The Wiltshire School of Beauty and Holistic Therapy · An accident book is a must. Fire Precautions...

The Wiltshire School of Beauty and Holistic Therapy

NVQ Level 3 Beauty Therapy (massage) © 1

The Wiltshire School

of Beauty and Holistic Therapy

VTCT NVQ Level 3 Beauty Therapy

(Massage)

Practitioner’s Training Manual

W: www.wsbht.co.ukE: [email protected]

T: 01793 73 77 33 M: 07824 337333

mailto:[email protected]



CONTENTS 1. Aims & Objectives of the course

2. Hygiene, Health & Safety

3. Professional Ethics & Standards of Practice

4. Client Consultation

5. Storage & Insurance

6. Body Massage Introduction

7. Massage Benefits, Mediums & Movements

8. Contra-Indications to Massage

9. Contra-Actions to Massage

10. Aftercare for Massage

11. Equipment & Products for Massage

12. Pre-Blend Aromatherapy

13. Oils

14. Indian Head Massage (IHM)

15. IHM Benefits, Mediums & Movementts

16. Aftercare for IHM

17. Equipment & Products for IHM

18. Chakras & Marma Points

19. Stone Therapy Massage

20. Stone Therapy Benefits, Mediums & Movements

21. The Stones

22. Contra-Actions for Stone Therapy

23. Equipment & Products for Stone Therapy

24. Accreditation

25. Contact Details



1. AIMS & OBJECTIVES

AIMS

The aim of this manual is to teach you the theory related to body massage, pre-blended aromatherapy, Indian Head Massage, Stone Therapy Massage, Female Intimate Waxing and Eyelash Extensions. This manual also covers the background, benefits, treatments, consultation, contra-indications, contra-actions, aftercare, equipment and products needed. You will be taught the practical element of the course during your practical training sessions.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this course are that by the end it you will be able to perform professional treatments in a safe and hygienic manner in a commercially acceptable time, along with gaining experience of carrying out a consultation with the knowledge of the background, benefits, contra-indications, contra-actions, aftercare, equipment and products needed. During your practical training, you will complete an external written assessment for each of the subjects plus two anatomy & physiology external written assessments.

WSHBT advise you to read this training manual thoroughly

along with other research before you take part in your practical session.



2. HYGIENE, HEALTH & SAFETY

Maintaining a high standard of hygiene as a therapist is essential. Not only from a health and safety perspective, but clients will not return if the salon, treatment area, or equipment are not clean. It is a legal requirement for employers to display an approved health and safety poster or to supply employees with an equivalent leaflet or information and to provide training. It is recommended that you get copies of the following from your local council:

Health and Safety in the Workplace

Trade Descriptions Act

Data Protection Act

Sales of Goods Act

COSSH Regulations and Risk Assessment (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health)

Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992

The Workplace Regulations 1992

The Manual Handling Regulations 1992

The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992

The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992

The Electricity at Work Regulations 1992

Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981

RIDDOR – The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995

Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997

Consumer Protection Act 1987.

All businesses are required by law to comply with the following health and safety acts, which are monitored and managed by The Health & Safety Executive (HSE) www.hse.gov.uk

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 This protects your rights either as an employer or employee. The law states that the employer must provide a safe working environment provide health and safety training for staff, produce a written policy of the company’s health and safety policy, and ensure that anyone on their premises is not exposed to any health or safety risks.

http://www.hse.gov.uk/



Trade Descriptions Act 1972

This act is particularly relevant to therapists as it relates to how the goods or services are described in any kind of advertising or promotional material. The act makes it illegal to mislead the public in any way or make any false claims about what you are able to do.

Data Protection Act 1984 This is only relevant if you are storing information about your clients on a computer. If so, you must register your business on the Data Protection register.

Sale of Goods Act 1994 This act protects your clients’ rights by insisting that any goods or services sold must be of a satisfactory standard, be suitable for the purpose described, accurately described, and provided in a reasonable time and for a reasonable price.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Act (COSHH) 1989 This act provides guidance on dealing with chemical substances that could enter the body and cause skin irritations, allergies, burns etc.

Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982 The local authority is responsible for registering and licensing any businesses where invasive treatments, i.e. body piercing, epilation, acupuncture take place on the premises. This is to ensure that all equipment is sterilised, only fully qualified therapists are carrying out the treatments, waste products (especially needles) are disposed of correctly.

The Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations 1992 This act outlines the responsibilities of the owner/manager of the business to protect the well-being of all who visit the premises, to keep a record of all checks they have made and also of any first aid treatments carried out on their premises.

The Workplace Regulations 1992 These regulations govern the appearance of all parts of the workplace, not just the treatment rooms. This would include suitable toilet facilities which are kept clean and tidy with adequate soap, towels, hot & cold running water etc. Proper ventilation, the areas are well lit, the area is at a comfortable temperature, is clear of all waste material (keep the walk ways clear of clutter), has up to date fire fighting equipment, has drinking water available.

The Manual Handling Regulations 1992 This relates to the appropriate posture when lifting to reduce the risk of injury and to safely carry out manual tasks required in the workplace.



The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 This act requires you to provide the correct safety/protective equipment to carry out a particular task.

The Health & Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992

These regulations are relevant to anyone using a computer and require you to get regular eye tests, take regular breaks, and use the correct height adjusted chair.

The Electricity at Work Regulations 1992 This governs the use of electrical equipment in the workplace and ensures that any equipment is checked at least once a year by a qualified electrician. Any faulty equipment is removed from service, and written records are kept should an inspector wish to see them.

Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 No matter how small your business is there must be first aid treatment available should an injury take place.

RIDDOR – The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 This outlines the correct procedure to adopt if a workplace accident occurs. An accident book is a must.

Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 This ensures that the safety of all those present is considered and planned for should a fire take place.

Consumer Protection Act 1987 This is designed to look after your clients’ interests and protect them from any product deemed unsafe.



Salon/Treatment Area Hygiene

Clean the salon thoroughly, daily.

Clean the treatment area before and after every client.

Use clean fresh smelling towels for each client, (dirty linen must be laundered at a minimum of 60◦C).

Creams, lotion and sprays should be dispensed from purpose-specific pump or spray bottles where possible, otherwise use a clean disposable spatula to remove products from bottles/jars.

Replace all lids after removing products from the bottles/jars.

Sterilise all tools.

Empty bins and dispose of contents according to your organisation.

Check all the plugs and wires on electrical equipment and make sure they conform to British Standards, and are professionally checked annually.

Make sure all fire exits are clear and accessible.

Make sure your client’s personal belongings are safe.

Protect client’s clothing by using towels. The towels may also be used to preserve the client’s modesty during the treatment.

Read all labels and follow all manufacturers’ instructions.

Know the hazardous warning signs.

Store products safely and in accordance with safety data sheets.

Report any faulty equipment/goods to your supervisor or supplier.

Have a first aid kit that complies with the Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981.

If an employee suffers a work related injury and is off work for 3 consecutive days, the employer must inform the H & S executive about the incident within 10 days.

Carrying out a Risk Assessment (Hazards and Controls) There is a legal requirement to provide a safe environment for staff and clients who may be using your premises. Carrying out a risk assessment will identify any hazards, which is a situation that poses a level of threat or potential harm. If there is a hazard, it is important that controls are put in place to minimise or reduce the risk of an accident/incident occurring. Sensible measures need to be put in actioned to reduce the risk of hazards to provide a safe working practice.



For example, if there is a hazard of spilt oil on the floor or a slippery surface, then the control would be to place a warning sign or to clear the spillage away. It is important that risks are minimised and that all staff are trained in the event of an accident. There are some potential salon hazards that will require a regular risk assessment, such as the space, any chemicals being used, any equipment and the security of people and money. Once a risk assessment has been carried out, it is essential that it is made available for staff members to see, and that the report is actioned and evaluated, otherwise it just makes it a “tick box” activity, which it should not be.

Sterilising Equipment

Micro-organisms that may cause disease must be controlled through cleaning, disinfection or sterilisation, and your hands are included as an easy source of contamination. Always ensure you have disinfected your hands, using a hand wash/sanitiser prior to, and after treatments are carried out. Sanitation This greatly reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria, this is the lowest form of decontamination and is safe to use on the skin. This process will remove soil, dust, dirt and organic matter along with a large proportion of micro-organism from an object. Sanitation/cleaning is essential before disinfection or sterilisation of instruments and equipment. This process can be carried out by using sanitising sprays, soaps and gels, applying directly onto the skin and equipment. Disinfection This greatly reduces the pathogenic bacteria on work surfaces. This method is not suitable for the skin, hair or nails. Disinfection is used on floors, any work surfaces/station, walls and bowls etc. This process does not remove bacteria spores. Sterilization This process kills all living organisms; sterile in this context means free living disease-causing micro-organisms and their spores. This is a difficult process to maintain but should be carried out on all tools especially if they have been in contact with blood.

Several ways to sterilise the equipment: UV light An enclosed steel cabinet which omits UV light when closed to kill off any bacteria



Autoclave This works similar to a pressure cooker, by heating the water under pressure to a temperature of 100°C which kills all germs and is one of the most efficient methods

Barbicide This is a liquid used to soak instruments; ammonia can be used as the liquid within the barbicide



3. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & STANDARDS OF PRACTICE

A Therapist should:

maintain the highest standard of professional conduct.

provide services in an ethical and professional manner in relation to clientele, business associates, health care professionals and the public.

practice within the professional boundaries of the practitioners training.

ensure client comfort and safety.

protect client privacy.

respect client confidentiality.

maintain anonymity of the client when discussing the client’s case with other professionals, unless written consent is obtained.

have adequate professional insurance.

never claim to heal or cure a condition.

never treat a client with a condition that is contra-indicated to the treatment.

keep all records of treatments complete and up to date for at least 5 years.

explain the treatment and answer any questions and queries prior to carrying out the treatment on the client.

never treat a child (under 16) without prior consent from a parent or guardian and have them present during the treatment.

treat all clients in a professional manner at all times, regardless of their ethnicity, gender, religion or age.

refer clients to other professionals/GP where required.

use appropriate communication with clients

never claim to cure or heal a condition.

be able to set up the treatment area, following their organisations standards.

dispose of waste products safely and appropriately.

recognise the necessary environmental conditions to provide a treatment, to include the correct temperature, lighting and sound etc.



Standards of Practice

The practice of good ethics is essential to the reputation of the field of beauty therapists and the welfare of the clients and practitioners of the therapies. The following is a statement of standards and ethics for therapists, including standards of ethical and proper behaviour.

A Therapist will:

take a full medical history on the client's first visit.

discuss and record any health problems, contra-indications, symptoms or diagnosis from a conventional medical practitioner.

use this information to decide whether treatment is suitable for the client.

give a full and professional treatment.

give full and correct aftercare advice.

write up full details of the treatment on the client's record card.

on the client's next visit, discuss and record any changes that they may have noticed in their symptoms.

refer the client to their GP if necessary.

treat all clients in a professional manner at all times, regardless of their ethnicity, gender or religion.

explain the treatment and answer any questions and queries prior to carrying out the treatment on the client.



