Think Grain Think Feed December issue

Volume 3 | Issue 2

December-2016

RNI No.: HARENG/2014/61357

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.inwww.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.inwww.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology

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Price: 75/- Postal No. PKL-212/2015-2017

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high contamination high contamination risk in Asiarisk in Asiahigh contamination risk in Asia

Extrusion-ideal Extrusion-ideal Extrusion-ideal technology for aqua feedtechnology for aqua feedtechnology for aqua feed

Changing Dynamics in Changing Dynamics in Changing Dynamics in

The Indian Feed The Indian Feed IndustryIndustryThe Indian Feed Industry

BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey revealsBIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey revealsBIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey reveals

For conference queries

Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta

Conference Head

T: +91 11-45679186, 25192749

e: [email protected]

For exhibition queries

Prachi Arora

BENISON Media

M: +91 8607 463377


Conference Theme

INNOVATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE

FEED INDUSTRY

ORGANIZER KNOWLEDGE PARTNERS OFFICIAL SUPPORTERS

Central Poultry Layer Association

North Zone Broiler Breeder

Association

BENISON Media - SCO 17, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market,

Karnal-132001, Haryana, India | Ph: +91 184 4047817

23-24-25 February 2017 New Grain Market, Karnal, India

Feed Tech Expo 2017Animal Feed Technology

www.feedtechexpo.com

2nd

Edition

India’s only

FEED EXPOSITION for Poultry, Cattle & Aqua Sector

For conference queries

Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta

Conference Head

T: +91 11-45679186, 25192749


For exhibition queries

Prachi Arora

BENISON Media

M: +91 8607 463377


Conference Theme

INNOVATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE

FEED INDUSTRY

ORGANIZER KNOWLEDGE PARTNERS OFFICIAL SUPPORTERS

Central Poultry Layer Association

North Zone Broiler Breeder

Association

BENISON Media - SCO 17, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market,

Karnal-132001, Haryana, India | Ph: +91 184 4047817

23-24-25 February 2017 New Grain Market, Karnal, India



2nd

Edition

India’s only

FEED EXPOSITION for Poultry, Cattle & Aqua Sector

Published by

BENISON Media

SCO 27, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market

Karnal - 132001 (Haryana)

Tel: +91 184 4036770

[email protected]

Publisher & EditorPrachi Arora

[email protected]

Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

Designing & MarketingAshwani Verma

[email protected]

Circulation & Subscription HeadRahul Bhardwaj

[email protected]

Business HeadVinod Kumar Saini

[email protected]

Dr. Dinesh T. BhosaleFormer Chairman, CLFMA of India

Mr. Amit SachdevIndian Representative, US Grain Council

Dr. P.E. Vijay AnandUS Soybean Export Council

Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani

Dr. SN MohantyFormer Principal Scientist, CIFA

Dr. Meeta Punjabi MehtaAgricultural Economist

Dr. Swamy HaladiFeed Additive Expert

Dr. R Gnana SekarLead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting

Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

www.benisonmedia.com

Managing Editor

Dr. T.K. Walli

Former Head,

Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI

EDITORIAL

While herbs and their products have

constantly been used since ancient times as

medicines to treat humans and animals in

India, it is so surprising that today our share in

herbal medicine/ supplements in the global

market is just 0.5 percent i.e. USD 359 million, compared to

estimated global market of USD 70 billion. India's poor share has

been mainly on account of lack of financial support to herbal and

Ayush industry. For the last one decade lot more research have been

conducted in several research institutes and universities in India

about the efficacy of herbal supplements on livestock and poultry,

which have given very positive results. By now it is well recognized

worldwide that herbal dietary supplements/ feed additives have a

vast application in livestock and poultry industry. These

supplements/ additives have been proved to have multiple beneficial

effects on these animals, like growth promoters, digestive tonics,

antioxidants, immune protective agents, immune-modulators, toxin

binders and antimicrobials. In fact, herbal feed additives have proved

very effective in increasing the productivity of livestock, poultry and

fish. Recently, a symposium was held in Delhi under the auspices of “

Ayurvet” to focus attention on the use of herbal medicines and

herbal feed additives for livestock and poultry. Some of the

delegates from Europe who attended the symposium also revealed

the positive effects of feed additives imported from India on growth,

production and reproduction of livestock and poultry. In fact, it was

observed that the combination of herbal feed additives is more

effective and gave still better results.

Nowadays we are emphasizing so much on crop diversification,

so that more cropped area is covered under maize and soybean

crops, to increase quality feed production and overcome the feed

shortage for livestock/ poultry/ fish, so as to meet the increasing

demands of our growing urban population for animal protein. Then

why shouldn't some of our feed manufacturers think of diversifying

towards the production of herbal feed additives also, which are

much safer and more effective in increasing the efficiency of nutrient

utilization within the animal system, and consequently leading to

their increased productivity. There definitely is a tremendous scope

for commercial manufacture of herbal feed additives on a large scale

in India, not only to meet the domestic demand, but also for export

purpose as well. One would rather suggest that to encourage the

prospective manufacturers and to promote the production of herbal

feed additives in India, govt should not hesitate to encourage such

entrepreneurships and announce some subsidy for those who come

forward for its manufacture.

On Behalf of Benison Media Group, especially from the Editorial

Board of, “ Think Grain Think Feed”, I would like to wish all our

readers “A Very Happy and a Prosperous 2017”and sincerely hope

that the New Year turns out to be a good one for the Indian Feed

Industry, in turns of its growth as well as its expansion.

TK Walli

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016

Herbal feed additive manufacture: an opportunity for diversification

Published by

BENISON Media

SCO 27, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market

Karnal - 132001 (Haryana)

Tel: +91 184 4036770

[email protected]

Publisher & EditorPrachi Arora

[email protected]

Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

Designing & MarketingAshwani Verma

[email protected]

Circulation & Subscription HeadRahul Bhardwaj

[email protected]

Business HeadVinod Kumar Saini

[email protected]

Dr. Dinesh T. BhosaleFormer Chairman, CLFMA of India

Mr. Amit SachdevIndian Representative, US Grain Council

Dr. P.E. Vijay AnandUS Soybean Export Council

Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani

Dr. SN MohantyFormer Principal Scientist, CIFA

Dr. Meeta Punjabi MehtaAgricultural Economist

Dr. Swamy HaladiFeed Additive Expert

Dr. R Gnana SekarLead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting

Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

www.benisonmedia.com

Managing Editor

Dr. T.K. Walli

Former Head,

Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI

EDITORIAL

While herbs and their products have

constantly been used since ancient times as

medicines to treat humans and animals in

India, it is so surprising that today our share in

herbal medicine/ supplements in the global

market is just 0.5 percent i.e. USD 359 million, compared to

estimated global market of USD 70 billion. India's poor share has

been mainly on account of lack of financial support to herbal and

Ayush industry. For the last one decade lot more research have been

conducted in several research institutes and universities in India

about the efficacy of herbal supplements on livestock and poultry,

which have given very positive results. By now it is well recognized

worldwide that herbal dietary supplements/ feed additives have a

vast application in livestock and poultry industry. These

supplements/ additives have been proved to have multiple beneficial

effects on these animals, like growth promoters, digestive tonics,

antioxidants, immune protective agents, immune-modulators, toxin

binders and antimicrobials. In fact, herbal feed additives have proved

very effective in increasing the productivity of livestock, poultry and

fish. Recently, a symposium was held in Delhi under the auspices of “

Ayurvet” to focus attention on the use of herbal medicines and

herbal feed additives for livestock and poultry. Some of the

delegates from Europe who attended the symposium also revealed

the positive effects of feed additives imported from India on growth,

production and reproduction of livestock and poultry. In fact, it was

observed that the combination of herbal feed additives is more

effective and gave still better results.

Nowadays we are emphasizing so much on crop diversification,

so that more cropped area is covered under maize and soybean

crops, to increase quality feed production and overcome the feed

shortage for livestock/ poultry/ fish, so as to meet the increasing

demands of our growing urban population for animal protein. Then

why shouldn't some of our feed manufacturers think of diversifying

towards the production of herbal feed additives also, which are

much safer and more effective in increasing the efficiency of nutrient

utilization within the animal system, and consequently leading to

their increased productivity. There definitely is a tremendous scope

for commercial manufacture of herbal feed additives on a large scale

in India, not only to meet the domestic demand, but also for export

purpose as well. One would rather suggest that to encourage the

prospective manufacturers and to promote the production of herbal

feed additives in India, govt should not hesitate to encourage such

entrepreneurships and announce some subsidy for those who come

forward for its manufacture.

On Behalf of Benison Media Group, especially from the Editorial

Board of, “ Think Grain Think Feed”, I would like to wish all our

readers “A Very Happy and a Prosperous 2017”and sincerely hope

that the New Year turns out to be a good one for the Indian Feed

Industry, in turns of its growth as well as its expansion.

TK Walli


Herbal feed additive manufacture: an opportunity for diversification

Printed by: Jaiswal Printing Press | Published by: Prachi Arora | On behalf of: BENISON Media | Printed at: Chaura Bazar, Karnal-132001,

Haryana | Published at: SCO-27, IInd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora

Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology

Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015

Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON Media at its office in Karnal. Editorial

policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. The

data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher considers its

sources reliable and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the

material herein and consequently readers using this information do so at their own risk.

Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON Media, nor

any of its employees or contributors accept any responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’

activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction.

C o n t e n t s Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016

Front Cover: www.dvagi.org

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:

Simple Post Courier Overseas

One Year : INR 1200 INR 1800 USD 300

Three Year : INR 3300 INR 4800 USD 900

Five Year : INR 5200 INR 6500 USD 1500

Disclaimer : The published material and images are sourced from various websites and newspapers, and used for information purpose only, if you have any issue, please inform us at

[email protected]. BENISON Media or Think Grain Think Feed is not liable for any claim prior to written information.

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

05

INTERVIEW

PELLETING TIPS

08

SURVEY REPORT

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

ARTICLE

080808 121212 161616

Natural gas protein-an alternative to fishmeal and soymeal

new technology has been

Aadopted by a Danish firm that

is capable of producing natural

protein from methane gas, using

technology which is scalable and

sustainable compared with fishmeal

and soy protein. The most advanced

technology producing single cell

protein from natural gas.

As the natural protein can be produced

in a plant using methane gas, and

therefore the production is not limited

by fishing quotas or the use of

pesticides and it is weather-

independent. This technology thus

provides animal feed producers access

to a sustainable protein source of very

high quality.

The company have a strong

cooperation with the Technical

University of Denmark (DTU), owns

most up-to-date technology in the

field of bacterial fermentation, the

most novel technology used to convert methane into

protein. For last several years, Denmark has worked on

finding alternatives to the soy which is currently

imported. The hope is that this technology may

contribute to replacing soy in the long term.

Since last 2 years, the company has been supporting

this innovation and now is ready to upscale the

production by using a method that requires very little

water and no pesticides, and is based on renewable

energy. It benefits from superior nutritional content and

product characteristics. The protein-rich biomass

(72.9% protein) can be used as a direct supplement in

animal feed.

Key product characteristics include the fact it is

developed naturally without any genetic manipulation;

has a long shelf life and stable production process; and

has a high protein quality which allows for a more

efficient diet with less quantities required, minimizing

nitrogen excretion.

The technology has already been approved by the EU

as an ingredient in animal feed.

Source: undercurrentnews

Image Source: newscientist.com

R&D

ww

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onm

ed

ia.c

om

05

Natural gas protein-an alternative to

fishmeal and soymeal

Crisis can result in better biz

practices in agri market yards06

Extrusion-ideal technology

for aqua feed

Changing Dynamics in

The Indian Feed Industry12 BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey

reveals high contamination risk in Asia

18

16

Utilization of Soya Pulp: a by-product

of soymilk in livestock feeding

Water quality: A hidden limiting factor

for animal productivity

20

26

UPCOMING EVENTS

31 Jan - 2 Feb

2017

23-25 February

2017

Supporting feed millers to overcome

challenges faced during feed manufacturing -

Satbir Singh, Lark Engg.

Printed by: Jaiswal Printing Press | Published by: Prachi Arora | On behalf of: BENISON Media | Printed at: Chaura Bazar, Karnal-132001,

Haryana | Published at: SCO-27, IInd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora

Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology

Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015

Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON Media at its office in Karnal. Editorial

policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. The

data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher considers its

sources reliable and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the

material herein and consequently readers using this information do so at their own risk.

Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON Media, nor

any of its employees or contributors accept any responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’

activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction.

C o n t e n t s Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016

Front Cover: www.dvagi.org

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:

Simple Post Courier Overseas

One Year : INR 1200 INR 1800 USD 300

Three Year : INR 3300 INR 4800 USD 900

Five Year : INR 5200 INR 6500 USD 1500

Disclaimer : The published material and images are sourced from various websites and newspapers, and used for information purpose only, if you have any issue, please inform us at

[email protected]. BENISON Media or Think Grain Think Feed is not liable for any claim prior to written information.

