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DETERMINING SLIPPING STRESSOF PRESTRESSING STRANDSIN PILES EMBEDDEDIN CIP CAPS
by
Mohamed Khaled ElBatanouny
Bachelor of ScienceHelwan University, 2008
______________________________________________
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Masters of Science in
Civil Engineering
University of South Carolina
2010
Accepted by:
Dr. Paul Ziehl, Advisor
Dr. Juan Caicedo, Committee Member
Dr. Fabio Matta, Committee Member
Tim Mousseau, Dean of The Graduate School
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Copyright by Mohamed K. ElBatanouny, 2010All Rights Reserved.
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DEDICATION
To my family, my fiance and friends whose love and support helped me along
the way. To my professors at U.SC and Helwan University, Egypt.
I would like to give special thanks to my parents, General Khaled ElBatanouny
(May God shower his soul with mercy) and Prof. Fatma Shaltout, my sisters (Hadeer and
Alaa), my brothers (AlHussien and Abdel-Rahman) and my fiance (Marwa) and her
family (specially her father Prof. Ahmed Mousa). Although they are thousands of miles
away, their emotional support during my study always encourages me and pushes me to
achieve my goal and finish my study.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Ziehl for his time, support and guidance
during the research. I would like to thank Dr. Caicedo for his help in the lab and with
data acquisition and Dr. Matta for his support as a member of my defense panel. I would
like to thank the SCDOT and FHWAfor financing this research work.
I would like to thank Dr. Timothy Mays for his input in the theoretical models and Avery
Fox for supervising of the structures lab. Also, I would like to thank my fellow graduate
students Aaron Larosche, Shawn Sweigart and Jese Mangual for their assistance in lab
testing as well as all the undergraduates that put in hard work alongside us. The input of
Dr. Jose Restrepo related to the experimental program is also gratefully acknowledged.
Finally, I would like to thank the support staff in the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering that helped guide me through this process.
First and last, great thanks are due to God ALLAH, without his will nothing can
be achieved.
ABSTRACT
A lateral cyclic loading test has been completed involving four prestressed concrete pile
specimens embedded into cast in-place (CIP) reinforced concrete bent-caps. The study
was conducted to determine the moment capacity of the piles which is significantly
affected by the slipping stress of prestressing strands. In general the ACI 318 Eqn. (12-4)
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is used to calculate the development length and slipping stress of prestressing strands, yet
the validity of this equation for strands in confined sections is not proven. The piles used
were 18 in. (457 mm) square x 18 ft (5.5 m) long and were plainly embedded into the
bent-cap to depths of 18 in. (457 mm) and 26 in. (660 mm). Analytical models were
created in which the slipping stress of the strands was calculated using ACI code equation
for development length. In all cases the connection achieved more moment than expected
due to the confining stress produced from the bent-cap which tends to decrease the
development length of the strands. A modified equation that accounts for the beneficial
effect of concrete confinement due to shrinkage is introduced.
Experimental data from a research completed in 1992 was used to validate the
proposed equation. Analytical models were created in which the slipping stress values
were calculated using the proposed equation, the current ACI code equation, and the
experimental values. Generally, the proposed equation has a better match with the
experimental results than the ACI code equation.
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TABLEOF CONTENTS
DEDICATION...........................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................v
LISTOF TABLES......................................................................................................................ix
LISTOF FIGURES......................................................................................................................x
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................1
1.2 R ESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE...........................................................................................3
1.3 OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................................4
1.4 LAYOUTOF THESIS...................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................6
2.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................6
2.2 HISTORYOFTHE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH EQUATIONFORPRESTRESSING STRANDS.............6
2.3 PILESTO CAST-IN-PLACE CAPS CONNECTIONS...........................................................14
BENT-CAP CONFINING STRESS EFFECTONTHE SLIPOF PRESTRESSING STRANDS............................20
3.1 ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................21
3.2 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................21
3.3 R ESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE.........................................................................................23
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.....................................................................................23
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3.5 MOMENT CURVATURE MODELS...............................................................................27
3.6 DEVELOPMENT LENGTHAND CONFINING STRESS........................................................28
3.7 PROPOSED MODIFICATIONSTO EXISTING ACI EQUATION..............................................33
3.8 R ESULTSAND DISCUSSION.......................................................................................34
3.9 SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................37
3.10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................39
3.11 R EFERENCES..........................................................................................................39
DETERMINING SLIPPING STRESSOF PRESTRESSING STRANDSIN CONFINED SECTIONS.......................50
4.1 ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................51
4.2 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................51
4.3 R ESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE.........................................................................................53
4.4 SUMMARYOF SHAHAWYAND ISSA3 TEST RESULTS.....................................................53
4.5 HISTORYOF EXISTING ACI EQUATION.......................................................................57
4.6 MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS.............................................................................60
4.7 R ESULTSAND DISCUSSION.......................................................................................62
4.8 SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................63
4.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................64
4.10 R EFERENCES..........................................................................................................65
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................74
5.1 SUMMARY.............................................................................................................74
5.2 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................75
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5.3 R ECOMMENDATIONSAND FUTURE WORK...................................................................76
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................77
APPENDIX A.........................................................................................................................80
APPENDIX B..........................................................................................................................87
APPENDIX B
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LISTOF TABLES
Table 3.1: Maximum moment and slipping stress (measured and current ACI Equation).
...........................................................................................................................................42
Table 3.2: Comparison of calculated slipping stress (current ACI Eqn. and proposed
Eqn.)...................................................................................................................................42
Table 3.3: Comparison of slipping stress and maximum moment....................................42
Table 4.1: Details of test program [Shahawy and Issa].....................................................67
Table 4.2: Shahawy and Issa test results...........................................................................67
Table 4.3: Comparison of theoretical development length................................................68
Table 4.4: Relation between embedment length and confinement....................................68
Table 4.5: Results of slipping stresses...............................................................................69
Table 4.6: Ultimate moments for different slipping stresses using moment-curvature
analysis..............................................................................................................................70
Table 4.7: Required Development length to achieve experimental slipping stress...........70
TABLE 4.7: REQUIRED DEVELOPMENTLENGTHTOACHIEVEEXPERIMENTAL
SLIPPINGSTRESS
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LISTOF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Prestressed pile reinforcing details and strand arrangement...........................43
Figure 3.2(a): Overview for the test setup with hydraulic actuator...................................43
Figure 3.3: Closeup of the LVDTs (encased in steel tubes) for measuring strand slip....44
Figure 3.4: Schematic of the test setup..............................................................................45
Figure 3.5: Pile/bent-cap confining mechanism................................................................45
Figure 3.6(a): Crack and spalling on top face of pile with strand visible..........................46
Figure 3.7: Strand end slippage vs. moment for BC-26-1.................................................47
Figure 3.8: Effect of confinement on development length................................................47
Figure 3.9: Moment vs. displacement for BC-18-1...........................................................48
Figure 3.10: Moment vs. displacement for BC-18-2.........................................................48
Figure 3.11: Moment vs. displacement for BC-26-1.........................................................49
Figure 3.10: Moment vs. displacement for BC-18-2.Figure 3.11: Moment vs.
displacement for BC-26-1.
Figure 4.1: Details of test specimens.................................................................................71
Figure 4.2: Moment vs. curvature for A-2E......................................................................71
Figure 4.3: Moment vs. curvature for B-4E......................................................................72
Figure 4.4: Moment vs. curvature for C-5I........................................................................72
Figure 4.5: Moment vs. curvature for D-2I.......................................................................73
Figure 4.6: Average ultimate moment vs. embedment depth............................................73
FIGURE 4.6: AVERAGEULTIMATEMOMENTVS. EMBEDMENTDEPTH.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
According to the United States Geological Survey report [USGS, 2009], South Carolina
is the most seismically active state in the eastern United States. A major earthquake hit
Charleston in 1886. This earthquake was estimated to be a 7.3 on the Richter scale. Ten
earthquakes occurred between the years 1974-2003 and registered 3.5 or higher on the
Richter scale. Recently an earthquake hit Summerville, SC and registered 3.6 on the
Richter scale. The New Madrid seismic zone which is an active seismic zone centered in
southeastern Missouri also affects the northwest corner of the state. Based on the above,
it is required for all designed structures to endure design earthquakes without failure. Of
particular interest are highway bridges which play a vital part in the transportation of road
and rail vehicles. Minimizing damage and preventing the collapse is important to these
structures as they facilitate the evacuation of damaged urban areas and the movement of
emergency vehicles [Sweigart, 2010].