Skills and Personal Qualities

A Therapist should:

be comfortable touching people.

be a good communicator, able to explain treatments to clients and ask appropriate questions.

have good listening skills.

be able to make clients feel relaxed and comfortable.

have empathy with clients.

be able to respect professional boundaries.

know when to advise clients to seek conventional medical advice.

keep accurate written records.

respect confidentiality.

have business skills if they are self-employed.

be confident preparing the client for treatment – for example discussing which items of clothes to remove.

be able to carry out treatments to meet the organisations service times



4. CLIENT CONSULTATION A consultation is a one-to-one talk with your client. Here you will find out very important and confidential information that will help you to advise and give clients the best treatment. Always introduce yourself to your client. The consultation is often carried out in the room in which you are working and should be carried out before the client gets undressed in case there is any reason that they cannot be treated. Aim to carry out the consultation sat side by side as opposed to being across the desk from each other. There are three skills required as part of the consultation:

1. Observation/Visual - what can you observe about the client? Are they nervous, extrovert, holding their body in such a way that might give indications for treatments, poor posture etc?

2. Verbal Questioning – gain the information required.

3. Physical Examination/Manual – what can you physically see and feel on the client? This third part is only carried out once you have assessed that, so far, the client is suitable for treatment.

Holistic therapies treat the individual as a whole, taking into consideration general well-being, i.e. health, emotional, physical and mental states. You need to explain carefully to the client why you are carrying out a consultation. Use open questions to tactfully encourage the client to give you information that you need rather than interrogating them and asking lots of direct and often personal questions. Use the record card as a prompt rather than a list to tick off. During your consultation, it is important to establish what the clients’ requirements and expectations are from the treatment. Work together to set an objective for the treatment.

Record Keeping Records must be maintained for a number of reasons:

They provide contact details in case you have to alter or cancel an appointment.

So that you can monitor the client’s progression.

To track any aftercare advice that you have given the client.

As a backup in case the client has an adverse reaction to a treatment.

Another therapist should be aware of what treatments and products the client has received.



Important Information The following information should be recorded for all clients:

Personal details:

Full name, address, contact number, GP’s name and address.

A detailed medical background including:

Specific contra-indications These should be noted accordingly. You will probably find as you go through that the client will lead you rather than you having to read off a list, as this can be quite unnerving for the client.

Medication What medication are they taking and for what condition? If a client is taking medication it will give you clues to their health.

Are they consulting a GP on a regular basis or under a consultant and if so for what condition? If so you may need to check further their suitability for treatment.

Have they had recent surgery? You will need to consider scar tissue, and there may be post-operative precautions you need to take. Many people find it takes a while to get anaesthetic out of their system and may feel low.

Life changing illnesses Includes: arthritis, cancer, any disablement, AIDS, epilepsy, diabetes, stroke and depression.

Accidents What implications do these have? Have they had to have surgery? Do they need referral to other professionals? Will your treatment plan need adjusting?

Other Information:

Physical fitness How fit is the client? A client may think they are fit and many will say they are fitter than they really are. A resting pulse will give you a guide.

The client’s occupation and lifestyle These factors will give you a rough indication of free time and budget to consider before negotiating a treatment plan. This information will give you clues as to where the client may have stress and muscular tension.

Life changing conditions Includes: puberty, pregnancy, menopause, retirement, bereavement, divorce and any illness.



Hobbies

It may be useful to find out the client’s interests, this will also give you an idea of levels of activity and spare time.

Personality, temperament and emotional state Not the sort of question you can ask but you can make a mental note of it. These factors will help to indicate which oils or zones to work on further.

Disclaimer and date Always add a disclaimer and the client’s signature to verify that the information the client has given you is, to the best of their knowledge, true and correct.

Client records can be stored electronically or filed manually and should be updated at every visit, to include products used in case of allergies that may develop. If record cards are not updated and do not contain a history of services and dates, you may find your insurance invalidated. Records cards must be kept for five years, as medical claims can be made up for up to that period. If a client is under 21 years of age, it is recommended that their record card be kept until they are 21 years of age.

Client confidentiality must be protected at all times. If a salon holds computerised records, they must register with the Data Protection Register. If a salon only holds written records, this does not apply, but they must uphold the principles of the Data Protection Act and comply with the following:

All info information must be accurate and necessary to the service or treatment to be performed.

Individual client records must be available for the clients to view if requested.

All information must be stored securely by password protected computer file.

All records should be signed and dated by the therapist and client.

Any contra-indications and possible contra-actions must be identified and discussed prior to the service. In the case of medical referral, the practitioner should keep a copy of the GP’s letter with the client’s record card. If a contra-indication is discovered, do not panic your client, but advise them that they need to visit their GP, record this on their client treatment card and date and sign.

Always allow the client the opportunity to question and clarify any points before signing the record card/consultation form. It is essential that you always get your client to sign as this is a legal document once signed and you are protecting yourself and the client.



On the following pages are examples of consultation forms which you can adapt to suit you.



Private & Confidential Client Consultation Form

Client Details

Client Ref: Telephone Number: Address: Mobile Number: Occupation: Postcode: Date of Birth: Email: Gender:

Medical History Do you or have you ever suffered from: High/low BP, depressive illness, pacemaker, epilepsy/fits, panic attacks, stroke, anxiety, diabetes, migraine/head pain, asthma, heart disease, pregnancy, operation, phlebitis, infectious illness, dysfunction of the nervous system, varicose veins, localised inflammation, bruising, open wounds, scar tissue, swelling, arthritis Allergies: Addictions: Phobias: Women ~ Date of last period: What therapies have you experienced to date? GP Referral Required? GP Name: Practice Name: Telephone Number: Address:

General Health / Lifestyle

General Health: Energy Levels: Stress Levels: Sleeping Patterns: Hours per day: Weight: Height: Diet: Alcohol: …… units per week Water: …… litres per day Smoker: Yes/No …… per day Hobbies, relaxation and exercise (type/frequency): Additional Comments:

CLIENT STATEMENT & AGREEMENT

I acknowledge that all the information on this consultation sheet above my signature is accurate and correct to the best of my knowledge. I accept full and complete responsibility for my own emotional and/or physical well being both during and after this therapy and/or training session. I agree to inform the therapist of any changes to my circumstances during any subsequent treatments. I realise that any advice given to me to carry out between sessions is important and I agree to make every effort to carry this out. I understand that no claim to cure has been made and realize that treatments should not replace conventional treatments. Signed: (Client) Date:



Private & Confidential Client Treatment Record

Client Ref: ………………………………………….

Date: Treatment:

Comments: Have there been any changes to your circumstances, medication and general health since your last treatment?

Client declaration: I declare that the information I have given is correct and to the best of my knowledge I can undertake treatments without any adverse effect. I have been fully informed about contra-indications and I am therefore willing to proceed with treatment.

Signed (Client):

Date:

Date: Treatment:



Signed (Client):

Date:

Date:

Treatment:



Signed (Client): Date:



5. STORAGE & INSURANCE STORAGE Make sure you receive a copy of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) from your suppliers. If you are going to be working in a salon/clinic, all staff must be trained on the use of products and equipment. Training manuals and information leaflets should be accessible to all staff. Store your products correctly by following the guidance on the MSDS. Carry out a risk assessment on each product or COSHH report if required. Keep products in original containers where possible and ensure any decanted products are fully labelled in smaller, purpose built containers. Keep all flammable products out of direct sunlight and at room temperature or below. Mobile therapists must make suitable travel arrangements to avoid spillage and ensure safe working practice, and be professional in appearance.

INSURANCE

There are several types of insurance that are potentially relevant to you as a therapist. The most important are the ‘Professional Indemnity Insurance’ and ‘Public Liability Insurance’. Both of these are necessary in the unlikely event that a client decided to sue you.

Public Liability Insurance - This covers you if a member of the public, i.e. a client or passerby is injured on your premises or if their personal property is damaged in any way.

Professional Indemnity Insurance - This protects you should a client decide to sue you claiming personal injury or damage as a result of treatments carried out by you.

Employer’s Liability Insurance - This is only necessary if you hire others to work for you. This type of insurance would cover you should a member of your staff have an injury on your premises.

Product Liability Insurance - This insurance is important if you plan to use, manufacture or sell products as part of your business. This will protect you in the event that a client is dissatisfied with the product or experiences a reaction to using the product.

Car Insurance - If a car is used for business purposes, ensure that this is covered by the policy and that theft of equipment is included.



If you decide to offer massage treatments, you may need to register and apply for a license to comply with your Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982



6. BODY MASSAGE INTRODUCTION The History of Body Massage

From the earliest of times, massage has been used by stroking or rubbing parts of our body that are experiencing pain. It is a universal instinct to rub ourselves when we are hurt. Dating back 3000 years, the ancient Romans, Greeks, Chinese and Egyptians have been known to use massage. Those who could afford to do so were rubbed with olive oil after they bathed to help keep their joints and skin supple. This soon developed into a full body massage; in fact Julius Caesar received massage to relieve his epilepsy. In Africa and Asia massage has always been valued and used as a healer and is today used widely in the UK as a way to treat ill health, for relaxation and as a preventative.

Benefits of a Full Body Massage Apart from the pampering aspect of the treatment, massage has many physiological and emotional benefits. The power of touch is huge and should not be underestimated as a luxury. Massage is known to: Physiological Effects & Benefits:

Reduces muscular pain

Eliminates waste and toxic build up,

Improves muscle tone and range of movement

Relieves tight muscles, stiffness and spasms

Improves circulation delivering more nutrients to the muscles

Reduces muscular fatigue and soreness in the muscles

Reduces ischaemia (poor blood-flow) easing localised pain & tissue dysfunction

Soothe or stimulate the nervous system, depending on the pressure

Reduces oedema (excess fluid in the tissue) by increasing lymphatic drainage

Strengthens the immune system

Combination of techniques used can stimulate and soothe the nervous system

Stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system leading to stress reduction

Releases endorphins (the body’s natural painkillers and mood enhancers)

Improved circulation resulting in quicker regeneration and healthier skin

Increased production of sweat leading to better removal of toxins via the skin

Improved skin colour and elasticity leading to younger-looking skin

Increased sebum production improves skin’s suppleness & resistance to infection

Deepens respiration and increases lung capacity by relaxing respiratory muscles



Improves digestion and helps to relieve constipation, IBS, colic and wind

Psychological Effects & Benefits:

Relaxes mind and body, reduces stress and anxiety

Promotes deep levels of relaxation

Improves feelings of vigour and energy

Stimulates physical activity

Increases awareness of posture

Helps to alleviate depression

Rejuvenates the body and mind

Can enhance feelings of self-esteem

Eases emotional trauma

Promotes feelings of happiness

Provides a sense of wellbeing

How Often Should We Have a Full Body Massage? This will depend on the client and the reason for treating. Some people like to receive a massage on a weekly basis but, at the least, it is advisable to have a full body massage once a month as a preventative measure. You will design a treatment plan with your client to meet their individual needs.

Posture of the Therapist In order for you to be able to perform multiple massage treatments and extend your career in massage, it is essential that you ensure you have the correct posture as you massage. If you are carrying out a number of treatments a day, you are going to suffer physically if you do not have the correct positioning yourself. It is essential that your hands are kept relaxed and loose at all times to prevent repetitive strain injury. If you have to carry out a good deal of Petrissage, it may be worth investing in a mechanical massager which will prevent your hands from becoming damaged.