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

05

INTERVIEW

PELLETING TIPS

08

SURVEY REPORT

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

ARTICLE

080808 121212 161616

Natural gas protein-an alternative to fishmeal and soymeal

new technology has been

Aadopted by a Danish firm that

is capable of producing natural

protein from methane gas, using

technology which is scalable and

sustainable compared with fishmeal

and soy protein. The most advanced

technology producing single cell

protein from natural gas.

As the natural protein can be produced

in a plant using methane gas, and

therefore the production is not limited

by fishing quotas or the use of

pesticides and it is weather-

independent. This technology thus

provides animal feed producers access

to a sustainable protein source of very

high quality.

The company have a strong

cooperation with the Technical

University of Denmark (DTU), owns

most up-to-date technology in the

field of bacterial fermentation, the

most novel technology used to convert methane into

protein. For last several years, Denmark has worked on

finding alternatives to the soy which is currently

imported. The hope is that this technology may

contribute to replacing soy in the long term.

Since last 2 years, the company has been supporting

this innovation and now is ready to upscale the

production by using a method that requires very little

water and no pesticides, and is based on renewable

energy. It benefits from superior nutritional content and

product characteristics. The protein-rich biomass

(72.9% protein) can be used as a direct supplement in

animal feed.

Key product characteristics include the fact it is

developed naturally without any genetic manipulation;

has a long shelf life and stable production process; and

has a high protein quality which allows for a more

efficient diet with less quantities required, minimizing

nitrogen excretion.

The technology has already been approved by the EU

as an ingredient in animal feed.

Source: undercurrentnews

Image Source: newscientist.com

R&D

ww

w.b

enis

onm

ed

ia.c

om

05

Natural gas protein-an alternative to

fishmeal and soymeal

Crisis can result in better biz

practices in agri market yards06

Extrusion-ideal technology

for aqua feed

Changing Dynamics in

The Indian Feed Industry12 BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey

reveals high contamination risk in Asia

18

16

Utilization of Soya Pulp: a by-product

of soymilk in livestock feeding

Water quality: A hidden limiting factor

for animal productivity

20

26

UPCOMING EVENTS

31 Jan - 2 Feb

2017

23-25 February

2017

Supporting feed millers to overcome

challenges faced during feed manufacturing -

Satbir Singh, Lark Engg.

Vijay Sardana, Bio-economy & Agribusiness Expert

One of the reasons that prompted the

Government to demonetise Rs 500 and

Rs 1000 notes was that their circulation

was not in line with economic growth.

As per the Finance Ministry, during the

2011-2016 period, circulation of all

notes grew 40% but circulation of Rs

500 and Rs 1000 notes went up by 76%

and 109% respectively.

At an aggregate level, demonetisation

will significantly eliminate existing stocks

of black money, fake currency and will

benefit the economy in the medium to

long-run. But, the question as to how

creation of black money will be

prevented still remains unanswered. The

role of commodity markets and

agriculture sector should be evaluated in

this.

It is important to note that

demonetisation has created a major

impact on cash flow in commodity

markets, because most commodity

transactions are on cash basis. All

transactions in rural India are in cash

because of lack of alternate methods.

There are no bank branches, limited

access to internet, language issues and

illiteracy.

Another challenge which farmers face in

agriculture markets are due to the

outdated Agriculture Produce Marketing Act (APMC) Act.

This restricts transactions in agriculture market yards, only

APMC licensed traders are allowed to deal with farmers.

Due to demonetisation, traders are stuck with old

currency notes. In place of depositing these notes in

banks, many traders are forcing farmers to take payment

against goods sold in old currency notes.

It is also true that substantial amounts of currency is used

in commodity trade and, after demonetisation, most of

traders are technically without cash — not able to buy

products from farmers. This is reducing demand for

perishable farm produce in whole sale markets and in

turn food prices are likely to crash.

The biggest problem is faced by poultry farmers, because

any delay in disposal, even by one day, increases cost of

production significantly. But shortage of currency is also

reducing demand, squeezing farmers. This is also sowing

season and inputs dealers are demanding cash in new

currency. It is high time the government reviews the need

for APMC Act in today's IT enabled environment.

All APM Committees (APMC) should issue instructions to

traders to make payments through cash transfers to

farmers' accounts. This crisis should result in better

business practices in APMC mandies and reduce black

money creation. Technically, now onwards, all cash

transactions in APMC markets should be banned forever.

Traders and farmers can have Jan Dhan accounts and use

RTGS, cheques and debit cards for daily transactions,

provided APMC Mandies have ATMs, post offices or

bank branches. This will control hoarding of vital agro-

commodities in future.

Crisis can result in better biz practices in agri market yards

INDUSTRY THOUGHT w

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06

Vijay Sardana, Bio-economy & Agribusiness Expert

One of the reasons that prompted the

Government to demonetise Rs 500 and

Rs 1000 notes was that their circulation

was not in line with economic growth.

As per the Finance Ministry, during the

2011-2016 period, circulation of all

notes grew 40% but circulation of Rs

500 and Rs 1000 notes went up by 76%

and 109% respectively.

At an aggregate level, demonetisation

will significantly eliminate existing stocks

of black money, fake currency and will

benefit the economy in the medium to

long-run. But, the question as to how

creation of black money will be

prevented still remains unanswered. The

role of commodity markets and

agriculture sector should be evaluated in

this.

It is important to note that

demonetisation has created a major

impact on cash flow in commodity

markets, because most commodity

transactions are on cash basis. All

transactions in rural India are in cash

because of lack of alternate methods.

There are no bank branches, limited

access to internet, language issues and

illiteracy.

Another challenge which farmers face in

agriculture markets are due to the

outdated Agriculture Produce Marketing Act (APMC) Act.

This restricts transactions in agriculture market yards, only

APMC licensed traders are allowed to deal with farmers.

Due to demonetisation, traders are stuck with old

currency notes. In place of depositing these notes in

banks, many traders are forcing farmers to take payment

against goods sold in old currency notes.

It is also true that substantial amounts of currency is used

in commodity trade and, after demonetisation, most of

traders are technically without cash — not able to buy

products from farmers. This is reducing demand for

perishable farm produce in whole sale markets and in

turn food prices are likely to crash.

The biggest problem is faced by poultry farmers, because

any delay in disposal, even by one day, increases cost of

production significantly. But shortage of currency is also

reducing demand, squeezing farmers. This is also sowing

season and inputs dealers are demanding cash in new

currency. It is high time the government reviews the need

for APMC Act in today's IT enabled environment.

All APM Committees (APMC) should issue instructions to

traders to make payments through cash transfers to

farmers' accounts. This crisis should result in better

business practices in APMC mandies and reduce black

money creation. Technically, now onwards, all cash

transactions in APMC markets should be banned forever.

Traders and farmers can have Jan Dhan accounts and use

RTGS, cheques and debit cards for daily transactions,

provided APMC Mandies have ATMs, post offices or

bank branches. This will control hoarding of vital agro-

commodities in future.

Crisis can result in better biz practices in agri market yards

INDUSTRY THOUGHT

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06

PELLETING TIPS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016

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08


Extrusion-ideal technology for aqua feedExtrusion processing technology is highly

important in production of feeds used for

intensive aquaculture. In recent times,

there has been a constant growth in the

application of extruded diets for aquatic

feeding as it results in better water

stability, better floating property and a

higher energy than pelleted diets and

thus contributing to increased fish growth

and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR).

Therefore, compared with the

conventional pelleting, extrusion

technology is the most efficient way to

improve the performance of aquatic feed.

Processing technology

Extrusion (dry or wet extrusion) is the

process where the raw material is pushed

forward in the barrel by means of screws

and pressed through the die at the end of

barrel. The general extrusion process

involves a high temperature over a short

time. Temperature higher than 100 is

needed in order to achieve expansion of

the feed as it leaves the die. The high

temperature in dry extrusion is acquired

through dissipation of mechanical energy

from heated surfaces such as barrel and screw surface, or

generated by shear forces between wall and material and

screw and material.

For wet extrusion, the temperature is achieved through

preconditioning and steam injection. At the same time, the

material also undergoes relatively high pressure. The

pressure difference between internal extruder and external

environment will cause the extrusion of the aquatic feed.

Basically, the operating principle of expansion is similar to

that of extrusion, and their processes are both based on

the same principle. However, expansion generates less

shear, pressure and temperature in the barrel compared

with extrusion, which leads to difference in the shaping

method of final pellets and intensity of treatment.

Equipments' feature

Extruder: It is a bio-reactor providing the necessary

pressure to force feed mash in the barrel through a

restrictive die. Through changes in temperature, pressure,

and shear within the barrel, the raw material is forcibly

homogenized before it assumes the cross-sectional shape

of the die opening. The equipment is mainly composed of

power transmission device, feeding device, pre-conditioner,

extruder barrel and discharging cutting device, etc. The

barrel of extruder is composed of barrel heads, screw

auger, flow restrictors (shear locks) and a cross-sectional

die.

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09

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016

throughput and screw speed of twin screw extruder are not

interdependent.

In contrast to twin screw extruder, single screw extruder is

simple, using rotating belt way with a constant fixed spindle

speed. It can get good blending through high speed

operation in short time. The barrel of a single screw

extruder can be divided into following three zones:

a) feeding zone

b) melting zone

c) molding zone

In the feeding zone, feed material is simply received from

the conditioner and transported forward in the barrel, go

through solid conveying and melting process. Making

feedstocks from a powder to an elastic dough. Then it will

be formed into pellets by flat die shaping. Nevertheless, the

conveying capacity of single extruder is poor under high

pressure, compared to the same power twin-screw extruder,

its production is lower.

In general, single screw extruders are more economical to

operate than twin-screw extruders, while twin screw

extruders are more advanced, more productive and more

extensive use of performance than single screw extruders.

Selection of extruder depends upon the production

demand.

Dry Type and Wet Type Extruder

Dry type extruder does not require a steam boiler for heat

or steam injection or jacket heating, and all product heating

is accomplished by mechanical friction force. Without

utilizing preconditioning, dry extrusion employs lower

Expander: It is commonly used as

mechanical conditioners for treating

materials which are difficult to pellet, to

increase the digestibility of cellulose and

protein components in order to achieve

feed hygienistion. Extruders consist of

barrels with one or two screws to

transport materials and force them

through a die. It can be considered as a

high shear treatment. The shear action

during expander treatment is much less.

Compared to an extruder, the simplicity of

the expander allows an effective

treatment of relatively large quantity of

feed at a low cost.

Different types of Extruder

Single screw extruder contains one screw,

and twin screw extruder is with two screw

of equal length placed inside the same

bareel. Twin screw extruder develops on

the basis of single screw extrusion

equipment, which is more complicated

than single screw extruder. Twin screw

extruder owns much priority in quality

control and processing flexibility, which

can deal with sticky, multiple oils or wet

raw materials. The screw design of twin-

screw extruders can dramatically affect

operating efficiency and overall

equipment capability. It is to be noted that

1. Prebin

2. Dosing unit

3. Mixer-conditioner.

(addition of steam)

4. Extruder (addition of steam

and input of electrical energy)

5. Pellet press

To cooler and dryer

The Extrusion Processing Line


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08


Extrusion-ideal technology for aqua feedExtrusion processing technology is highly

important in production of feeds used for

intensive aquaculture. In recent times,

there has been a constant growth in the

application of extruded diets for aquatic

feeding as it results in better water

stability, better floating property and a

higher energy than pelleted diets and

thus contributing to increased fish growth

and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR).

Therefore, compared with the

conventional pelleting, extrusion

technology is the most efficient way to

improve the performance of aquatic feed.

Processing technology

Extrusion (dry or wet extrusion) is the

process where the raw material is pushed

forward in the barrel by means of screws

and pressed through the die at the end of

barrel. The general extrusion process

involves a high temperature over a short

time. Temperature higher than 100 is

needed in order to achieve expansion of

the feed as it leaves the die. The high

temperature in dry extrusion is acquired

through dissipation of mechanical energy

from heated surfaces such as barrel and screw surface, or

generated by shear forces between wall and material and

screw and material.

For wet extrusion, the temperature is achieved through

preconditioning and steam injection. At the same time, the

material also undergoes relatively high pressure. The

pressure difference between internal extruder and external

environment will cause the extrusion of the aquatic feed.

Basically, the operating principle of expansion is similar to

that of extrusion, and their processes are both based on

the same principle. However, expansion generates less

shear, pressure and temperature in the barrel compared

with extrusion, which leads to difference in the shaping

method of final pellets and intensity of treatment.

Equipments' feature

Extruder: It is a bio-reactor providing the necessary

pressure to force feed mash in the barrel through a

restrictive die. Through changes in temperature, pressure,

and shear within the barrel, the raw material is forcibly

homogenized before it assumes the cross-sectional shape

of the die opening. The equipment is mainly composed of

power transmission device, feeding device, pre-conditioner,

extruder barrel and discharging cutting device, etc. The

barrel of extruder is composed of barrel heads, screw

auger, flow restrictors (shear locks) and a cross-sectional

die.

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throughput and screw speed of twin screw extruder are not

interdependent.

