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Global CO data assimila.on for emissions and trends analysis Benjamin Gaubert 1 Jérôme Barré 1 , Helen Worden 1 , David Edwards 1 , Louisa Emmons 1 , Simone Tilmes 1 , Arthur Mizzi 1 , Avelino Arellano 2 , Jeffrey Anderson 3 and Nancy Collins 3 1 NCAR, Atmospheric Chemistry Division 2 University of Arizona, Tucson USA 3 NCAR/IMAGe, InsOtute for MathemaOcs Applied for GeoSciences The World Weather Open Science Conference 16 21 August 2014
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Page 1: TheWorldWeatherOpenScienceConference 16&?&21 ... BenjaminGaubert 1! Jérôme!Barré 1,!Helen!Worden 1,!David!Edwards ,!LouisaEmmons ,SimoneTilmes ,! Arthur!Mizzi1, Avelino!Arellano2,JeffreyAnderson

Global  CO  data  assimila.on  for  emissions  and  trends  analysis  

Benjamin  Gaubert1    

Jérôme  Barré1,  Helen  Worden1,  David  Edwards1,  Louisa  Emmons1,  Simone  Tilmes1,    Arthur  Mizzi1,  Avelino  Arellano2,  Jeffrey  Anderson3  and  Nancy  Collins3  

1NCAR,  Atmospheric  Chemistry  Division  2University  of  Arizona,  Tucson  USA  

3NCAR/IMAGe,  InsOtute  for  MathemaOcs  Applied  for  Geo-­‐Sciences    

The  World  Weather  Open  Science  Conference    16  -­‐  21  August  2014  

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 Global  models  

underes.mate  CO  observa.ons  especially  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  

   Mo.va.ons  

Annual  cycle  of  MOPITT  @  500hPa  (red)  vs    MulOmodel  mean  (leX)  and  individual  model  (right)  

Shindell  et  al.  2006  

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q But  trends  are  nega.ve  over  more  than  10  years  of  MOPITT  measurement  Ø Trends  in  CO  concentra.ons  are  not  really  consistent  with  trends  in  

inventories  Ø Large  interannual  variability  driven  by  Biomass  Burning  (BB)  

 Mo.va.ons  

12-­‐month  running  averages  for  N.  Hemisphere  total  column  CO  measurements  normalized  by  the  08/2008–07/2009  average  CO  column  for  each  instrument.  

Worden  et  al.  2013  

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 Using  mul.spectral  MOPITT  retrieval  and  data  assimila.on  tools    

q Determine  the  global  CO  budget  Ø CO  is  a  primary  pollutant  (good  tracer  of  combus.on)  

² Anthropogenic  ² Biomass  Burning  ² Biogenic  /  ocean  

Ø CO  is  also  a  secondary  pollutant  involve  in  the  chemical  oxida.on  cycle  of  CH4  and  NMVOCS  

Ø Sink  is  mainly  CO  +  OH  

q Main  error  sources  §  Transport  §  Ini.al  condi.ons    §  Chemistry  CH4-­‐OH-­‐VOCS-­‐NOx-­‐O3  §  Emissions  

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 Constraints    

q Data  assimila.on:  Error  minimiza.on  §  Transport:  assimila.ng  meteorological  data  §  Ini.al  condi.ons:  Op.miza.on  of  [CO]  assimila.ng  CO  data  §  Chemistry:  

Ø  Impact  through  chemistry  in  the  model  forecast  Ø Op.miza.on  of  [VOCS],  [HOx],  [CH4  ]assimila.ng  CO  data  using  

ensemble  correla.ons  §  Emissions:  

Ø Op.miza.on  of  CO  emissions  assimila.ng  CO  data  Ø Op.miza.on  of  VOCS  emissions  assimila.ng  CO  data  

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 q Global  CO  analysis  using  CAM-­‐CHEM  with  DART-­‐EAKF  

Ø To  produce  6-­‐hourly  analysis  (both  meteorology  and  CO)    Ø within  the  scope  of  doing  an  analysis  of  the  whole  decade  2002-­‐2014  

 q   Inves.gate  the  state  augmenta.on  approach    

Ø To  evaluate  interac.on  with  meteorology  and  ozone  pollu.on    (talk  of  J.  Barré)  

