The“VirtuousRepublic”

The“VirtuousRepublic”

Classical view of

a model republic

Classical view of

a model republic

“City on a hill”

[John W

inthrop]

“City on a hill”

[John W

inthrop]

Ideal citizen

[Cincinnatus]

Ideal citizen

[Cincinnatus]

1. Govt. gets its authority from the citizens.

2. A selfless, educated citizenry.

3. Elections should be frequent.

4. Govt. should guarantee individual rights & freedoms.

5. Govt.’s power should be limited [checks & balances].

6. The need for a written Constitution.

7. “E Pluribus Unum.” [“Out of many, one”]

8. An important role for women raise good, virtuous citizens.[“Republican Womanhood”].

Enlightenment

Thinking

Enlightenment

Thinking

Social Revolution?Social Revolution?

• Some did not even know it was happeningSome did not even know it was happening• Mass exodus of conservative loyalists weakened Mass exodus of conservative loyalists weakened

aristocratic upper crust allowing for more patriotic aristocratic upper crust allowing for more patriotic elites to emergeelites to emerge

• Trade organizations for artisans and laborers; “Mr” Trade organizations for artisans and laborers; “Mr” and “Mrs”and “Mrs”

• Anglican church emerges as Protestant EpiscopalianAnglican church emerges as Protestant Episcopalian• Separation of Church and State: 1786 Thomas Separation of Church and State: 1786 Thomas

Jefferson’s Jefferson’s Virginia Statute for Religious FreedomVirginia Statute for Religious Freedom• Philadelphia Quakers estb. antislavery societyPhiladelphia Quakers estb. antislavery society• Why not free slaves now? Political expediency Why not free slaves now? Political expediency

overcame idealismovercame idealism• Women? NJ allowed vote but took it back. Instead Women? NJ allowed vote but took it back. Instead

“republican motherhood”“republican motherhood”

The Key ConceptsThe Key Concepts

• The Articles of Confederation (AOC) were The Articles of Confederation (AOC) were unable to address the economic and political unable to address the economic and political problems facing the new nationproblems facing the new nation

• The Constitution was completed only The Constitution was completed only because the delegates to the Constitutional because the delegates to the Constitutional Convention were able to reach a number of Convention were able to reach a number of major compromisesmajor compromises

• Opposition to ratification of the Constitution Opposition to ratification of the Constitution came from anti-federalists, who feared a came from anti-federalists, who feared a strong central gov’tstrong central gov’t

• Promise of a bill of rights was important to Promise of a bill of rights was important to ratification of the Constitutionratification of the Constitution

How Do You Create A New How Do You Create A New Gov’t?Gov’t?

• Power where? In the states? In central Power where? In the states? In central gov’t?gov’t?

• Who has the most power? States? Nat’l Who has the most power? States? Nat’l gov’t?gov’t?

• Who has what responsibilities?Who has what responsibilities?• Warning! We are already fighting a Warning! We are already fighting a

tyrannical gov’t tyrannical gov’t abusingabusing our rights - we our rights - we have to be have to be so so careful as to who has what careful as to who has what power.power.

• But then, you can’t really function w/out But then, you can’t really function w/out some central gov’t having power…some central gov’t having power…

How Will This New Gov’t How Will This New Gov’t Look?Look?

Bicameral or unicameral?Bicameral or unicameral?

How will representation be How will representation be apportioned?apportioned?

Will larger states with larger population Will larger states with larger population have larger representation than smaller have larger representation than smaller states?states?

Will larger states pay more in taxes?Will larger states pay more in taxes?

How Will This Work?How Will This Work?

• Some issues will be solved in Some issues will be solved in AOCAOC

• Some issued will be solved with Some issued will be solved with Constitution…Constitution…butbut

• Some issues will require a civil Some issues will require a civil war to determine the relationship war to determine the relationship b/w states and federal gov’tb/w states and federal gov’t

What Is The Biggest Deal of What Is The Biggest Deal of the AOC?the AOC?

• Who controls western lands!Who controls western lands!• Jurisdiction should be fed. Gov’t jobJurisdiction should be fed. Gov’t job• But boundary lines not delineated; But boundary lines not delineated;

some states both claim same land!some states both claim same land!• Some states claim land to the Pacific!Some states claim land to the Pacific!• Only when Va and NY compromise Only when Va and NY compromise

by relinquishing their claims was the by relinquishing their claims was the new gov’t as found in the AOC new gov’t as found in the AOC ratified in March 1781ratified in March 1781

State Claims to Western State Claims to Western LandsLands

Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

*not collection of laws,*not collection of laws, customs ascustoms as in Britain but consciously in Britain but consciously

constructed constructed contractscontracts

A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

13 out of 13 to amend.