In contrast to twin screw extruder, single screw extruder is

simple, using rotating belt way with a constant fixed spindle

speed. It can get good blending through high speed

operation in short time. The barrel of a single screw

extruder can be divided into following three zones:

a) feeding zone

b) melting zone

c) molding zone

In the feeding zone, feed material is simply received from

the conditioner and transported forward in the barrel, go

through solid conveying and melting process. Making

feedstocks from a powder to an elastic dough. Then it will

be formed into pellets by flat die shaping. Nevertheless, the

conveying capacity of single extruder is poor under high

pressure, compared to the same power twin-screw extruder,

its production is lower.

In general, single screw extruders are more economical to

operate than twin-screw extruders, while twin screw

extruders are more advanced, more productive and more

extensive use of performance than single screw extruders.

Selection of extruder depends upon the production

demand.

Dry Type and Wet Type Extruder

Dry type extruder does not require a steam boiler for heat

or steam injection or jacket heating, and all product heating

is accomplished by mechanical friction force. Without

utilizing preconditioning, dry extrusion employs lower

Expander: It is commonly used as

mechanical conditioners for treating

materials which are difficult to pellet, to

increase the digestibility of cellulose and

protein components in order to achieve

feed hygienistion. Extruders consist of

barrels with one or two screws to

transport materials and force them

through a die. It can be considered as a

high shear treatment. The shear action

during expander treatment is much less.

Compared to an extruder, the simplicity of

the expander allows an effective

treatment of relatively large quantity of

feed at a low cost.

Different types of Extruder

Single screw extruder contains one screw,

and twin screw extruder is with two screw

of equal length placed inside the same

bareel. Twin screw extruder develops on

the basis of single screw extrusion

equipment, which is more complicated

than single screw extruder. Twin screw

extruder owns much priority in quality

control and processing flexibility, which

can deal with sticky, multiple oils or wet

raw materials. The screw design of twin-

screw extruders can dramatically affect

operating efficiency and overall

equipment capability. It is to be noted that

1. Prebin

2. Dosing unit

3. Mixer-conditioner.

(addition of steam)

4. Extruder (addition of steam

and input of electrical energy)

5. Pellet press

To cooler and dryer

The Extrusion Processing Line


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moisture levels. Therefore, it is suitable for

processing low moisture and high fat feed

material.

Wet type extruder is a piece of more

complex equipment with precision

metering systems for steam or water

injection into the conditioner and/or the

extruder barrel. Preconditioning is a very

important step in wet extrusion process

for chemical or physical reactions. The

extruder machine working is:

preconditioning, cooking and die shaping.

High temperature and high pressure

process can kill salmonella and other

bacteria, also makes the pellets with

improved digestibility.

Benefits of Extruded Aqua feed

1. Wide adaptability: The capability of

an extruder enhances the feed

manufacturer's flexibility to produce

fish feed pellets for shrimp, crab, eel,

carp etc.

2. High starch gelatinization: Feed

material goes through HTST

processing thus starch gelatinization

degree may increase up to 80-99%

making it more digestible.

3. Better digestion and absorption: Quick breakdown of

pellets in the fish makes nutrients available for better

absorption.

4. Improved water stability: The floating pellets are more

resistant to disintegration in water and floating feed

allows the fish farmer to observe the amount of feed

consumed.

5. Water absorption: Extrusion moisture content during

processing can be controlled over a wide range, which

helps to increase the water stability of the final feed.

These pellets absorb more water, retains shape for

longer time thus resulting in reduced losses of nutrients.

6. Convenient for density control: It is entirely feasible for an

extruder to produce floating feed, sinking feed and slow

sinking feed by density control; that is more conducive

to different fish species.

7. Fine mechanical resistance: Feed made using extrusion

technology is more resistant to mechanical durability

and produces fewer fines in the finished feed during

transportation. It can reduce feed wastage, water and air

pollution.

8. Good to aquatic organism health: Extrusion cooking

provides hygienic feed processing and destroys

pathogens & other viruses to avoid animal illness.

Source: feedpelletizer

Chinese officials revised down their

forecast of domestic corn use, and

increased its expectations of sorghum

imports, suggesting the shift away from

corn-substitutes will not come as fast as

previously thought.

The China National Grains and Oils

Information Centre, and official think

tank, cut its estimate for 2016-17 corn

consumption by 2 million tonnes to 197

million tonnes.

This is up some 21% year-on-year, but

China has a long way to go to draw

down its corn inventories, and any

slowing of production will hurt

consumption.

Animal feed use falling

The downgrade was the result of a trim

to the expected use of corn in animal

feed, suggesting substitution with other

grains. The think tank saw Chinese

farmers still turning to sorghum and

barley as a substitute for high priced

China cuts corn use forecast, noting resilient sorghum imports

corn, with overall feed demand also

slowing. But ideas of industrial use,

which is being supported by subsidies

for grain buyers in key growing states,

were left unchanged.

The think tank raised its sorghum

import estimate by a 1.0 million tonnes

to 4.5 million tonnes.

Transport problems

The fact that Chinese corn consumption

may not grow as fast as thought, and

the import of sorghum remains

stubbornly high, suggests that

domestic corn prices may not yet be

low enough to rebalance the market.

Chinese corn prices have recently been

boosted by transport problems

between the grain belt and livestock

areas. A crackdown on the overloading

of lorries in late September supported

corn prices, and now cold weather is

increasing demand for coal, which

means less capacity and higher freight-

rates for corn.

Falling production

Still, the lower prices have been enough

to reduce domestic corn production, in

favour of soybean output. Grain output

in China, was down 0.8% to 616.2

million tonnes, data from the National

Bureau of Statistics showed recently.

Corn output fell by some 5.0m tonnes,

to 219.6 million tonnes from 224.6m a

year ago, as acres fell. While soybean

acres are rising, up 10.7% year on year.

IND

UST

RY

NEW

S


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moisture levels. Therefore, it is suitable for

processing low moisture and high fat feed

material.

Wet type extruder is a piece of more

complex equipment with precision

metering systems for steam or water

injection into the conditioner and/or the

extruder barrel. Preconditioning is a very

important step in wet extrusion process

for chemical or physical reactions. The

extruder machine working is:

preconditioning, cooking and die shaping.

High temperature and high pressure

process can kill salmonella and other

bacteria, also makes the pellets with

improved digestibility.

Benefits of Extruded Aqua feed

1. Wide adaptability: The capability of

an extruder enhances the feed

manufacturer's flexibility to produce

fish feed pellets for shrimp, crab, eel,

carp etc.

2. High starch gelatinization: Feed

material goes through HTST

processing thus starch gelatinization

degree may increase up to 80-99%

making it more digestible.

3. Better digestion and absorption: Quick breakdown of

pellets in the fish makes nutrients available for better

absorption.

4. Improved water stability: The floating pellets are more

resistant to disintegration in water and floating feed

allows the fish farmer to observe the amount of feed

consumed.

5. Water absorption: Extrusion moisture content during

processing can be controlled over a wide range, which

helps to increase the water stability of the final feed.

These pellets absorb more water, retains shape for

longer time thus resulting in reduced losses of nutrients.

6. Convenient for density control: It is entirely feasible for an

extruder to produce floating feed, sinking feed and slow

sinking feed by density control; that is more conducive

to different fish species.

7. Fine mechanical resistance: Feed made using extrusion

technology is more resistant to mechanical durability

and produces fewer fines in the finished feed during

transportation. It can reduce feed wastage, water and air

pollution.

8. Good to aquatic organism health: Extrusion cooking

provides hygienic feed processing and destroys

pathogens & other viruses to avoid animal illness.

Source: feedpelletizer

Chinese officials revised down their

forecast of domestic corn use, and

increased its expectations of sorghum

imports, suggesting the shift away from

corn-substitutes will not come as fast as

previously thought.

The China National Grains and Oils

Information Centre, and official think

tank, cut its estimate for 2016-17 corn

consumption by 2 million tonnes to 197

million tonnes.

This is up some 21% year-on-year, but

China has a long way to go to draw

down its corn inventories, and any

slowing of production will hurt

consumption.

Animal feed use falling

The downgrade was the result of a trim

to the expected use of corn in animal

feed, suggesting substitution with other

grains. The think tank saw Chinese

farmers still turning to sorghum and

barley as a substitute for high priced

China cuts corn use forecast, noting resilient sorghum imports

corn, with overall feed demand also

slowing. But ideas of industrial use,

which is being supported by subsidies

for grain buyers in key growing states,

were left unchanged.

The think tank raised its sorghum

import estimate by a 1.0 million tonnes

to 4.5 million tonnes.

Transport problems

The fact that Chinese corn consumption

may not grow as fast as thought, and

the import of sorghum remains

stubbornly high, suggests that

domestic corn prices may not yet be

low enough to rebalance the market.

Chinese corn prices have recently been

boosted by transport problems

between the grain belt and livestock

areas. A crackdown on the overloading

of lorries in late September supported

corn prices, and now cold weather is

increasing demand for coal, which

means less capacity and higher freight-

rates for corn.

Falling production

Still, the lower prices have been enough

to reduce domestic corn production, in

favour of soybean output. Grain output

in China, was down 0.8% to 616.2

million tonnes, data from the National

Bureau of Statistics showed recently.

Corn output fell by some 5.0m tonnes,

to 219.6 million tonnes from 224.6m a

year ago, as acres fell. While soybean

acres are rising, up 10.7% year on year.

IND

UST

RY

NEW

S

Nishikant Yadav, Markets and Markets

Changing Dynamics in The Indian Feed Industry

ARTICLE Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016

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Agriculture is among the major drivers

forthe Indian economy and is a

principal means of livelihood for over

50% of the population. According to

the Indian Central Statistics Office

(CSO), the share of agriculture and

allied sectors (including livestock,

forestry, and fishery) was over 15% of

the Gross Value Added (GVA) during

2015–2016(on 2011-12 base prices).

India has one of the largest livestock

population across the world and its

output contributes around 4% of the

country's GDP.

Currently, there is a visible trend of an

increase in the consumption of animal-

based products, primarily owing to an

increase in disposable incomes, change

in dietary preferences, and

improvement in livestock production

practices with evolved transportation

and storage facilities.

Given this increase in livestock

population, there is a parallel and

growing requirement for animal feed

products. In India, feed manufacturing

on a commercial level and scientific basis started in the

year 1965. The industry has since witnessed several

shifts and primarily caters to the cattle, poultry, swine,

and aquaculture segments.

Current industry dynamics

Presently, the overall crucial demand and supply gap

results in immense opportunities in the Indian feed

industry and is thus, attracting the attention of several

big players. Currently, the industry is fragmented and

unorganized and appears to be evolving.

According to the estimates by the Compound Livestock

Feed Manufacturers Association (CLFMA), the Indian

feed industry stood around USD 15 billion and

produced over 28 million tons of feed in 2015. It is still

in the introductory stage, as demonstrated by its ability

to cater to merely around 10% of cattle and aqua feed

demand, and around 50% of the poultry feed demand.

Furthermore, the Indian feed industry is estimated to

grow at a CAGR of around 8% from 2015 to 2020, where

the demand for poultry, cattle, and aqua feed is

expected to play a significant role in this growth,

according to a Rabobank forecast.

Based on the current aquaculture production estimates

of 1 million tons, against the estimated potential of 7

million tons, it could be inferred that the industry has a

significant untapped potential. ww

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13


Restraints &Challenges

The World Bank annually publishes and

ranks economies according to the ease

of doing business in the respective

economy. A high ease of doing

business ranking implies a conducive

regulatory environment for

commencement and operation of

business of a local firm. India, as per the

June 2016 rankings, stood at 130th

position, out of 190 economies so

observed.

Given the lagging status of the country

in those parameters, the industry faces

several restraints and challenges:

1) Unfavorable trade terms:

Comparatively high tariffs on

imports of feed ingredients

2) Vague regulatory regime:Lack of

uniformity in the quality standards,

and rigid and outdated Bureau of

Indian Standards (BIS)

requirements

3) Bureaucratic bottlenecks: Time-

consuming procedure for approvals

of new innovations

Current dynamics

The Indian feed industry is in a

transition. The significant existing gap

between demand and supply calls for

rapid evolution, to ensure sustainable

production and consumption. Also, in

Growth estimates of Indian feed industry between 2015 & 2020

25

20

15

10

5

0

USD

Bill

ion

2015 2020

8%

15

22

Source: Rabobank Survey

Feed Production in India, by Livestock, 2015 vs. 2016 (Million Tons)

2016 2015

Broiler Layer Dairy Aqua Pets Calf Equine Others Note: Others include swine, turkey, and pets.

Source: Alltech Global Feed Survey, 2016 and 2015

Imag

e S

ou

rce: y

ou

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ry.c

om

Nishikant Yadav, Markets and Markets

Changing Dynamics in The Indian Feed Industry

ARTICLE Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016

ww

w.thin

kgra

inth

inkf

ee

d.c

o.in

12


Agriculture is among the major drivers

forthe Indian economy and is a

principal means of livelihood for over

50% of the population. According to

the Indian Central Statistics Office

(CSO), the share of agriculture and

allied sectors (including livestock,

forestry, and fishery) was over 15% of

the Gross Value Added (GVA) during

2015–2016(on 2011-12 base prices).

