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Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract. Titanium - water heat pipes are being investigated for use in heat rejection systems for lunar and Mars fission surface power systems. Heat pipes provide an efficient and reliable means to transfer heat to a radiator heat rejection system. NASA Glenn Research Center requisitioned nine titanium water heat pipes from three vendors. Each vendor supplied three heat pipes 1.25 cm diameter by 1.1 meter long with each vendor selecting a different wick design. Each of the three heat pipes is slightly different in construction. Additional specifications for the heat pipes included 500 K nominal operating temperature, light weight, and freeze tolerance. The heat pipes were performance tested gravity-aided, in the horizontal position and at elevations against gravity at 450 K and 500 K. Performance of the three heat pipes is compared. The heat pipe data will be used to verify models of heat pipe radiators that will be used in future space exploration missions. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070010765 2020-03-04T08:16:52+00:00Z
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Page 1: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers

Abstract. Titanium - water heat pipes are being investigated for use in heat rejection systems for lunar and Mars fission surface power systems. Heat pipes provide an efficient and reliable means to transfer heat to a radiator heat rejection system. NASA Glenn Research Center requisitioned nine titanium water heat pipes from three vendors. Each vendor supplied three heat pipes 1.25 cm diameter by 1.1 meter long with each vendor selecting a different wick design. Each of the three heat pipes is slightly different in construction. Additional specifications for the heat pipes included 500 K nominal operating temperature, light weight, and freeze tolerance. The heat pipes were performance tested gravity-aided, in the horizontal position and at elevations against gravity at 450 K and 500 K. Performance of the three heat pipes is compared. The heat pipe data will be used to verify models of heat pipe radiators that will be used in future space exploration missions.

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070010765 2020-03-04T08:16:52+00:00Z

Page 2: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Ther

mal

Per

form

ance

of H

igh

Tem

pera

ture

Tita

nium

Wat

er H

eat P

ipes

by

Mul

tiple

Hea

t Pip

e M

anuf

actu

rers

Pres

ente

d at

the

2007

Spa

ce T

echn

olog

y an

d In

tern

atio

nalF

orum

Febr

uary

200

7A

lbuq

uerq

ue, N

M

Jam

es S

anzi

Sest

, Inc

.M

iddl

ebur

g H

eigh

ts, O

H

Page 3: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

•Ti

tani

um -

wat

er h

eat p

ipes

are

bei

ng in

vest

igat

ed

for u

se in

hea

t rej

ectio

n sy

stem

s fo

r lun

ar a

nd

Mar

s fis

sion

sur

face

pow

er s

yste

ms.

•N

ASA

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter r

equi

sitio

ned

nine

tit

aniu

m w

ater

hea

t pip

es fr

om th

ree

vend

ors.

•Th

e he

at p

ipes

wer

e pe

rfor

man

ce te

sted

gra

vity

ai

ded,

in th

e ho

rizon

tal p

ositi

on a

nd a

t ele

vatio

ns

agai

nst g

ravi

ty a

t 450

K a

nd 5

00 K

.

Page 4: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Jupi

ter

Icy

Moo

n O

rbite

r (J

IMO

) Con

cept

Page 5: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Hea

t Pip

es In

tegr

ated

in H

eat R

ejec

tion

Rad

iato

r Pa

nel

Page 6: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Wha

t is

a H

eat P

ipe?

Illu

stra

tion

of a

Cap

illar

y T

wo-

Phas

e H

eat T

rans

fer

Dev

ice-

a H

eat P

ipe

Page 7: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Wha

t is

a H

eat P

ipe?

•A h

eat p

ipe

in it

s si

mpl

est f

orm

is a

pas

sive

two-

phas

e he

at tr

ansf

er

devi

ce in

a se

aled

tube

.•T

he e

vapo

rato

r reg

ion

of th

e he

at p

ipe

is in

ther

mal

con

tact

with

a

heat

sour

ce.

