Think Grain Think Feed - March 2016

Volume 2 | Issue 5

March-2016

Price: 75/-

Published by

BENISON Media

SCO 27, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market

Karnal - 132001 (Haryana)

Tel: +91 184 4036770

[email protected]

Publisher & EditorPrachi Arora

[email protected]

Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

Designing & MarketingAshwani Verma

[email protected]

Circulation & Subscription HeadSunny Kamboj

[email protected]

Business HeadVinod Kumar Saini

[email protected]

Dr. Dinesh T. BhosaleFormer Chairman, CLFMA of India

Mr. Amit SachdevIndian Representative, US Grain Council

Dr. P.E. Vijay AnandUS Soybean Export Council

Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani

Dr. SN MohantyFormer Principal Scientist, CIFA

Dr. Meeta Punjabi MehtaAgricultural Economist

Dr. Swamy HaladiFeed Additive Expert

Dr. R Gnana SekarLead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting

Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

www.benisonmedia.com

Managing Editor

Dr. T.K. Walli

Former Head,

Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI

EDITORIAL he Budgetary announcement by

Union Finance Minister in

Parliamentary Budget Session

recently, indicates that the Indian Teconomy is on a high growth

trajectory. As per the advanced estimates, the

country is expected to register a GDP growth of

7.6 per cent in FY16, as compared to 7.2 per

cent in FY15 (with the base as 2011-12), recording the highest

percentage increase in the last five years. The economic reforms

introduced by the government, a stable macroeconomic environment

and the falling commodity prices are some of the factors that have

helped India achieve strong economic growth estimates. However, to

attain sustainable economic growth, the government could focus on

improving the regulatory environment, increasing the spending on

infrastructure, promoting exports, addressing the lukewarm rural

economy, and attracting FDI and private sector investments.

India's economic performance, which came under distress in FY13,

registering about 5 per cent GDP growth, has attained a high growth

trend, owing to an improved performance in various macroeconomic

parameters as well as the several reforms announced by the

government, to provide the much-needed economic stimulus.

Improved economic growth in FY16 is due to the enhanced

performance in the manufacturing. Indian Industry as such is

expected to display better performance as compared to FY15, owing

to various initiatives launched by the Government of India, such as

'Make in India', 'Start-Up India, Stand-Up India', 'Skill India' and 'Smart

Cities', to facilitate India's growth. Manufacturing in FY16 is expected

to grow at 9.5 per cent as compared to 5.5 per cent in FY15.

However, Agriculture continues to be a major area of concern. As per

advanced estimates, the Indian agricultural sector is expected to

register a modest growth of 1.1 per cent in FY16, due to decline in

production levels of various crops and poor monsoon, recorded for

the second consecutive year. The draught situation experienced by the

country during the last couple of years has caused a very severe

impact on agricultural production and thousands of farmers have

committed suicides. Seized of this serious situation, govt during the

present budget has given a tilt in favour of agricultural sector, keeping

provisions for boosting up agricultural and animal production. We

hope that Animal Husbandry sector gets its due share, which

contributes significantly to total agricultural GDP apart from the fact

that the demand for proteins of animal origins is shooting up with

increased urbanization and affluence among the people. However,

the budgetary provisions of this sector has always fallen short of the

contribution it makes to national and agricultural GDP. Since Feed

Industry too is directly dependent upon grains and oilseed production

as its raw materials, any improvements in their yield shall have a

positive impact on feed ingredient prices and their availability for the

healthy growth of feed industry.

T. K Walli

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

Published by

BENISON Media

SCO 27, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market

Karnal - 132001 (Haryana)

Tel: +91 184 4036770

[email protected]

Publisher & EditorPrachi Arora

[email protected]

Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

Designing & MarketingAshwani Verma

[email protected]

Circulation & Subscription HeadSunny Kamboj

[email protected]

Business HeadVinod Kumar Saini

[email protected]