India has one of the largest livestock

population across the world and its

output contributes around 4% of the

country's GDP.

Currently, there is a visible trend of an

increase in the consumption of animal-

based products, primarily owing to an

increase in disposable incomes, change

in dietary preferences, and

improvement in livestock production

practices with evolved transportation

and storage facilities.

Given this increase in livestock

population, there is a parallel and

growing requirement for animal feed

products. In India, feed manufacturing

on a commercial level and scientific basis started in the

year 1965. The industry has since witnessed several

shifts and primarily caters to the cattle, poultry, swine,

and aquaculture segments.

Current industry dynamics

Presently, the overall crucial demand and supply gap

results in immense opportunities in the Indian feed

industry and is thus, attracting the attention of several

big players. Currently, the industry is fragmented and

unorganized and appears to be evolving.

According to the estimates by the Compound Livestock

Feed Manufacturers Association (CLFMA), the Indian

feed industry stood around USD 15 billion and

produced over 28 million tons of feed in 2015. It is still

in the introductory stage, as demonstrated by its ability

to cater to merely around 10% of cattle and aqua feed

demand, and around 50% of the poultry feed demand.

Furthermore, the Indian feed industry is estimated to

grow at a CAGR of around 8% from 2015 to 2020, where

the demand for poultry, cattle, and aqua feed is

expected to play a significant role in this growth,

according to a Rabobank forecast.

Based on the current aquaculture production estimates

of 1 million tons, against the estimated potential of 7

million tons, it could be inferred that the industry has a

significant untapped potential. ww

w.b

enis

onm

ed

ia.c

om

13


Restraints &Challenges

The World Bank annually publishes and

ranks economies according to the ease

of doing business in the respective

economy. A high ease of doing

business ranking implies a conducive

regulatory environment for

commencement and operation of

business of a local firm. India, as per the

June 2016 rankings, stood at 130th

position, out of 190 economies so

observed.

Given the lagging status of the country

in those parameters, the industry faces

several restraints and challenges:

1) Unfavorable trade terms:

Comparatively high tariffs on

imports of feed ingredients

2) Vague regulatory regime:Lack of

uniformity in the quality standards,

and rigid and outdated Bureau of

Indian Standards (BIS)

requirements

3) Bureaucratic bottlenecks: Time-

consuming procedure for approvals

of new innovations

Current dynamics

The Indian feed industry is in a

transition. The significant existing gap

between demand and supply calls for

rapid evolution, to ensure sustainable

production and consumption. Also, in

Growth estimates of Indian feed industry between 2015 & 2020

25

20

15

10

5

0

USD

Bill

ion

2015 2020

8%

15

22

Source: Rabobank Survey

Feed Production in India, by Livestock, 2015 vs. 2016 (Million Tons)

2016 2015

Broiler Layer Dairy Aqua Pets Calf Equine Others Note: Others include swine, turkey, and pets.

Source: Alltech Global Feed Survey, 2016 and 2015

Imag

e S

ou

rce: y

ou

rsto

ry.c

om

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o.in

14

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016ARTICLEorder to effectively cater to the

demand, the supply side has to increase

its efficiency and introduce raw material

alternatives.

Consumer awareness

With growing nutritional awareness and

rising consumer activism, quality is

imperative, around which the entire

value chain needs to be structured.

Consumers are becoming increasingly

selective about the products they

consume.

In July 2013, Firstpost, one of India's

leading news organizations, claimed in

their article based on experts'

observations that India's policy

decisions to ban the testing of

cosmetics and their ingredients on

animals and the ban on using captive

dolphins for public entertainment

anywhere in the country make it more

progressive than the Unites States in

matters of animal rights. In addition,

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

Act 1960 makes it mandatory for

individuals in charge of any animal to

take all reasonable measures to ensure

its well-being and to prevent the

infliction of unnecessary pain or

suffering.

Owing to the informational efficiency,

growing number of incidence of

disease outbreaks, and rising concerns

regarding animal nutrition and

welfare, the supply side is increasingly

obligated to respect consumer views

and abide by government

regulations.The industry is thus

becoming more customer centric.

Evolution in production technology

Advancements in the production

technology will ensure efficiency on

the production side as well. The

adoption and usage of sophisticated

equipment will not only increase

productivity, but will also ensure

formulation accuracy and consistency. Essentially, it

will enable the manufacturers to change the feed

formulation and dynamics based on the requirements.

Among the evolving technologies, the pelleting

technique is now widely accepted, and due to its

increasing adoption, is expected to provide efficiency

with regard to overall costs, improvement in feed

quality, and assurance of overall food safety. In

addition, technologies such as Near Infrared

Spectroscopy (NIR) and In Vitro Fermentation are

gradually being adopted.

New ingredients

The traditional key ingredients, including cereals and

grains, are becoming increasingly more expensive and

scarce. It is therefore imperative to replace these

withlow priced and nutritionally rich alternatives, such

as algae meals.

The field of biotechnology is largely affecting the

development of the feed industry. The increased

reliance on biotechnology for scientific formulations

will ensure an increase in productivity to a large

extent, as it has for the traditional crops.

Various feed supplements, including enzymes,

vitamins, and binders are already utilized and

accepted in the industry, which is expected to

continue to evolve and will ensure the overall animal

health, productivity, and performance.

Conclusion

The further evolution of this industry will depend on

the pace of the adoption of advanced technologies,

aimed at streamlining the production process, while

ensuring due consideration for animal and consumers'

health.

On the supply side, the industry is expected to witness

several developments, including inorganic growth

strategies such as mergers and acquisitions,

electronic-based trading, inter- and intra-continental

trade, and progressive use of information technology

for operational efficiency.

These activities would be based on scientific

advancements, and the resultant introduction of new

technologies would take the industry to the next stage

of evolution. Accordingly, in the next few years, the

Indian feed industry would be become self-sufficient

and grow at a significant rate.


Mark your Dates for India’s Only Exhibition for

Feed IndustryFeed Industry

23-24-25


23-24-25 February

Venue: New Grain Market, Karnal, India

Tel :+74952871354

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ee

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o.in

14

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016ARTICLEorder to effectively cater to the

demand, the supply side has to increase

its efficiency and introduce raw material

alternatives.

Consumer awareness

With growing nutritional awareness and

rising consumer activism, quality is

imperative, around which the entire

value chain needs to be structured.

Consumers are becoming increasingly

selective about the products they

consume.

In July 2013, Firstpost, one of India's

leading news organizations, claimed in

their article based on experts'

observations that India's policy

decisions to ban the testing of

cosmetics and their ingredients on

animals and the ban on using captive

dolphins for public entertainment

anywhere in the country make it more

progressive than the Unites States in

matters of animal rights. In addition,

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

Act 1960 makes it mandatory for

individuals in charge of any animal to

take all reasonable measures to ensure

its well-being and to prevent the

infliction of unnecessary pain or

suffering.

Owing to the informational efficiency,

growing number of incidence of

disease outbreaks, and rising concerns

regarding animal nutrition and

welfare, the supply side is increasingly

obligated to respect consumer views

and abide by government

regulations.The industry is thus

becoming more customer centric.

Evolution in production technology

Advancements in the production

technology will ensure efficiency on

the production side as well. The

adoption and usage of sophisticated

equipment will not only increase

productivity, but will also ensure

formulation accuracy and consistency. Essentially, it

will enable the manufacturers to change the feed

formulation and dynamics based on the requirements.

Among the evolving technologies, the pelleting

technique is now widely accepted, and due to its

increasing adoption, is expected to provide efficiency

with regard to overall costs, improvement in feed

quality, and assurance of overall food safety. In

addition, technologies such as Near Infrared

Spectroscopy (NIR) and In Vitro Fermentation are

gradually being adopted.

New ingredients

The traditional key ingredients, including cereals and

grains, are becoming increasingly more expensive and

scarce. It is therefore imperative to replace these

withlow priced and nutritionally rich alternatives, such

as algae meals.

The field of biotechnology is largely affecting the

development of the feed industry. The increased

reliance on biotechnology for scientific formulations

will ensure an increase in productivity to a large

extent, as it has for the traditional crops.

Various feed supplements, including enzymes,

vitamins, and binders are already utilized and

accepted in the industry, which is expected to

continue to evolve and will ensure the overall animal

health, productivity, and performance.

Conclusion

The further evolution of this industry will depend on

the pace of the adoption of advanced technologies,

aimed at streamlining the production process, while

ensuring due consideration for animal and consumers'

health.

On the supply side, the industry is expected to witness

several developments, including inorganic growth

strategies such as mergers and acquisitions,

electronic-based trading, inter- and intra-continental

trade, and progressive use of information technology

for operational efficiency.

These activities would be based on scientific

advancements, and the resultant introduction of new

technologies would take the industry to the next stage

of evolution. Accordingly, in the next few years, the

Indian feed industry would be become self-sufficient

and grow at a significant rate.


Mark your Dates for India’s Only Exhibition for

Feed IndustryFeed Industry

23-24-25


23-24-25 February


Tel :+74952871354

ww

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INTERVIEW Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016

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home mixers fulfilling the remaining

requirement. The feed consumption in

this segment has been growing at the

rate of 7 - 8% over the last five years.

What are the major challenges faced

by feed millers, and how do you

support them to overcome some of

the bottle necks that they face while

producing quality feed more

efficiently?

Identifying market needs, price

sensitivity, quality of raw materials,

educating feed mill operators, savings

in maintenance & power are the major

challenges in feed mills. Below

technologies have been provided to

support the customers:

Providing a disc break in the

hammer mill to save the shut down

time of the hammer mill once

power is switched off. Otherwise, it

takes about 20-25 minutes for

rotor of the hammer mill to stop

Introducing QGA technology in

hammer mill and variable cross

section ribbon design in the mixer

First Indian manufacturer to

introduce rotary distributor, twin

paddle mixer, pocketed rotary feeder

Using high efficiency motors and interlocking

automation sequences to reduce the power

consumption. We ensure to provide high efficiency

machines in terms of power consumption per ton

of feed i.e. 23 units/tonne in standard broiler feed

formulation and 21 units/tonne in standard cattle

feed formulation

What is the most important process in feed

milling?

Grinding is one of the most important processes

which influence the efficiency of subsequent

processing equipments like Mixing, Conditioning &

Pelleting.

In feed milling, one may need coarse or fine grinding

as per nutritional requirement of the birds or

animals. For efficient performance of a single

machine, performance of a hammer mill depends

upon parameters like:

a) average partial size requirement either in fine or

coarse category

b) uniformity in grinding

c) preserving nutritional value of the product

Different size of grinding particles can be obtained

by:

a) varying the screen size for coarse or fine feed

b) changing speed of motor by fitting a variable

frequency drive or dual speed motor or D.C.

motor

c) gap adjustment between hammer tips and

screens

We, at Lark Engineering are using 3rd method i.e.

gap adjustment.

Would you give some tips to the feed millers on

maintenance of feed mills?

Maintenance is an important part of feed mill

management. The main purpose of regular

maintenance is to ensure that all equipment required

for production is operating at 100 % efficiency at all

times. It must be a part of daily schedule.

To avoid unwanted breakdowns in the feed mills,

feed miller should know about preventive

maintenance. It needs regular training of feed mill

operators. In many cases, consumable parts are

used more than its standard life which results in

reduced feed quality and affects other parts as

well. Like, for an average die life cycle, it is

recommended to use 5 pieces (2.5 sets) of roll

shells for a better die life and uniform PDI, and

using the roll shells & beaters exceeding its

recommended life may badly affect grinding

texture, conditioning, pellet quality and specific

energy consumption.

Please share a brief about journey of Lark

Engineering right from its inception.

Lark Engineering started its journey back in 1994

with a feed industry project of 2 H.P. hammer mill.

Over a period of more than 2 decade, the company

has come a long way with more than 1800

installations in India and abroad including fully

automatically feed projects.

By adopting itself to changing industry

requirements, the company has received huge

acceptance from all its customers may it be a farmer

or big commercial unit.

Could you please share some facts about Indian feed

industry?

India has the largest population of cattle and buffalo in

the world and ranks number one in milk production in

the world. The dairy feed industry however, remains

highly unexplored and cattle feed comprises only 11%

of the total feed industry. The surprise factor in the

compound feed industry is aqua feed. There has been a

shift in momentum. In past 5 years, with a strong

registered growth of 16% shrimp production, feed

consumption has also grown at 13% per annum.

Currently poultry feed production (layer + broiler) is 20

MMT which is expected to grow to 40 MMT in next 10

years. Also Cattle feed production is at 8-10 MMT/ year,

whereas the present need is approx. 45-50 MMT of

pellet feed. The overall poultry industry's (broiler and

layer) consumption of compound feed is only 65%, with

In a conversation with

Think Grain Think Feed

team,

Mr. Satbir Singh, Director-

Lark Engineering shares

his insights about the

changing requirements of

Indian feed industry, its

newer technologies and

many more. The company

which is based in

Haryana, specializes in

design, engineering and

manufacturing of feed

machines and complete

feed projects in India.