Ø To  es.mate  CO  emissions  Ø To  es.mate  contribu.ons  from  chemistry,  adjustment  of  chemical  species  

 

Assimila.on  of  MOPITT  CO  profiles  in  CAM-­‐CHEM  

www.image.ucar.edu/DAReS/DART  

Anderson  et  al.  2009,  Raeder  et  al.  2012  Arellano  et  al.  2006,  2010,  Barré  et  al.  2014  in  prep  

What  are  the  impact  of  MOPITT  CO  assimila.on  in  a  fully  coupled  system  ?  Mul.spectral  system  allow  for  unique  impact  on  the  surface,  lower  layers  of  the  

troposphere    

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Data  assimila.on  components  :  Community  Earth  System  Model  (CESM)    Community  Atmosphere  Model  for  chemistry  (CAM-­‐CHEM)    

(Lamarque  et  al  2012)  

q CESM1_1_1  /  CAM5  physics    q COMPSET  F2000_MOZMAM_CN  offline  ocean  q   SpaOal  resoluOon  :  Horizontal  :  1.9*2.5⁰  /  VerOcal  :  30  levels  q Emissions:  

ü Anthropogenic  :  MACCity  (Granier  et  al.  2011)  ü Biomass  Burning  /  Fire  emissions  :  Daily  fire  emissions  from  FINN  (Wiedinmyer  et  al.  2011)  

ü   Biogenic  :  offline  MEGAN  V2.1  (Guenther  et  al.  2012)  no  interannual  variability  

ü CCMI  NO2  and  BC  AircraX  emissions  q CESM  SimulaOon  starts  in  January  1998  §  AssimilaOon  of  meteorological  observaOons  only  

Ø start  February  1st  2006  from  CESM  §  AssimilaOon  of  meteorological  observaOons  and  MOPITT  CO  

Ø start  February  10th    2006  

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Data  assimila.on  components:  Observa.ons  

MOPITT  CO    mul.spectral  retrievals  (TIR+NIR)  

 q MOPITT  V5J  (Worden  et  al.  2010,  Deeter  et  al.  2011,  2012,  2013)  

Ø CO  profiles  over  10  levels  Ø Improve  sensiOvity  to  to  surface  /  LT  with  a  low  bias  

q Thinning  :  Ø DayOme  observaOon,  between  +/-­‐  65⁰,  dfs  >  0.5    

q Super  observa.on  over  the  model  grid  cells  (1.9x2.5⁰)  Ø   Average,  ignore  observaOon  error  correlaOon  Ø   Error  variance  is  reduce  according  to    

Ø To  account  for  representaOveness  error  CO  std  (coarse  model  grid  cells)  

σ obs =1M

1M

σ ii=1

M

222obsreprMOPITT σσσ +=

March  2006  

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§  Ensemble  :  20  members  /  i.e  20  CESM  simulaOons  §  Background  error  :    

Ø Space  and  Ome  varying  mulOplicaOve  inflaOon  Ø  IniOal  T  perturbaOon  (pert_sd=2)  

§  Localiza.on:  Gaspari  and  Cohn  1999  localizaOon  funcOon  (gaussian  shape)  Ø Horizontal  :  half-­‐width  of  0.2  rad    Ø VerOcal  :  half-­‐width  of  600  hPa  

§ Meteorological  data:  Ø  P,  T,  U,  V,  Q  :  allow  cross  correlaOons  

§  Emissions  perturba.ons:  (Evensen  et  al.  2003)    Ø  CO,  Length  scale  =  2000km,  sd=0.4  Ø   VOCs,  Length  scale  =  2000km,  sd=0.3  

Data assimilation components: DART-­‐EAKF  (Anderson  2001,  2003,  2007,  2009,  Raeder  et  al.  2012)  

set-­‐up  :  Meteorological  analysis  

P   T   U   V   Q  

P  

T  

U  

V  

Q  

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§  Same  setup  §  Assimilated  data  :  Variable  localisa.on  