Dr. Dinesh T. BhosaleFormer Chairman, CLFMA of India

Mr. Amit SachdevIndian Representative, US Grain Council

Dr. P.E. Vijay AnandUS Soybean Export Council

Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani

Dr. SN MohantyFormer Principal Scientist, CIFA

Dr. Meeta Punjabi MehtaAgricultural Economist

Dr. Swamy HaladiFeed Additive Expert

Dr. R Gnana SekarLead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting

Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

www.benisonmedia.com

Managing Editor

Dr. T.K. Walli

Former Head,

Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI

EDITORIAL he Budgetary announcement by

Union Finance Minister in

Parliamentary Budget Session

recently, indicates that the Indian Teconomy is on a high growth

trajectory. As per the advanced estimates, the

country is expected to register a GDP growth of

7.6 per cent in FY16, as compared to 7.2 per

cent in FY15 (with the base as 2011-12), recording the highest

percentage increase in the last five years. The economic reforms

introduced by the government, a stable macroeconomic environment

and the falling commodity prices are some of the factors that have

helped India achieve strong economic growth estimates. However, to

attain sustainable economic growth, the government could focus on

improving the regulatory environment, increasing the spending on

infrastructure, promoting exports, addressing the lukewarm rural

economy, and attracting FDI and private sector investments.

India's economic performance, which came under distress in FY13,

registering about 5 per cent GDP growth, has attained a high growth

trend, owing to an improved performance in various macroeconomic

parameters as well as the several reforms announced by the

government, to provide the much-needed economic stimulus.

Improved economic growth in FY16 is due to the enhanced

performance in the manufacturing. Indian Industry as such is

expected to display better performance as compared to FY15, owing

to various initiatives launched by the Government of India, such as

'Make in India', 'Start-Up India, Stand-Up India', 'Skill India' and 'Smart

Cities', to facilitate India's growth. Manufacturing in FY16 is expected

to grow at 9.5 per cent as compared to 5.5 per cent in FY15.

However, Agriculture continues to be a major area of concern. As per

advanced estimates, the Indian agricultural sector is expected to

register a modest growth of 1.1 per cent in FY16, due to decline in

production levels of various crops and poor monsoon, recorded for

the second consecutive year. The draught situation experienced by the

country during the last couple of years has caused a very severe

impact on agricultural production and thousands of farmers have

committed suicides. Seized of this serious situation, govt during the

present budget has given a tilt in favour of agricultural sector, keeping

provisions for boosting up agricultural and animal production. We

hope that Animal Husbandry sector gets its due share, which

contributes significantly to total agricultural GDP apart from the fact

that the demand for proteins of animal origins is shooting up with

increased urbanization and affluence among the people. However,

the budgetary provisions of this sector has always fallen short of the

contribution it makes to national and agricultural GDP. Since Feed

Industry too is directly dependent upon grains and oilseed production

as its raw materials, any improvements in their yield shall have a

positive impact on feed ingredient prices and their availability for the

healthy growth of feed industry.

T. K Walli


RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

MARKET PROJECTIONS

EVENT COVERAGE

PELLETING TIPS

INTERVIEW

ARTICLE

05 New protein extraction method for Animal feed from Biomass

06 An evolution in Cattle Feed Industry

10 Improved energy efficiency & pellet uniformity control

in extruded aquafeed

13 Imported corn awaits discharge at Port

16

14

20 Hydroponic Fodder to Refresh Animal Husbandry Sector

24 Importance of Physically Effective Fiber in the Ration of Dairy Cattle

29 Grain slowdown but Asia still no. 1-VICTAM Asia

Printed by: Jaiswal Printing Press | Published by: On behalf of: Benison Media | Printed at: Chaura Bazar, Karnal-132001, Haryana

| Published at: SCO-27, IInd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora

Prachi Arora |

Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology

Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015

Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON MEDIA at its office in Karnal. Editorial policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not

necessarily those held by the editors. The data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher considers its sources reliable

and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the material herein and consequently readers using this information do so at their

own risk.

Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON MEDIA, nor any of its employees or contributors accept any

responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’ activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction.

C o n t e n t s Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

Upcoming Events

Front Cover: farmet

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:

Simple Post Courier Overseas

One Year : INR 1200 INR 1800 USD 300

Three Year : INR 3300 INR 4800 USD 900

Five Year : INR 5200 INR 6500 USD 1500

R&D

ww

w.b

enis

onm

ed

ia.c

om

05


29-31

March 2016

eep eutectic solvents (DESs)

are mixtures of solids that

form a liquid solution at low Dtemperatures when mixed

in suitable ratios. The method has been

tested on separating protein from

brewer's spent grain (BSG), rapeseed

press cake and wheat bran, all of which

contain significant amounts of protein.

These food industry by-products contain

significant amounts of fibre, which

decreases their suitability as feed for

production animals that are not

ruminants. Brewer's spent grain

responded best to protein separation

with DES: almost 80 per cent of the

protein in BSG could be separated, while

conventional extraction methods can

achieve no more than 40 per cent. The

separation of other substances, such as

carbohydrates, can be optimised

through the choice of DES.