Representatives were frequently absent.

Could not tax or raise armies.

No executive or judicial branches.

State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsRepublicanism.

Most had strong governors with veto power.

Most had bicameral legislatures.

Property required for voting.

Some had universal white male suffrage.

Most had bills of rights.

Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

Occupational Composition of Occupational Composition of Several State AssembliesSeveral State Assemblies

in the 1780sin the 1780s

Serious Economic ConcernsSerious Economic Concerns• Infant manufacturing sector adversely affected by Infant manufacturing sector adversely affected by

Grt. Britain’s practice of flooding the American Grt. Britain’s practice of flooding the American market w/ British goods.market w/ British goods.

• Infrastructure inadequate for commerce and tradeInfrastructure inadequate for commerce and trade• Inflation rampant b/c no uniform currency. Notes Inflation rampant b/c no uniform currency. Notes

often given an arbitrary value by private banks and often given an arbitrary value by private banks and state gov’ts. Affects business not only w/in a state state gov’ts. Affects business not only w/in a state but b/w statesbut b/w states

• Interstate trade adversely affected by state trade Interstate trade adversely affected by state trade barriers and a vast assortment of currenciesbarriers and a vast assortment of currencies

• Economic depression follows the war and the gov’t Economic depression follows the war and the gov’t can do very littlecan do very little

WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-1770-17891789

Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799

Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17851785

Townships 6 sq miles would be surveyed then divided into sections equaling one square mile. The sections were to be sold in lots of 640 acres at no less than $1 an acre.Land speculators agreed (they had the cash); the average buyer didn’t have that amount of cash And certainly no credit!The revenue from the sale of one section for each township would be used to develop public education

The United States in The United States in 17871787The Northwest Ordinance (Land Ordinance of 1787)

• NW territory would be divided into 3-5 separate territories• Methodical process to statehood•Unorganized territories would be overseen by Congress• Once population reached 5,000 it could be organized into a territory. Residents then elect members to state legislature and send delegate to Congress• once population hit 60,000 a constitution would be written and territory could apply for statehood.•5 states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin

Foreign Problems & the AOCForeign Problems & the AOC

• US was supposed to US was supposed to compensate loyalists - with what?compensate loyalists - with what?

•British still maintaining forts in British still maintaining forts in NW TerritoryNW Territory

• Europe didn’t think America was Europe didn’t think America was unified - not trade worthyunified - not trade worthy

•Dispute w/ Spain over borders - Dispute w/ Spain over borders - navigation rights of Mississipinavigation rights of Mississipi

Disputed Territorial ClaimsDisputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:Between Spain & the U. S.:

1783-17961783-1796

American Exports, To & American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789From Britain: 1783-1789

Annapolis Convention (1786)Annapolis Convention (1786)

Attempting to fix AOC problemsAttempting to fix AOC problems12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]

GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.

Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Daniel Shays - former officer sought to shut down the courts as a form of protest and to prevent the continued foreclosure of their farms & collection of taxes

Western MA

Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.30% - either sell the farm or debtors prison. Want the state to produce more money!

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.

-- George Washington-- George Washington

OBVIOUSLYOBVIOUSLYSOMETHINGSOMETHINGHAS TO BEHAS TO BE

FIXED!FIXED!

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention• 55 delegates mid-summer Philadelphia55 delegates mid-summer Philadelphia• Father of the Constitution - James MadisonFather of the Constitution - James Madison• No Thomas Paine, Patrick Henry, or Sam No Thomas Paine, Patrick Henry, or Sam

Adams (fearful of power increase in central Adams (fearful of power increase in central gov’t). TJ & John Adams in Europegov’t). TJ & John Adams in Europe

• Why meet?Why meet?– Trade problems?Trade problems?– Debt problems?Debt problems?– Investments of these wealthy men?Investments of these wealthy men?– Protect private property?Protect private property?– Prevent tyranny of majority? Tyranny of minority?Prevent tyranny of majority? Tyranny of minority?

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention• Bankers (hard money advocates) vs. debtors (cheap Bankers (hard money advocates) vs. debtors (cheap

money advocates)money advocates)• Northern (commercial) vs. southern (rural slave) Northern (commercial) vs. southern (rural slave)

economic interestseconomic interests• Economic competition b/w statesEconomic competition b/w states• Conflicts b/w states over western land ownershipConflicts b/w states over western land ownership• Large states (representation by population) vs. small Large states (representation by population) vs. small

states (equal representation)states (equal representation)• Supporters of a strong central gov’t vs. supporters of Supporters of a strong central gov’t vs. supporters of

individual & states rightsindividual & states rights• Those w/ democratic ideals vs.aristocratic idealsThose w/ democratic ideals vs.aristocratic ideals