Ø  P,  T,  U,  V,  Q  :  allow  cross  correla.ons  Ø  MOPITT  CO  observa.ons  affect  CO  state  

§  Localiza.on  :  Gaspari  and  Cohn  localizaOon  funcOon  (gaussian  shape)  Ø Horizontal  :  half-­‐width  of  0.1  rad  Ø VerOcal  :  half-­‐width  of  300  hPa  

DART-­‐EAKF  set-­‐up  :  Meteorological  and  MOPITT  analysis  

P   T   U   V   Q   CO  

P  

T  

U  

V  

Q  

CO  

Assimilated  observaOons  

Mod

el  variables  

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Results  :  Evalua.on  against  MOPITT  Diagnos.c  in  observa.ons  space  

Weighted  bias  (RCRV  mean)    

     

Unbiased  RMSE        

Spa.al  Correla.on  

     

Number  of  observa.ons  

Lower  troposphere                                            Middle  troposphere                      Upper  troposphere              

Met  analysis  Met  &  MOPITT  prior    Met  &  MOPITT  posterior  

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Ø Huge  bias  reduc.on  

Results  :  comparison  with  NASA/Intex  B  DC8  flight  (March  2006)  

v All  the  6  flights  are  considered,  4-­‐19  March  2006    v Average  in  in  100hPa  bin,  outside  Mexico  city  

(Emmons  et  al.  2010)  

Met  &  MOPITT  analysis  

Met  analysis  

Aircraq  observa.ons  

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 q Increase  of  CO  mostly  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  and  in  the  middle  troposphere  up  to  a  factor  of  2  Ø Consistent  with  both  simula.on  error  and  MOPITT  precision  

Impact  on  CO  /  March  2006  

(MOP_MET_analysis  –  MET  analysis)  /  (MET  analysis)    

La.tude  vs  .me   Al.tude  vs  .me  

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 q But  no  increase  or  decrease  (south-­‐east  Asia)  over  biomass  burning  region  

(MOP_MET_analysis  –  MET_analysis)    /  (MET  analysis)    Surface  level  

Average  emissions  fluxes   Only  from  biomass  burning  

Impact  on  CO  (2)  /  Surface,  March  2006  

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q Increase  of  CO  leads  to  a  decrease  of  OH  and  increase  of  HO2  q Decrease  of  OH  

Ø Decrease  of  secondary  pollutant  forma.on  :  example,  formaledehyde  (HCHO)    

Impact  on  the  chemical  fields  /  Surface,  March  2006  

HO2   HCHO  

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Impact  on  the  chemical  fields  /  Surface,  March  2006  

C3H8   BIGALK  

q Increase  of  CO  leads  to  a  decrease  of  OH  and  HO2  q Decrease  of  OH  

Ø Increase  of  VOCS  when  their  sink  is  VOC  +  OH  

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Ø Effec.ve  reduc.on  of  the  bias  and  unbiased  errors  against  MOPITT  and  Aircraq  data  of  CO  

Ø Beser  correla.on  with  MOPITT    

Ø   Similar  corela.ons  with  Aircraq  data  although  it  is  much  lower  scale  observa.ons  

Ø Modifica.on  of  the  chemical  coupling  through  the  CTM  simula.on  

Global CO analysis using CAM-CHEM with DART-EAKF

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q   Can  use  the  state  augmenta.on  to    Ø   Constraint  on  VOCs,  or  other  species  related  to  CO  

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 q   3  experiments  with  ini.al  condi.ons  op.miza.on  

Ø CH4  

Ø HOx  (OH  +  HO2)  

Ø VOCS    

DA  Experiments  

P   T   U   V   Q   CO  

P  

T  

U  

V  

Q  

CO  

CH4  

OH  

HO2  

VOCS  

Assimilated  observa.ons  

Mod

el  variables  

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DA  Experiments  :  evalua.on  against  MOPITT  

Similar  results  for  CO  forecast  (and  analysis)  

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Ø  Same  scores  for  CO,  reduced  bias  in  the  boundary  layer  when  correlated  with  HOx  

Results  :  comparison  with  NASA/Intex  B  DC8  flight  (March  2006)  

v All  the  6  flights  are  considered,  4-­‐19  March  2006    v Average  in  in  100hPa  bin,  outside  Mexico  city  

(Emmons  et  al.  2010)  

Met  &  MOPITT  analysis  (No  cor.)  