Precast prestressed piles are commonly used in the bridge construction industry in
South Carolina and throughout the United States, often in combination with cast in-place
(CIP) reinforced concrete bent-caps. However, the performance of the connections
between prestressed piles and the CIP bent-caps under seismic loading is not well
understood. The SCDOT Seismic Design Specification for Highway Bridges [SCDOT,
2008] is used by the SCDOT in conjunction with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge
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Design Specifications [AASHTO, 2004] to design bridge structures to meet the
demands of seismic events.
The current SCDOT standard connection detail utilizes a plainly embedded
prestressed pile having embedment distance of one pile diameter with a construction
tolerance of 6 inches (152 mm). Plain embedment requires no special detailing to the
pile end or the embedment region and no special treatment of the pile surface such as
roughening or grooving. This connection detail is very cost effective as it requires no
special equipment or time consuming labor processes in the field. However, the ductility
and moment capacity of such connections is not well understood. The short embedment
length is often much less than the length required for developing the full capacity of the
prestressing strand. Given that South Carolina is the most seismically active state in the
eastern United States, this investigation has been conducted to determine the structural
performance of such connections under reverse cyclic loading.
The slipping stress and development length of prestressing strands are generally
calculated from ACI 318 Eqn. (12-4)[ACI 318, 2008], yet the validity of this equation for
strands in confined sections is not proven. This equation was introduced for the case of
superstructure elements which are not necessarily subjected to confining stress. On the
other hand, a pile embedded into a bent-cap is subjected to the shrinkage of the confining
concrete in the bent-cap which creates confining stress (also known as clamping force)
on the pile which serves to enhance the bond between the prestressing strand and the
surrounding concrete leading to a decrease in the development and increase in the
slipping stress of the prestressing strand.
In an article titled, Effect of Pile Embedment on the Development Length of
Prestressing Strands [Shahawy and Issa, 1992], the authors discuss the findings of their
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research related to precast prestressed concrete piles embedded in reinforced concrete
bent-caps under lateral loading. Due to the shrinkage of the bent-caps a confining stress
affects the pile and tends to decrease the development length of the prestressing strands.
Using the ACI code equation in such conditions leads to a conservative value of required
embedment depth of the pile in the bent-cap to achieve the maximum capacity of the
prestressing strands.
1.2 R ESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
In the program described herein, full-scale precast prestressed concrete piles were
embedded in CIP bent-caps and were tested at the University of South Carolina
Structures Laboratory. The results were compared to a theoretical moment-curvature
analysis by setting the slipping stress value using the current ACI code equation. The
experimental and theoretical moments did not agree. An equation for calculating the
confining stress exerted from shrinkage of the bent-caps on the piles is therefore
introduced. This equation was used to modify the current ACI code equation by adding
the beneficial effect of confinement. Confining stress tends to enhance the bond between
concrete and prestressing strands and this enhancement in bond leads to a significant
decrease in the required development length for the strand to reach its capacity. In the
case of piles embedded in CIP caps for a known distance the enhancement in bond leads
to an increase in the slipping stress of prestressing strands. The modified ACI equation
was then used for modeling the piles. These models resulted in a better match when
compared to experimental results.
The modified ACI code equation and the current ACI code equation were then used
to run analytical models for the experimental work done by Shahawy and Issa (1992) and
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the results compared. The modified code equation approach resulted in a better match
with the experimental results.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this study was to determine a proper equation or analytical model
to calculate the slipping stress of prestressing strands for piles embedded in CIP caps.
This is critical because prestressing strands in CIP caps are affected by a confining stress
due to shrinkage in the concrete surrounding the pile. Specific objectives of this study can
be summarized as follows:
1. Determine the validity of ACI code equation for development length of
prestressing strands for CIP caps.
2. Calculate the confining stress exerted from the shrinkage of CIP caps on piles.
3. Develop an equation to calculate the development length of prestressing strands in
confined sections.
4. Compare the results from the current ACI code equation and the proposed
equation with experimental results.
1.1 LAYOUTOF THESIS
The Thesis consists of five chapters. In Chapter II, background information about
development length and the history of the current equation in ACI 318 are discussed. A
summary for some of the studies which are relevant to this case study is presented.
Chapter III and Chapter IV were written in paper form and submitted for
publication as journal articles. Therefore, description of some findings and basic
information regarding development length are repeated in some cases.
Chapter III is titled Bent-cap Confining Stress Effect on the Slip of Prestressing
Strands, where the experimental study conducted in the U.SC structures lab is presented
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and compared to the current ACI code equation. An equation for calculating confining
stress is proposed in this chapter and used to modify the current ACI code equation for
development length of prestressing strands.
Chapter IV is titled Determining Slipping Stress of Prestressing Strands in
Confined Sections. In this chapter the modified ACI code equation and the current ACI
code equation were used to model pile specimens tested in 1992 under the effect of
confining stress. The experimental results provided from the study conducted in 1992
were used to validate the modified equation compared to the current ACI code equation.
Chapter V includes a summary of the Thesis as well as conclusions based on this
study. Recommendations for further research are also provided in this chapter.
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CHAPTERII
LITERATURE REVIEW
1
2
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Numerous studies were conducted on the development length of prestressing strands in
the 1950s and the 1960s. These investigations were performed to understand the nature
of the bond between concrete and prestressing strands. These studies lead to the current
ACI code approach which addresses the development length by dividing it into two
distances with different bond characterization; transfer length and flexural bond length.
Unfortunately, the current ACI equation does not address conditions where confining
stress is present. However, recent investigations have been conducted to examine pile to
cast in place (CIP) bent-cap connections and subsequent development length of
prestressing strands. A brief review of the history of development length and the reasons
for developing a new equation to address the effect of confining stress is presented in this
chapter.
2.2 HISTORYOFTHE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH EQUATIONFORPRESTRESSING STRANDS
Janney (1954), Nature of Bond in Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete
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Janney [1954] conducted this study to identify the types of bond present within a
prestressed concrete section to prevent the slipping of the prestressing strands. Janney
used two types of tests to define transfer bond stress, flexural bond stress, and the
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interrelation between them. The presence of two bond stresses was referred to the fact
that the prestressing tension in the strand is transferred to concrete by bond (transfer
bond) while after deformation due to flexure a bond is formed with the same mechanism
of the bond which forms in ordinary un-prestressed sections (flexural bond).
In order to determine transfer bond, Janney used prestressed concrete prisms
reinforced with either wire strands or one strand while using different concrete strength
and surface roughness. The second test was performed to determine flexural bond stress
by testing short beam specimens to failure while monitoring the steel strain throughout
the length of the beam. Wire strands or one strand was used for prestressing to different
pre-tension levels. The effect of surface roughness was also examined.
Janney reported that there are three main factors that contribute to the transfer
bond stress: adhesion between concrete and steel, friction between concrete and steel, and
mechanical resistance. The largest contributor for transferring stress to concrete is friction
as mechanical resistance can be neglected due to lack of deformations in prestressing
strands while adhesion is destroyed due to relative slipping at the release of pre-
tensioning stress. An elastic, thick walled cylinder analysis was used to calculate the
concrete stresses surrounding the tendon within the transfer length. The maximum radial
compressive stresses and circumferential tensile stresses were 3,300 psi (23 MPa) at a
prestressing level of 120,000 psi (825 MPa). This value exceeds the elastic properties
assumed; therefore true elastic action is not expected. In spite of the high computed
tensile stresses, the investigation of the concrete at the ends of the prisms did not show a
failure in the cement paste, therefore it is believed that sufficient inelastic yielding took
place to relieve these tensile stresses. Conclusions derived from the first test were as
follows:
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Effect of wire diameter on the transfer bond of strands was mentioned;
when diameter increases the transfer length tends to increase.
Change in concrete strength is not expected to affect the coefficient of
friction between steel and concrete, therefore the transfer bond is
independent of concrete strength.
Surface condition has a more significant effect on transfer bond. For
example in the case of rusted wires the full pre-tension stress is
transferred to concrete more rapidly and in less distance than
corresponding clean wires.