Satbir Singh, Director Lark Engineering

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INTERVIEW Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016

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home mixers fulfilling the remaining

requirement. The feed consumption in

this segment has been growing at the

rate of 7 - 8% over the last five years.

What are the major challenges faced

by feed millers, and how do you

support them to overcome some of

the bottle necks that they face while

producing quality feed more

efficiently?

Identifying market needs, price

sensitivity, quality of raw materials,

educating feed mill operators, savings

in maintenance & power are the major

challenges in feed mills. Below

technologies have been provided to

support the customers:

Providing a disc break in the

hammer mill to save the shut down

time of the hammer mill once

power is switched off. Otherwise, it

takes about 20-25 minutes for

rotor of the hammer mill to stop

Introducing QGA technology in

hammer mill and variable cross

section ribbon design in the mixer

First Indian manufacturer to

introduce rotary distributor, twin

paddle mixer, pocketed rotary feeder

Using high efficiency motors and interlocking

automation sequences to reduce the power

consumption. We ensure to provide high efficiency

machines in terms of power consumption per ton

of feed i.e. 23 units/tonne in standard broiler feed

formulation and 21 units/tonne in standard cattle

feed formulation

What is the most important process in feed

milling?

Grinding is one of the most important processes

which influence the efficiency of subsequent

processing equipments like Mixing, Conditioning &

Pelleting.

In feed milling, one may need coarse or fine grinding

as per nutritional requirement of the birds or

animals. For efficient performance of a single

machine, performance of a hammer mill depends

upon parameters like:

a) average partial size requirement either in fine or

coarse category

b) uniformity in grinding

c) preserving nutritional value of the product

Different size of grinding particles can be obtained

by:

a) varying the screen size for coarse or fine feed

b) changing speed of motor by fitting a variable

frequency drive or dual speed motor or D.C.

motor

c) gap adjustment between hammer tips and

screens

We, at Lark Engineering are using 3rd method i.e.

gap adjustment.

Would you give some tips to the feed millers on

maintenance of feed mills?

Maintenance is an important part of feed mill

management. The main purpose of regular

maintenance is to ensure that all equipment required

for production is operating at 100 % efficiency at all

times. It must be a part of daily schedule.

To avoid unwanted breakdowns in the feed mills,

feed miller should know about preventive

maintenance. It needs regular training of feed mill

operators. In many cases, consumable parts are

used more than its standard life which results in

reduced feed quality and affects other parts as

well. Like, for an average die life cycle, it is

recommended to use 5 pieces (2.5 sets) of roll

shells for a better die life and uniform PDI, and

using the roll shells & beaters exceeding its

recommended life may badly affect grinding

texture, conditioning, pellet quality and specific

energy consumption.

Please share a brief about journey of Lark

Engineering right from its inception.

Lark Engineering started its journey back in 1994

with a feed industry project of 2 H.P. hammer mill.

Over a period of more than 2 decade, the company

has come a long way with more than 1800

installations in India and abroad including fully

automatically feed projects.

By adopting itself to changing industry

requirements, the company has received huge

acceptance from all its customers may it be a farmer

or big commercial unit.

Could you please share some facts about Indian feed

industry?

India has the largest population of cattle and buffalo in

the world and ranks number one in milk production in

the world. The dairy feed industry however, remains

highly unexplored and cattle feed comprises only 11%

of the total feed industry. The surprise factor in the

compound feed industry is aqua feed. There has been a

shift in momentum. In past 5 years, with a strong

registered growth of 16% shrimp production, feed

consumption has also grown at 13% per annum.

Currently poultry feed production (layer + broiler) is 20

MMT which is expected to grow to 40 MMT in next 10

years. Also Cattle feed production is at 8-10 MMT/ year,

whereas the present need is approx. 45-50 MMT of

pellet feed. The overall poultry industry's (broiler and

layer) consumption of compound feed is only 65%, with

In a conversation with

Think Grain Think Feed

team,

Mr. Satbir Singh, Director-

Lark Engineering shares

his insights about the

changing requirements of

Indian feed industry, its

newer technologies and

many more. The company

which is based in

Haryana, specializes in

design, engineering and

manufacturing of feed

machines and complete

feed projects in India.

Satbir Singh, Director Lark Engineering

SURVEY REPORT w

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nalysis of 4027 feed and raw

Acommodity samples from over

50 countries reveals that

deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins

(FUM) are the most common

mycotoxins found in feedstuffs,

according to results of the latest

BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey.

The survey constitutes longest running

and most comprehensive survey of its

kind, using advanced analytic tools. It

details the incidence of the main

mycotoxins occurring in agricultural

BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey reveals high contamination risk in Asia

commodities, which include: aflatoxins (Afla),

zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin

(T-2), fumonisins (FUM) and ochratoxin A (OTA). The

survey focuses on components that are used for feed

such as corn, wheat, barley, rice, soybean meal, corn

gluten meal, dried distillers grains (DDGS) and silage,

among others.

Top threats

Overall, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins were detected

in 73% and 64% of all samples at average levels of 886

ppb and 1,819 ppb, respectively. Out of all samples,

53% are contaminated by ZEN, whereas Afla, T-2 and

OTA are present in less than 25% of samples (25%,

18% and 12% respectively) (Figure 1).

Co-contamination

A full 90% of all samples contained at least one

mycotoxin, and 71% of all samples contained two or

more mycotoxins (Figure 2).

With 4 mycotoxins above the risk threshold Europe is

facing a high contamination risk. The most prevalent

mycotoxin in this region was DON, detected in 79% of

the samples, followed by ZEN, detected in 63% of the

samples. One finished feed sample from Spain had a

maximum concentration of DON of 19,433 ppb and

FUM 14,019 ppb. The highest prevalence of T-2 was

Figure 1. Occurence of mycotoxins worldwide in Q3 2016. Average of all samples collected by BIOMIN.

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observed in Europe with an average

concentration of 20 ppb.

Asia

In Asia, the average concentration of 4

mycotoxins is above the risk threshold,

hence this region is facing a high

contamination risk. The most

prevalent mycotoxin was DON,

detected in 83% of samples, followed

by FUM, detected in 69% of samples

analyzed. Although the incidence of

Afla was rather low (30% of samples

analyzed contaminated with this

mycotoxin), the average concentration

is worrisome and represents a threat

for animals and humans. The average

concentration of FUM in this region

represents a threat to the pig industry.

A corn sample from Malaysia

registered a maximum concentration

of FUM of 43,019 ppb. The highest

concentration of DON was 12,760 ppb

and it was detected in a Chinese

wheat bran sample. The highest

maximum concentration of Afla was

730 ppb and was detected in an

Indonesian corn sample.

North America

North America faces a severe risk of

mycotoxin contamination with 5

mycotoxins above the risk threshold.

DON and FUM were the most

prevalent mycotoxins in feed samples,

detected in 38% and 32%. The average


maybe a problem for the pig industry.

North America saw the highest

maximum concentration of DON

worldwide and the second highest FUM maximum

concentration (41,000 ppb).

South America

South America faces a severe contamination risk

having 5 mycotoxins average concentrations above

the risk threshold. FUM is the highest prevalent

mycotoxin and was found in 77% of samples, followed

by DON and ZEN, identified in 70% and 49% of

samples respectively Afla, T-2 and OTA were detected

in 29%, 20%, 1% of samples respectively. South

America shows the third highest average

concentration of FUM worldwide (2,192 ppb) and the

highest average concentration of OTA worldwide (22

ppb). The highest FUM concentration reported in

South America came from a Brazilian corn sample

(18,860 ppb).

Middle East

With 3 mycotoxins average concentrations above the

risk threshold, the Middle East faces a high

contamination risk. The most prevalent mycotoxins in

this region were ZEN and FUM and OTA detected in

75% and 57% and 43% of samples respectively. The

average concentration of Afla is 5 times higher than

the threshold level and might represent a risk for

animals and final consumers. The highest maximum

concentration detected in Middle East were 6,401 ppb

FUM and 4,358 DON.

Africa

With 4 mycotoxins above the risk threshold Africa

faces a high mycotoxins risk. The most prevalent

mycotoxins in Africa were ZEN, Afla and DON,

detected in 80% and 70% and 60% of samples

respectively. Africa shows the highest prevalence of

ZEN and Afla worldwide. Among all mycotoxins

sampled in Africa, FUM and DON had the highest

average concentrations of 2,269 and 1,009 ppb

respectively.

South Africa

With 4 mycotoxins above the risk threshold South

Africa faces a high contamination risk. ZEN, DON and

FUM were the most prevalent mycotoxins detected in

73%, 59% and 54% of samples respectively. South

Africa shows the highest average concentration of

ZEN worldwide (299 ppb).

Conclusions

These findings show that recent mycotoxin occurrence

is quite high. The mycotoxin problem can be

addressed through valid farm management strategies

and the use of registered mycotoxin deactivators

whose efficiency is scientifically proven.

Source: Biomin

Figure 2. Co-occurence of mycotoxins worldwide in Q3 2016. Average of all samples collected by BIOMIN.

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SURVEY REPORT

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nalysis of 4027 feed and raw

Acommodity samples from over

50 countries reveals that

deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins

(FUM) are the most common

mycotoxins found in feedstuffs,

according to results of the latest

BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey.

The survey constitutes longest running

and most comprehensive survey of its

kind, using advanced analytic tools. It

details the incidence of the main

mycotoxins occurring in agricultural

BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey reveals high contamination risk in Asia

commodities, which include: aflatoxins (Afla),

zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin

(T-2), fumonisins (FUM) and ochratoxin A (OTA). The

survey focuses on components that are used for feed

such as corn, wheat, barley, rice, soybean meal, corn

gluten meal, dried distillers grains (DDGS) and silage,

among others.

Top threats

Overall, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins were detected

in 73% and 64% of all samples at average levels of 886

ppb and 1,819 ppb, respectively. Out of all samples,

53% are contaminated by ZEN, whereas Afla, T-2 and

OTA are present in less than 25% of samples (25%,

18% and 12% respectively) (Figure 1).

Co-contamination

A full 90% of all samples contained at least one

mycotoxin, and 71% of all samples contained two or

more mycotoxins (Figure 2).

With 4 mycotoxins above the risk threshold Europe is

facing a high contamination risk. The most prevalent

mycotoxin in this region was DON, detected in 79% of

the samples, followed by ZEN, detected in 63% of the

samples. One finished feed sample from Spain had a

maximum concentration of DON of 19,433 ppb and

FUM 14,019 ppb. The highest prevalence of T-2 was

Figure 1. Occurence of mycotoxins worldwide in Q3 2016. Average of all samples collected by BIOMIN.

Imag

e S

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observed in Europe with an average

concentration of 20 ppb.

Asia

In Asia, the average concentration of 4

mycotoxins is above the risk threshold,

hence this region is facing a high

contamination risk. The most

prevalent mycotoxin was DON,

detected in 83% of samples, followed

by FUM, detected in 69% of samples

analyzed. Although the incidence of

Afla was rather low (30% of samples

analyzed contaminated with this

mycotoxin), the average concentration

is worrisome and represents a threat

for animals and humans. The average


represents a threat to the pig industry.

A corn sample from Malaysia

registered a maximum concentration

of FUM of 43,019 ppb. The highest

concentration of DON was 12,760 ppb

and it was detected in a Chinese

wheat bran sample. The highest

maximum concentration of Afla was

730 ppb and was detected in an

Indonesian corn sample.

North America

North America faces a severe risk of

mycotoxin contamination with 5

mycotoxins above the risk threshold.

DON and FUM were the most

prevalent mycotoxins in feed samples,

detected in 38% and 32%. The average


maybe a problem for the pig industry.

North America saw the highest

maximum concentration of DON

worldwide and the second highest FUM maximum

concentration (41,000 ppb).

South America

South America faces a severe contamination risk

having 5 mycotoxins average concentrations above

the risk threshold. FUM is the highest prevalent

mycotoxin and was found in 77% of samples, followed

by DON and ZEN, identified in 70% and 49% of

samples respectively Afla, T-2 and OTA were detected

in 29%, 20%, 1% of samples respectively. South

America shows the third highest average

concentration of FUM worldwide (2,192 ppb) and the

highest average concentration of OTA worldwide (22

ppb). The highest FUM concentration reported in

South America came from a Brazilian corn sample

(18,860 ppb).

Middle East

With 3 mycotoxins average concentrations above the

risk threshold, the Middle East faces a high

contamination risk. The most prevalent mycotoxins in

this region were ZEN and FUM and OTA detected in

75% and 57% and 43% of samples respectively. The

average concentration of Afla is 5 times higher than

the threshold level and might represent a risk for

animals and final consumers. The highest maximum

concentration detected in Middle East were 6,401 ppb

FUM and 4,358 DON.

Africa

With 4 mycotoxins above the risk threshold Africa

faces a high mycotoxins risk. The most prevalent

mycotoxins in Africa were ZEN, Afla and DON,

detected in 80% and 70% and 60% of samples

respectively. Africa shows the highest prevalence of

ZEN and Afla worldwide. Among all mycotoxins

sampled in Africa, FUM and DON had the highest

average concentrations of 2,269 and 1,009 ppb

respectively.