To prevent injury, always ensure that your back is kept straight and that your neck is in the neutral position and not bent awkwardly.



Keep your knees slightly bent in a squat or lunge position and make sure they are not locked. If you are applying pressure during the treatment, it should come from your body weight, rather than from your own wrists. When you are using your hands and wrists, it is possible to reinforce your hands. It may be worthwhile investing in an adjustable height couch in order for you to work at the optimum height. These can come in various designs and prices. Preparation It is important to prepare yourself before carrying out a massage, both physically and psychologically. Ensure you are warmed up to prevent muscle injury, but it is also important that you are in the correct frame of mind by carrying out some breathing exercises and grounding yourself so that you do not take on any negative energy from the client. The client will also need to be prepared, by asking them to undress down to pants, removing any jewellery and supplying them with towels. Most clients prefer their therapist to have a confident manner when explaining how to prepare, so do not feel you are being rude or bossy, especially if they have not received a treatment before. Always ensure you have everything you need to hand, such as mediums, sanitizers etc before the treatment commences, with a good supply of towels, pillow/supports on hand to always ensure the client has their modesty maintained and their comfort as paramount. Supports can be used under the knees whilst lying on their back if the client has lower back problems, or under the front of the feet when they are led face down to give extra comfort. The couch should be prepared appropriately with either bedroll or towels/sheets, and the room should be of a pleasant temperature, with subtle lighting, and gentle music if played. Once the client is on the couch, cleanse their feet and remove any make-up if necessary. Your teacher will demonstrate the correct position during your practical training. You will carry out a number of practise massages during your training, and you will observed for a minimum of 4 massages, consisting of two full 75 minute massages to include the head and face, one 60 minute massage, excluding the head and face, and one 30 minute back, neck and shoulder massage. You will also be observed carrying out a mechanical massage and an infra red treatment.



7. MASSAGE BENEFITS, MEDIUMS & MOVEMENTS

BENEFITS OF MASSAGE The muscles of the body can hold a great deal of tension and pain. A Full Body Massage can relax a person and relieve pain in the body. Massage will:

stimulate blood circulation bringing essential nutrients to the area

provide pain relief and a reduction of muscle tension

remove waste products

exfoliate the skin and add moisture from the medium

improve skin colour

aid joint mobility

help keep the skin soft and supple aided by massage mediums

relax the client

lower blood sugar levels

stabilise the metabolic rate. MASSAGE MEDIUMS Massage mediums are products used to allow the smooth flow of movements over the skin during the massage. The medium chosen depends on the client's condition or needs, skin type, the reason for massage and the client's requirements. Dry skin can be recognised by being flaky, tight, peeling and dehydrated so use a medium which will put moisture back into the skin such as a vegetable based oil rather than a mineral based oil. More mature skin tends to have a loss of elasticity, so again use an oil. If the client has very oily skin, use a cream rather than oil. Other mediums available are talc if you are working on clients who have a lot of body hair. Fine lines around the eyes and mouth on a dry skin could be due to lack of moisture, so again apply a medium that contains oil or a rich nourishing cream. A dehydrated skin will tend to have superficial flaking. Afro-Caribbean skin can become sensitive and this will be shown as dark patches,

whereas White European skin tends to have a lower concentration of melanin and a thin epidermis.



Most massage therapists will choose oil such as sweet almond oil to massage with. A typical massage will use 20 – 30ml of oil. If during the treatment it becomes apparent that the client is allergic to the medium you are using, thoroughly remove the medium and apply a soothing product.



MASSAGE MOVEMENTS The following massage movements are the most common used in a Full Body Massage.

Effleurage

This movement is performed with light even pressure, in a rhythmical, continuous way. The pressure can be varied according to the underlying structures and muscle bulk but should never be very heavy. This movement will prepare the tissues for deeper massage and link up individual manipulations. Effleurage is used at the beginning and end of the massage routine and is also known as the linking movement. You use the palmar surface of the hand, which contours round the shape of the body, using even pressure and a good rhythm. The uses of the effleurage movement are as follows:

to introduce the therapist’s hands to the client’s body

to apply the medium to the client’s skin

to begin the routine

to link movements together

to complete the routine. The effects of the effleurage movement are as follows:

relaxes the muscles

increases the blood circulation, which improves the skin temperature, therefore improving the colour

increases the lymphatic circulation, which will aid the absorption of waste products

aids desquamation, which helps to remove dead skin cells

aids relaxation

prepares the muscles for further treatment

relaxes contracted, tense muscle fibres.

Petrissage

Petrissage is deeper than effleurage and is only performed on warm, relaxed muscle tissue. The movement may be performed with the palmar surface or the fingers or thumbs. The movement must be performed slowly and rhythmically. The pressure must be increased or reduced according to muscle bulk and the degree of tension. It is the best technique used to remove excess adipose tissue around the waist.



The effects of the movement are as follows:

The skin is stimulated, improving cellular functions and regeneration.

Increases the blood circulation, which improves the skin temperature therefore improving the colour.

Increases the lymphatic circulation, which will aid the absorption of waste products.

Aids desquamation, which helps to remove dead skin cells

Larger contracted muscles are relaxed.

Muscle tone is improved through compression and relaxation of the muscle fibres.

Variations on petrissage:

Kneading is a circular technique by which the skin and its underlying structures (e.g. muscles, tendons, and ligaments) are moved in a circular rotating motion. Tissue is lifted and rolled away from the bone, and then back towards the bone with a squeezing compressive action.

Wringing - the soft tissues are compressed against their underlying structures before they are lifted. The lifted tissue is then pulled gently away from the underlying structures using the fingers of one hand, while the thumb of the other hand gently pushes the tissue back towards the underlying structures. In the cases of smaller areas of tissue, only the tips of the therapist's fingers and thumbs need be used to perform wringing movements. The larger the areas to be worked, the more of the therapist's hands are used to wring tissues effectively.

Skin Rolling is a technique by which the skin is lifted and rolled between the fingers and thumbs of both hands. This massage manipulation is commonly used on the abdomen, thighs, and back. It can also be used, with appropriate care, around some joints.

Tapotement

Tapotement is a technique that involves a percussion movement such as cupping, tapping, hacking and pounding. Tapotement is a stimulating manipulation that operates through the response of the nerves. The strongest effect of tapotement is due to the response of the tendon reflexes. The hands should be kept close to the body, no more than one inch from the body. The movement should be rapid, light, sharp and springy, with the hands loose at the wrists. The forearm muscles contract and relax in rapid succession to move the elbow joint into flexion and then allow it to quickly release.




increases circulation

stimulates the skin and muscle reflexes

helps create the desired effect of a massage. Variations on tapotement:

Cupping - is generally applicable to the fleshy parts of the body, but not directly over bony protuberances, not over surface (superficial) nerves, not over paralysed muscles, and not during pregnancy. If in doubt about the safety of a movement don't perform it - seek advice from a tutor or medical professional. The whole of the palmer aspect of the hand is shaped into a "cup" configuration by slightly flexing the fingers and closing the hand into the form of a "cup" by adducting the thumb to meet the index finger. The hand is loosely held in this form and used to softly strike the client's body via a loose rhythmic action of the wrist. The centre of the palm of the hand does not make contact with the client and the hollow shape formed by the hand may give rise to the distinctive sound of this massage action. The speed of this action may be varied to suit the client and the area that is being worked. Variation of the speed of the cupping action determines the depth of the effect on the skin and its underlying structures. This is an extremely stimulating movement that is one of the more difficult techniques for trainee therapists to master.

Tapping - the therapist's hands are poised over the area to be worked on

while loose and relaxed. The tips of the fingers are then used to gently tap the area. Tapping is usually gentle but with sufficient intensity to produce a slightly hollow sound on contact with the client. Movements should be kept light and different fingers may be used. As with other tapotement techniques, tapping is usually only performed for relatively short periods of time before moving on the next movement in the sequence. Tapping is often appropriate for small areas of the body and even delicate areas such as the head and face because this is a very light percussion movement.

Hacking - it is generally applicable to the fleshy parts of the body only, but not directly over bony protuberance, not over surface (superficial) nerves, not over paralysed muscles, and not during pregnancy.



If in doubt about the safety of a movement don't perform it - seek advice from a tutor or medical professional. During the hacking movement, the therapist's hands are held palms facing with the fingers and thumb outstretched from the arm and in loose contact with each other. The movement is actioned from the wrists and not from the elbows. Both hands are used to strike the client's body alternately. They are positioned just a short distance apart so that both hands work on the same area of the client, rotating so as to just clear each other during the action. As the wrists are rotated, causing the hands to alternately rise and fall, only the tips of the three medial fingers strike the client lightly and in quick succession. The fingers remain relaxed at all times so that the movement is light (i.e. the client should not be struck hard by "solid" objects in fast succession, but lightly so that the stimulation is provided by the speed, not the impact). The rate of a hacking movement may be typically 4-6 strikes per second. As variation of the speed/rate of this action determines the depth of the effect on the skin and its underlying structures, this will be determined by individual requirements.

Pounding - it is generally applicable to the fleshy parts of the body only,

(e.g. in some cases, pounding may be used on the thighs) but not directly over bony protuberances, not over surface (superficial) nerves, not over paralysed muscles, and not during pregnancy. If in doubt about the safety of a movement don't perform it - seek advice from a tutor or medical professional. During the pounding movement, the therapist's hands are loosely clenched into fists with the thumbs lying upper-most and flat against the clenched index fingers. The movement itself is similar to the hacking movement except that in the case of pounding it is the lightly clenched little finger of each hand that makes contact with the client (as compared with the ends of the three medial fingers in the case of hacking). Similarly, the movement is actioned from the wrists and not from the elbows, and both hands are used to strike the client's body alternately. They are positioned just a short distance apart so that both hands work on approximately the same area of the client. Note that pounding is one of the lesser-used massage techniques and may



be omitted completely from some massage routines - even some Swedish massage routines - in favour of other tapotement techniques.

Frictions

This is done with the cushion part of the fingers or the palm of the hand. Friction is always followed by effleurage, which soothes the area, and is ideal for removing

toxins and loosening hardened tissue around joints and tendons. It is extremely useful carried out in circular motions, usually clockwise, with several circular motions being used before the thumb is moved on to another area. Friction is carried out using a firm movement and moves the skin over the underlying tissue.


releases harmful toxins, which may have built up in the body

loosens hardened tissues around joints and tendons

breaks down and removes unwanted deposits.

Vibrations A massage technique in which tissues are pressed and released in an "up and down" movement. This often takes the form of a fine trembling movement applied using the palmar surfaces or just some of the finger tips of either or both hands. This is not one of the most common massage movements but is used as and when appropriate. Its effects can include soothing irritated nerves, loosening scar tissue, relaxing muscles in the forearm, and stimulating circulation and glandular activity. Specific benefits of vibrations depend on where on the body they are applied.

Equipment The use of a mechanical massagers is very popular amongst massage therapists for several reasons:

Less personal Consistent pressure Reduces damage to your hands and wrists. Relieve muscular tension



When using a mechanical massager, it is important to check with the client regularly to ensure their comfort is maintained. If they start to become itchy it will usually mean that you are stimulating the circulatory system to much, so do not leave the massager in place for too long. It is also important to avoid bony areas and also over internal organs such as in the lower Back over the kidneys.

