The World of Plant Classification

An Unusual Angiosperm

Table 29.1 Ten Phyla of Extant Plants

Figure 29.1 Some highlights of plant evolution

Figure 29.6 Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme

Figure 30.1 Three variations on gametophyte/sporophyte relationships

Figure 29.15 Bryophytes

Figure 29.15x1 Hornwort

Figure 29.15x2 Quillwort

Figure 29.9 Gametangia: Archegonium of Marchantia (left), Anteridium of a hornwort (right)

Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 1)

Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 2)

Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 3)

Figure 29.16x Moss life cycle

Figure 29.x1 Polytrichum moss leaf section

Figure 29.18 A moss sporangium with a “spore-shaker” tip

Figure 29.19 Sphagnum, or peat moss: Peat bog in Oneida County, Wisconsin (top), closeup of Sphagnum (bottom left), Sphagnum "leaf" (bottom right)

Figure 29.19x A peat moss bog in Norway

Figure 29.0 Ferns

Figure 29.11 Xylem and phloem in the stem of Polypodium, a fern (a pteridophyte)

Figure 29.21 Pteridophytes: club "moss" (top left), whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom left), fern (bottom right)

Figure 29.21x1 Lycophyte

Figure 29.21x2 Horsetail

Figure 29.23 The life cycle of a fern

Figure 29.23x1 Life cycle of a fern: mature fern

Figure 29.23x2 Life cycle of a fern: sorus

Figure 29.23x3 Life cycle of a fern: sporangium

Figure 29.23x4 Life cycle of a fern: mature sporangium

Figure 29.23x5 Life cycle of a fern: germinating

Figure 29.23x6 Life cycle of a fern: gametophyte

Figure 29.23x7 Life cycle of a fern: archegonia

Figure 29.23x8 Life cycle of a fern: sporophytes

Figure 29.24a Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production

Figure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production

Figure 29.24c Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production

Figure 29.25 Artist’s conception of a Carboniferous forest based on fossil evidence

Figure 30.4 Hypothetical phylogeny of the seed plants

Figure 30.0 Seed fossil

Figure 30.3 Winged seed of a White Pine (Pinus strobus)

Figure 30.5a Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba

Figure 30.5c Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba

Figure 30.5x1 Ginkgo: Male (left), female (right)

Figure 30.5x2 Ginkgo sperm

Figure 30.6 Phylum Cycadophyta: cycads

Figure 30.7a Phylum Gnetophyta: Welwitschia

Figure 30.7b Phylum Gnetophyta: Gnetum

Figure 30.7c Phylum Gnetophyta: Ephedra

Figure 30.8a Phylum Coniferophyta: Douglas fir

Figure 30.8b Phylum Coniferophyta: Sequoia

Figure 30.8bx Sequoias

Figure 30.8c Phylum Coniferophyta: Cypress

Figure 30.8d Phylum Coniferophyta: Pacific yew

Figure 30.8e Phylum Coniferophyta: Common juniper

Figure 30.8f Phylum Coniferophyta: A pine farm

Figure 30.8g Phylum Coniferophyta: Wollemia pine

Figure 30.8x1 Bristlecone Pine

Figure 30.8x2 Frasier fir

Figure 30.9 The life cycle of a pine (Layer 1)

Figure 30.9 The life cycle of a pine (Layer 2)

Figure 30.9 The life cycle of a pine (Layer 3)

Figure 30.10 A closer look at pine cones (Pinus sp.)

Figure 30.10x1 Pine Sporangium with spores

Figure 30.10x2 Pine pollen

Figure 30.10x3 Pine embryo

Figure 30.11 Representatives of major angiosperm clades

Figure 30.13a The structure of a flower

Figure 30.15 Relationship between a pea flower and a fruit (pea pod)

Figure 30.16 Fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersal: Red berries (left), dandelion (right)

Figure 30.16x1 Dandelion seed dispersal

Figure 30.16x2 A bird eating berries containing seeds that will be dispersed later with the animal's feces

Table 30.1 Classification of Fleshy Fruits

Figure 30.17 The life cycle of an angiosperm

Figure 30.18 Flower-pollinator relationships: Scottish broom flower and honeybee (left), hummingbird (top right), baobab tree and bat (bottom right)

Table 30.2 A Sampling of Medicines Derived from Plants