The second test was designed to examine flexural bond stress. The bond failure
occurs when flexural bond stress concentrations reach the end region of a prestressed
beam (i.e. when the flexural bond stress overlaps the transfer bond stress). As the flexural
bond stress appears only after flexural cracking, this wave progresses smoothly ahead of
the flexural crack from the center to the end of the beam. The experimental results show
that beams with clean wires failed in bond while beams with rusted wires failed by
fracture of the wires. The highest average flexural bond stresses at bond failure for beams
with clean wires varied from 160 to 220 psi (1.1 to 1.5 MPa) while for beams with rusted
wire this range was from 500 to 800 psi (3.4 to 5.5 MPa). Yet corroding strands might
result in a decrease in the cross section of strands or localized corrosion leading to
unexpected failure of the section. The validity of the expression used for calculating
flexural bond stress in ordinary reinforced concrete was examined. It was concluded that
this expression does not yield accurate results for the case of prestressed concrete. The
main conclusion was that the flexural bond length is approximately equal to the
difference between the total length and the transfer length.
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Hanson and Kaar (1959), Flexural Bond Tests of Pretensioned Prestressed Beams
Hanson and Kaar [1959] conducted this investigation to determine flexural bond stresses
in beams pre-tensioned with seven-wire strands. Their main variables were the
embedment depth and the diameter of strand. Forty-seven simply supported beams were
tested throughout the study. The beams were divided in groups having different numbers
of specimens in order to evaluate; a) the effect of different strand diameter and
embedment length for beams having different shearspan ratio; b) the effect of concrete
strength on bond performance; c) the effect of reinforcement percentage on the bond
stress; and d) the effect of surface conditions on bond performance. They used three
different strand diameters of , , or in. (6.4, 9.5, or 12.7 mm) throughout the study.
The effective prestressing of the strands used had a range starting from 120 to 147 ksi
(828 to 1014 MPa). A variety of steel strands were used with an ultimate strength
exceeding 250 ksi (1724 MPa). The moment at cracking, the moment at initial end slip,
and the moment at ultimate strength were evaluated during the test while the flexural
ultimate moment was calculated. It was realized that with a longer embedment length the
ratio between measured moment and calculated flexural ultimate moment increases.
The average bond stress over the entire embedment depth was calculated. It was
stated that this average bond stress is a convenient measurement of the bond
performance of prestressing strands. At longer embedment lengths, the resulted flexural
wave form was found to include a longer area from a peak near the transfer length to the
section of maximum steel stress. Therefore, the average bond stress just before general
bond slipping decreases with longer embedment lengths. For the strand to withstand
general bond slipping, embedment lengths were suggested to be 70, 106, and 134 in. (1.8,
2.7, and 3.4 m) for strand diameters , , or in. (6.4, 9.5, or 12.7 mm), respectively. It
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was also mentioned that rusted wires had better bonding properties than clean wires
bearing in mind that localized pitting might occur if strands are corroded.
In general, Hanson and Kaar agreed with Janneys flexural bond wave theory
confirming that general bond slipping occurs when the peak of the high bond stress wave
reaches the prestress transfer zone. As when the flexural bond wave reaches the prestress
transfer zone, the steel stress increases followed by a decrease in the strand diameter.
Consequently, the frictional resistance is reduced and general bond slipping occurs.
Kaar, LaFraugh and Mass (1963), Influence of Concrete Strength on Strand
Transfer Length
Kaar, LaFraugh and Mass [1963] conducted this study to investigate the effect of various
concrete strengths on the transfer length of prestressing strands. The test consisted of
thirty-six concrete prisms, resulting in a total of 72 transfer lengths with the strand
diameter and effective prestressing stress as variables. The companion transfer lengths
were averaged to give a total of 36 transfer lengths. One mix design was used through all
specimens where the strength at transfer was varied by varying the time of releasing of
the strands from one to thirty days. The compressive strengths of concrete varied from
1,660 to 5,000 psi (11 to 34 MPa). Different strand diameters were employed during the
tests of , , , and 0.6 in. (6.4, 9.5, 12.7 and 15.2 mm). The prestressing force of the
strands ranged from 146 to 180 ksi (1010 to 1240 MPa). Transfer lengths were evaluated
by measuring concrete surface strain with a Whittemore mechanical strain gauge.
Measurements were performed at ten time intervals starting immediately after transfer till
an age of one year to evaluate the effect of time on transfer length.
The variation of concrete strength did not have significant effect on the transfer
lengths of strands up to in. (12.7 mm) diameter. For 0.6 in. (15.2 mm) diameter
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strands, the transfer length tends to decrease with the increase in concrete strength. Over
a one year period, transfer lengths increased an average of 6 % with a maximum increase
of 20 %. The transfer lengths at the cut end were higher than those at the dead end by
about 20 to 30 %. It was concluded that the transfer length is proportional to the diameter
of the strand except for 0.6 in. (15.2 mm) diameter strands. The latter was referred to a
surface weathering during the transit of the 0.6 in. (15.2 mm) strands [Barnes et al, 1999].
Tabatabia and Dickson (1993), The History of the Prestressing Strand
Development Length Equation
Tabatabia and Dickson [1993] conducted this study to determine how the development
length equation in the ACI code of this time was introduced [Tabatabia and Dickson,
1993]. The development length equation was first introduced in 1963 based on the
research conducted by the Portland Cement Association (PCA) in the 1950s. A. H.
Mattock introduced the relationships for transfer length and flexural bond length
[Mattock, 1962]. The members of ACI Committee 423 modified Mattocks equation into
the development length equation existing in the ACI code [Bennett, 1963].
Ld=(1.11 fps-0.77fse)D (Eqn. 2.1)
Ld=(fps-23fse)D (Eqn. 2.2)
Equation 2.1 is introduced by Mattock to define development length. The ACI
committee modified [ACI 318, 63] Mattocks expression as shown in Equation 2.2. In
these two equations the parenthetical expression is considered dimensionless, where fps is
the ultimate stress of prestressing strand in ksi, fse is the effective prestressing stress in
ksi, and D is the nominal diameter of the strand in inches.
Mattocks expression was based on the theory of Janney that the development length
of prestressing strand can be divided into transfer length and flexural bond length. For the
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that general bond slipping occurs when the peak of flexural bond wave reaches the
prestressing transfer zone. Due to the difficulty of codifying this definition, Mattock
defined the flexural bond stress by re-appraisal of measurements of beam tests at
ultimate strength by Hanson and Kaar. He constructed a straight line relationship
between: a) the increase in strand stress beyond the effective prestressing stress at general
bond slip and at ultimate; and b) the available flexural bond length (the difference
between total length and transfer length) normalized to the strand diameter. He stated that
the line appears to be a reasonable mean line for the points representing general bond
slip, and yet is not over-conservative at large embedment lengths. Mattocks proposed
expression for flexural bond length is shown in Equation 2.5.
Ld-Lt=(fps- fse0.9) D (Eqn. 2.5)
Apparently, the members of ACI committee 423 changed Mattocks expression
for flexural bond length which was not conservative to all of the specimens to the form:
Lfb=(fps-fse) D (Eqn. 2.6)
Ld=13fseD+(fps-fse) D (Eqn. 2.7)
In Equation 2.6, Lfb is the flexural bond length in inches. Equation 2.7 defines the
development length as a summation of transfer length and the flexural bond length. This
is the same Equation (Eqn. 2.2) proposed by the ACI committee in 1963 written in a
different form.
1.1 PILESTO CAST-IN-PLACE CAPS CONNECTIONS
Harries and Petrou, (2001), Behavior of Precast, Prestressed Concrete Pile to Cast-
in-Place Pile Cap Connections
Harries and Petrou [2001] examined connections between precast prestressed piles and
cast-in-place reinforced concrete pile caps. Their objective was to determine if plain
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connections can be used instead of the connection detailing used by South Carolina
Department of Transportation (SCDOT) at this time.
The connection between pile and bent-cap should be able to develop the nominal
moment capacity of the pile. Two models were used for modeling this type of behavior.
The first model was introduced by Mattock and Gaafar [Mattock and Gaafar, 1982] while
the second model was proposed by Marakis and Mitchell [Marakis and Mitchell, 1980].
The two models deal with the embedment of steel in concrete, yet they differ in the
assumption of the stress distribution.