•The

en

velo

pe

of

the

heat

pi

pe

is

typi

cally

m

ade

of

a hi

gh

cond

uctiv

ity m

ater

ial a

nd tr

ansp

orts

the

heat

to th

e liq

uid

insi

de.

•The

onl

y flu

id i

nsid

e th

e he

at p

ipe

is t

he w

orki

ng f

luid

in

ther

mod

ynam

ic e

quili

briu

m w

ith it

s ow

n va

por.

•Liq

uid

in

the

evap

orat

or

regi

on

evap

orat

es

to

vapo

r an

d is

tra

nspo

rted

to th

e ot

her

end

of th

e tu

be w

here

the

vapo

r co

nden

ses

to re

leas

e th

e la

tent

hea

t to

the

tube

wal

l. •T

he c

onde

nsed

flui

d is

tran

spor

ted

back

to th

e ev

apor

ator

regi

onby

th

e ca

pilla

ry a

ctio

n of

a w

ick

that

line

s th

e in

ner

wal

l of

the

tube

, he

nce

the

devi

ce is

pas

sive

.

Page 8: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Hea

t Pip

e S

peci

ficat

ions

Des

ign

Cal

cula

tions

and

Val

idat

ion

Pro

of P

ress

ure

Test

Tita

nium

Gra

de 2

Hea

t Pip

e M

ater

ial a

nd C

onst

ruct

ion

Tita

nium

Val

ve

Hea

t Pip

e C

losu

reTo

Be

Spe

cifie

d by

Ven

dor

Wic

k S

truct

ure

Min

imiz

eH

eat P

ipe

Mas

s

90H

eat P

ipe

Con

dens

er L

engt

h (c

m)

0H

eat P

ipe

Adi

abat

ic L

engt

h (c

m)

25H

eat P

ipe

Eva

pora

tor L

engt

h (c

m)

Mee

t AS

ME

Sec

tion

VIII

Boi

ler a

nd P

ress

ure

Ves

sel C

ode

Wal

l Thi

ckne

ss

1.27

H

eat P

ipe

Out

er D

iam

eter

(cm

)

Max

imiz

e P

ower

at 5

00

Hea

t Pip

e H

eat T

rans

fer C

apab

ility

(K)

310

to 5

50O

pera

ting

Tem

pera

ture

Ran

ge (K

)50

0N

omin

al O

pera

ting

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Page 9: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Hea

t Pip

e Te

st S

etup

Page 10: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Hea

t Pip

e Te

st S

etup

Page 11: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Felt

Met

al W

ick

Page 12: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.38

0.00

-0.1

9-0

.38

-0.5

8-0

.78

-1.0

0-1

.21

Incl

ine

(cm

)

Power (Watts)

HP 1

Fel

t Met

al Na

rrow

Gro

ove

HP 2

Fel

t Met

al G

roov

e/Sc

reen

HP 3

Fel

t Met

al G

roov

e

Hea

t Pip

e Pe

rfor

man

ce fo

r Fel

t Met

al A

xial

Gro

ove

at 5

00 K

.

Page 13: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.38

0.00

-0.1

9-0

.38

-0.5

8-0

.78

-0.9

5-1

.14

-1.3

3-1

.52

Incl

ine

(cm

)

Power (watts)HP

1 F

elt M

etal

Nar

row

Gro

ove

HP 2

Fel

t Met

al G

roov

e/Sc

reen

HP 3

Fel

t Met

al

Hea

t Pip

e Pe

rfor

man

ce fo

r Fel

t Met

al G

roov

e H

eat P

ipes

at 4

50 K

.

Page 14: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Mac

hine

Gro

ove

The

solid

gro

ove

heat

pip

es a

re fa

bric

ated

from

a fl

at p

late

.

Page 15: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Mac

hine

Gro

ove

.020

” x

.040

” G

roov

e

.02

5” x

.050

” G

roov

e .0

30”

x .0

60”

Gro

ove

23 G

roov

es

19

Gro

oves

17

Gro

oves

Hea

t pip

es w

ere

fabr

icat

ed w

ith th

ree

diff

eren

t gro

ove

dim

ensi

ons:

23

groo

ves,

0.51

mm

x 1

.02

mm

(0.0

20”

x 0.