This new protein enrichment method can

particularly benefit breweries and animal

feed producers.

Protein in rapeseed press cake could also

be separated to a high degree, but the

difference with traditional extraction

methods was not significant. Further

research is required with regard to wheat

bran. Separating protein from wheat

bran is known to be difficult.

VTT has tested the method with a 60-

litre pilot system. The method can be

easily scaled up to an industrial scale.

The chemicals used are cheap and

suitable for use in foods, and many are

FDA-approved.

DESs are used in metal extraction and

polishing, but today, they are also used

in the separation of biomass fractions.

Previously, there has been no research

on how well they are suited to

separating proteins from biomass.

The method in question is rather

simple: DES and solid biomass, such as

BSG, are heated and mixed in the

reactor for two hours. Finally, water is

added into the reactor and the solids

separated by filtering. DES molecules,

proteins and water are separated

through membrane filtering.

The protein is then dried, and the end

result is a high-quality protein

concentrate that could be utilised in, for

example, the feeding of pigs or poultry.

DES have nutritional value; they contain,

for example, a precursor of vitamin B

used in poultry feed.

The method may also be suitable for the

production of a protein concentrate to

be added to food, though this requires

further study. According to VTT research

scientists, animal feed is the primary

application for protein enriched with

DES.

The commercialisation of this patented

invention is currently being examined.

The research results will be published in

a scientific journal in 2016. The

development work was funded by Tekes -

the Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation

and VTT.

A deep eutectic solvent incorporates two

or more substances with high melting

points into a mixture with a melting point

substantially lower than any of the

individual pure components.

A known example of this is the mixture

(molar ratio 1:2) of choline chloride (mp

302 °C) and urea (mp 133 °C), which has a

melting point of 12 °C. Deep eutectic

solvents represent a new generation of

organic solvents; research into their

possible applications only began in

recent years.

Source: 5M Publication

Imag

e s

ou

rce: f

eed

-a-g

en

e.e

u

18-20

April 2016

INNOVATIONS

Innovative Approaches for Climate Smart Livestock Practices27

Importance of Proper Hydration during Conditioning

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

MARKET PROJECTIONS

EVENT COVERAGE

PELLETING TIPS

INTERVIEW

ARTICLE

05 New protein extraction method for Animal feed from Biomass

06 An evolution in Cattle Feed Industry

10 Improved energy efficiency & pellet uniformity control

in extruded aquafeed

13 Imported corn awaits discharge at Port

16

14

20 Hydroponic Fodder to Refresh Animal Husbandry Sector

24 Importance of Physically Effective Fiber in the Ration of Dairy Cattle

29 Grain slowdown but Asia still no. 1-VICTAM Asia

Printed by: Jaiswal Printing Press | Published by: On behalf of: Benison Media | Printed at: Chaura Bazar, Karnal-132001, Haryana

| Published at: SCO-27, IInd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora

Prachi Arora |

Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology

Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015

Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON MEDIA at its office in Karnal. Editorial policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not

necessarily those held by the editors. The data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher considers its sources reliable

and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the material herein and consequently readers using this information do so at their

own risk.

Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON MEDIA, nor any of its employees or contributors accept any

responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’ activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction.

C o n t e n t s Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

Upcoming Events

Front Cover: farmet

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:

Simple Post Courier Overseas

One Year : INR 1200 INR 1800 USD 300

Three Year : INR 3300 INR 4800 USD 900

Five Year : INR 5200 INR 6500 USD 1500

R&D

ww

w.b

enis

onm

ed

ia.c

om

05


29-31

March 2016

eep eutectic solvents (DESs)

are mixtures of solids that

form a liquid solution at low Dtemperatures when mixed

in suitable ratios. The method has been

tested on separating protein from

brewer's spent grain (BSG), rapeseed

press cake and wheat bran, all of which

contain significant amounts of protein.

These food industry by-products contain

significant amounts of fibre, which

decreases their suitability as feed for

production animals that are not

ruminants. Brewer's spent grain

responded best to protein separation

with DES: almost 80 per cent of the

protein in BSG could be separated, while

conventional extraction methods can

achieve no more than 40 per cent. The

separation of other substances, such as

carbohydrates, can be optimised

through the choice of DES.

This new protein enrichment method can

particularly benefit breweries and animal

feed producers.

Protein in rapeseed press cake could also

be separated to a high degree, but the

difference with traditional extraction

methods was not significant. Further

research is required with regard to wheat

bran. Separating protein from wheat

bran is known to be difficult.