The experimental test consisted of two identical 18-inch (457 mm) square piles,
with a length of 18 ft (5.5 m) to check the validity of these models. Each pile was
reinforced with 8- in. (12.7 mm) diameter low relaxation strands with a prestressing
force of 31 kips (201 kN). W6 plain wire spiral was used with five turns at 1 in. (25.4
mm) pitch in the driving head. The pitch was then increased to 1.5 in. (38.1 mm) for 80
turns and 5 in. (127 mm) beyond that. The 28-day compressive strength of concrete was
found to be 6,700 psi (46.2 MPa). The caps used were identical in reinforcement using
no.7 bars on the top and bottom with no.3 ties spaced at 6 in. in the transverse direction.
Each cap had a different concrete strength, embedment length, and number of no.7 bars.
The details of the first cap were done according to SCDOT standard practice while the
details of the second cap were chosen to represent a worst case scenario.
The piles were tested as cantilever beams by orienting them in a horizontal
position. A lateral cyclic load was applied at a distance of 146 in. (3.7 m) from the face of
the cap, while a 200 kips (890 kN) constant axial force was applied to the piles to
represent a loaded bridge during a seismic event. The lateral load versus lateral
displacement hysteretic loops was developed from the recorded data. Specimen No. 1
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failed at 4 times the deflection at first yield due to crushing of concrete. Specimen No. 2
failed at 5 times the deflection at first yield due to rupture of the prestressing strands.
A pull out test was conducted on the piles due to the fact that piles may ratchet
out of the cap during cyclic axial loading in a seismic event. They did not find a
noticeable effect at a load of 75 kips (334 kN).
It was found that the two models are valid in the case of precast prestressed
concrete piles embedded in CIP caps. A parametric study was performed with different
dimensions and embedment lengths to determine the ultimate moment capacity and
nominal shear for each case. Other connection details did not significantly increase the
capacity of the connection except at extreme conditions and large deflections. Finally, the
authors recommended the embedment length to be equal the width of the pile with an
absolute minimum of 12 in. (305 mm). This embedment length is generally shorter than
the development length required for the strands to reach their nominal capacity, therefore
the full flexural capacity of the pile might not be achieved at the connection and it is the
responsibility of the designer to investigate this [Fuziol, 2007].
Shahawy and Issa, (1992), Effect of Pile Embedment on the Development Length of
Prestressing Strands
Shahawy and Issa [1992], published the findings of their research with precast
prestressed concrete piles embedded in simulated caps under lateral loading.
The testing program consisted of nineteen 14 in. square prestressed concrete pile
specimens having eight 1/2 inch (13 mm) diameter prestressing strands tested in the
primary investigation. The specimens were 12 ft (3.66 m) long cut from 80 ft (24.4 m)
long prestressed concrete piles. 5-gauge steel was used as spiral reinforcement that varied
in pitch depending on location. End sections of the original prestressed concrete piles
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were provided with more spiral reinforcement than the interior sections (middle sections).
Four embedment lengths of 36, 42, 48, and 60 in. (914, 1067, 1219, 1524 mm) were used
in the study. Cores of 6 in. (152 mm) were taken from the specimens to determine
concrete compressive strength.
The test was designed in order to simulate the behavior of a cast-in-place (CIP)
bent cap. For this purpose a test frame was used to restrain the pile against translation
and rotation. In order to determine the value of confining stress exerted from the
shrinkage of the cap an initial test was conducted to determine a realistic value for the
clamping force. This was accomplished by casting a bent cap representing an end
segment with a pile having the same dimensions of the piles used in the investigation
placed at the center. The pile was instrumented with vibrating wire strain gages along the
embedment length. After 28 days, the average confining stress was found to be 525 psi
(3.6 MPa). Using this average confining stress value as an upper limit, a clamping force
of 200 kips (888 kN) was applied to the upper and lower faces of the embedment length
of the pile to represent the confining stress. The confining stress varied with embedment
length resulting in 397, 340, 298, and 238 psi (2.74, 2.34, 2.05, and 1.64 MPa) for
embedment lengths of 36, 42, 48, and 60 in. (914, 1067, 1219, and 1524 mm),
respectively. The maximum confining stress value was taken to be 75 percent of the
measured average confining stress.
A hydraulic jack placed at 6 ft. (1.84 m) from the face of the supporting frame
was used to apply lateral load on the piles in increments of 3 kips (13.3 kN) up to a load
of 18 kips (80.1 kN), after this the increments were much smaller until failure was
achieved. At each load step, cracks were marked and displacements and strains were
recorded.
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The piles were next analyzed using a nonlinear material model. The time-
dependent effects due to load history, temperature history, creep, shrinkage, aging of
concrete, and relaxation of steel were considered in the computer program. The program
was used to calculate the structure response through the elastic and inelastic range up to
ultimate load. At each load step nonlinear equilibrium equations using the displacement
formulation of the finite element method were derived for the geometry and material
properties.
The effect of shear confinement was examined. Shear confinement was found to
have a slight effect in terms of the moment capacity of the piles. The ultimate moment of
the piles cut from the end sections was slightly higher than those of the piles cut from the
middle section by about 6%. The experimental slipping stress of the prestressing strands
was determined by measuring the strain along the length of the strand at various levels of
load till failure. For development length, the embedment length of the piles was
compared to the theoretical development length required to obtain the same slipping
stress using three different equations;
1. The current ACI code equation [ACI 318, 89] for development length of
prestressing strands which is shown in Equation 2.8. In this equation Ldis the
development length (in.), se is the effective stress of prestressing strand (psi),
ps is the nominal flexural strength of prestressing strand (psi), and db is the
nominal diameter of prestressing strand (in.).
Ld= se3000 db + ( ps- se)1000 db (Eqn. 2.8)
2. A modification to Eqn. 2.8 (current ACI approach) as proposed by Shahawy
and Issa. The proposed modification incorporates an average bond stress term
in the second part of the equation as shown in Equation 2.9, where ave is the
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calculated average bond stress (psi) which can be calculated using Equation
2.10. In this equation, P is the resisting steel strength based on the strand
slipping stress at failure (lbs.), T is the resisting concrete strength which is
assumed to be zero at ultimate due to cracking (lbs.), le is the available
embedment length (in.), and dbis the nominal strand diameter (in.).
Ld= se3000 db + ( ps- se)4 ave db (Eqn. 2.9)
ave =(P-T)( le db) (Eqn. 2.10)
3. An equation proposed by Zia and Mostafa as shown in Equation 2.11 [Zia and
Mostafa, 1977]. Their approach utilized the same parameters used in
calculating the development length of prestressing strands with the exception
of two terms, si which is the stress in prestressing steel at transfer (ksi), and
c is the compressive stress of concrete at the time of initial prestressing (ksi).
The effective stress of prestressing strand, se, and the nominal flexural
strength of prestressing strand, ps, should be used (ksi).
Ld= 1.5 sic' db-4.6+1.25( ps- se) db (Eqn. 2.11)
Comparing the different results, Shahawy and Issa indicated that the ACI code
equation is conservative when confining stress is applied to the concrete section and the
Zia and Mostafa proposed equation is even more conservative than the ACI code
equation. The Shahawy and Issa proposed equation (Eqn. 2.9) has a good match with
experimental data. However, the Shahawy and Issa equation has the notable disadvantage
that it can only be used when the slipping stress of the prestressing strand is known.
Finally, it was found that the presence of confining stress had a remarkable
beneficial effect on the development length of prestressing strands. The authors
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concluded that using ACI code equation under such conditions will lead to very
conservative values.
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CHAPTERIII
BENT-CAP CONFINING STRESS EFFECTONTHE SLIPOF PRESTRESSING
STRANDS1
1 Mohamed K. ElBatanouny, Paul Ziehl, Timothy Mays, and Juan M. Caicedo.
Submitted to ACI Journal, 8/25/2010. Status peer review.
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3.1 ABSTRACT
A lateral cyclic loading test has been completed involving four prestressed concrete pile
specimens embedded into cast in-place (CIP) reinforced concrete bent-caps. The piles
used were 18 in. (457 mm) square x 18 ft (5.5 m) long and were plainly embedded into
the bent-cap to depths of 18 in. (457 mm) and 26 in. (660 mm). The tests were conducted
to determine the moment capacity and ductility of the connections along with the slipping
stress of the strands. Analytical models were created in which the slipping stress of the
strands was calculated using ACI code equation for development length. In all cases the
connection achieved more moment than expected due to the confining stress produced
from the bent-cap which tends to decrease the development length of the strands. A
modified equation that accounts for the beneficial effect of concrete confinement due to
shrinkage is introduced.