Some therapists prefer manual massage and opposed to mechanical massage as they believe that only your hands will detect knots and adhesions and that using aids will not provide such an effective massage. It is, therefore a good idea to combine both manual and mechanical massage for the reasons already stated.

Infra – red lamps are another tool that you can use at the beginning or during your massage treatments. They transmit a safe electromagnetic wave which provides a warmth and penetrating therapeutic heat to muscles, which is an ideal way of warming them up before you carry out any deeper work on them. Infra-red is also believed to improve blood flow, therefore delivering more oxygen to muscles. It can be used on a specific area, such as the shoulder prior to treatment for around 12 minutes

Body Types and Postural Faults During the consultation process, it is important that you carry out a visual examination of your client in order to treat them effectively. One way of assessing someone’s body type is to put them into one of the categories below: Endomorph – tends to be solid with a smooth round body, and gains weight easily Ectomorph – tends to be of a light build and slim Mesomorph - tends to be of an athletic build with well defined muscles



It is important to consider the clients body type, as well as gender as it may determine how much pressure and the massage techniques that you will use. By assessing your clients shape you will be able to determine if they have any postural faults such as those below: Lordosis – is a condition in which the spine curves inwardly, usually in the lumber area. A good exercise to try to improve Lordosis is to lie on floor, face up, knees bent, raise head and shoulders to look at the knees

Kyphosis - is a condition in which the top of the back, usually in the thoracic regions is excessively curved and will appear rounded. With this fault, the major pectoralis muscle may need stretching. Scoliosis - A lateral curvature of the spine from side to side and back pain is common



8. CONTRA-INDICATIONS TO MASSAGE

A contra-indication is the presence of a condition which may make the client unsuitable for any type of massage. The treatment may not be able to take place or the treatment may need to be adapted. When treating a client, if they show signs of any contra-indication, tactfully refer them to their GP for treatment/advice. Never tell your client what contra-indication they may have even if you are sure you know what it is. You may be wrong and are not qualified to make a diagnosis. If you are ever unsure about a contra-indication then do not treat the client, refer them to their GP. This way you are always protecting yourself and the client. Always check with your insurance company to see which conditions you are insured to treat. Be very careful when dealing with contra-indications. It is a controversial subject and you never want to leave yourself open for further implications. We also have to consider other clients, always make sure that your place of work, implements, and you, are very clean to avoid cross infection. There are certain conditions that may prevent treatment occurring, or require a letter of approval from the client’s GP. These are as follows:

High/Low blood pressure – clients should have medical referral prior to treatment, even if they are on medication. There is a risk of a thrombosis (blood clot) which could travel to the brain.

Epilepsy – due to the complexity of the condition, medical advice should always be sought before treating a client. There is a theoretical risk that over stimulation or deep relaxation could provoke a convulsion (this has never been proven in practice).

Severe circulatory disorders and heart conditions – medical clearance should always be sought before treating a client. Increased circulation may overburden the heart and can increase the risk of a thrombus.

Recent haemorrhage and haemophilia– this is excess bleeding, either internally or externally. Any massage should be avoided due to the risk of blood spillage from blood vessels.

Phlebitis - Inflammation of the walls of a vein that is characterised by localised pain and heat. Massage can be very painful and should be avoided.

Fever – there is a risk of spreading infection as a result of increased circulation. During a fever, the body temperature rises to fight the infection.



Cancer – medical treatment should always be sought before treating a client. There is a risk of spreading certain types of cancer through the lymphatic system. Once medical clearance has been given, treatments can help relax and support the immune system. If the client is undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy, then a letter of consent should be given by the oncologist.

Diabetes – GP permission should be granted but some insurance companies will cover you as long as the condition is controlled by medication and stable, so there may just be a restriction rather than prevention.

Undiagnosed lumps, bumps, swellings – the client should be referred to their GP for a diagnosis. Treatments such as massage may increase the susceptibility to damage in the area by the pressure and motion.

Medication – caution is advised in clients who take heavy dosages of drugs. This could affect their response to treatment, making it stronger due to the increased elimination of the drugs from the bloodstream.

Recent operation – depending on the site of the surgery it may be necessary to seek medical advice.

Acute infectious Skin or other disease – due to being highly contagious, you could spread it to other parts of the body and the risk of cross infection.

Intoxication – the increase in blood flow to the head can cause dizziness.

Deep Vein Thrombosis or embolism – there is a theoretical risk that a blood clot may become detached from its site of formation and be carried to another part of the body, so massage should not take place.

Recent scar tissue – massage should only be applied once the tissue is fully healed and can withstand pressure.

Severe bruising – should be dealt with as a localised contra indication and that area avoided (restricted).

Allergies – ensure that any oils or products used do not contain substances to which the client is allergic.

Pregnancy - it is advisable to avoid treatment during the first three months. Some pregnant women may experience dizziness, so caution should be taken after the treatment.

Below is a list of contra-indications that may restrict a treatment taking place.

Varicose veins – clients may be more prone to bleeding due to the vein being week so avoid the area, however massage can prevent them occurring as it increase venous return.



Psoriasis – is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition which can be aggravated by touch or the use of mediums and there is a risk of cross infection, so avoid the area.

Sebaceous Cyst - due to the nature of these cysts being close to the surface of the skin, and tender, it may be necessary to avoid the specific area.

Eczema and acne – these conditions can be specific to a certain part of the body, so should be avoided to prevent further irritation.

Minor bruising – localised bruising should be avoided, due to pain and the increased risk of further damage to weakened blood vessels.

Children - a lighter pressure should be given for children. Always have a parent present when treating.

Using machinery - Some pre-blended oils aim to create a calming effect, Clary sage and Vetiver can have a sedative effect, so should be avoided in this instance.

Driving - Avoid pre-blends which contain marjoram and chamomile as they can cause drowsiness.

Endangerment Sites There are some areas where special caution must be taken. Any area where blood vessels and nerves become more superficial must have a reduction in pressure. The popliteal space at the back of the knee is a very delicate area as the peroneal nerve runs through it. The hands should just gently skim this area.



9. CONTRA–ACTIONS TO MASSAGE

Contra-actions are adverse reactions a client may experience during or after any treatment, and are known as a healing crisis. You must explain to your client what/if any reactions to expect during/after a treatment.

With all contra-actions tell your client that if they do not improve within 24 hours to get in touch with their GP for advice.

Below is a list of what contra-actions that could occur during or after any type of holistic treatment:

Feeling nauseous - Stop the treatment, sit them up, offer water and stay with them until they feel better. Do not continue the treatment

Feeling dizzy - Ask the client to breathe deeply to restore blood flow to the brain and offer a glass of water

Erythema – reddening of the skin resulting from increased blood flow

Hyperemia – collection of blood in an area due to muscle contraction

Light headedness

Headache and feeling thirsty

Extreme tiredness

Heightened emotions i.e. crying

Feelings of alertness

Aching and soreness to muscles due to elimination of lactic acid from the muscles

Flu like symptoms

It is important to explain that these symptoms are part of the healing process, sometimes called a “healing crisis”. The symptoms will pass and are an evident sign that the treatment has been beneficial.



10. AFTERCARE FOR MASSAGE It is very important to give your client clear instructions about what to expect and what to do at home in order to get the best from their treatments. This will help prolong the effects of the treatment. Explain to the client the following points:

drink plenty of water to aid flushing out toxins

avoid eating a large meal for several hours as the body needs energy for healing rather than for digestion

avoid smoking

avoid alcohol, tea and coffee

rest

It is essential to emphasise the importance of aftercare. Clients must be provided with clear written aftercare instructions to prevent adverse reactions and know how to deal with them. The client should sign to confirm that they will follow the aftercare regime and, if they are unwilling to do so, the treatment should not be carried out.

It is always good practice to give your clients a leaflet explaining the advice, this way you make sure they know and understand what to expect. If during the consultation process you discovered that they lead a lifestyle that involves smoking/drinking/not exercising etc, use this opportunity to explain that they will benefit more from their treatment if they were able to change their lifestyle pattern. Finally, ask the clients for feedback on the treatment so you can gauge if it has been effective for them; fill in their record card on your findings and ask when they would like to rebook.



11. EQUIPMENT & PRODUCTS FOR MASSAGE It is advisable to use a massage chair/couch for both comfort to your client and yourself. As already stated it is wise to get a couch that can be height adjusted for the sake of your back. Ensure your couch has a breather hole to allow the client to lie face down without having to twist their neck. Obviously the use of oils is needed to lubricate the skin and to complement the treatment. A good supply of clean towels will be needed and also a clean uniform or appropriate clothing if you require. It will be necessary to either use bed roll, a clean covering sheet, or at least thoroughly clean the couch with an anti-bacterial cleaning product between each client.

RECOMMEND READING Massage in Essence Nicola Jenkins Hodder Arnold ISBN 0340916788, 9780340916780 iro £12.99



12. PRE-BLEND AROMATHERAPY

The History of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is the use of essential oils, extracted from plants and used in treatments that can facilitate well being and be useful in improving or preventing ill health. They can be used in a variety of ways from inhalation to absorption and many everyday products that we can now buy include aromatherapy oils. This course is going to allow you to carry out a massage using pre-blended oils. The use of essential oils can be dated back to Ancient Egypt when incense made from aromatic woods was burnt in honour of their gods. The use of these oils was clearly recorded in hieroglyphics. Hippocrates – the father of medicine studied the effects of hundreds of scented plants and herbs. It became his belief that these plants could offer a great deal to promote health. The earliest written account in Europe of the use of essential oils was in the twelfth century, where records show that aromatics were used as a protection against the plague. The term “aromatherapy” came about in 1928, by the French chemist, Rene-Maurice Gattefossé who discovered the benefits of lavender after burning his arm. He found that the oil was healing on his skin and left no scarring. His studies were later taken further by Dr Jean Valnet during the Second World War, when he found that that essences worked wonders for healing wounds of the soldiers. Aromatherapy was reintroduced into the health care of Great Britain during the 1950’s by Marguerite Maury, in her book “The secret of life and Youth”. As a student of Gattefossé, Maury introduced the use of essential oils into massage so they could be used on a more practical level.



13. OILS

Essential Oils can be used in two ways:-

Inhalation – once the molecules have been breathed in through respiration, they are transported around the body from the lungs via our blood and lymph system. This is called Olfaction and is the process of odour perception. Firstly we receive the molecules of essential oils as they evaporate on contact with warm air as they enter the nose and dissolve into the mucous membranes which line the nasal cavity. We then transmit the aromatic molecules by the cilia in the olfactory receptor cells at the top of the nasal cavity to the olfactory nerves along axons. The olfactory nerves pass through the Ethmoid bone to reach the olfactory bulb where the signal is chemically converted and relayed to the brain for us to perceive it. Within the temporal lobe of the brain is the primary olfactory area, and it is this which is directly linked to the limbic area. When it is stimulated the hypothalamus is activated and stimulates the pituitary gland which releases endorphins. Research has been carried out that demonstrates the effect of essential oils on brain waves and how it can alter behavior.