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention• Great Compromise (representation): Va Plan & Great Compromise (representation): Va Plan &

NJ PlanNJ Plan• Commerce Compromise (trade) - South agreed Commerce Compromise (trade) - South agreed

to federal control over foreign and interstate to federal control over foreign and interstate trade; importation of slaves continue for 20 years; trade; importation of slaves continue for 20 years; fed. Gov’t collect import taxesfed. Gov’t collect import taxes

• 3/5th Compromise (slave) 3/5ths of slave pop. 3/5th Compromise (slave) 3/5ths of slave pop. counts in representation; fugitive slave law counts in representation; fugitive slave law means runaways returned back to mastermeans runaways returned back to master

•

Powers of Legislative BranchPowers of Legislative Branch

• Congress has power of purse - power to Congress has power of purse - power to set & collect taxes, borrow money, set & collect taxes, borrow money, regulate trade, coin moneyregulate trade, coin money

• Congress - postal service, patents, Congress - postal service, patents, copyrightscopyrights

• War must be authorized by CongressWar must be authorized by Congress• Congress is responsible for raising & Congress is responsible for raising &

maintaining army/navymaintaining army/navy

Executive BranchExecutive Branch

• President carries out & enforces laws President carries out & enforces laws passed by Congresspassed by Congress

• President can veto congressional bills President can veto congressional bills (Congress can override w/ 2/3rd vote)(Congress can override w/ 2/3rd vote)

• President makes treaties (Senate President makes treaties (Senate accepts/rejects)accepts/rejects)

• President is commander in chief of armyPresident is commander in chief of army• President appoints fed. judges but Senate President appoints fed. judges but Senate

must consentmust consent

Judicial BranchJudicial Branch

• Congress was to establish a Congress was to establish a Supreme Court and lower courtsSupreme Court and lower courts

• The kind of cases that could be The kind of cases that could be heard in federal courts was heard in federal courts was specifiedspecified

• The Supreme Court’s jurisdiction The Supreme Court’s jurisdiction was outlinedwas outlined

• Treason was definedTreason was defined

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the Strongholds at the End of the

WarWar

FederalistsFederalists

• Support mainly from coastal & urban Support mainly from coastal & urban areas and from upper classes - areas and from upper classes - merchants, financiers, shippers, merchants, financiers, shippers, planters though not all upperclass planters though not all upperclass citizens were Federalistscitizens were Federalists

• Washington, Hamilton, Madison, and Washington, Hamilton, Madison, and FranklinFranklin

• They favored strong central gov’t to They favored strong central gov’t to maintain peace and stability and to maintain peace and stability and to strengthen the Unionstrengthen the Union

Anti-federalistsAnti-federalists

• Support from mainly backcountry & Support from mainly backcountry & agricultural areas, debtors, and people agricultural areas, debtors, and people philosophically opposed to a strong philosophically opposed to a strong central gov’tcentral gov’t

• Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Thomas Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, George MasonJefferson, George Mason

• Oppose a central gov’t that did not Oppose a central gov’t that did not guarantee protection of individual guarantee protection of individual rightsrights

Within weeks after the Constitutional Convention Within weeks after the Constitutional Convention adjourned in September 1787, the articles now adjourned in September 1787, the articles now called the "Federalist Papers" and the "Anti-called the "Federalist Papers" and the "Anti-Federalist Papers" appeared in New York Federalist Papers" appeared in New York newspapers. Here was a day-by-day debate newspapers. Here was a day-by-day debate over the "most important question that was over the "most important question that was ever proposed . . . to the decision of any ever proposed . . . to the decision of any people under heaven." people under heaven."

• Will the proposed Constitution guarantee or Will the proposed Constitution guarantee or destroy liberty? destroy liberty?

• Where will power reside?Where will power reside?• Who will have it? Who will have it? • Who can give it? Who can give it? • Who can get it back when lost?Who can get it back when lost?

Dual in the PressDual in the Press• New York was key stateNew York was key state• Federalist PapersFederalist PapersBy Hamilton, John Jay, and James MadisonBy Hamilton, John Jay, and James MadisonBeyond the AOC- Underlying premise of their Beyond the AOC- Underlying premise of their

argument: because man is corruptible, he cannot argument: because man is corruptible, he cannot always be trusted to govern himself. Need elaborate always be trusted to govern himself. Need elaborate constitutional system to prevent rulers from acting constitutional system to prevent rulers from acting arbitrarily and abusive as well as control the passion arbitrarily and abusive as well as control the passion of the massesof the masses

Prevent tyranny of majority and tyranny of minorityPrevent tyranny of majority and tyranny of minorityNo abuse b/c delegated powers in ConstitutionNo abuse b/c delegated powers in Constitution

Anti-federalist and Bill of Anti-federalist and Bill of RightsRights

• Federalists say unnecessary since Federalists say unnecessary since Congressional members electedCongressional members elected

• No way say anti-federalists. Basic No way say anti-federalists. Basic civil rights need to be listedcivil rights need to be listed

• Compromise was Compromise was

BILL OF RIGHTS ADDED TO BILL OF RIGHTS ADDED TO CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION

The Constitution DebateThe Constitution Debate

• Who wrote the federalist essays????Who wrote the federalist essays????

