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The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton...

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The world trade order
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Page 1: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

The world trade order

Page 2: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

As part of post WW2 World Economic Order

1 st – 12th of July 1944 „Bretton Woods Conference“

Bretton Woods Institutions: International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development (core of „World Bank Group“) International Monetay Fund (exchange rate system) (International Trade Organisation (Trade))

Page 3: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

The GATT

General Agreement on Tarifs and Trade No UN-Organisation, simple treaty Substitute for failed ITO

J.M. Keynes: elaborate agreement for maintaining current account balances , international anti-trust

Repeatedly failed in U.S. Congress

in force since 1st of January 1948

Page 4: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Scope

Trade in Manufactured goods Not:

Agricultural goods Services

Page 5: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Principles

Liberalization Non-Discrimination

Most Favored Nation Principle National Treatment

Reciprocity

Page 6: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

GATT Rounds

round time focus

1 to 5 until 1962 Reduction of tariffs

6 (Kennedy) 1964-67Reduction of tariffs, Anti-Dumping Code

7 (Tokio) 1973-79New Anti-Dumping Code, Subsidy Code

8 (Uruguay) 1986-93

Liberalization of agricultural trade, Inclusion of services and intellectual property rights, creation of WTO

Page 7: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

The result: average US-tariff rate

Page 8: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

WTO

World Trade Organisation (since 1.1.1995) GATT becomes a part of WTO Differences:

UN-special organisation, based in Geneva Includes in addition to Manufactures

Services (GATS, numerous exceptions from most-favored nation clause) and

Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS)

Page 9: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Further differences WTO-GATT

Binding conflict resolution mechanisms 167 cases until 1999 (GATT 300, 1948-1994) Panels

mediationRetaliatory tariffs (asymmetric power!)

www.wto.org

Page 10: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

WTO Organisation

H an d e lsp o lit is ch es P rü fo rg an(Trad e P o lic y R eview B od y)

R a t fü r H an d e l m it W aren(G A TT,

P ro toko ll d e r U ru g u ay R u n d e)

R at fü r H an d e l m it D ien s tle is tu n g en(G A TS ,

G en era l A g reem en t on Trad e in S ervices )

R a t fü r h an d e lsb ezog en e g e is t ig e E ig en tu m srech te(TR IP S

Trad e re la ted A sp ec ts o f In te llec tu a lP rop erty R ig h ts )

A llg em ein er R a t(G en era l C ou n c il)

S tre itb e ileg u n g sorg an(D isp u te S e tt lem en t B od y)

M in is te rtre ffena lle 2 Jah re

zu le tz t in S ea tt le

Page 11: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Doha Round

Started November 2001 in Doha, Quatar Supposedly a „Development Round“ Originally to be finished by 2006 Emergence of a strong Development country

„block“ the G-20, lead by Brasil, South Africa, India and China

Presently (march 2008) stalled due to large differences as to how to liberalize agricultural trade

Page 12: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

A different voice

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) Forum for discussion, research pool Traditionally critical of free trade www.unctad.org

Page 13: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Principles

Liberalization Non-Discrimination

Most Favored Nation Principle National Treatment

Reciprocity

Page 14: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Exceptions: Scope

Agricultural Products Textiles (Mulit-Fibre Arrangement), 1974-

2004 System of quotas Has cost the developping world 27 million jobs

and 40 billion $ export earnings Expired January 1st, 2005

Page 15: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Exceptions: „Non-economic „ reasons

Article 20 and 21: Protection due to non – economic reasons Life and Health of humans, animals and plants Protection of national cultural heritageProtection of depletable resourcesNational Security

Important: Protection of one‘s own country, not rest of the world!

Page 16: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Exceptions from the principles

No most favored nation clause:FTA, CU (Art.24)Preferences towards developing countries

Z.B. GPS of the EU, Lomé

Possibility to create new tafriffsDumping (Art 6)Countervailing tariffs against export subsidies

(Art 16)

Page 17: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Exportsubventionen

Arten: Beihilfen Steuererleichterungen Zinsvergünstigungen Verlustübernahme

Problem: Unterscheidung von Exportsubventionen und „heimischen Subventionen“ Z.B. zur Beschäftigungssicherung

Page 18: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Dumping: Definitionen

Niedrigerer Preis als Grenzkosten ? Sporadisches Dumping:

Überschüsse werden verbilligt abgegeben („Winterschlussverkäufe“)

Aggressives Dumping Preis unter Grenzkosten als Mittel im

Verdrängungswettbewerb

Page 19: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Dumping: Definitionen (Forts.)

Niedrigerer Preis als im Heimatmarkt (= WTO Def.)

Dauerhaftes Dumping: Preis über Grenzkosten Internationale Preisdifferenzierung Grenzerlös = Grenzkosten

Sozial- und Umweltdumping ?

Page 20: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Dumping: EU Verfahren

Tatbestand? Bedeutende Schädigung? Kausalität? Strafzoll im Europäischen Interesse? Pro Jahr 30-40 Verfahren

Page 21: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

WTO Regeln: Anti-Dumping Zölle

Verhältnismäßigkeit (Dumpingspanne abgeschöpft)

Befristet: Sunset-Clause (5 Jahre)

Page 22: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

US-Verfahren

Niedrigste Preise (nicht Durchschnittspreise)

Anti-Dumping Zoll kann praktisch nur mit Zustimmung des Klägers rückgängig gemacht werden

Page 23: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Aktuelle Fragen

Page 24: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Aktuelle

Page 25: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Missbrauch der Dumpingregel?

Verfahren der Feststellung von Dumping nicht hinreichend geklärt

Missbrauch gegen unliebsame Konkurrenz v.a. aus Entwicklungs- Transformationsländern

Page 26: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Das GATS

Was sind Dienstleistungen ? Wie werden sie international gehandelt?

(„Modes“)1. grenzüberschreitende Lieferung (z. B. Call Centers)2. Konsum im Ausland (z.B. Tourismus)3. Bereitstellung im Inland durch ausländischen

Anbieter (z.B. private Universität)4. Zeitweilige Migration von Dienstleistungsanbietern

Page 27: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Grundstruktur GATS

Gleiche Prinzipien wie GATT „Bottom –Up“ Ansatz: Länder legen selbst fest,

welche Dienstleistungssektoren sie diesen Prinzipien unterwerfen

„GATS der verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten“ , z.B. zur Inländergleichbehandlung und Nichtdiskriminierung bei öffentlichen Aufträgen (EU, USA, Japan)

Page 28: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Problematik 1

Eingrenzung staatlicher Regulierungshohheit ? Ausnahme von Liberalisierungsgebot (Art 1, 3):

Dienstleistungen die „in Ausübung hoheitlicher Gewalt erbracht“ werden

Schutz nur möglich wenn die jeweilige Dienstleistung „weder zu kommerziellen Zwecken, noch im Wettbewerb mit einem oder mehreren Dienstleistungserbringern erbracht wird.“

Interpretation?

Page 29: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Problematik 2

Entscheidungsstruktur: Konsensprinzip, aber Aufgrund der Kosten der Vertretung und

Verhandlung: Verhandlungsmacht bei den großen 3 plus einiger „strategischer“ Entwicklungsländer

Geringer Öffentlichkeitsgrad von Entscheidungsprozessen

Weitere Umgehung der Legislativen ?

Page 30: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International.

Tendenz ?

Liberalisierungsdruck bei schleichendem nationalen Souveränitätsverlust?


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