Absorption – the skin is semi permeable and therefore allows the aromatic molecules to dissolve into the skin, also penetrating the hair follicles of the skin. Once the oils penetrate the dermis they bind with lipids in the blood, and are then carried by the blood and lymph system all around the body to tissues where they can have an effect on the nerves and other organs. The oils will be eliminated from the body through our urine and faeces, in our sweat and our exhaled breath. This process is sped up if the oils are massaged into the skin. By massaging the body with pre-blended aromatherapy oils, you can select products that are able to meet the clients’ treatment objectives. These could include products that are uplifting, calming, relaxing, invigorating or balancing. There are a huge variety of blends available to buy.



Methods of Extraction

Before pre-blended oils are made, the essential oils will need to be extracted. Every single essential oil has a distinct chemical composition. It is this composition which determines the way the oil affects the body. Depending on the nature of the plant, and whether it is a herb, flower, fruit or a tree, will depend on how the essential oil is extracted.

There are four main methods.

Distillation: using water or steam, the plant being used is heated causing the molecules of steam and the essential oil to become condensed, turning them into liquid. This liquid form is then collected and the essential oils float to the top and are captured.

Enfleurage: more often used with exotic, delicate flowers such as neroli and rose. The flowers are placed in wooden framed glass trays, in oil and left for some time in the sunlight so the essential oils can be released. By repeating the process and straining the oil, the essential oils can be raised to the correct level. Alcohol is then added to remove the essential oils from the base oil.

Expression: this method is used on citrus oils, found in the zest of the fruit. By squeezing the peel in a variety of methods the essential oil is extracted without causing any damage to it.

Solvent Extraction: this technique is used where normally distillation would destroy the essential oil, especially in delicate plants like jasmine. By adding a solvent to the plant, the essential oil is dissolved, then the solution is filtered and the essential oil remains. Pure alcohol is then used to extract the oil which remains, once the alcohol evaporates.

.

Effects of Essential Oils on the Body

Oils have different compounds, made up of chemicals with five carbon chains that play different roles within the body. In one oil, there may be hundreds of different constituents that work to contribute to the potential use of an oil. Oils are known to energise or detoxify. The effectiveness of essential oils depends



upon the speed at which they are evaporated in open air (volatility) and absorbed through the skin. Oils that are highly volatile and evaporate quickly are considered emotionally uplifting, while slowly-evaporating oils are thought to have a calming effect. Some can reach the blood stream within 20 minutes. Oils can have antiseptic and anaesthetic properties, and all oils are known for their biological effects, but how they react on the client will be an individual process. , Once the oils enter the bloodstream they have an effect on the cells of the body to trigger different responses, such as lowering the heart rate and blood pressure. When oils are pre-blended, they have been mixed to perform a specific objective, for example to invigorate or to calm.

Using and Storing Pre-Blended Aromatherapy Oils

Pure Essential oils should never be applied directly to the skin, with the exception of lavender and tea tree, due to their strong components. Instead they are mixed with carrier oil which “carries” the essential oil during the massage. Pre-blended oils have already been mixed with carrier oil by the manufacturer. Before a massage is carried out using pre-blended oils for the first time and even more so if the client is known to have sensitive skin, a patch skin sensitivity test can be carried out by applying a small amount of pre-blended oil to the back of the ear 48 hours before a treatment. If there is any reaction of any kind, do not proceed with the massage using that blend. It is possible that reactions can occur and these may show themselves as a reddened area that can be itchy or even weep. It may be wise to dilute the pre-blended oil down further with carrier oil on some areas of the body, such as the face, which can be more sensitive. Carrier oils are vegetable or nut based oils, different from those found in the kitchen cupboard, that allow the oil to be absorbed into the blood stream. The dosage of the essential oils should always be followed, which may be as little as two drops in twenty millimetres of oil. Pre-blended oils should always be stored out of direct sunlight, in airtight containers or the bottle they were sold in which will usually be dark glass, and away from extremes of temperature.

Benefits of the Use of Pre-Blended Oils

Apart from the pampering aspect of the treatment, massage using pre-blended aromatherapy oils has many physiological benefits such as:

Improving blood flow to the whole body

Improving lymphatic drainage

Relieving muscular tensions

Providing desquamation of the skin (exfoliation) which improves skin tone



Warming up muscles

Increasing sebaceous secretions

Helping to improve muscle tone

Creating a feeling of balance and well being There are also many psychological effects, depending on the type of pre-blended oil being used, which are:

Promoting relaxation

Providing relief from tension and stress

Soothing

Calming

Invigorating

Really consider the treatment objectives of the client and their treatment needs to help you select the most appropriate blend.

If clients are finding it hard to relax, then use a pre-blend that induces relaxation.

If the client has Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) then using an uplifting blend may be of benefit.

Invigorating pre-blended oils will have an effect on the muscular system by improving muscle tone.

A stimulating oil blend may increase urine production to help eliminate fluid retention and act as a diuretic.

Always be aware of your limitations and never mix oils yourself. If you feel that you are unable to provide an effective treatment using pre-blended oils, refer the client to a clinical aromatherapist.

Assessing Skin Types for Pre-Blended Aromatherapy Through your training in body massage, you will have some knowledge of different skin types, but it is important when using pre-blended aromatherapy oils that you are aware of their effect on the skin. If you are unsure of using pre-blended oil due to allergy or a reaction, then it is advisable to carry out an allergy test by applying a small amount of the blend to the back of the clients’ ear, using a cotton bud and leaving for 24 hours.

Oily skin: this skin type tends to be less sensitive than other types, although it can dry out with age. Unfortunately, there is a tendency to spots due to the pores becoming blocked. The best types of oils to use if you are treating someone with oily skin are those which have antiseptic properties such as oils blended with Tea Tree, Lavender or Geranium.



Sensitive Skin: this skin type tends to be aggravated easier due to the nerve endings being closer to the surface because the skin is thinner. Essential oils could easily aggravate sensitive skin, so it is essential that you are aware of these before you commence treatments. Rose, Geranium, Lavender and Ylang Ylang are gentle oils and not prone to irritation. Always carry out a patch test if unsure.

Normal skin: this skin group creates a smooth, firm skin which has no sun damage or skin blemishes. Oils such as Lavender, Ylang Ylang, Rosewood and Clary sage can all be of benefit within pre-blended oil.

Dry Skin: this skin type can show flaky areas, giving it a matte appearance. It can wrinkle easily so oils which have moisturising properties such as Geranium, Sandalwood, Neroli and Lavender can be of benefit.

Mature Skin: this skin type does not necessarily just refer to older people, but can affect those who are much younger if they have damaged skin due to sun exposure. The skin may take on a leathery appearance, with age spots and poor skin tone around the jaw line. Oils with regenerating properties may be of benefit, such as Cypress, Rosewood, Sandalwood and Geranium, and many pre-blended aromatherapy oils are produced to target mature skin.

Combination Skin: this skin type is a mixture of normal or dry or oily and can be all of them. There will be areas of the face that have larger pores and areas that are shiny or dry. Oils such as Neroli, Sandalwood, Ylang Ylang or Lavender can be beneficial. Below is a basic guide to the most popular oils used within your blends, though these will be already blended for you by the manufacturer: Common Name Botanical Name Uses Cautions Lavender

Lavendula angustifolia Everything! A very versatile oil for insomnia, bites, infections

Do not use internally, as may cause skin irritation in rare cases. Use in small amounts

Geranium Pelargonium graveolens

Hormonal problems, anxiety, depression, digestive problems

May cause skin irritation in some; do not use if pregnant or lactating

Bergamot Citrus bergamia Any skin problems, tiredness, abdominal problems

Phototoxic so do not use in the sun, may be skin irritant

Lemon Citrus limonum SAD, headaches and tiredness

Phototoxic so do not use in the sun, may be skin irritant

Juniper Juniperus officinalis Cellulite, acne and skin blemishes

Can be a strong diuretic so avoid if kidney problems. Not to use in pregnancy

Cedarwood Cedrus atlantic, deodar Asthma, skin conditions, Do not use during



and Juniperus virginiana

dandruff pregnancy. High doses may cause skin irritant

Cinnamon leaf Cinnamomum zeylancium

Antiseptic, soothes nausea, stimulates digestion

Avoid use in pregnancy

Neroli Citrus aurantium Stress related digestive problems, reducing stretch marks and wrinkles

None but may act as a mild sedative

Roman chamomile Anthemis nobilis Insomnia, inflamed conditions, soothes muscles

Do not use in early pregnancy. Most effective in small doses

Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Low blood pressure, muscular pains,

None

Tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia Works as an anti-septic. Insect bites, cold sores

Do not use in pregnancy or if high blood pressure

Equipment and Products

Obviously the use of pre-blended oils is needed to complete the treatment. Oils can be expensive to buy, so do shop around for them but it is important to have a variety of oils to select from and use a reputable supplier. Always follow the manufactures instructions when using pre-blended oils to ensure the correct usage of the product.

Safety in Using Pre-Blended Aromatherapy Oils

Oils can be very toxic and its misuse is of great importance. If oil is taken orally, it can lead to poisoning and onto death. If a high level of oil is applied onto the skin it can lead onto damage to the liver and kidneys. If an oil is used repeatedly over a course of months or years then a chronic toxicity can occur when can lead to headaches, nausea and skin irritations. Some oils are known to be very toxic and they include: Arnica, Wordword, Aniseed, Mugwort and Savory. Some oils are common skin irritants and they include: Clove Bud, Clove Stem and Clove Leaf, Cinnamon Leaf, and Red and Wild Thyme.

As already stated, it is dangerous to apply neat essential oils directly to the skin, with the exception of Lavender and Tee Tree which can be used to soothe, although you should not do this on children under the age of three as their internal organs are too immature to eliminate the absorbed oils.

Always keep undiluted essential oils or pre-blended mixes away from the eye area. They will also be damaging to delicate surfaces such as highly polished surfaces.



Never use pre-blended aromatherapy if a client is receiveing chemotherapy as it can irritate the skin.

It is essential that the therapist follows the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 1994, Regulation by ensuring that essential oils are not left where children or adults with learning difficulties could access them. They should be stored out of reach, preferably with child proof locks on them.

As a therapist you have a responsibility to follow the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, where you are responsible for ensuring the safety of other people. The Medicines Act 1968, states that as a therapist you must not make a medial claim about an essential oil or pre-blend, so do not promise that any oils will “cure” a condition. You are able to state that pre-blended oils are known to promote health and well being.

Try not to use the same type of pre-blended aromatherapy oil over a long period of time, as it is possible to develop sensitivity to the oil. Such oils that are known to be at risk of sensitisation are Ginger, Lemon, Melissa, Peppermint, Tea Tree and Cinnamon Bark. There are a number of oils that can work for the same condition, so vary them periodically.

Photosensitivity Some essential oils should be avoided when there is a potential for the client being exposed to sunlight, such as using a sunbed. Some blends of oils are photosensitive and should be either avoided or used at a low dosage if you know your client is going to be exposed to the sun. The use of photosensitive oil could mean that the client burns badly if exposed to sunlight.