Keywords: Embedment length, Development length, Slipping, Confining stress,
Shrinkage.
3.2 INTRODUCTION
Precast prestressed piles are commonly used in the bridge construction industry in South
Carolina and throughout the United States, often in combination with cast in-place (CIP)
reinforced concrete bent-caps. However, the performance of the connection between
prestressed piles and the CIP bent-caps under seismic loading is not particularly well
understood. The SCDOT Seismic Design Specification for Highway Bridges [SCDOT,
2008]1 is used by the SCDOT in conjunction with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications [AASHTO, 2004]2 to design bridge structures to meet the demands of
seismic events.
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The current SCDOT standard connection detail utilizes a plainly embedded
prestressed pile with embedment distance of one pile diameter with an allowed
construction tolerance of 6 inches (152 mm). Plain embedment requires no special
detailing to the pile end or the embedment region and no special treatment of the pile
surface such as roughening or grooving. This connection detail is very cost effective as it
requires no special equipment or time consuming labor processes in the field. However,
the ductility and moment capacity of such connections is not well understood. The short
embedment length is often much less than the length required for developing the full
capacity of the prestressing strand. Given that South Carolina is the most seismically
active state in the eastern United States [USGS, 2009]3, this investigation has been
conducted to determine the structural performance of such connections under cyclic
loading.
It is not clear if ACI 318 Eqn. (12-4)4 for development length is applicable to
slipping stress of prestressing strands used in precast piles embedded into CIP bent-caps.
This question arises from the fact that the ACI code equation was developed for the case
of a superstructure which is different from that of piles embedded into CIP bent-caps. In
the case of vertical piles, development length of the prestressing strand is affected by
confining stress created from the shrinkage of the bent-cap. It is also mentioned that zero
moment transfer is generally assumed (pinned connection)5,6 for these connections.
ACI 318 Eqn. (12-4) may be overly conservative when used to calculate the
slipping stress of the prestressed strands used in piles, and by extension may also be
overly conservative for determining the minimum adequate length of embedment into the
bent-cap to develop the full capacity of the prestressing strands.
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In this paper, the adequacy of the ACI code equation is investigated by comparing
experimental results to moment-curvature analysis7. Experimental results of moment vs.
deflection were obtained by subjecting precast prestressed piles embedded into CIP bent-
caps to pseudo-static reverse cyclic loading. A definition of confining stress is presented
as being dependent on the amount of shrinkage experienced by the bent-cap. This
definition is used to modify ACI 318 Eqn. (12-4) by adding the beneficial effect of the
confining stress.
3.3 R ESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Several investigations have been conducted to examine pile to bent-cap connections and
subsequent development length of prestressing strands8,9. The investigations generally
concluded that the actual development length of prestressed strands used in piles
embedded in CIP bent-caps was less than the theoretical one. The increase in strand
stress is referred to as confining stress produced as a result of bent-cap shrinkage. In this
research, bent-caps were cast and allowed to shrink for various periods of time and an
equation for calculating the confining stress is developed in this paper. This equation is
used to modify ACI 318 Eqn. (12-4) by including the beneficial effect of these stresses
and experimental results are compared.
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
3.4.1Test specimens
Four specimens were fabricated for these tests. The specimens were created to represent
interior pile to bent-cap connections and all piles used were identical. Bent-caps were
cast around the piles with two different embedment lengths, 18 in. (457 mm) and 26 in.
(660 mm). The shorter embedment length is representative of typical SCDOT design
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procedures which require a plain embedment to a length of one pile diameter with a
construction tolerance of 6 in (152 mm). Three such piles were fabricated and tested.
For the first and second specimens, portions of the data were lost due to
equipment malfunction and therefore the results of these two specimens are combined
and referred to as specimen BC-18-1 (for Bent Cap with 18 inch embedment, first such
specimen). The remaining specimen with 18 inch embedment is referred to as BC-18-2
(for Bent Cap with 18 inch embedment, second such specimen). The longer embedment
length was simply the longest that could reasonably be obtained for typical SCDOT CIP
bent-caps with consideration to construction tolerances (specimen BC-26-1; for Bent Cap
with 26 inch embedment, first such specimen).
3.4.2Piles
All pile specimens were cast January 23rd 2009 by Florence concrete products of Sumter,
SC. Each pile had an 18 in. (457 mm) square cross section and a length of 18 ft (5.5 m).
Nine in. diameter low relaxation strands [Fu=270 ksi (1861.6 MPa)] were stressed to
31,000 lb (137.9 KN) and encased in W6 spiral wire. Piles were cast with class 5,000 psi
(34.5 MPa) concrete reaching a 28 day compressive strength (fc) of 8,278 psi (57.1
MPa). Figure 3.1 shows the layout of the piles.
3.4.3Bent-caps
Bent-caps were cast in the University of South Carolina structures laboratory according
to the current SCDOT bent-cap design with the exception of reinforcement. The
prototype design called for a bent-cap 3 feet (0.9 m) square in cross section with the piles
placed at 7 feet (2.1 m) on center. Reinforcement of the bent-cap has been marginally
reduced from standard SCDOT design in order to represent a worst case scenario. Caps
were cast with class 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa) concrete. Cap formwork was modified so that 2
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in. (51mm) PVC pipe could be fit through the cap in four separate locations to secure
caps for testing. Two of these pipes were fit through the form both at one foot (0.3 m)
from the bottom and one foot (0.3 m) from the top of the cap.
3.4.4Experimental setup and instrumentation
The four specimens were tested with the vertical axis of the pile parallel to the
Universitys laboratory floor. The specimens were held in this position by means of a
specially constructed reaction frame used in previous experimentation10. Four steel rods
ran through PVC pipes placed into the cap to the reaction frame to secure the caps in
place.
These specimens were tested with an axial compressive load of 50 kips (222 KN)
representing a dead load imposed by the bridge superstructure. The magnitude of the
axial load was determined based on a parametric study of South Carolina bridges. The
axial load was applied at the end of the pile by two hollow core hydraulic rams reacting
against a modified steel W shape. The reaction frame mentioned above was fabricated
with pins on either side of the bent-cap allowing threaded steel rods to connect these pins
to the W shape and hydraulic rams. This allowed the load to be applied such that it
remained in plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pile throughout a full range of
displacements, thereby minimizing P- effects. Figures 3.2(a) and 3.2(b) show a view of
the test setup.
Each specimen was instrumented with two string potentiometers to measure
displacement at a distance of 156 in. (3.96 m) from the soffit. Also, to measure curvature,
4 LVDTs displacement transducers were placed in series on each face of the pile in the
plane of displacement. Five strain gauges were welded to the longitudinal reinforcement
within the bent-cap. For specimen BC-18-2 and specimen BC-26-1 slipping was
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Testing for BC-18-2 began 113 days after casting. A 235 kip capacity (1045.3
KN) hydraulic actuator was used throughout the test for this specimen. Due to the use of
this actuator the displacement increments used in this test were less coarse than for
previous tests. The test was terminated at displacement of 8 in. (203 mm).
Specimen BC-26-1 was tested 136 days after casting of the bent-cap. The same actuator
used for specimen BC-18-2 was used for this specimen with the same pattern of
displacements; however the maximum displacement this specimen was 8 in. (203 mm).
3.1 MOMENT CURVATURE MODELS
Numerical models were developed using a moment-curvature program. For unconfined
concrete, the material properties were obtained from the report of the piles obtained from
the fabricator. Confined concrete strength depends on the amount of the confinement
produced from stirrups and this is accounted for within the program.
3.5.1Stress in prestressing strand
The stress developed in the prestressing strand is governed by the amount of the
development length available. If sufficient length is available the strand will be able to
develop its full nominal stress. ACI 318 Eqn. (12-4) for development length of
prestressed strand was used as a benchmark for this study (Equation 3.1).
Ld= se3000 db + ( ps- se)1000 db (Eqn. 3.1)
where;
Ld= development length, in.
se = Effective stress of prestressing strand, psips = Nominal flexural strength of prestressing strand, psi
db = Nominal diameter of prestressing strand, in.