South Africa

With 4 mycotoxins above the risk threshold South

Africa faces a high contamination risk. ZEN, DON and

FUM were the most prevalent mycotoxins detected in

73%, 59% and 54% of samples respectively. South

Africa shows the highest average concentration of

ZEN worldwide (299 ppb).

Conclusions

These findings show that recent mycotoxin occurrence

is quite high. The mycotoxin problem can be

addressed through valid farm management strategies

and the use of registered mycotoxin deactivators

whose efficiency is scientifically proven.

Source: Biomin

Figure 2. Co-occurence of mycotoxins worldwide in Q3 2016. Average of all samples collected by BIOMIN.

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Manjula Thakur, Sanjay D. Howel, A. Majumder, Sahil and G. MondalDepartment of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-NDRI

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016ARTICLE

Introduction

Green fodder, dry fodder and

concentrate mixture for our livestock is

deficient and so as the major and minor

nutrients. This deficit is expected to

increase in upcoming years as

productive livestock population as well

as the demand for foods of animal

origin is showing an increasing trend.

Concentrates is the costly component

in livestock raring, not only due to

costly feed ingredients used, but also

due to food- feed competition between

humans and livestock. Keeping these in

mind, farmers and researchers have

been trying to incorporate new and

unconventional feed resources as

livestock feed. Soya pulp is one such

product, which has not yet been

explored fully. India produced 11.86

million tons of soybean in 2013-14

(Department of Agriculture and

Cooperation, Government of India,

2015) mostly from Madhya Pradesh

(also known as soybean bowl of India),

Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra

Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

Soybean is used in various forms such as feed for

livestock, source of protein and oil by human beings

and also it is processed into various products such as

soya milk powder, soya milk, tofu, soya sauce, soya flour,

soybean oil, tempeh etc. The popularity of soya

products are demand driven and soya processing is

slowly picking up in India due to the availability of

newer technologies.

Soya pulp is a by-product of soybean during the

production of soya milk or tofu. Soya pulp is beige in

colour and has a light, crumbly, fine grained texture,

which makes it look like moist sawdust or grated

coconut and tastes similar to almond. About 1.1 kg of

fresh soya pulp is produced from every kilogram of

soybeans processed into soya milk or tofu. Soya pulp is

mostly discarded as waste by industries, which is a

major environmental concern also, due to its

susceptibility to putrefaction. Also, the high moisture

(85%) present in soya pulp makes it difficult to handle

and it decays quickly. This paper reviews the

composition and scope for utilisation of soya pulp in

animal feeding.

Composition

The composition of soya pulp will depend on the variety

of the crop used, harvesting time, processing methods

Utilization of Soya Pulp: a by-product of soymilk in livestock feeding

CP. Soya pulp is also found to contain isoflavones, but in

comparatively lower amounts than in soybean. The

processing method employed for soybean governs

amount of isoflavones left in soya pulp.

Application in animal feeding

Soya pulp is a good source of protein and fibre and it is

also palatable to animals. Therefore, it can replace part

of soybean in cattle, pig, goat, chicken and fish feeding.

There is an immense potential of utilising soya pulp in

cattle feeding as a replacement of soybean and other

conventional protein sources to reduce the cost of

feeding. Wang et al. (2003) in China have tried to

replace 50% of soybean with soya pulp in HF cows,

which maintained milk yield and milk fat percentage

without affecting nutrient intake. Under Indian

conditions, Thakur et al. (2015) replaced soya pulp with

other soya by-products viz., soybean meal and full fat

soya in the concentrate mixture up to 30% without any

adverse effect on DM intake, milk yield and milk

composition of dairy cows which indicates the

importance of this product in livestock feeding.

Organic livestock production prohibits the use of

antibiotics, growth promotors and animal byproducts in

the ration. Satisfying the high protein requirements of

swine with less production cost is a big challenge to

organic pork producers. Alternative protein sources

and probably drying method. The fibre

is of good quality and it has been

reported that it can reduce cholesterol

level, regulate blood sugar in diabetic

individuals and cure irritable bowl in

human being. Rahman et al. (2015)

observed that the soya pulp contain

96.59% OM, 27.81% NDF and 21.99%


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Manjula Thakur, Sanjay D. Howel, A. Majumder, Sahil and G. MondalDepartment of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-NDRI

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016ARTICLE

Introduction

Green fodder, dry fodder and

concentrate mixture for our livestock is

deficient and so as the major and minor

nutrients. This deficit is expected to

increase in upcoming years as

productive livestock population as well

as the demand for foods of animal

origin is showing an increasing trend.

Concentrates is the costly component

in livestock raring, not only due to

costly feed ingredients used, but also

due to food- feed competition between

humans and livestock. Keeping these in

mind, farmers and researchers have

been trying to incorporate new and

unconventional feed resources as

livestock feed. Soya pulp is one such

product, which has not yet been

explored fully. India produced 11.86

million tons of soybean in 2013-14

(Department of Agriculture and

Cooperation, Government of India,

2015) mostly from Madhya Pradesh

(also known as soybean bowl of India),

Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra

Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

Soybean is used in various forms such as feed for

livestock, source of protein and oil by human beings

and also it is processed into various products such as

soya milk powder, soya milk, tofu, soya sauce, soya flour,

soybean oil, tempeh etc. The popularity of soya

products are demand driven and soya processing is

slowly picking up in India due to the availability of

newer technologies.

Soya pulp is a by-product of soybean during the

production of soya milk or tofu. Soya pulp is beige in

colour and has a light, crumbly, fine grained texture,

which makes it look like moist sawdust or grated

coconut and tastes similar to almond. About 1.1 kg of

fresh soya pulp is produced from every kilogram of

soybeans processed into soya milk or tofu. Soya pulp is

mostly discarded as waste by industries, which is a

major environmental concern also, due to its

susceptibility to putrefaction. Also, the high moisture

(85%) present in soya pulp makes it difficult to handle

and it decays quickly. This paper reviews the

composition and scope for utilisation of soya pulp in

animal feeding.

Composition

The composition of soya pulp will depend on the variety

of the crop used, harvesting time, processing methods

Utilization of Soya Pulp: a by-product of soymilk in livestock feeding

CP. Soya pulp is also found to contain isoflavones, but in

comparatively lower amounts than in soybean. The

processing method employed for soybean governs

amount of isoflavones left in soya pulp.

Application in animal feeding

Soya pulp is a good source of protein and fibre and it is

also palatable to animals. Therefore, it can replace part

of soybean in cattle, pig, goat, chicken and fish feeding.

There is an immense potential of utilising soya pulp in

cattle feeding as a replacement of soybean and other

conventional protein sources to reduce the cost of

feeding. Wang et al. (2003) in China have tried to

replace 50% of soybean with soya pulp in HF cows,

which maintained milk yield and milk fat percentage

without affecting nutrient intake. Under Indian

conditions, Thakur et al. (2015) replaced soya pulp with

other soya by-products viz., soybean meal and full fat

soya in the concentrate mixture up to 30% without any

adverse effect on DM intake, milk yield and milk

composition of dairy cows which indicates the

importance of this product in livestock feeding.

Organic livestock production prohibits the use of

antibiotics, growth promotors and animal byproducts in

the ration. Satisfying the high protein requirements of

swine with less production cost is a big challenge to

organic pork producers. Alternative protein sources

and probably drying method. The fibre

is of good quality and it has been

reported that it can reduce cholesterol

level, regulate blood sugar in diabetic

individuals and cure irritable bowl in

human being. Rahman et al. (2015)

observed that the soya pulp contain

96.59% OM, 27.81% NDF and 21.99%

INDUSTRY NEWSARTICLEw

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could increase the availability of organic

feedstuffs and augment organic

production demands. Dietary

supplementation of soya pulp in

organic pig diet has also been tried.

Hermann and Honeymann (2004)

reported that up to 25% inclusion levels

of dietary soya pulp had no effect on

average daily gain, DMI and FCR.

India has the largest goat population in

world. Most of the goats are not

offered with concentrate mixture at all,

due to high cost of cakes and also due

to lack of awareness. Soya pulp as a

cheaper source of protein can be fed to

goats. Supplying soya pulp in adult

goats feeding @ 2% of BW/day on a

dry matter basis resulted in higher

intakes of DM, crude protein (CP) and

metabolisable energy (ME) and

improved the digestibility of DM,

organic matter, CP and neutral

detergent fibre than low levels of soya

waste

(Rahman et al., 2015).

Constraints to the use of soya pulp in

animal feeding

Moisture: The moisture content of

fresh soya pulp is around 80-85% which

makes it difficult to preserve.

Consequently, soya pulp will decompose rapidly once

produced. To overcome these limitations fresh soya pulp

must be dried as early as possible under appropriate

drying conditions. Drying process requires specialized

equipment and is energy intensive. The resultant costs

can be extremely high relative to the value of the

product. This is the major factor limiting the commercial

use of soya pulp worldwide. However, for economising

the feeding sun drying is the method of choice and old

drying methods improvised with recent technologies for

the purpose.

Anti-nutritional factors: Raw soybeans contain variety

of anti-nutritional factors, especially trypsin inhibitors

which are partially inactivated during the solvent

extraction and toasting process. Trypsin inhibitor is one

of the most important factors that will probably limit the

application of soya pulp in animal feed. But the

processing method employed viz., soaking and grinding

of soybeans, reduces the amount of trypsin inhibitor to

a level which can be safely used in livestock feeding.

Conclusion

Soya pulp is a cheaper source of protein and fibre to

animal feeding. Different workers have tried feeding

soya pulp to various classes of animals. It can be used as

a replacement to conventional concentrates for

economic feeding without any effect on growth

performance, FCR and milk yield. More studies need to

be done regarding suitable drying methods and its

health implications in animal feeding.

References are available upon request


The Kaira District Cooperative Milk

Producers Union Limited (KDCMPUL)

popularly known as Amul Dairy has

started its first cattle feed plant outside

Gujarat.

The milk union has started the 200

tonnes per day cattle feed plant at

Joyrambati in West Bengal's Bankura

district on franchise model.

"This is the third cattle feed plant of our

milk union and also it is the biggest

cattle feed plant as far as eastern

region of the country is concerned,"

said Amul Dairy's managing director Dr

K Rathnam, adding that the plant will

exclusively produce - 'Amul Dan' for

farmers of West Bengal and for open

market.

The dairy union currently has two cattle

feed plants in Gujarat including one at

Kanjari that was established in 1965

and inaugurated by former prime

minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. This plant

has capacity to manufacture 1,000

New cattle feed plant by Amul in WB tonnes cattle feed per day.

Last year, it had commissioned the

state-of-the-art cattle feed plant in

Kapdivav village of Kheda district which

was inaugurated by President Pranab

Mukherjee. "This plant which has 1,000

tonnes per day manufacturing capacity

is undergoing expansion to add

another 1,000 tonnes per day capacity

by end of January 2017," said Rathnam.

He added that demand of cattle feed in

the country is estimated at 80 to 100

million tonnes per annum. "Against this,

the installed capacity putting all the

players together is just 8 million tonnes

per annum. Hence, there is a huge gap.

While expansion of cattle feed

manufacturing facilities is happening at

the rate of 4 %, the demand is growing

by 6-7 %," he added.

"Unless, the cattle is given right kind of

feed, productivity of animals will not

get enhanced," he said.

The dairy which runs a milk processing

plant at Joyrambati through a third

party plant with eight lakh litres per day

milk processing capacity to cater to the

eastern market, has plans to set up its

own dairy plant in West Bengal.

"We have already acquired 17 acres

from West Bengal Industrial

Development Corporation to set up 1

million litres expandable to 2 million

litres per day dairy plant with an

investment of Rs 200 crore," he said.

Source: Times of India

India has tightened rules for the sale of

genetically-modified cotton seeds, a

government order said, in a move that

will cap royalties for any new variety

that the market's sole supplier - U.S.

based Monsanto decides to develop

and sell.

The farm ministry in March cut royalties

that local seed firms pay to Mahyco

Monsanto Biotech (India) (MMB), a

Monsanto joint venture with India's

Mahyco, following complaints from

domestic firms that the venture was

overcharging for a gene that produces

its own pesticide.

As well as cutting the royalties, the

government capped genetically

modified (GM) cotton seed prices at

800 rupees for a packet of 450 gm after

India tightens rules over sale of Monsanto's GM cotton seeds

appeals by some state governments

and farmers to lower the price of the Bt

variety that commands 90 percent of

the market in India.

Now, if Monsanto decides to introduce

any new, advanced variety of its GM

cotton, the world's biggest seed

company cannot charge royalties more

that 10 percent of the price of seeds,

fixed at 800 rupees, for five years from

the date of commercialization,

according to recent ruling.

From the sixth year, the royalties, or

trait value, will taper down by 10

percent every year, said the order,

which laid down these guidelines

without naming Monsanto.

Also, as GM traits are expected to have

a limited period of efficacy, any variety

which loses its effectiveness will not be

eligible for royalties, the order said. The

new order is tougher than the royalty

arrangements announced in March.

The order also specified that any local

seed company seeking licenses for

selling any new Bt cotton variety shall

get the license within 30 days of

requesting the licensor.