Effect of Pre-Blended Oils on the Therapist

There will be a very small amount of the essential oil that is absorbed into the skin of the therapist during the massage, but the skin on the hands is thicker than anywhere else on the body, so as long as the hands are washed thoroughly after the treatment the effects should be minimal. What is important is that the room you are working in is well ventilated, as inhaling strong essential oil vapours could be over stimulating. Also take regular breaks if you are carrying out a lot of pre-blended massages.



14. INDIAN HEAD MASSAGE (IHM)

The History of Indian Head Massage

As the name suggests, Indian Head Massage (IHM) has its origins in India and dates back over 5000 years. Originally used as a grooming technique in India, it has developed in the West to be a popular complementary therapy used by many for many different reasons. It can be performed anywhere as it can be applied through the clothes. The treatment was brought from India to Britain in 1973 by an osteopath and massage therapist, Narendra Mehta, who was studying physiotherapy. He discovered that massages in Britain did not involve the head and consequently returned to India in 1978 to research the physiological benefits of IHM. Studying IHM and recording the skills used, Mehta developed the treatment to suit Western tastes. He named this treatment “Indian Champissage” from the Indian word “Champi” meaning “head massage”. Both Indian Head Massage and Champissage are used today.

In the West, IHM has evolved as part of a stress management programme and incorporates pleasant smelling oils massaged into the neck and shoulders, as well as the back, arms, scalp and face.



Benefits of an Indian Head Massage Apart from the pampering aspect of the treatment, massage has many physiological and emotional benefits. IHM is known to:

improve blood flow to the head and neck

improve lymphatic drainage

relieve muscular tensions

relieve physical and emotional stress

improve joint mobility

promote deep relaxation

help improve muscle tone

help relieve eyestrain

help relieve deep congestion in the head

relieve stress and anxiety

create a feeling of balance and well-being.

uplifting

improve hair and scalp conditions

The majority of people only worry about their hair's health when it starts to look dry or thinning. When the body is subjected to ill health or stress, the hair is often affected and can become dry. Healthy hair should be promoted from childhood with the help of regular massage, and Indian women use oils such as coconut or almond to help nourish the hair and to keep its shiny appearance.

How Often Should We Have An IHM? This will depend on the client and the reason for treating. Some conditions respond well after one or two treatments. It is advisable to have an IHM treatment once a month as a preventative measure.



15. MASSAGE BENEFITS, MEDIUMS & MOVEMENTS

BENEFITS OF MASSAGE The shoulders, neck and head can hold a great deal of tension and pain. Carrying heavy loads and typing at the computer would be common examples. An IHM can relax a person and relieve pain in the body. Physical Benefits:

stimulate blood circulation, bringing essential nutrients to the area

provide pain relief and a reduction of muscle tension

remove waste products

exfoliate the skin and add moisture from the medium

improve skin colour

aid joint mobility

help keep the skin soft and supple aided by massage mediums

improve sleep patterns

ease tension from the jaw in people who grind their teeth

Psychological Benefits:

stress relief

improved concentration

relaxation

sense of wellbeing



MASSAGE MEDIUMS Massage mediums are products used to allow the smooth flow of movements over the skin during the massage. The medium chosen depends on the client's skin type, the reason for massage and the client's requirements. In IHM we usually use oil.

Almond oil – Being high in nutrients, this oil has a warming effect on the body and is useful for stimulating hair growth. It also helps to reduce muscular pain and tightness.

Sesame oil – High in minerals and iron. This helps to nourish and protect the hair. It is excellent for dry skin and hair. It can also help to reduce swellings and alleviate muscular pain.

Mustard oil – One of the most popular oils used in North West India. The smell is pungent and its effects are very warming on the body. Mustard oil can break down congestion and swelling in tense muscles and help relieve pain.

Coconut oil – Very moisturising on the skin and hair. It also helps relieve inflammation and can be useful for dry, brittle hair and hair that has become lifeless due to chemical and physical stress.

Olive oil – Has a strong smell and increases heat in the body, which can help reduce swellings.

Jasmine oil – Has a very pleasant smell which increases body heat and moisturises the skin.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage



MASSAGE MOVEMENTS The following massage movements are the most common used in an IHM.

Effleurage

This movement is performed with light even pressure, in a rhythmical, continuous way. The pressure can be varied according to the underlying structures and muscle bulk but should never be very heavy. This movement will prepare the tissues for deeper massage and link up individual manipulations. Effleurage is used at the beginning and end of the massage routine and is also known as the linking movement. You use the palmar surface of the hand, which contours round the shape of the body, using even pressure and a good rhythm. The effects of the effleurage movement are as follows:

relaxes the muscles

increases the blood circulation, which improves the skin temperature, therefore improving the colour

increases the lymphatic circulation, which will aid the absorption of waste products

aids desquamation, which helps to remove dead skin cells

aids relaxation

prepares the muscles for further treatment

relaxes contracted, tense muscle fibres.

Petrissage

Petrissage is deeper than effleurage and is only performed on warm, relaxed muscle tissue. The movement may be performed with the palmar surface or the fingers or thumbs. The movement must be performed slowly and rhythmically. The pressure must be increased or reduced according to muscle bulk and the degree of tension. The effects of the movement are as follows:

The skin is stimulated, improving cellular functions and regeneration.

Increases the blood circulation, which improves the skin temperature therefore improving the colour.

Increases the lymphatic circulation, which will aid the absorption of waste products.

Aids desquamation, which helps to remove dead skin cells

Larger contracted muscles are relaxed.

Muscle tone is improved through compression and relaxation of the muscle fibres.



Frictions

This is done with the cushion part of the fingers or the palm of the hand. Friction is always followed by effleurage, which soothes the area, and is ideal for removing toxins and loosening hardened tissue around joints and tendons. It is extremely useful carried out in circular motions, usually clockwise, with several circular motions being used before the thumb is moved on to another area. Friction is carried out using a firm movement and moves the skin over the underlying tissue. The effects of the movement are as follows:

releases harmful toxins, which may have built up in the body

loosens hardened tissues around joints and tendons

breaks down and removes unwanted deposits.

Tapotement

Tapotement is a technique that involves a percussion movement such as cupping, tapping, hacking and pounding. Tapotement is a stimulating manipulation that operates through the response of the nerves. The strongest effect of tapotement is due to the response of the tendon reflexes. The hands should be kept close to the body, no more than one inch from the body. The movement should be rapid, light, sharp and springy, with the hands loose at the wrists. The forearm muscles contract and relax in rapid succession to move the elbow joint into flexion and then allow it to quickly release.


increases circulation

stimulates the skin and muscle reflexes

helps create the desired effect of a massage.



16. AFTERCARE FOR INDIAN HEAD MASSAGE The same aftercare advice applies for IHM as it does for any massage, but there is some extra guidance below:

If oil has been used on the hair, it is best practice to leave it in overnight with the head wrapped in a towel.

When the hair is to be washed, advise the client to use shampoo on dry hair first, which will break down the oil, wash that out, then wash as normal.

It is essential to emphasise the importance of aftercare. Clients must be provided with clear written aftercare instructions to prevent adverse reactions and know how to deal with them. The client should sign to confirm that they will follow the aftercare regime and, if they are unwilling to do so, the treatment should not be carried out.

It is always good practice to give your clients a leaflet explaining the advice, this way you make sure they know and understand what to expect. Finally, ask the clients for feedback on the treatment; fill in their record card on your findings and ask when they would like to rebook.



17. EQUIPMENT & PRODUCTS FOR INDIAN HEAD MASSAGE

The beauty of carrying out an IHM is that very little equipment is required. Some therapists decide to purchase a massage chair, whereas others will use a chair, and a rolled up pillow to support the client if necessary. The use of oil, if the client so wishes, is needed to lubricate the skin and to condition the hair. Expensive aromatherapy oils need not be used, instead choose hair oil, which can be purchased from the school of from some small convenience stores. It is important to have a variety of oils to select from. A good supply of clean towels will be needed, and a uniform or appropriate clothing if you require.



18. CHAKRAS & MARMA POINTS

Throughout our body we have main energy centres that are connected to major organs or glands that govern body parts. Each of these main energy centres are referred to as a chakra. Chakra is a Sanskrit word which means wheel. A chakra is a wheel-like spinning vortex that whirls in a circular motion forming a vacuum in the centre that draws in anything it encounters on its particular vibratory level. It is said that our body contains hundreds of chakras that are the key to the operation of our being. These “spinning wheels” draw in coded information from our surroundings.

Coded information can be anything from a colour vibration to an ultra-violet ray to a radio-wave or micro-wave to another person’s aura. In essence, our chakras receive the health of our environment, including the people we are in contact with (that’s why other people’s moods have an effect on us!). Our chakras also radiate energy of vibration. A person can collect energy from several different levels of vibration, including colour, which are utilised in various parts of the body. It is also believed that we have seven main chakra centres and that each main centre is connected to our being on several different levels, i.e. physical, emotional, mental and spiritual. On the physical level each chakra governs a main organ or gland, which is then connected to other body parts that resonate the same frequency.

Every organ, gland and body system is connected to a chakra and each chakra is connected to a colour vibrational frequency. For example, the heart chakra governs the thymus gland and it is also in charge of the functioning of the heart, lungs, bronchia system, lymph glands, secondary circulatory system, immune system, as well as the arm and hands. The heart chakra resonates to the colour green. The seven main chakra centres are aligned along the spinal column. If there are disturbances on any level, this shows in the chakra’s vitality level. Also, each of the seven main chakras is their own intelligence centre. This means that each chakra is not only associated with our physical health, but also controls aspects connected to our emotional, mental and belief system.



To help balance a chakra, whether on an emotional, intellectual, physical or spiritual level, we need to bring in the chakra (colour) vibration, which resonates at the same frequency. When one part of a chakra centre is out of sync it may eventually affect its other parts and possibly its neighbouring chakra. When a chakra centre is out of balance it generally means that it is over-active or under-active, or possibly congested or blocked. If this happens it is usually felt on a mental, emotional or physical level. In the study of the anatomy of the aura it is important to understand the significance of the chakra system and the language of colours expressed in the aura. The names of the seven main chakras and the master organ that each one governs are detailed in the diagram below.



The Flow of Energy



Chakras and Colour Frequencies

RED 1st Chakra ~ Base/Root Chakra ~ Adrenal

Earth, survival, grounding, stillness. Contains the primary 8 cells that have all of the knowledge of creation and remain the only cells in your body that do not change in

your lifetime. It grounds us in the physical world.

ORANGE 2nd Chakra ~ Spleen/Sacral Chakra ~ Gonad

Relates to our sexual and reproductive capacity. Blockage manifests as emotional problems or sexual guilt.

YELLOW

3rd Chakra ~ Solar Plexus Chakra ~ Pancreas Seat of Emotions. Gives us a sense of personal power in the world. Blockage

manifests as anger or a sense of victimisation.

GREEN 4th Chakra ~ Heart Chakra ~ Thymus

Blockage can manifest as immune system or heart problems, or a lack of compassion.

BLUE 5th Chakra ~ Throat Chakra ~Thyroid

Tied to creativity and communication. Feels pressure when you are not communicating your emotions properly.

INDIGO

6th Chakra ~ Brow/Third Eye Chakra ~ Pituitary Often connected to the forehead. It is a physical eye at the base of the brain with the

capabilities of looking upward. Clairvoyance, psychic abilities, imagination, dreaming.