For the case of piles, the available development length is equal to the embedment
length of the pile into the bent-cap. This length is less than the theoretical development
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length required to develop the full capacity of the strand, consequently this equation
predicts that the prestressed strand will slip prior to reaching its capacity. To implement
this equation, losses after one year were computed and the effective stress was calculated
as se =156 ksi (1,077 MPa). According to the grade of steel used, it was assumed that ps
= 270 ksi (1,862 MPa). Using development length values of 18 in. (457 mm) for the BC-
18-1 and BC-18-2 and 26 in. (660 mm) for BC-26-1, it was found that the predicted
strand slipping stress using this equation would be 108 ksi (745 MPa) and 156 ksi (1,076
MPa), respectively.
3.1 DEVELOPMENT LENGTHAND CONFINING STRESS
A significant difference was found between the experimental and predicted results for all
specimens as shown in Table 3.1. This difference is considered to result from the
confining stress (also referred to as clamping force) produced by the bent-cap. This
confining stress is developed due to shrinkage of the bent-cap relative to the embedded
pile. Because the piles were cast one year prior to the bent-cap, the shrinkage of the pile
is small compared to that of the bent-cap and is neglected. The current ACI code
equation (Equation 3.1) used for the modeling of the piles does not directly address the
effect of confinement on the development length of prestressed strands and therefore
modification to this Equation is proposed.
Mattock and members of the Prestressed Concrete Committee proposed the
expression for development length found in the ACI code. This equation divides the
development length of prestressing strands into two parts; transfer and flexural bond
length. The equation used the results of the study done by Kaar, LaFraugh and Mass
(1963)11 and also Hanson and Kaar (1959)12 who stated a value of average transfer bond
stress, t = 400 psi (2.76 MPa). Each of these tests was conducted on structures not
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subject to a confining stress (specimens in these test cases were limited to pre-tensioned
beam specimens or rectangular prisms). Development of the expression for the flexural
bond length had a different approach. Janney (1954)13 indicated that the general bond
slip is caused when the peak of the high bond stress wave reaches the prestress transfer
zone. This leads to a reduction in the frictional resistance due to the Hoyer effect14 and
general bond slip occurs. Also, Hanson and Kaar did not state a value for the average
flexural bond stress at the point of general bond slip, yet they agreed with the explanation
by Janney. Using data obtained from Hanson and Kaars beam tests, Mattock constructed
a straight line relationship by subtracting the estimated transfer bond length from the
embedment length of strand. The increase in strand stress due to flexure was calculated
by subtracting the effective stress due to prestressing from the value of strand stress
occurring at the load causing slip. The equations for the transfer length and flexural bond
length are shown in Equation (3.2) and Equation (3.3) respectively. While not directly
stated, it is implied that the value of flexural bond stress fb = 140 psi (0.96 MPa).
Lt= Aps*fseo *t db= fse7.36*t db= fse3000 db (Eqn. 3.2)
Lfb = fps-fse7.36*fb db= fse1000 db (Eqn. 3.3)
where;
Lt = transfer length, in.
Lfb = flexural bond length, in.
o = strand perimeter = 43**db
Aps = strand cross sectional area = 0.725* *db2/4
3.6.1Confining stress
Due to shrinkage of the bent-cap, large compressive forces starts to affect the pile causing
clamping force which is also known as confining stress. This compressive stress plays a
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part in increasing the average transfer bond stress and the average flexural bond stress,
thereby decreasing the required development length for development of the full tensile
capacity of the prestressing strand. Confining stress is dependent on several variables,
which include pile stiffness, bent-cap stiffness, dimensions of the pile/bent-cap system,
time between casting of pile and casting of bent-cap, and time between casting of the
bent-cap and loading of the specimen. With consideration to these variables, Equation 3.4
is introduced to estimate the confining stress. Due to the unsymmetrical dimensions of
the bent-cap the value of confining stress will change from one side to the other and the
use of an average value is proposed. Because shrinkage is time-dependent, the resulting
confining stress predicted with this equation varies depending on the time between
casting of the bent-cap and loading, hence confining stress will increase with increasing
time.
c = kp.kpckp+kpc.sh.lpc (Eqn. 3.4)
In Equation (3.4) c is the predicted confining stress (psi), kp is the stiffness of the
pile (lb/in.), kpc is the stiffness of the bent-cap in a particular direction (lb/in.) (generally
transverse or longitudinal direction), sh is the shrinkage strain after a certain time (in./in.)
and lpc is the distance from the edge of the bent-cap in a particular direction to the face of
the pile (in.). Equation (3.4) was developed assuming that the pile and the bent-cap work
together as springs in series subjected to the shrinkage strain of the bent-cap (neglecting
the shrinkage of the pile after approximately one year). Considering a unit area of pile
and bent-cap; kp can be calculated as Ep/lp where Ep is the Youngs modulus of concrete
used in the pile (psi) calculated from ACI 318-08 section 8.5 where [ Ep = 57000 fc ]
and lp is half the pile diameter (in.). kpc can be calculated as Epc/lpc where Epc is the
Youngs modulus of concrete (psi) used in the bent-cap and lpc is the distance from the
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value of confined transfer bond stress can be taken as the value of the average bond stress
(400 psi [2.76 MPa]) adding to it the confining stress multiplied by the friction
coefficient between steel and concrete . The confined transfer bond stress can be
calculated using Equation (3.6).
tc = 400 + . cav (Eqn. 3.6)
where;
cav = c1+c22 (Eqn. 3.7)
In Equation (3.7) cav is the average confining stress (psi) , c1 and c2 are the
confining stress in directions 1 and 2 (generally longitudinal and transverse directions)
respectively and is the coefficient of friction between steel and concrete which is taken
as described in the PCI design handbook17; =0.4.
For the confined flexural bond stress fbc (psi), the same approach was used
assuming that the confining stress will only affect the friction stress. Due to the cracks
which are formed in the average flexural bond stress zone, the Hoyer Effect is reduced
and fb is implied in the ACI code equation to be equal to 140 psi (0.96 Mpa). This will
lead to a decrease in the friction forces resulting from the confining stress. A ratio
between the average transfer bond stress and the average flexural bond stress was used to
decrease the effect of the confining stress where t/fb = 2.86. Therefore, Equation (3.8) is
introduced to find the average flexural bond stress including the effect of confining stress.
fbc = 140 + .cav2.86 (Eqn. 3.8)
3.1 PROPOSED MODIFICATIONSTO EXISTING ACI EQUATION
In order to modify the existing ACI equation (Equation 3.1), the values oftand fb are
replaced with tc and fbc respectively. In the case of confining stress being present, this
will lead to an increase in the values of average bond stress and a decrease in the
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development length. As the confining stress is proportional to time, any increase in time
will allow for further shrinkage to occur and yield a further increase in the confining
stress, thereby decreasing the development length. Therefore, it is proposed to modify the
existing ACI code to account for the beneficial effect on confining stress. Equation (3.9)
is the resulting modified equation.
Ldc = fse7.36*tc db +fps-fse7.36*fbc db (Eqn. 3.9)
The first part of the equation represents the transfer length while the second part
represents the flexural bond length, where Ldc is the confined development length (in.).
Equations (3.6) and (3.8) are used to define the values for average transfer bond stress
including confining stress and average flexural bond stress including confining stress
respectively.
3.7.1Modified Moment-Curvature models
New numerical models were developed using the moment-curvature program. The
characteristics for the unconfined and confined concrete remain the same. Equation (3.9)
was used for calculating the slipping stress of the prestressed strands.
3.1 R ESULTSAND DISCUSSION
The main experimental and theoretical results are introduced in this section. Results
related to strand slip, moment, and development length are discussed.
3.8.1Modes of failure
The shear capacity of the piles was sufficient to resist the applied load during testing.
Through visual inspection of the specimens, it was found that the strongest effect of
moment was at the junction between the pile and the bent-cap which appeared through
cracking of the pile and localized spalling of bent-cap concrete at the interface. Cracks
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were distributed along the piles in the area of the plastic hinge zone with the larger cracks
located near the interface. Due to the longer embedment length of specimen BC-26-1, the
distribution of cracks was over a length of approximately 54 in. (1,372 mm), while for the
other specimens BC-18-1 and BC-18-2 the largest distance for crack distribution from the
soffit was about 29 in. (737 mm). Further, at higher levels of load some minor cracking
occurred in the bent-cap for specimen BC-26-1 which was not the case for the specimens
with 18 inch embedment. Figures 3.6(a) and 3.6(b) show pictures of cracking in the piles.