040”

), 19

gro

oves

, 0.6

4 m

m x

1.2

7 m

m, a

nd 1

7 gr

oove

s, 0.

76 m

m x

1.

52 m

m.

Page 16: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.38

0.00

-0.1

9-0

.38

-0.5

8In

clin

e (c

m)

Power (Watts)

HP 4

19

Gro

oves

HP 5

23

Gro

oves

HP 6

17

Gro

oves

Hea

t Pip

e Pe

rfor

man

ce fo

r Mac

hine

d So

lid A

xial

Gro

ove

at 5

00 K

.

Page 17: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Hea

t Pip

e Pe

rfor

man

ce fo

r Mac

hine

d G

roov

e H

eat P

ipes

at 4

50 K

.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.38

0.00

-0.1

9-0

.38

Incl

ine

(cm

)

Power (watts)HP

4 1

9 M

achi

ne G

roov

eHP

5 2

3 M

achi

ne G

roov

e

HP 6

17

Mac

hine

Gro

ove

Page 18: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Scr

een

Axi

al A

rtery

Tita

nium

Hea

t Pip

e W

all

Scre

en W

ick Art

erie

s

Page 19: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Scr

een

Axi

al A

rtery

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.38

0-0

.19

-0.3

8-0

.58

-0.7

8-0

.96

-1.1

5-1

.34

Incl

ine

(cm

)

Power (Watts)HP

7 A

rtery

Thr

eade

d Ev

apor

ator

HP 8

Arte

ry T

hrea

ded

Evap

orat

or

HP 9

Arte

ry S

cree

n Ev

apor

ator

Hea

t Pip

e Pe

rfor

man

ce fo

r Scr

een

Axi

al A

rtery

at 5

00 K

Page 20: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.38

0.00

-0.1

9-0

.38

-0.5

8-0

.78

-0.9

7-1

.16

-1.3

5-1

.54

Incl

ine

(cm

)

Power (watts)HP

7 A

rtery

/Axi

al G

roov

e

HP 8

Arte

ry/A

xial

Gro

ove

HP 9

Arte

ry/S

cree

n

Hea

t Pip

e Pe

rfor

man

ce fo

r Scr

een

Axi

al A

rtery

at 4

50 K

Page 21: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

Con

clus

ions

•N

AS

A G

RC

pro

cure

d ni

ne h

eat p

ipes

of d

iffer

ent

desi

gns

from

thre

e m

anuf

actu

rers

.•

Tita

nium

–w

ater

pro

vide

s hi

gh te

mpe

ratu

re h

eat p

ipe

optio

ns fo

r spa

ce ra

diat

ors.

•Th

e he

at p

ipes

wer

e te

sted

at 4

50 K

and

500

K a

t va

rious

ele

vatio

ns a

nd in

clin

atio

ns.

•Th

e be

st h

eat p

ipes

reje

cted

>50

0 w

atts

at 5

00 K

op

erat

ing

tem

pera

ture

.

Page 22: Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water ... · Thermal Performance of High Temperature Titanium – Water Heat Pipes by Multiple Heat Pipe Manufacturers Abstract.

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is F

ield

Se

st, I

nc.

AC

KN

OW

LED

GM

EN

TS

This

wor

k w

as c

arrie

d ou

t at N

ASA

Gle

nn R

esea

rch

Cen

ter a

t Lew

is fi

eld

and

was

supp

orte

d by

Exp

lora

tion

Syst

ems/

Prom

ethe

us. T

he o

pini

ons e

xpre

ssed

in th

is

pres

enta

tion

are

thos

e of

the

auth

or a

nd d

o no

t nec

essa

rily

refle

ct th

e vi

ews o

f the

Nat

iona

l Aer

onau

tics a

nd S

pace

A

dmin

istra

tion.

D

uane

Bea

ch p

rovi

ded

guid

ance

thro

ugho

ut th

e de

velo

pmen

t and

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

prog

ram

.


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