.

What do you think President Jackson and the

Georgia did next?

Georgia ignored the court’s ruling. President Jackson refused to enforce the ruling. He

remarked, “Well, John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”.

As part of the Indian Removal

Act of 1830, federal agents misled tribal leaders into

signing removal treaties with the

government.

In 1838, the Georgia militia was ordered to force the Cherokee out of Georgia.

17,000 Cherokees were brutally rounded up and marched to Indian

territory in Oklahoma.

As many as 4,000 died along the “Trail of Tears”.

“I fought through the Civil War and have seen men shot to pieces and slaughtered by the thousands, but the Cherokee removal was the cruelest work I ever knew.”

Georgia Soldier involved in removal process

Alexander, Jobe May 3, 1938

I am a full blood Cherokee Indian born in Going-Lake District, Indian Territory, Cherokee Nation, March 10, 1854, and raised there. My father, Dun-Ev-Nall Alexander was born in Georgia and was driven West during the immigration. All the Indians

were gathered up or rounded up by Federal soldiers and put in pens and guarded until ready for the move; they were

gathered up by the "Clans" and left their gardens and crops, and some of the old homes of the Cherokee are still standing in

Georgia. The last group that was rounded up revolted; the leader gave the signal to revolt and all turned on the guards and took their guns away and murdered the guards and they made for hide aways in the mountains. That is why the Indians are back in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. They never were

found or hunted much.

Life story of her grandfather, Washington Lee, Cherokee Indian

In 1838, my grandfather, Washington Lee, came to the Territory and stopped at Westville. He was driven from his home in Georgia over the Trail of Tears with all the other Cherokee Indians and while on the trail

somewhere he lost his father and mother and sister, and never saw them any more. He did not know whether they died or got lost.

The Cherokees had to walk; all the old people who were too weak to walk could ride in the Government wagons that hauled the food and the

blankets which they allowed to have. The food was most always cornbread or roasted green corn. Some times the men who had charge of

the Indians would kill a buffalo and would let the Indians cut some of it and roast it.

The food on the Trail of Tears was very bad and very scarce and the Indians would go for two of three days without water, which they would

get just when they came to a creek or river as there were no wells to get water from. There were no roads to travel over, as the country was just a wilderness. The men and women would go ahead of the wagons and cut

the timber out of the way with axes. This trail started in Georgia and went across Kentucky, Tennessee and

through Missouri into the Territory and ended at Westville, where old Fort Payne was. Old Fort Wayne was built to shelter the Indians until some

houses could be built.

Presidencies After Jackson

8th President = Martin Van Buren9th President = William Henry Harrison10th President = John Tyler

Texas: 1830sIn 1821, Texas was a part of Mexico.Stephen Austin was an empresario = agent to bring settlers to Texas.Stephen Austin brought the first 300 families to Texas - known as the Old Three Hundred.By 1830, 25,000 Americans were living in Texas. They were required to become Mexican citizens, learn Spanish, and become Catholic.The Americans had to follow Mexican law.Americans in Texas far outnumbered any other settlers to the area and were not accepting Mexican ways.When Americans complained, Mexico closed Texas to further American immigration and made trading with the United States more difficult to the settlers of Texas.These new policies angered the Texans.

Stephen Austin

Why Were Texans Upset With Mexico?

Didn’t like having to adapt to the Mexican way of doing thingsDidn’t like having to follow Mexican lawsDidn’t want to have to speak Spanish or use Spanish even for official government businessTexans were very upset when Mexico outlawed slavery.Mexico stationed troops in Texas to enforce laws and make Texans pay taxes.

Texas Revolution: 1835-36

After Mexico closed Texas to Americans, Stephen Austin went to negotiate with the Mexican leader, Antonio López de Santa Anna.Austin wanted Mexico to remove the ban on American Settlers and to make Texas a separate state.Santa Anna agreed to the first request, but refused the second.Austin was jailed for writing a letter to the Texans telling them make plans for independence, and the Texans revolted.In February 23- March 6, 1836, Mexico attacked the Texans at the Alamo. This 13-day siege resulted in the killing of all the Americans (except some women, children and slaves).In April, the Mexican army massacred the Texan rebels at Goliad. They were commanded by Sam Houston.After the Alamo and Goliad, Sam Houston surprise attacked Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. “Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!” Santa Anna signed a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas. Texas won its independence.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Texas Statehood: 1845

Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty giving Texas its independence.

Texas became an independent nation in 1836 called the Lone Star Republic.

Sam Houston became President.

Annexation of Texas was delayed:Worry that adding Texas as a slave state would upset the balance between free and slave statesFear that annexing Texas would lead to war with Mexico

Texas joined the U.S. and became the 28th state in 1845 under President James K. Polk.

Sam Houston

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Election of 1844The claim to Oregon became a significant issue in this election.The election was between Democratic Party’s James K. Polk and Whig Party Henry Clay.

Polk supported American claims for sole ownership of Oregon.Clay did not take a strong position on the Oregon issue.

James K. Polk wins the Presidential election.

Oregon Country: 1846

In 1820, both the U.S. and Britain claimed to own Oregon Country.

In the 1830s and 1840s, thousands of American pioneers were going west to settle in Oregon Country.

President Polk wanted all of Oregon to the fifty-four fifty parallel. The American people cried, “Fifty-four forty or fight.”

Neither Polk nor Britain wanted war.

Britain and the U.S. compromised. They split Oregon in half at the 49th parallel. The U.S. got the southern half. This was known as the Oregon Treaty.

The Oregon TrailDue to economic reasons, such as the panic of 1837, tens of thousands of people began what was known as the “great migration” to Oregon.The 2,000 mile journey they traveled is today known as the Oregon Trail.It was the most practical route to the west.