VIOLET

7th Chakra ~ Crown Chakra ~ Pineal Connects you with messages from higher realms. Can be experienced as a pressure on the top of the head. Spiritual connection, understanding, knowing, bliss, God.



Marma Points Marma points are located throughout the body and act as energy control points, however they are not structural parts like an organ is. They are subtle energy fields located at the junctions of the muscles, bones, and nerve and are where life forces reside. The human body has approximately 107 Marma points – and if we include the human mind there are 108. The size of a Marma point will vary, ranging from one to six inches in diameter. Many centuries ago, Marma points were mapped out in detail in the classic Ayurvedic text of 'Sushruta Samhita'. Both the front and back of the body contain Marma points, with 22 on the lower extremities, 22 on the arms, 12 on the chest and stomach, 14 on the back and 37 on the head and neck. It is believed that if pressure is applied to Marma points, then many health conditions can be healed as energy is encouraged to flow. IHM, in particular, due to working on the head and neck will cover many of the Marma points.

RECOMMENDED READING Indian Head Massage Helen McGuiness Oxford University Press ISBN 9780340946046 Iro £16.99



19. STONE THERAPY MASSAGE

A Stone Therapy Massage is a complete body, mind and soul massage that uses smooth, flat heated or cold stones during the massage and which are also placed at key points on the body.

Technique

Generally the heated rocks used in a stone massage are dense volcanic basalt stones which have high heat retention qualities that release heat slowly. They are placed in water and heated to within a certain temperature range before placement on the body, or they can be heated in a Vulsini heating bag. The cold stones can be marble or marine and are less dense than heated stones. They are white or blue and formed within the earth or beneath the seabed from various areas around the world. They are shaped and polished by hand and retain the low temperature needed for remedial massage. The stones are chilled before placement on the body. Cold stones can be combined with or used without the hot stones during a treatment. Both hot and cold stones are usually placed on specific points on the back, but can be placed on other areas such as between the toes, or in the palms of the hands. You are encouraged to use many of your existing skills of massage in addition to incorporating the movements and traditional stone therapy techniques. EFFLEURAGE MOVES This technique allows the hands of the therapist to glide over the parts of the body using different strokes. The flat of the hand with open palm or fist is used with the stone and oils to introduce the hot or cold stones to the body parts. This movement commences, is a transitional movement and used at the end of the treatment to finish off. Effleurage also assists in targeting muscular knots and problem areas for petrissage; preparing the area with the temperature from the stones, assisting the therapist whilst being beneficial in relaxing/stimulating the client and their muscles helping them to become accustomed to the stones temperatures. The movements used are gliding, smoothing, sweeping, movements.



PETRISSAGE MOVES Petrissage is a deep, warming technique involving various methods. This movement can be used during the stone massage to link movements and prepare tense areas ready for deeper techniques. Petrissage involves the use of the palms of the hands to facilitate the transfer of warmth from hot rocks or the coolness of marble to the body and the deeper tissues and muscles. In stone massage, the transfer of the varying temperatures is made faster and easier because of the retainment properties of the stones. The therapist can then concentrate more on the gentle "kneading" motion, which allows tissue work that is not too deep. This method is perfect for those who want to be pampered and soothed throughout the stone massage session. Movements close to Petrissage is Cat Pawing. By applying deep pressure, with stones flat, on side or ends whilst applying a back and forth cat paw movement over large muscle groups. It is beneficial to allow the stones to cool slightly for this move as they are placed for longer on the body. FRICTION MOVES Friction moves are petrissage moves but specifically work deeper for a deep-friction across fibres’ of a muscle. This move also breaks down adhesions between muscle and skin. To work with friction moves, work across the fibre of the muscle and not the length with brisk small movements. FRICTION - CHILLED STONES Light and fast movements should be used with cold stones across the muscle and is effective in stimulating heart, lungs and lymph. FRICTION - HEATED STONES Quick movements with the heated stones across the length of the muscle group. You can use thumbs or palms to create added heat.

TAPPING TECHNIQUES Piezoelectric effect or vibrations. This procedure is the rhythmic tapping of two stone together, one on top of the other which creates a resonant sound waves creating a transfer of energy from the mechanical energy (stones being tapped) to the electrical (vibration) that penetrates into soft tissue. To release stubborn tension, hold one of the stones on its edge applying constant pressure on the point of tension, using the other stone in a tapping rhythmical motion. TUCKING Tucking is the procedure of placing stones that are waiting to be used under a covered area of the clients body, creating warmth and comfort during the continued treatment. It is essential that you organise your time management with the stones as it is important to take stones out prior to working an area, the tucking of the stones will help to keep them warm and prepared for your next area of treatment.



PLACEMENT OF STONES Placement of stones before, during and after the treatment will enhance the treatment and also works with the client energy and relaxation. You will be shown how to place the stones during your practical training. TRIGGER POINTING TECHNIQUES This technique is used on trigger point areas of tension. This is where the muscle has persistent, recurring or continued intermittent pain caused by injury, tension, lack of stretching out tension or illness. The warm oblong basalt or cool marble stones are placed on the tense areas to produce warmth on the area and can assist manual work. Warm stones should be used for this technique as they are held on particular points of pain.

Effect

The heat of the rocks causes muscles to relax, thus allowing the therapist to apply deeper, more precise pressure if desired or necessary. The heat contained in the rocks also relaxes nerves, and may improve chakra flow if placed on chakra centre’s on the body. The cool temperature of the cold stones helps to reduce inflammation, puffiness and painful areas. When combining the use of the heated and chilled stones alternatively (Thermotherapy), the resulting vaso-dilation and vaso-constriction of blood vessels encourages cleansing, nourishes and heals tissues during a treatment.



The History

Stone therapy has been used for ceremonies and treatments as old as the Incas, Shang Dynasty in China of around 1500 BC and the Egyptian Pyramids. Native American women used to place a warmed stone on their belly during menses. Roman baths involved hot water and tables of hot and cold stones to lie on. Pilgrims would put a hot stone at the end of their bed to warm their feet. Fasting Japanese priests would wear a sash in which 3 warm stones were placed to help to slow down their digestive process. Ancient Chinese, Egyptians and American Indians used stones for healing, worship and guidance; they knew them and respected them as the Ancient Ones! Many centuries ago, the Native Americans of the Sioux cultures, sought after the subtle and profound comfort and healing properties derived from the Stone Nation. They selected women who were carefully mentored, one-on-one as Stone Walkers into these traditional healing arts. Thy Intuitively and ceremoniously selected and used the stones that were smoothed by eons of polishing by the water, wind, warmed by the sun and cooled in the streams, the native women walked them to stiff, sore aching muscles, restoring the mind, body and spirit of family and friends who needed help for optimum health and balance. These women were call Inyan Pejuta Winyan (Stone Nation Medicine Woman or Stone Walkers) In Chile the healing women of the Ancient Mapuche tribes have used the black stones heated for thousands of years, in their healing work and for divination purposes. Modern stone therapy originated with Mary Nelson in Tucson, Arizona, USA in 1993. Mary had been looking for a way to heal and protect her already damaged and aching limbs due to overworking in therapy treatments. Stone Therapy was channelled to Mary Nelson by her Native American Spirit guide called San Juanette through guiding her to use the hot rocks in the sauna that she was sitting in. She used it and it worked. The name ‘La Stone’ came about through prayer and guidance with San Juanette. The treatment came about through a combination of prayer, experimentation and inspiration. The learning never stops! Today it is now practiced by many companies, therapists’ and spas’, using other expressions of stone work in their practices and is regarded as a compliment to the original La Stone. Consequently, it is one of the most popular and fastest growing treatments available, sought after by therapists and clients alike.



Noise Reduction Stone therapy can be noisy! Take the necessary steps to ensure all your movements are as quiet as possible.

Line the heater/cooler bin with a small towel to stop stones clicking as you put them in or lift them out.

Place the chosen stones from the heater or cooler onto a towel, keep them separated and wrap up to keep warm

Place the used stones in a bowl or on a towel after use. Make sure this surface is smooth and is easy to transport if you’re taking the stones to the basin to wash.

When placing chosen stones on the bed immediately prior to massage, ensure they stay separate from the other stones and NOT placed near the edge of a bed, this makes a very big noise if dropped!

When massaging clients with the stones, be careful not to unintentionally click the stones together.



20. STONE THERAPY MASSAGE BENEFITS

Benefits of a Stone Massage Apart from the pampering aspect of the treatment, Stone Therapy massage has many physiological and emotional benefits. The powers of touch with the stones are huge and should not be underestimated as a luxury. Massage is known to:

relieve muscular tensions

relieve physical and emotional stress

promote deep relaxation

relieve stress and anxiety

create a feeling of balance and well-being

assists the energy flow throughout the body directing it to the areas of blockage

promote a meditative state of quietude and calm

opens up the energy centres of the mind and body (Chakras), thus allowing a balance of individual chakras

The Physical Effects of Hot Stones Therapy

Circulation

Erythema - Vaso-dilation occurs as the warmth of the stones increase the size of the superficial capillaries producing hyperaemia (redness) on the surface of the skin and surrounding tissues.

Local physiological and systemic changes - The longer the application of warmth on the body the deeper the heat will be carried down into the Dermis and Muscles by blood. (Conduction and convection). This will bring about local physiological and systemic changes in the body.

Increased flexibility - as the connective tissues are relaxed and benefit from the removal of waste and improved supply of nutrients and oxygen.

Increased circulation will bring nutrients to the tissues and assist with the removal of toxins from the tissue. This is highly nutritional and cleansing for the tissues.

Increased Heart Rate and Respiration - A full treatment will increase the heart rate and respiration, helping the functions of the heart, breath and lymph.



Increased Metabolism - A full treatment will increase metabolism by 10% to 15% and the internal temperature will rise by a couple of degrees within an hour. This will increase the production of red and white cells.

This in turn will aid in the treatment of weakened conditions by stimulating, detoxification and stimulation of blood and lymph. Micro- circulation is increased bringing oxygen to the cells stimulating cell metabolism.

A deeper Massage - Heat penetrating to depths of up to 1.5 inches (4cm) carried by blood.

Lymph

Lymph Drainage - Increase movement through lymph drainage will assist in removal of toxins

Muscular/Skeletal

Removal of Lactic Acid - Heat softens adhesion and fibrous nodules which help to remove lactic build up in the muscles fibres, which in turn reduces pain.

Easing Joints and Muscles - Regular treatment with improve range of movement in joints or muscles and the longer the application of heat the deeper the effects on the areas.

Skin Youthful appearance - will create flexibility of the connective tissues of

the dermis improving the condition of the collagen and elastin fibres in the dermis helping to give a youthful glow to the skin.

Repair and healing of superficial tissues - Micro-circulation of the cells is stimulated; the cells will eliminate toxins, absorb nutrients and generally function more efficiently. Cell will re-produce healthier tissues that in turn improve tissue repair and healing.

Nervous System Sedative - The Central Nervous System is sedated by heat, calming the

client.

Balancing - The parasympathetic system is balanced creating a balance in the physical body.

Nourishment - Nerve cells benefit from the nourishment created by increased circulation.