Aircraq  observa.ons  

Met  &  MOPITT  analysis  (cor.  CH4)  

Met  &  MOPITT  analysis  (cor.  VOCS)  

Met  &  MOPITT  analysis  (cor.  HOx)  

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Results  :  comparison  with  NASA/Intex  B  DC8  flight  (March  2006)  

Correla.on  with  VOCS  reduce  the  bias  against  those  VOCS  HOx  and  CH4  improve  the  state  variability  through  chemistry  

LOWER  BIAS   BETTER  R   #  Obs  

CO   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrHOx   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrCH4   935  

O3   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrHOx   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS   965  

CH4   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrHOx   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS   905.0  

CH2O_NCAR   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrVOCS   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrCH4   697.0  

C2H6   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrVOCS   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrCH4   608  

C2H2   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrVOCS   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrCH4   225  

HCN   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrVOCS   MOP_MET_ANALYSIS_corrCH4   237  

Aircraq  observa.o

ns  

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 q   3  experiments  with  ini.al  condi.ons  op.miza.on  

Ø CH4  Ø HOx  (OH  +  HO2)  Ø VOCS    

q   1  experiment  with  op.miza.on  of  the  total  CO  emission  fluxes  

Ø SFCO  

DA  Experiments  

P   T   U   V   Q   CO  

P  

T  

U  

V  

Q  

CO  

CH4  

OH  

HO2  

VOCS  

SFCO  

Assimilated  observa.ons  

Mod

el  variables  

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Emissions  correc.on  Input  data  :  Daily  gridded  emissions  /    1-­‐  Emissions  iniOal  perturbaOon    2-­‐  Update  for  t  up  to  t  +72h  

Model  run:  Emissions  allocated  in  one  surface  flux  :  SFCO  

DART:  Analysis  increment  in  observaOons  space                        are  applied  to  CO  and  SFCO  in  model  space  

fCOmf

COm

fCOm

fSFCO

SFCO yyyx

x ,,

,

)var(),cov(Δ=Δ

fCOmy ,

xemis,ia = xemis,i

f +xSFCO,ia − xSFCO,i

f

xSFCO,if * xemis,i

f

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 q Seems  feasible,  needs  to  use  a  larger  ensemble  or  reduced  localiza.on  

Emissions  correc.ons  

Page 26: TheWorldWeatherOpenScienceConference 16&?&21 ... BenjaminGaubert 1! Jérôme!Barré 1,!Helen!Worden 1,!David!Edwards ,!LouisaEmmons ,SimoneTilmes ,! Arthur!Mizzi1, Avelino!Arellano2,JeffreyAnderson

Ø  Same  scores  for  CO,  reduced  bias  in  the  boundary  layer  when  correlated  with  emissions  

Results  :  comparison  with  NASA/Intex  B  DC8  flight  (March  2006)  

v All  the  6  flights  are  considered,  4-­‐19  March  2006    v Average  in  in  100hPa  bin,  outside  Mexico  city  

(Emmons  et  al.  2010)  

Met  &  MOPITT  analysis  (No  cor.)  