During casting of specimens BC-18-2 and BC-26-1, the piles were rotated to
avoid top bar effect unlike specimen BC-18-1. Deterioration of moment capacity of the
piles after achieving the ultimate moment capacity of the section is due to cracking,
spalling of concrete and strand slippage. Specimens BC-18-2 and BC-26-1 were
specially instrumented with two LVDTs to measure end slipping of the top and bottom
strands, end slip results for specimen BC-26-1 are shown in Figure 3.7. The
unsymmetrical distribution of the nine strand pattern causes a difference in the slipping
results of the top and bottom strands. The maximum recorded slippage of the top and
bottom strands for specimen BC-26-1 was 0.4 in. (10 mm) and 0.26 in. (6.6 mm)
respectively. Also, for the top strand the slipping began at a smaller value of moment. It
was noticed when the specimen was failed that some of the wires forming the strands
failed, which is reasonable as the strands reached their nominal stress of 270 ksi (1,772
MPa) for this specimen. For all other specimens, the strands exhibited localized buckling
due to the high compressive forces applied.
3.8.2Effect of confinement
Confinement stress was calculated for each of the specimens. As the shrinkage of
concrete is proportional to time, giving more time for the specimen between casting and
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testing leads to higher confining stress. This leads to theoretical enhancement of the
development length. This enhancement is illustrated in Figure 3.8 which shows the
decrease in the theoretical required development length for the strand to reach its nominal
capacity. From the current ACI code equation (Equation 3.1) the strand needs about 82.9
in. (2110 mm) to reach its nominal capacity, while using Eqn. (3.9) (modified ACI
equation accounting for the beneficial effect of confining stress) for specimen BC-18-1
the strand needs only 36.7 in. (932 mm). This value is less than half of that required by
the ACI code equation. As specimen BC-18-1 incorporated data from two similar
specimens, the data of the specimen forming initial displacements was used in calculating
the theoretical required development length. For specimen BC-18-2, Eqn. (3.9) shows
that an embedment depth of 29.7 in. (754 mm) is required by the strands to reach its
nominal capacity. If Eqn. (3.9) is used for the case of BC-26-1 a distance of 31.8 in (808
mm) is needed by the strand to reach its nominal capacity. Thus, using the values of
embedment lengths for all specimens, the theoretical slipping stress can be calculated
using the ACI code equation and Eqn. (3.9). As shown in Table 3.2, the ratio (expressed
as percentage) between the theoretical slipping stress calculated from Eqn. 3.9 and the
one calculated from ACI code equation (Equation 3.1) is 171%, 189%, and 153% for
BC-18-1, BC-18-2, and BC-26-1 specimens respectively. Also, the ratio between the
predicted slipping stress calculated from Eqn. (9) and the experimental slipping is 99.5%,
127%, and 88.6% for BC-18-1, BC-18-2, and BC-26-1 specimens respectively. For
specimen BC-18-2 Eqn. (3.9) somewhat over estimates the increase of the slipping stress
by about 27%, while for the other two specimens (BC-18-1 and BC-26-1) Eqn. (3.9)
underestimates the slipping stress when compared with experimental results.
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3.8.3Moment capacity
The experimental moments were recorded in two directions (up and down), therefore the
experimental moments introduced in this discussion will be taken as the average of the
two. The moments achieved by all the specimens were very close to those calculated
from the moment-curvature program using the slipping stress calculated from Eqn. (3.9).
For BC-18-1, the moments calculated from the moment-curvature analysis using the
current ACI equation (Equation 3.1) for determining the slipping stress is about 70% of
that achieved by experimentation, while this percentage is 99.8% comparing the moments
calculated from the moment-curvature analysis using the modified ACI equation
(Equation 3.9) to the experimental moments. Specimen BC-18-2 achieved 78.9% of the
experimental moment when ACI code equation was used in calculating the slipping stress
used in the moment-curvature analysis, while using Eqn. (3.9) this percentage is 119%.
For specimen BC-26-1, the moments calculated from moment-curvature analysis using
the current ACI code equation for determining the slipping stress is about 76.3% from
that achieved experimentally, while this percentage is 97.6% comparing the moments
calculated from the moment-curvature program using Eqn. (3.9) to the achieved
experimental moments. The difference between the experimental results and the results
using Eqn. (3.9) increase when the time allowed for shrinkage increases. Due to the
longer embedment length and higher confining stress for the specimen BC-26-1 the
achieved experimental moment was equal to the calculated ultimate moment capacity of
the pile.
Theoretical results using the proposed equations showed that specimen BC-18-
2 will have higher moment capacity than specimen BC-18-1 as it experienced higher
confining stress, this did not occur experimentally as the ratio between the achieved
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experimental moment and the calculated ultimate moment capacity of the section was
84.8% for BC-18-1 and 75.2% for BC-18-2. This trend differs somewhat from the
theoretical results which predict higher moment capacity for BC-18-2 than BC-18-1.
Plots of moment vs. displacement (at 156 inches from the soffit) for specimens BC-18-1,
BC-18-2, and BC-26-1 are shown in figures 3.9, 3.10 and 3.11 respectively.
3.1 SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS
Efficiency of the plain connection between precast prestressed piles and CIP bent-caps
was examined using full-scale specimens that are representative of typical SCDOT
design procedures. Numerical models were created for the specimens where the slipping
stress was determined using ACI 318 Eqn. (12-4) (Equation 3.1 in this paper) for
development length of prestressed strands. Due to the presence of confining stress
produced by the shrinkage of the bent-cap onto the precast pile, the results of the model
did not match well with the experimental results. Therefore, an equation for calculating
the confining stress has been developed and is introduced. The proposed equation (Eqn.
3.9 of this paper) is a modification to the current ACI code equation where the beneficial
effect of the confining stress is taken into account in the average transfer and flexural
bond stresses. Using the modified equation, the numerical models were revised and
compared to the experimental results. The conclusions of this study can be drawn as:
1. ACI 318 Eqn. (12-4) for development length of prestressed strands is overly
conservative when used for cases where confining stress is a key parameter. This
is the case for cast-in-place bent cap bridge construction. This is not surprising as
the equation was not developed for such a case.
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2. Shrinkage of CIP bent-caps causes confining stress which enhances (reduces) the
development length of prestressed strands by increasing the average transfer bond
stress and the average flexural bond stress.
3. Shrinkage is a function of time; therefore long elapsed times prior to loading of a
pile will increase the slipping stress of strands for the same embedment length,
leading to an increase in the moment capacity of the pile.
4. Equation 3.9 is useful for the case of piles embedded into CIP bent-caps, where
variables presented in this paper can be calculated from Equations 3.6, 3.7 and
3.8. This equation can also be used for similar cases where confining stress is a
key parameter.
5. In seismic regions, plain embedment of the pile into CIP bent-caps can be used
bearing in mind that the moment capacity of the pile is dependent on embedment
length and confining stress. It is also noted that the energy dissipation mechanism
for such connections is partially due to strand slippage for more shallow
embedments.
The conclusions of this research should be verified in the field as it was based on the
laboratory testing only.
3.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to express their gratitude and sincere appreciation to South Carolina
Department of Transportation (SCDOT) and FHWA for financing this research work.
Special thanks to Jeff Mulliken for his input and Aaron Larosche and Shawn Sweigart for
their contributions in the experimental work. Thanks to all members of University of
South Carolina structural lab. The input of Dr. Jose Restrepo related to the experimental
program is also gratefully acknowledged.
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The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors
and not necessarily those of South Carolina Department of transportation.
3.2 R EFERENCES
1. SCDOT Seismic Design Specifications for Highway Bridges, Version 2.0, South
Carolina Department of Transportation, Columbia, SC, 2008.
2. AASHTO, Bridge Design Specifications, 3rd Edition, American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 2004.
3. USGS, Top Earthquake States. http:// earthquake.usgs.gov regional/states/
top_states.php. January 30 2009.
4. ACI committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
318-08), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008.