Relaxing related Organs of the body - The heat will be carried along the nerve fibre to the spinal cord. From there the sedative stimulus can travel to a related organ is in reflex relationship to that organ.

Effects of Tapping to fatigue related areas - Pain in areas can be treated by tapping the stones on the body and fatiguing the nerve ending – similar to manual neuromuscular techniques.

Organs Related Organs of the body - Relaxing, decongesting, and detoxifying

effects, transported by blood.

Blood flow and digestion in the bowel - Balances certain functions such as peristalsis in the bowels and the pumping of the heart! The physical body responds to heated stones far greater than with manual massage. It will stimulate the systems yet create a state of calm and sedation in the client. The systemic effect of the warm stones is sedative

The Physical Effects of Cold Stones

Circulation

Vaso-constriction - Initial decrease in superficial capillaries as they vaso-constrict under the coolness of the stone.

Toxin release - The cooler temperature pushes excess fluids carrying toxins out of the skin and muscles through constriction of blood vessels.

Lymph

Removes Toxins - The cool and hot temperature assists in removing toxins where they are in excess through the constriction, conduction and convection of the varying temperatures when combined.

Muscular/Skeletal

Reduction of inflammation - Cold stones reduce inflammation and soreness of muscles and aids in remedial massage.

Skin Calming - The skin will be de-sensitised and calmed as the capillaries

vaso-constrict

Lowers temperature - Reduces temperature of the skin.

Deeper – Penetration is far deeper than any other form of ice treatment.



Protect prolonged stones from skin – If prolonging the length of time the stones are on the skin, protect the skin with a cloth to prevent ice burn on the skin.

Skin Firming - 10 minutes of cool stone application will temporarily tighten the skin and muscle fibre and can be used as part of a facial massage to temporarily lift and firm the contours.

Nervous System Refreshes - The Central Nervous System is stimulated by the cool

temperature and refreshes the client.

Stimulates - The sympathetic system is stimulated creating an ‘adrenalin rush’ in the physical body.

General Reduces Puffiness – The cool temperature will reduce puffiness around

the eyes and any areas that need reducing such as puffy joints.

Recent Injuries, Burns and inflammation – Use different stones to reduce puffiness, pain and inflammation by removing heat from the body allowing relaxation in the injured area.

Trigger points – Use the stones for trigger pointing and cross fibre friction.

Placement of Stones – Lay the stones or tuck them in where needed.

Energy release - Cold stones in isolation can refresh and decongest the client, particularly useful when there is too much energy;

For example:

Over the abdomen when it is distended or bloated.

In the client’s hands when they are stressed at the start of the treatment.

At the finish of a body treatment to ground the client and to gentely wake them up.

The systemic effect of the cool stones is stimulating.



21. THE STONES

Hot Stones The Hot stones are basalt and are dark in colour. This is igneous, volcanic rock that can be found all over the world. It is mainly pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar. The texture is so fine these individual minerals are rarely seen, basalt varies from grey with a greenish tinge to almost black. They can differ immensely in texture, colour and composition depending on their origin, region and mineralogy Basalt is found on the exterior of a volcano. It is formed form the hot lava that spills out of the volcano as it erupts. Over the years they are exposed to the minerals together forming a concentrated mass of minerals and crystals. The effects of the stones This concentrated mass traps energy present within the live, pulsing, vibrating lava as it spills out of the erupting volcano. Basalt stones affect the body in a positive way they give out ‘vibrational’ energy that interacts on ones energy field (Aura) and vibrations of the major chakras of the body. Usual amount of stones used are 35.

Generally you will need: 4 large stones for the back 2 medium stones for the back of each leg and 2 medium stones for the front of each leg 2 small stones for each of the arms 2 small/medium for the neck and shoulders 3 small face stones 8 small toe stones

For Placement you will need: 1 large contour stone 2 flat medium stones 2 flat small stones 1 sacrum stone

Cold Stones Marble Stones Marble stone is a metamorphic rock. The word “metamorphic” means “to change form”. Metamorphosis is the key word for the transformation of existing rock



under the influence of extreme heat and pressure in the interior of the Earth where everything is changed into a new form from the inside out. In order to create marble, limestone, which is manually added, has to be pure calcium carbonate (better then 90%) and have a mono-crystalline structure. They are formed beneath the seabed in certain areas around the oceans. These white marble stones have been cut, smoothed and polished to various shapes and sizes designated to work specific areas of the body. They are less dense so can be porous to the oils used. Under no circumstances should oil be left on marble stones.

Marine Stones Marine stones are sedimentary stones found on the ocean basin formed from plant life and on the coral reef from the region of South America. Naturally smoothed by water over many years, they end up smooth and silky and contain lots of minerals. They are used for detoxifying and anti-inflammatory and can also be used with essential oils to cool and refresh you. The colours of the stones are generally light blue to deep blue and grey. The colour of the ocean.

Marine stones have the same benefits as marble stones and can be very beneficial for headaches and tension. Marine stones can be used on the soles of the feet to cool and soothe them.

Generally you will need:

1 large stone for the back 1 medium stone for the back and front of each leg 1 small/medium for each arm 3 small face stones 2 eye stones (optional) The effects of the stones The cool stones remove heat from the body. Usual amount of stones used are 18.

General Stones have been around since the beginning of time. The hot and cold stones used are millions of years old. The contrasting stones are the ultimate dichotomy, the furthest of extremes: hot and cold, basalt and marble, Sun and Moon, male and female, yin and yang, black and white, relaxing and invigorating, sedating and euphoric, active and passive, vaso-dilation and vaso-constriction, Mother Earth and Father Sky. They are



symbolic for their giving of energies and grounding effects on the mind, body and spirit.

Hygiene and care of the stones Washing - If you use oil with the stones it is advisable to bathe them or immerse them in warm anti-bactericidal soapy water. Ensure the oils and any residue from the skin is removed from the stones, and finish by rinsing under cold running water. Spraying – Alternatively, if limited with time, as you finish using each stone lay them on a towel. At the end of the treatment use a spray of alcohol or anti bacterial soap on both sides of the stones, wipe each stones clean and return to the heater. Oiling – Oiling basalt stones regularly after washing will keep them in tip top condition. Just as we shower and moisturise, so do the stones need it, but only the basalt ones, not the cold ones. Cleaning the heater At the end of each day empty the bin and spray with an anti-bacterial cleanser or mild alcohol then wipe dry. Return the bin to the heating unit, place a clean towel at the base of the bin and replace the stones. It is not recommended to Autoclave the stones. Exposing basalt stones to extreme temperatures when the inner core is still wet could cause a violent explosion, also avoid heating semi-precious stones as they can easily break or explode. If you are using the Vulsini heater bags, they will not need to be cleaned. Cleaning the stones to restore their energy (options)

Immerse in sea salt dissolved in water preferably natural spring water.

Rinsing them in the ocean is ideal but not always practical!

Re-energising them with crystals such as Moon stone for cold and labrodite for hot stones.

Rinse them well in water and dry them in the sun or the full moon to re-energise them.

This should be done regularly depending on how often you use the stones. Few times day – weekly Few times a week – fortnightly Seldom – monthly



Cleanse the stones more often should you treat clients who are particularly stressed/congested or unbalanced.

These procedures are important to do, so respect the stones.

The power of Ten –

One stroke with a heated stone is equivalent to 10 strokes with your hand

10 times more effective than ordinary massage

10 times deeper

10 times less effort

Lasts 10 times longer than traditional massage

Increase practice ten-fold Ensure you heat your hands in warm water when moving from cold to hot stones. Ensure the client is comfortable at all times and follow the treatment times in this manual.



22. CONTRA–ACTIONS OF STONE THERAPY

Contra-actions are reactions of a client caused by a treatment taking place. You must explain to your client what/if any reactions to expect during/after a treatment. With all contra-actions tell your client that if they do not improve within 24 hours to get in touch with their GP for advice.

Below is a list of what contra-actions that could occur during or after Stone Therapy Massage treatments:

Hyperaemia left by the heated stones

This is created by the internal response from the heated stones; there is a rapid increase of blood flow to the area. The heat aids the blood into the tissue to relax and soften tight, congested structures. These areas should return to normal skin tones within the time of the treatment or shortly after. If an area remains red, this is an indication that this area is very congested and needs some extra work. The reason for this could be: congestion in a muscle, congestion in an underlying organ, energy or meridian blockage, use of extreme temperatures of stones, loosening and de-congesting the tissue.

Any reaction to extremes of temperatures or temperature sensitivity – removes all stones; maintain records, client to seek medical advice if required.

Erythema -

Swelling

Allergic reaction

Light headedness

Headache

Extreme tiredness

Heightened emotions

Feelings of alertness

Aching and soreness to muscles

Bloated stomach

Detached from reality

Excessive Urination

Perspiration

Numbness

Aggravated skin condition

Disturbed sleep



Burping and flatulence

Shivering

Aching old injuries

It is important to explain that these symptoms are part of the healing process, sometimes called a “healing crisis”. The symptoms will pass and are an evident sign that the treatment has been beneficial.



23. EQUIPMENT & PRODUCTS FOR STONE THERAPY

It is advisable to use a massage chair/couch for both comfort to your client and yourself. As already stated it is wise to get a couch that can be height adjusted for the sake of your back. Ensure your couch has a breather hole to allow the client to lie face down without having to twist their neck. Obviously the use of oils is needed to lubricate the skin and to complement the treatment. Hot stones and heater Cold stones and chiller unit/Cool bag and packs A good supply of clean towels will be needed and also a clean uniform or appropriate clothing if you require. It will be necessary to either use bed roll, a clean covering sheet. or at least

thoroughly clean the couch with an anti-bacterial cleaning product between each client. As a student of The WSBHT, you are entitled to receive 5% discount off the standard retail prices advertised on www.vulsini.com. Please quote WSBHT13 during the checkout process

Heating Bag £139+VAT

£159 +VAT 38 piece stone set

£179

52 piece

http://www.vulsini.com/



Recommended Reading The Official LaStone Therapy Mary Nelson and Jane Scrivener ISBN: 978-0-7499-2507-9 £20 The Crystal Bible Judy Hall ISBN: 1-84181-175-0



24. ACCREDITATION

This course is accredited by:

VTCT

The Guild of Beauty Therapists

The Guild of Holistic Therapists

Professional Beauty Direct

Associated Beauty Therapists WSBHT is registered with UKRPL

UK Register of Learning Providers No: 10027055

Medical Disclaimer It is advised that you take medical advice if you or any of your clients have a health problem. Any qualification from WSBHT will not qualify you to advise on any medical condition or to diagnose a condition.

Liability WSBHT will accept NO liability for any person for any type of loss or damage whatsoever resulting from the use of materials within any course held by WSBHT. Copyright All copyright and other intellectual property rights in these materials are owned by or licensed by WSBHT. Copyright, adapting or other use of all or part of these materials without written permission of WSBHT is strictly prohibited.



25. CONTACT DETAILS

CONTACT DETAILS Principal : Tia Dowman Address : 706 Delta Office Park

Welton Road Swindon Wiltshire SN5 7XS

Telephone : 01793 73 77 33 Mobile : 07824 337333 Email : [email protected]

Website : www.wsbht.co.uk

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