The Oregon Trail

The journey lasted five or six months.

The trail crosses difficult terrain.

1 in 10 died along the trail due to disease, overwork, hunger, or accidents.

The Oregon Trail came to an end with the building of the transcontinental railroad.

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War with Mexico: 1846-48

President Polk wanted to expand the U.S. territory clear to the Pacific Ocean.

This would give the U.S. clear trade with china and Japan and would be an excellent border.

He offered to buy California and New Mexico territories from Mexico for $30 million and take over the debt that Mexico owed to American citizens. Mexico refused.After the U.S. annexed Texas in 1845, Mexico and the U.S. disagreed on the Texas border

The U.S. claimed the Rio Grande River.Mexico claimed the Nueces River.

The U.S. sent troops to patrol the border.Conflict broke out and the Mexican army killed U.S. troops on “disputed land.”Polk declared war, claiming Mexico spilled American blood on American land.

War with Mexico: 1846-48

The U.S. Army had better weapons and equipment, but it was greatly outnumbered by the Mexican forces and was poorly prepared.

The U.S. took New Mexico territory without a fight and claimed the territory.

Zachary Taylor defeats Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista.

U.S. troops under Winfred Scott (“old fuss and feathers”) capture Mexico City.

This led to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war.

Battle of Buena Vista

Bear Flag Revolt: 1846

Small group of American settlers seized the town of Sonoma.

Americans declared California an independent nation and made a grizzly bear flag.

John C. Fremont was leading a mapping expedition in the Sierra Nevadas. He joined the American settlers in their revolt against the Californios.

Shortly after, U.S. naval forces came ashore in California and raised the stars and stripes. They claimed California for the United States.

Mexican Cession: 1848

In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico gave the U.S. the territories of California, Nevada and Utah, most of Arizona and New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

The US also claimed Texas north of the Rio Grande.

The U.S. paid $15 million for the territory.

Today this is the American southwest.

Mexican Cession increased the size of the US by 25%

2 million square miles

Gadsden Purchase: 1853

After the war with Mexico, Americans wanted to guarantee that any southern railroad to California would be built completely on American soil.

US paid $10 million for the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico.

The existing boundary between the U.S. and Mexico was fixed.

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California Gold Rush 1849

• California Gold Rush• Soon after the War with Mexico was over,

gold was discovered in California.• This caused a HUGE boom!• Thousands and thousands of people flocked

to California to seek their own buried treasure.

• Most were young, single men… not many women made the trek at first.

• Many people gave up everything (homes, families, etc.) for a shot at California gold.

California Gold Rush: 1849

Gold was found in Sutter’s Mill in 1848.

In 1849, about 80,000 gold seekers, known as forty-niners, came to California hoping to strike it rich.

Panning for gold was the simplest method.

A miner fills a pan with dirt. He then puts the pan under water and shakes it until any gold settles on the bottom.

Sutter’s Mill

California Gold Rush: 1849

Mining camps sprung up whenever enough people gathered to look for gold.

At the mining camps, many people prospected (searched for gold). Others ran businesses that catered to the miners - laundry, food, innkeepers, legal services, supplies. There were very few women.

Famine and economic hardship in China brought many Chinese to California. However, they faced discrimination and a high tax on foreign miners.

Impact of Gold Rush• The arrival of 49ers created a

population boom.

• Immigration increased diversity of population.

• California became a state in 1 year.

• Growth of new businesses and industry transformed California’s economy.

– Gold mining was important, but farming and ranching grew.

Discrimination of Californios and Native Americans.

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West We Go!• Social (people, families, immigrants, natives, etc.)

• Go West Young Man!!!• Americans with big dreams of clean water and air,

owning their own farms, and making a good life for their families began moving into the frontier land claimed by Mexico and Great Britain.

• Oregon Trail•Went from Independence Missouri to the Oregon

Territory.•Trail was very dangerous so people formed wagon

trails for protection.•People began spreading huge ‘tall tales’ about

Oregon (sun always shone, wheat grew as tall as men, life was easy).

1. What do you think it was like on the Oregon Trail? 2. Which trail do you think would have been better? The Oregon

Trail or the Santa Fe Trail? Why?

The Railroad Boom

• In 1865, America had 50,000 miles of railroad, primarily in the Northern states.

• No railroads went West.• America experienced a tremendous

railroad boom after the Civil War.• Over 150,000 miles of track was

built between 1865-1895.

Transcontinental Railroad

• The 1st Transcontinental Railroad was started in 1869.

• Gov. granted over 200 million acres of land for the project and offered low interest rate loans.

• It ran from Sacramento, California to Omaha, Nebraska.

• Union Pacific RR began laying track Westward out of Omaha.

• Central Pacific RR began laying track Eastward out of Sacramento.

The Golden Spike

• On May 10th, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, the “Golden Spike’ was driven into the ground uniting both the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads

• 1st railroad line connecting the East to the West

• Travel time about 4-5 days from NY to California

• Considered one of the greatest architectural achievements in American History

• Nothing could stop Manifest Destiny

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Technological Improvements

• RR track was standardized – width of steel rail, and width from rail to rail.

• National signals are established.• George Westinghouse developed air

brakes.• 1883, A National time and Time Zones

are established.– For scheduling, everyone was on the same

time.

The Railroad’s Impact

• Transportation of people and goods was quicker and cheaper.

• New era of interstate trade and commerce– 1865 – it cost $3.45 to ship a barrel of flour from

NY to Chicago– 1890 it costs .68 cents

• New jobs – Irish/Chinese• Westward Expansion –

Safer/Quicker/Cheaper• Native American wars and removal