Terming the latest order as a "huge

blow" to innovation in agricultural

biotechnology, the Association of

Biotechnology Led Enterprises-

Agriculture Focus Group, a pro-GM

advocacy group, said the decision

would discourage companies from

investing in research.

Source: Reuters

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INDUSTRY NEWSARTICLE

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could increase the availability of organic

feedstuffs and augment organic

production demands. Dietary

supplementation of soya pulp in

organic pig diet has also been tried.

Hermann and Honeymann (2004)

reported that up to 25% inclusion levels

of dietary soya pulp had no effect on

average daily gain, DMI and FCR.

India has the largest goat population in

world. Most of the goats are not

offered with concentrate mixture at all,

due to high cost of cakes and also due

to lack of awareness. Soya pulp as a

cheaper source of protein can be fed to

goats. Supplying soya pulp in adult

goats feeding @ 2% of BW/day on a

dry matter basis resulted in higher

intakes of DM, crude protein (CP) and

metabolisable energy (ME) and

improved the digestibility of DM,

organic matter, CP and neutral

detergent fibre than low levels of soya

waste

(Rahman et al., 2015).

Constraints to the use of soya pulp in

animal feeding

Moisture: The moisture content of

fresh soya pulp is around 80-85% which

makes it difficult to preserve.

Consequently, soya pulp will decompose rapidly once

produced. To overcome these limitations fresh soya pulp

must be dried as early as possible under appropriate

drying conditions. Drying process requires specialized

equipment and is energy intensive. The resultant costs

can be extremely high relative to the value of the

product. This is the major factor limiting the commercial

use of soya pulp worldwide. However, for economising

the feeding sun drying is the method of choice and old

drying methods improvised with recent technologies for

the purpose.

Anti-nutritional factors: Raw soybeans contain variety

of anti-nutritional factors, especially trypsin inhibitors

which are partially inactivated during the solvent

extraction and toasting process. Trypsin inhibitor is one

of the most important factors that will probably limit the

application of soya pulp in animal feed. But the

processing method employed viz., soaking and grinding

of soybeans, reduces the amount of trypsin inhibitor to

a level which can be safely used in livestock feeding.

Conclusion

Soya pulp is a cheaper source of protein and fibre to

animal feeding. Different workers have tried feeding

soya pulp to various classes of animals. It can be used as

a replacement to conventional concentrates for

economic feeding without any effect on growth

performance, FCR and milk yield. More studies need to

be done regarding suitable drying methods and its

health implications in animal feeding.



The Kaira District Cooperative Milk

Producers Union Limited (KDCMPUL)

popularly known as Amul Dairy has

started its first cattle feed plant outside

Gujarat.

The milk union has started the 200

tonnes per day cattle feed plant at

Joyrambati in West Bengal's Bankura

district on franchise model.

"This is the third cattle feed plant of our

milk union and also it is the biggest

cattle feed plant as far as eastern

region of the country is concerned,"

said Amul Dairy's managing director Dr

K Rathnam, adding that the plant will

exclusively produce - 'Amul Dan' for

farmers of West Bengal and for open

market.

The dairy union currently has two cattle

feed plants in Gujarat including one at

Kanjari that was established in 1965

and inaugurated by former prime

minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. This plant

has capacity to manufacture 1,000

New cattle feed plant by Amul in WB tonnes cattle feed per day.

Last year, it had commissioned the

state-of-the-art cattle feed plant in

Kapdivav village of Kheda district which

was inaugurated by President Pranab

Mukherjee. "This plant which has 1,000

tonnes per day manufacturing capacity

is undergoing expansion to add

another 1,000 tonnes per day capacity

by end of January 2017," said Rathnam.

He added that demand of cattle feed in

the country is estimated at 80 to 100

million tonnes per annum. "Against this,

the installed capacity putting all the

players together is just 8 million tonnes

per annum. Hence, there is a huge gap.

While expansion of cattle feed

manufacturing facilities is happening at

the rate of 4 %, the demand is growing

by 6-7 %," he added.

"Unless, the cattle is given right kind of

feed, productivity of animals will not

get enhanced," he said.

The dairy which runs a milk processing

plant at Joyrambati through a third

party plant with eight lakh litres per day

milk processing capacity to cater to the

eastern market, has plans to set up its

own dairy plant in West Bengal.

"We have already acquired 17 acres

from West Bengal Industrial

Development Corporation to set up 1

million litres expandable to 2 million

litres per day dairy plant with an

investment of Rs 200 crore," he said.

Source: Times of India

India has tightened rules for the sale of

genetically-modified cotton seeds, a

government order said, in a move that

will cap royalties for any new variety

that the market's sole supplier - U.S.

based Monsanto decides to develop

and sell.

The farm ministry in March cut royalties

that local seed firms pay to Mahyco

Monsanto Biotech (India) (MMB), a

Monsanto joint venture with India's

Mahyco, following complaints from

domestic firms that the venture was

overcharging for a gene that produces

its own pesticide.

As well as cutting the royalties, the

government capped genetically

modified (GM) cotton seed prices at

800 rupees for a packet of 450 gm after

India tightens rules over sale of Monsanto's GM cotton seeds

appeals by some state governments

and farmers to lower the price of the Bt

variety that commands 90 percent of

the market in India.

Now, if Monsanto decides to introduce

any new, advanced variety of its GM

cotton, the world's biggest seed

company cannot charge royalties more

that 10 percent of the price of seeds,

fixed at 800 rupees, for five years from

the date of commercialization,

according to recent ruling.

From the sixth year, the royalties, or

trait value, will taper down by 10

percent every year, said the order,

which laid down these guidelines

without naming Monsanto.

Also, as GM traits are expected to have

a limited period of efficacy, any variety

which loses its effectiveness will not be

eligible for royalties, the order said. The

new order is tougher than the royalty

arrangements announced in March.

The order also specified that any local

seed company seeking licenses for

selling any new Bt cotton variety shall

get the license within 30 days of

requesting the licensor.

Terming the latest order as a "huge

blow" to innovation in agricultural

biotechnology, the Association of

Biotechnology Led Enterprises-

Agriculture Focus Group, a pro-GM

advocacy group, said the decision

would discourage companies from

investing in research.

Source: Reuters

IND

UST

RY

NEW

S


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INDUSTRY NEWS

Global oilseed production is forecast

higher in November, primarily on larger

soybean crops in the United States and

Russia, as well as a larger peanut and

rapeseed forecast in China, the United

States Department of Agriculture

(USDA) said in its latest World

Agriculture Supply and Demand

Estimates (WASDE) report.

Oilseed exports are up on larger

shipments from the United States,

Ukraine and Russia, offset by a

reduction in Argentina, it said, adding

that soybean imports are forecast

slightly lower on reduced demand in

Russia offset by an increase in Mexico.

“Global oil imports are up on higher

soybean oil demand in India offset by a

reduction in demand for palm and palm

kernel oil. Global oilseed stocks are

boosted, led by Argentina, United

States, and China,” the report added.

The U.S. season-average farm price is

up 15 cents to $9.20 per bushel.

2015/16 Global soybean and rapeseed

production is raised on revised China

production for 2015/16. Soybean

imports are up on stronger demand

Increasing global production of oilseeds

from the European Union and China.

Exports are down slightly with lower

shipments from Argentina. Global

stocks are raised this month led by

China and Argentina.

Changes observed in 2016-17 trade

outlook

United States: Soybean exports are up

680,000 tons to 55.8 million on larger

exportable supplies while soybean meal

exports are down 272,000 tons to 10.9

million on slowing demand.

Argentina soybean exports are down

400,000 tons to 9.3 million, and

soybean meal exports are down

100,000 tons to 32.7 million on slowing

demand.

Brazil soybean meal exports are down


demand.

European Union: Soybean meal imports

are down 200,000 tons to 30.0 million

following tighter exportable supplies in

South America resulting from lower

crush. Sunflowerseed meal imports are

up 100,000 tons to 3.9 million on ample

exportable supplies in the Black Sea

region.

India: Palm oil imports are lowered

250,000 tons to 10 million, and palm

kernel oil imports are lowered 100,000

tons to 130,000 on larger supplies of

other vegetable oils. Soybean oil

imports are raised 400,000 tons to 4.0

million on higher demand.

Japan soybean meal imports are down

100,000 tons to 1.8 million on lower

domestic demand.

Mexico soybean meal imports are

lowered 100,000 tons to 2.5 million,

while soybean imports are up 100,000

tons to 4.3 million on strong domestic

crush margins.

Pakistan soybean meal imports are

reduced 150,000 tons to 500,000 tons

on lower forecast of domestic

consumption.

Russia soybean imports are down

100,000 tons to 2.1 million following a

larger crop.

Tunisia olive oil exports are slashed

100,000 tons to 70,000 in response to

sharply lower production.

Source: indoasiancommodities

Image Source: Financial Times


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24

INDUSTRY NEWS

Global oilseed production is forecast

higher in November, primarily on larger

soybean crops in the United States and

Russia, as well as a larger peanut and

rapeseed forecast in China, the United

States Department of Agriculture

(USDA) said in its latest World

Agriculture Supply and Demand

Estimates (WASDE) report.

Oilseed exports are up on larger

shipments from the United States,

Ukraine and Russia, offset by a

reduction in Argentina, it said, adding

that soybean imports are forecast

slightly lower on reduced demand in

Russia offset by an increase in Mexico.

“Global oil imports are up on higher

soybean oil demand in India offset by a

reduction in demand for palm and palm

kernel oil. Global oilseed stocks are

boosted, led by Argentina, United

States, and China,” the report added.

The U.S. season-average farm price is

up 15 cents to $9.20 per bushel.

2015/16 Global soybean and rapeseed

production is raised on revised China

production for 2015/16. Soybean

imports are up on stronger demand

Increasing global production of oilseeds

from the European Union and China.

Exports are down slightly with lower

shipments from Argentina. Global

stocks are raised this month led by

China and Argentina.

Changes observed in 2016-17 trade

outlook

United States: Soybean exports are up

680,000 tons to 55.8 million on larger

exportable supplies while soybean meal

exports are down 272,000 tons to 10.9

million on slowing demand.

Argentina soybean exports are down

400,000 tons to 9.3 million, and

soybean meal exports are down


demand.

Brazil soybean meal exports are down


demand.

European Union: Soybean meal imports

are down 200,000 tons to 30.0 million

following tighter exportable supplies in

South America resulting from lower

crush. Sunflowerseed meal imports are

up 100,000 tons to 3.9 million on ample

exportable supplies in the Black Sea

region.

India: Palm oil imports are lowered

250,000 tons to 10 million, and palm

kernel oil imports are lowered 100,000

tons to 130,000 on larger supplies of

other vegetable oils. Soybean oil

imports are raised 400,000 tons to 4.0

million on higher demand.

Japan soybean meal imports are down

100,000 tons to 1.8 million on lower

domestic demand.

Mexico soybean meal imports are

lowered 100,000 tons to 2.5 million,

while soybean imports are up 100,000

tons to 4.3 million on strong domestic

crush margins.

Pakistan soybean meal imports are

reduced 150,000 tons to 500,000 tons

on lower forecast of domestic

consumption.

Russia soybean imports are down

100,000 tons to 2.1 million following a

larger crop.

Tunisia olive oil exports are slashed

100,000 tons to 70,000 in response to

sharply lower production.

Source: indoasiancommodities

Image Source: Financial Times


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Amit Sharma, Hujaz Tariq, Srobana Sarkar, Debsish Satapathy &Deepika Tripathi, Animal Nutrition Division, NDRI

Water quality: A hidden limiting factor for animal productivity

Introduction:

79% of the planet earth's crust constitutes

water, only 2.5% of all water resources is

fresh water, 96.5% of water is in oceans

and 1% is brackish water. Out of 2.5%

fresh water, 70% is locked up in glaciers,

permanent snow and atmosphere

(Dompkaet al., 2002; UNESCO,2005). India

has only 4% of total fresh water resources

of the world (FAO, 2013) and total water

availability (surface + ground) in India is

around 1869 billion cubic meters (BCM);

about 60% (690 BCM from surface water

and 432 BCM from ground sources) is

usable and remaining 40% is not

accessible for use due to various

geological and topographical

considerations. 91% of extracted

groundwater is consumed by the

agricultural sector and rest 9% by the

industrial and domestic sector. Similarly,

89% of surface water is consumed by the


industrial and domestic sector.

India is more vulnerable for water scarcity

because of its growing population, over-exploitation of

water resources and in-disciplined lifestyle. It is predicted

that most of Indian states might reach water stress state by

2020 and water scarcity state by 2025.

Animals are competing with human for portable water

directly and due to dominance, animals will not get good

quality water. So, the challenge for the future is to optimize

livestock productivity by knowing that how poorer quality

water resources can be utilized or treated, or both, to make

them acceptable for ruminant production without

compromising the health, welfare and productivity of the

animals and also the quality of the products (e.g., dairy food

products). It is a well established fact that quality of water

resource has a great impact on animal health, nutrient

utilization and ultimately on production. So, in this article, a

brief information about the anti-quality factors present in

water that may affect animal health, production has been

discussed.