Aircraq  observa.ons  

Met  &  MOPITT  analysis  

Met  &  MOPITT  analysis  (cor.  emissions)  

Page 27: TheWorldWeatherOpenScienceConference 16&?&21 ... BenjaminGaubert 1! Jérôme!Barré 1,!Helen!Worden 1,!David!Edwards ,!LouisaEmmons ,SimoneTilmes ,! Arthur!Mizzi1, Avelino!Arellano2,JeffreyAnderson

 Ø Met  analysis  Ø Forecast  start  on  February  28th  from  CO  analysis  Ø Forecast  start  on  February  28th  from  CO  analysis  with  update  emissions  Ø MOPITT  and  Met  analysis  

DA  Experiments:  forecasts  

Page 28: TheWorldWeatherOpenScienceConference 16&?&21 ... BenjaminGaubert 1! Jérôme!Barré 1,!Helen!Worden 1,!David!Edwards ,!LouisaEmmons ,SimoneTilmes ,! Arthur!Mizzi1, Avelino!Arellano2,JeffreyAnderson

Ø  Same  scores  for  CO,  reduced  bias  in  the  boundary  layer  when  using  updated  emissions  

Results  :  comparison  with  NASA/Intex  B  DC8  flight  (March  2006)  

v All  the  6  flights  are  considered,  4-­‐19  March  2006    v Average  in  in  100hPa  bin,  outside  Mexico  city  

(Emmons  et  al.  2010)  

Met  analysis  

Aircraq  observa.ons  

Met  analysis  MOPITT  forecast  

Met  analysis  MOPITT  forecast  updated  emissions  

Page 29: TheWorldWeatherOpenScienceConference 16&?&21 ... BenjaminGaubert 1! Jérôme!Barré 1,!Helen!Worden 1,!David!Edwards ,!LouisaEmmons ,SimoneTilmes ,! Arthur!Mizzi1, Avelino!Arellano2,JeffreyAnderson

Conclusions  q MOPITT  CO  state  is  correctly  assimilated  within  CAM-­‐CHEM  

Ø longer  analysis  will  be  evaluated  against  TES  CO  and  MOZAIC  CO  and  O3  observaOons  

 q Due  to  its  lifeOme  of  around  2  months  

Ø Forecast  iniOalize  from  the  analysis  is  improve  for  a  month  Ø Forecast  using  updated  emissions  show  that  emissions  play  an  important  role,  it  is  transported  up  to  the  upper  troposphere  

q EsOmaOon  of  CO  emissions  fluxes  shows  reasonable  correlaOon  and  spaOo-­‐temporal  paqerns  Ø Need  to  be  evaluated  in  a  OSSE  framework  Ø Will  be  compare  with  the  analyOcal-­‐tracer  inversion  

 

Page 30: TheWorldWeatherOpenScienceConference 16&?&21 ... BenjaminGaubert 1! Jérôme!Barré 1,!Helen!Worden 1,!David!Edwards ,!LouisaEmmons ,SimoneTilmes ,! Arthur!Mizzi1, Avelino!Arellano2,JeffreyAnderson

Conclusions  

q Variable  localizaOon  ensure  more  stable  results  •  Using  that  ensemble  size  /  localizaOon  •  Hard  to  know  if  the  VOCS  sensibility  to  CO  assimilaOon  is  going  in  the  good  direcOons  

•  Use  tracers  of  CO  producOon  from  chemistry  •  CorrelaOon  with  HOx  and  emissions  could  improve  predictability  for  CO  

q Observed  correlaOons  can  be  compare  with  correlaOons  generated  by  the  ensemble    •  Need  to  check  significance  of  the  evaluaOon  with/of  other  species  

Page 31: TheWorldWeatherOpenScienceConference 16&?&21 ... BenjaminGaubert 1! Jérôme!Barré 1,!Helen!Worden 1,!David!Edwards ,!LouisaEmmons ,SimoneTilmes ,! Arthur!Mizzi1, Avelino!Arellano2,JeffreyAnderson

Thank  you  !    Merci  !  

Page 32: TheWorldWeatherOpenScienceConference 16&?&21 ... BenjaminGaubert 1! Jérôme!Barré 1,!Helen!Worden 1,!David!Edwards ,!LouisaEmmons ,SimoneTilmes ,! Arthur!Mizzi1, Avelino!Arellano2,JeffreyAnderson
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Ø For  HCN  

Results  :  comparison  with  NASA/Intex  B  DC8  flight  (March  2006)  

Met  analysis  

Aircraq  observa.ons  

Met  &  MOPITT  analysis  (no  cor.)  

Met  &  MOPITT  analysis  (cor.  VOCS)  


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