~Alexander Hamilton~Alexander Hamilton• To whom were the federalist essays written?To whom were the federalist essays written?

~Response to Anti-Federalists criticism of the ~Response to Anti-Federalists criticism of the proposed Constitution in New York Papersproposed Constitution in New York Papers

• Why were the federalist essays written?Why were the federalist essays written?

~To convince Americans of the principles of the ~To convince Americans of the principles of the new government (i.e. the importance of Fed and new government (i.e. the importance of Fed and Rep) as written in the ConstitutionRep) as written in the Constitution

AntifederalistsAntifederalists

Who Wrote Them???Who Wrote Them???

~Several Sources….. Centinel (Samuel Bryan), Federal ~Several Sources….. Centinel (Samuel Bryan), Federal Farmer (Richard Henry Lee), John DeWItt, Cato (George Farmer (Richard Henry Lee), John DeWItt, Cato (George Clinton)Clinton)

To Whom and Why were the AntiFederalist essays written?To Whom and Why were the AntiFederalist essays written?

~Appeared in New York Papers. Was against a strong ~Appeared in New York Papers. Was against a strong central government (tyranny). Wanted a Bill of Rights.central government (tyranny). Wanted a Bill of Rights.

Feds Vs Anti FedsFeds Vs Anti Feds

Each Student will Receive a Quote Card.Each Student will Receive a Quote Card.

1.1. Read the Text on your Card.Read the Text on your Card.

2.2. Determine the Argument: What is the Determine the Argument: What is the author trying to convince you to believe? author trying to convince you to believe? Underline or highlight the argument.Underline or highlight the argument.

3.3. Determine your position: Is your author Determine your position: Is your author a Federalist or Anti Federalist? Why? a Federalist or Anti Federalist? Why? Write your answer on your paper.Write your answer on your paper.

• Remember to Write Your Position Remember to Write Your Position on your paper.on your paper.

• Why? Summarize on paper.Why? Summarize on paper.

• Because he believes (or does not) Because he believes (or does not) in Constitution.in Constitution.

Each Student Receives Quote Card.Each Student Receives Quote Card.

1.1.Read text on your card.Read text on your card.

2.2.Determine the argument.Determine the argument.

3.3.Determine your position- are u anti? Determine your position- are u anti? R u Federalist?R u Federalist?

InterviewsInterviews

In your Notebook Make Two Columns:In your Notebook Make Two Columns:

1.1.One for federalistsOne for federalists

2.2.One For AntiOne For Anti

Write Student responses as you will Write Student responses as you will be interviewing them during the be interviewing them during the Convention.Convention.

ConventionConvention

• Approach as many students as possible.Approach as many students as possible.• Ask each student, What do you think of Ask each student, What do you think of

this new document, “The Constitution??”this new document, “The Constitution??”• In all encounters, explain the argument In all encounters, explain the argument

on your note (summarize).on your note (summarize).• When you ask another student, you When you ask another student, you

cannot give your opinion. The debate cannot give your opinion. The debate will occur MONDAY!!!!!!!will occur MONDAY!!!!!!!

DEBATEDEBATE

• Divide Class into two sides and line up shoulder Divide Class into two sides and line up shoulder to shoulder facing one another.to shoulder facing one another.

~One Side of the Room Are Federaliststs.~One Side of the Room Are Federaliststs.

~One Side are ANTI.~One Side are ANTI.• Beginning with the Anti, the first person in line Beginning with the Anti, the first person in line

says, “I am an Antifederalist ( or against says, “I am an Antifederalist ( or against ratification) because…ratification) because…

• Without adding any comments, the first Without adding any comments, the first Federalist responds with, “I am a Federalist (for Federalist responds with, “I am a Federalist (for the ratification) because…””the ratification) because…””

• We will criss cross until all have reported.We will criss cross until all have reported.

DEBATEDEBATE

• The Debate Will be According to The Debate Will be According to your FRQ….your FRQ….

Why Stray from the AOC? Will the Why Stray from the AOC? Will the Constitution be beneficial for the Constitution be beneficial for the United States? Why or Why not?United States? Why or Why not?