5. Shahawy, M., Issa, M., and Polodna, M., Development Length of Prestressed
Concrete Piles, Report No. SSR-01-90, Florida Department of Transportation,
Tallahassee, FL, 1990.
6. Shahawy, M.A., & Issa, M., Effect of pile embedment on the development
length of prestressing strands, PCI Journal, V.37, No. 6, November-December
(1992), pp. 44-59.
7. XTRACT PROGRAM, Charles Chadwell, University of California at Berkeley,
CA, 2001.
8. Martin, L. D., and Scott, N. L.,, Development of Prestressing Strand in
Pretensioned Members, ACI journal, V.73, No. 8, August 1976, pp. 453-456.
9. Zia, P., and Mostafa, T., Development Length of Prestressing Strands, PCI
journal, V.22, No. 5, September-October 1977, pp. 54-65.
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10. Harries, K.A., & Petrou, M.F. (2001). Behavior of precast, prestressed concrete
pile to cast-in-place pile cap connections. PCI Journal, 46(4), 82-93.
11. Kaar, P. H.; La Fraugh, R. W.; and Mass, M. A., Influence of Concrete Strength
on Strand Transfer Length, Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute, V.8,
No.5, Oct. 1963, pp. 47-67.
12. Hanson, N. W., and Kaar, P. H., Flexural Bond Tests of Pretensioned Prestresses
Beams, ACI Journal, V.55, No.7, Jan. 1959, pp.783-803.
13. Janney, J. R., Nature of Bond in Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete, ACI
Journal, V.50, No.9, Feb. 1954, pp. 717736.
14. Hoyer, E., and E. Friedrich, Beitrag zur frage der haftspannung in
eisenbetonbauteilen (Contribution to the question of bond stress in reinforced
concrete elements), Beton und Eisen 38, (March 20), 1939.
15. ACI committee 209, Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Effects in
Concrete Structures (ACI 209R-92) (Reapproved 1997), American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1992, 48 pp.
16. Stocker, M.F., and Sozen, M.A., Investigation of Prestressed Concrete for
Highway Bridges, part v: Bond Characteristics of Prestressing Strand, Bulletin
503, Urbana, University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, 1970.
17. PCI Design Handbook: Precast and Prestressed Concrete, 6th Edition, MNL-120-
4, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL, 2004.
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Table 3.1: Maximum moment and slipping stress (measured and current ACI Equation)
Specimen Embedmentdepth
in. (mm)
Experimental results ACI Eqn. 12-4
Max. Momentkip-in (kN-m)
Slippingstress*
ksi (MPa)
Max. Momentkip-in (kN-m)
Slipping stressksi (MPa)
BC-18-1 18(457)
2345(247)
185 ksi(1276)
1,642(186)
108(745)
BC-18-2 18(457)
2080(219)
160(1103)
1642(186)
108(745)
BC-26-1 26(660)
2765(312)
270(1772)
2102(238)
156(1076)
* = Experimental slipping stress was determined using the value of maximum moment achievedby the specimen into the moment-curvature program.
Table 3.2: Comparison of calculated slipping stress (current ACI Eqn. and proposedEqn.)
Specimen
Epc
psi (GPa)
cav
psi (MPa)
ACI Eqn.12-4Modified ACI Eqn.
(Eqn. 3.9)
psksi (MPa)
tc,psi
(MPa)
fbcpsi
(MPa)
psksi
(MPa)
BC-18-14.21e6
(29)
1230
(8.46)
108
(745)
891
(6.14)
312 psi
(2.15 MPa)
184
(1270)
BC-18-23.99e6
(27.5)
1750
(12.1)
108
(745)
1102
(7.59)
385 psi
(2.66 MPa)
204
(1404)
BC-26-13.72e6
(25.6)
1570
(10.8)
156
(1076)
1028
(7.09)
360 psi
(2.48 MPa)
239.2
(1649)
Table 3.3: Comparison of slipping stress and maximum moment
SpecimenEmbeddepth
in. (mm)
Slipping stress Max. MomentExper.results
ksi (MPa)
ACIksi (MPa)
Eqn. 3.9ksi (MPa)
Exper.results
k-in. (kN-m)
ACIk-in. (kN-m)
Eqn. 3.9k-in. (kN-m)
BC-18-1 18 (457) 185 (1276) 108 (745) 184 (1269) 2345 (265) 1642 (186) 2340 (264)
BC-18-2 18 (457) 160 (1103) 108 (745) 204 (1407) 2080 (235) 1642 (186) 2483 (281)BC-26-1 26 (660) 270 (1862) 156 (1076) 239 (1648) 2765 (312) 2102 (237) 2699 (305)
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Metric (SI) conversion factors: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa; 1 lbs = 4.45 N.
Figure 3.1: Prestressed pile reinforcing details and strand arrangement.
Figure 3.2(a): Overview for the test setup with hydraulic
actuator.
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Figure 3.2(b): Setup for loading the pileusing hydraulic cylinders.
Figure 3.3: Closeup of the LVDTs (encased in steeltubes) for measuring strand slip.
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Metric (SI) conversion factors: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip = 4.45 kN.
Figure 3.4: Schematic of the test setup.
Figure 3.5: Pile/bent-cap confining mechanism.
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Figure 3.6(a): Crack and spalling on top face of pile withstrand visible.
Figure 3.6(b): Cracking away from interface and spallingof bent-cap.
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Metric (SI) conversion factors: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip-in. = 0.11298 KN-m.
Figure 3.7: Strand end slippage vs. moment for BC-26-1.
Metric (SI) conversion factors: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa.
Figure 3.8: Effect of confinement on development length.
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Metric (SI) conversion factors: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip-in. = 0.11298 KN-m.
Figure 3.9: Moment vs. displacement for BC-18-1.
Metric (SI) conversion factors: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip-in. = 0.11298 KN-m.
Figure 3.10: Moment vs. displacement for BC-18-2.
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Metric (SI) conversion factors: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip-in. = 0.11298 KN-m.
Figure 3.11: Moment vs. displacement for BC-26-1.
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CHAPTERIV
DETERMINING SLIPPING STRESSOF PRESTRESSING STRANDSIN CONFINED
SECTIONS2
2 Mohamed K. ElBatanouny, and Paul Ziehl. Submitted to ACI Journal, 10/26/2010.
Status peer review.
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1.1 ABSTRACT
Development length and slipping stress of prestressing strands subjected to confining
stress is not well quantified and the validity of the ACI code equation for development
length of prestressing strands under such conditions can be questioned. In 1992, a test
was performed on nineteen 14 in. (356 mm) square prestressed concrete piles with a
clamping force applied to these piles during testing under lateral load. The findings can
be summarized in the inadequacy of the ACI code equation for development length of
prestressing strands when used for sections subjected to confining stress. A modified
equation that accounts for the beneficial effect of concrete confinement is proposed and
compared to the published 1992 results and to the ACI code equation. Ultimate moment
capacity for sections is also compared using moment-curvature analysis by setting three
different slipping values from experimental results, ACI code equation, and the proposed
modified ACI code equation.
Keywords: Development length, Slipping, Moment capacity, Confining stress.
1.2 INTRODUCTION
The use of precast prestressed piles in bridge construction is common in the United
States; however the performance of such units under seismic loading is not well
understood. The behavior of the connection between prestressed piles and cast-in-place
reinforced concrete bent caps is particularly not well understood. Current standard
SCDOT1 connection details require the plain embedment of the pile into the bent cap one
pile diameter with a construction tolerance of 6 inches (152 mm). Plain embedment
requires no special detailing to the pile end or the embedment region and no special
treatment of the pile surface such as roughening or grooving. The ductility and momentcapacity of such connections is of concern because this short embedment length is often
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much less than the length required for development of the full tensile strength of the
prestressing strands within the embedded region.
Generally slipping stress and development length of prestressing strands is calculated
from ACI 318 Eqn. (12-4)2, yet the validity of this equation for strands in confined
sections is not proven. This question arises because this equation was introduced for the
case of superstructure elements not subjected to confining stress. However, a pile
embedded into a bent-cap is subjected to the shrinkage of the confining concrete in the
bent-cap which creates confining stress (also known as clamping force) on the pile
which serves to enhance the bond between the prestressing strand and the surrounding
concrete leading to