Anti- quality factors of water:

The quality of the water is influenced by its source and

contamination from abiotic and biotic factors. Main criteria

to access water quality are its organoleptic (odor and taste),

physiochemical properties (pH, total dissolved solids, total

dissolved oxygen, and hardness), presence of toxic

ARTICLE


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26

Amit Sharma, Hujaz Tariq, Srobana Sarkar, Debsish Satapathy &Deepika Tripathi, Animal Nutrition Division, NDRI

Water quality: A hidden limiting factor for animal productivity

Introduction:

79% of the planet earth's crust constitutes

water, only 2.5% of all water resources is

fresh water, 96.5% of water is in oceans

and 1% is brackish water. Out of 2.5%

fresh water, 70% is locked up in glaciers,

permanent snow and atmosphere

(Dompkaet al., 2002; UNESCO,2005). India

has only 4% of total fresh water resources

of the world (FAO, 2013) and total water

availability (surface + ground) in India is

around 1869 billion cubic meters (BCM);

about 60% (690 BCM from surface water

and 432 BCM from ground sources) is

usable and remaining 40% is not

accessible for use due to various

geological and topographical

considerations. 91% of extracted

groundwater is consumed by the


industrial and domestic sector. Similarly,

89% of surface water is consumed by the


industrial and domestic sector.

India is more vulnerable for water scarcity

because of its growing population, over-exploitation of

water resources and in-disciplined lifestyle. It is predicted

that most of Indian states might reach water stress state by

2020 and water scarcity state by 2025.

Animals are competing with human for portable water

directly and due to dominance, animals will not get good

quality water. So, the challenge for the future is to optimize

livestock productivity by knowing that how poorer quality

water resources can be utilized or treated, or both, to make

them acceptable for ruminant production without

compromising the health, welfare and productivity of the

animals and also the quality of the products (e.g., dairy food

products). It is a well established fact that quality of water

resource has a great impact on animal health, nutrient

utilization and ultimately on production. So, in this article, a

brief information about the anti-quality factors present in

water that may affect animal health, production has been

discussed.

Anti- quality factors of water:

The quality of the water is influenced by its source and

contamination from abiotic and biotic factors. Main criteria

to access water quality are its organoleptic (odor and taste),

physiochemical properties (pH, total dissolved solids, total

dissolved oxygen, and hardness), presence of toxic

ARTICLE

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o.in

28


compounds (heavy metals, toxic minerals,

organophosphates, and hydrocarbons),

excess of minerals or compounds

(nitrates, sodium, sulfates, and iron) and

presence of bacteria. Among all

parameters, the salinity/total dissolved

solids (TDS)/total soluble salts (TSS) is the

major factor which affects water quality as

well as the suitability of particular water

resource for livestock (NRC, 2005; Salem

et al., 2011).

In India, groundwater is the major source

of water for animals. Generally,

groundwater contains high levels of TDS

compared to surface water which mainly

depends upon the geology of the

surrounding area, rainfall, vegetation,

topography and human activities around

the water sources. The impact of high

level TDS were studied by Sharma et al.,

2016 in growing Murrah calves found a

negative impact of TDS (>4467 ppm) on

animal's drinking water intake which

ultimately resulted in reduced animal

performance. The impact of different

levels of TDS on animal's performance is

shown in Table 1. Similarly, Other studies

by Solomon et al. (1995) and Shapasand

et al. (2010) reported higher milk yield in

lactating animals that consumed water

containing less than 1000 ppm TDS.

Whereas, Valtorta et al. (2008) had

observed effect of higher levels of water

TDS on feed intake, rumen parameter,

body weight and body score.

pH :The pH of the water for dairy cattle consumption

should be 6.5-8.5, preferably neutral. pH beyond this value

can disturb the ruminal activity and ruminal microflora,

digestion and absorption of the food.

Microbial Contamination: Generally, the water troughs are

heavily contaminated with enteric bacteria. This is rather the

major source for enteric bacteria and a common source of

exposure to potential pathogen to cattle, that could result

in infection of large numbers of animals during a relatively

brief period. It is well known water troughs serve as

reservoirs for enteric microorganisms and water-borne

transmission of these pathogens to cattle (LeJeune and

Gay, 2002). Generally, water for animal consumption must

contain no coliform bacteria for calves, and coliform count

should be under 10 per 100 milliliters for adult cattle.

Drinking troughs (tanks) and buckets should be kept

relatively clean. A raised base around tanks helps to keep

manure contamination problems to a minimum. Cleaning

tanks and water buckets to prevent build-up of old feed

and other debris is important.

Other contaminants which are occasionally found in water

can pose a health hazard to animal and hamper their

production. For safe consumption, water contaminants

should not exceed below guidelines:

Conclusions: Water is the most important nutrient for all

forms of life. In the last century, relatively little attention was

given to how drinking water should be provided and

managed in ruminant production systems, because it was

relatively inexpensive and plentiful. But today in the

changed situation, due to climate change, over-exploitation

of water and poor conservation policies, this is becoming

scarce and water scarcity is going to be a major challenge

for the humanity in near future. The availability, source,

quantity, treatment, and conservation of water shall be the

decisive factors in future, dictating farm location, size,

sustainability, and profitability of the farm. Good quality and

hygienically safe water will become the basic prerequisite

for achieving high production performance ,good animal

health and high quality products from livestock.


Table 1 Effect of different levels of TDS on animal health and

production (Sharma et al., 2016)

TDS orTSS (mg/L)

Observations

600 Safe, normal water intake, optimum growth

700-2500 Safe, slight initial rejection for 2–3 days, thereafter normal

water intake and growth of buffalo calves

2600-4500 Strong initial rejection for water intake, thereafter slightly less

water intake without significantly growth reduction

5000– 6000 Very strong rejection initially, there after water intake was

significantly lower and growth performance was decreased

>6,000 Total rejection for 1–5 days, thereafter

decreased water intake and very low growth

Upper-limit

(mg/L or ppm)

Aluminum 0.5

Arsenic 0.05

Boron 5.0

Cadmium 0.005

Chromium 0.1

Cobalt 1.0

Copper 1.0

Fluorine 2.0

Lead 0.015

Manganese 0.05

Mercury 0.01

Nickel 0.25

Selenium 0.05

Vanadium 0.1

Zinc 5.0

Osborne, 2006

ARTICLE

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28


compounds (heavy metals, toxic minerals,

organophosphates, and hydrocarbons),

excess of minerals or compounds

(nitrates, sodium, sulfates, and iron) and

presence of bacteria. Among all

parameters, the salinity/total dissolved

solids (TDS)/total soluble salts (TSS) is the

major factor which affects water quality as

well as the suitability of particular water

resource for livestock (NRC, 2005; Salem

et al., 2011).

In India, groundwater is the major source

of water for animals. Generally,

groundwater contains high levels of TDS

compared to surface water which mainly

depends upon the geology of the

surrounding area, rainfall, vegetation,

topography and human activities around

the water sources. The impact of high

level TDS were studied by Sharma et al.,

2016 in growing Murrah calves found a

negative impact of TDS (>4467 ppm) on

animal's drinking water intake which

ultimately resulted in reduced animal

performance. The impact of different

levels of TDS on animal's performance is

shown in Table 1. Similarly, Other studies

by Solomon et al. (1995) and Shapasand

et al. (2010) reported higher milk yield in

lactating animals that consumed water

containing less than 1000 ppm TDS.

Whereas, Valtorta et al. (2008) had

observed effect of higher levels of water

TDS on feed intake, rumen parameter,

body weight and body score.

pH :The pH of the water for dairy cattle consumption

should be 6.5-8.5, preferably neutral. pH beyond this value

can disturb the ruminal activity and ruminal microflora,

digestion and absorption of the food.

Microbial Contamination: Generally, the water troughs are

heavily contaminated with enteric bacteria. This is rather the

major source for enteric bacteria and a common source of

exposure to potential pathogen to cattle, that could result

in infection of large numbers of animals during a relatively

brief period. It is well known water troughs serve as

reservoirs for enteric microorganisms and water-borne

transmission of these pathogens to cattle (LeJeune and

Gay, 2002). Generally, water for animal consumption must

contain no coliform bacteria for calves, and coliform count

should be under 10 per 100 milliliters for adult cattle.

Drinking troughs (tanks) and buckets should be kept

relatively clean. A raised base around tanks helps to keep

manure contamination problems to a minimum. Cleaning

tanks and water buckets to prevent build-up of old feed

and other debris is important.

Other contaminants which are occasionally found in water

can pose a health hazard to animal and hamper their

production. For safe consumption, water contaminants

should not exceed below guidelines:

Conclusions: Water is the most important nutrient for all

forms of life. In the last century, relatively little attention was

given to how drinking water should be provided and

managed in ruminant production systems, because it was

relatively inexpensive and plentiful. But today in the

changed situation, due to climate change, over-exploitation

of water and poor conservation policies, this is becoming

scarce and water scarcity is going to be a major challenge

for the humanity in near future. The availability, source,

quantity, treatment, and conservation of water shall be the

decisive factors in future, dictating farm location, size,

sustainability, and profitability of the farm. Good quality and

hygienically safe water will become the basic prerequisite

for achieving high production performance ,good animal

health and high quality products from livestock.


Table 1 Effect of different levels of TDS on animal health and

production (Sharma et al., 2016)

TDS orTSS (mg/L)

Observations

600 Safe, normal water intake, optimum growth

700-2500 Safe, slight initial rejection for 2–3 days, thereafter normal

water intake and growth of buffalo calves

2600-4500 Strong initial rejection for water intake, thereafter slightly less

water intake without significantly growth reduction

5000– 6000 Very strong rejection initially, there after water intake was

significantly lower and growth performance was decreased

>6,000 Total rejection for 1–5 days, thereafter

decreased water intake and very low growth

Upper-limit

(mg/L or ppm)

Aluminum 0.5

Arsenic 0.05

Boron 5.0

Cadmium 0.005

Chromium 0.1

Cobalt 1.0

Copper 1.0

Fluorine 2.0

Lead 0.015

Manganese 0.05

Mercury 0.01

Nickel 0.25

Selenium 0.05

Vanadium 0.1

Zinc 5.0

Osborne, 2006

ARTICLE

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016CALENDAR OF EVENTS w

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2016-17

To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at

[email protected]

Feed Tech Expo

Date: 23-25 February 2017


Email: [email protected]

Web: www.feedtechexpo.com

FEBRUARY

AFIA 2017 Purchasing & Ingredient Suppliers

Conference

Date: 6-10 March 2017

Venue: Orlando, FL, USA


Web: www.afia.org

VIV Asia


Venue: BITEC, Bangkok


Web: www.vivasia.nl

Aqua Aquaria India

Date: 21-23 April 2017

Venue: Andhra Loyola College Campus, Vijayawada,

India


Web: www.aquaaquaria.com

MARCH

10th International Feed Regulators Meeting

(IFRM)

Date: 30-31 January 2017

Venue: Atlanta, USA


Web: www.ifif.org

International Feed Expo

Date: 31 Jan - 2 Feb 2017

Venue: Georgia World Congress Center, 285 Andrew

Young International Blvd NW, Atlanta, Georgia USA


Web: www.ippexpo.com

JANUARYAgraME


Venue: Dubai International Exhibition Centre, Dubai


Web: www.agramiddleeast.com

APRIL

IDMA

Date: 4-7 May 2017

Venue: Istanbul Expo Centre, Turkey


Web: www.idma.com.tr

Feed Expo Philippines

Date: 24-26 May 2017

Venue: SMX Convention Center, Pasay City,

Philippines


Web: www.livestockphilippines.com

MAY

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016CALENDAR OF EVENTS

ww

w.thin

kgra

inth

inkf

ee

d.c

o.in

30

2016-17

To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at

[email protected]

Feed Tech Expo

Date: 23-25 February 2017



Web: www.feedtechexpo.com

FEBRUARY

AFIA 2017 Purchasing & Ingredient Suppliers

Conference


Venue: Orlando, FL, USA


Web: www.afia.org

VIV Asia


Venue: BITEC, Bangkok


Web: www.vivasia.nl

Aqua Aquaria India


Venue: Andhra Loyola College Campus, Vijayawada,

India


Web: www.aquaaquaria.com

MARCH

10th International Feed Regulators Meeting

(IFRM)

Date: 30-31 January 2017

Venue: Atlanta, USA


Web: www.ifif.org

International Feed Expo

Date: 31 Jan - 2 Feb 2017

Venue: Georgia World Congress Center, 285 Andrew

Young International Blvd NW, Atlanta, Georgia USA


Web: www.ippexpo.com

JANUARYAgraME


Venue: Dubai International Exhibition Centre, Dubai


Web: www.agramiddleeast.com

APRIL

IDMA

Date: 4-7 May 2017

Venue: Istanbul Expo Centre, Turkey


Web: www.idma.com.tr

Feed Expo Philippines

Date: 24-26 May 2017

Venue: SMX Convention Center, Pasay City,

Philippines


Web: www.livestockphilippines.com

MAY

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Think Grain Think Feed December issue

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