VTT has tested the method with a 60-

litre pilot system. The method can be

easily scaled up to an industrial scale.

The chemicals used are cheap and

suitable for use in foods, and many are

FDA-approved.

DESs are used in metal extraction and

polishing, but today, they are also used

in the separation of biomass fractions.

Previously, there has been no research

on how well they are suited to

separating proteins from biomass.

The method in question is rather

simple: DES and solid biomass, such as

BSG, are heated and mixed in the

reactor for two hours. Finally, water is

added into the reactor and the solids

separated by filtering. DES molecules,

proteins and water are separated

through membrane filtering.

The protein is then dried, and the end

result is a high-quality protein

concentrate that could be utilised in, for

example, the feeding of pigs or poultry.

DES have nutritional value; they contain,

for example, a precursor of vitamin B

used in poultry feed.

The method may also be suitable for the

production of a protein concentrate to

be added to food, though this requires

further study. According to VTT research

scientists, animal feed is the primary

application for protein enriched with

DES.

The commercialisation of this patented

invention is currently being examined.

The research results will be published in

a scientific journal in 2016. The

development work was funded by Tekes -

the Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation

and VTT.

A deep eutectic solvent incorporates two

or more substances with high melting

points into a mixture with a melting point

substantially lower than any of the

individual pure components.

A known example of this is the mixture

(molar ratio 1:2) of choline chloride (mp

302 °C) and urea (mp 133 °C), which has a

melting point of 12 °C. Deep eutectic

solvents represent a new generation of

organic solvents; research into their

possible applications only began in

recent years.

Source: 5M Publication

Imag

e s

ou

rce: f

eed

-a-g

en

e.e

u

18-20

April 2016

INNOVATIONS

Innovative Approaches for Climate Smart Livestock Practices27

Importance of Proper Hydration during Conditioning

INDUSTRY THOUGHTSw

ww

.thin

kgra

inth

inkf

ee

d.c

o.in

06

ince 2000, the technical

growth of feed industry has

contributed to transformation Sof livestock production to

highly commercial and specialized

business. Thereby, India has shown

ample growth in milk production &

emerged as number one milk

producing country with production of

146 MMT. A major chunk of around

70% of the total production is

contributed by unorganized sector

against 30% contribution by organized

sector, where cooperative sector has

played a substantial role to lead the

growth.

Per capita consumption of milk has

increased from 276 to 450 ml. Milk

cooperatives are continually striving to

meet the milk demand for huge

population (1.31 Billion) of the country.

The three tier structure of the

cooperatives, set up by Amul Dairy,

Anand known as “Anand Pattern”

enabled the country to obliterate the

hardships of milk producers faced over

the period of 6 decades.

Dr. K. Rathnam, Amul Dairy

• Per capita milk

availability – 132 g/day

• Milk rationing and scarcity

• Dependent on import

• High intermediation

1940s

White Revolution

• Per capita milk

availability – 290g/day (Slightly higher than world average)

• 17% of global output

• Net exporter

• Increased share of

producers in consumer price

20 113- 4

Cooperative dairying

countrywide

milk grid

–

linking producers to consumers

Cutting out middle men

Strengthening production, procurement, infrastructure & technology transfer

Made dairy farming India’s largest self-sustainable rural

employment generator

Indian Dairy sector has evolved from rags to riches

• Production – 146 million tonnes

• Estimated to reach 170 million tonnes by 2020

• Gr ew at CAGR of 3.7 % in the las t decade*

• Milk is India’s largest agricultural commodity

Top 7 milk producing states contribute more than 65% of milk production

- UP – 18%

- AP & Rajashtan – 9% each

- Punjab & Gujarat –

8% each

- Maharashtra – 7%

- MP – 6 %

Making the country #1 in milk production

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

ww

w.thin

kgra

inth

inkf

ee

d.c

o.in

06

ince 2000, the technical

growth of feed industry has

contributed to transformation Sof livestock production to

highly commercial and specialized

business. Thereby, India has shown

ample growth in milk production &

emerged as number one milk

producing country with production of

146 MMT. A major chunk of around

70% of the total production is

contributed by unorganized sector

against 30% contribution by organized

sector, where cooperative sector has

played a substantial role to lead the

growth.

Per capita consumption of milk has

increased from 276 to 450 ml. Milk

cooperatives are continually striving to

meet the milk demand for huge

population (1.31 Billion) of the country.

The three tier structure of the

cooperatives, set up by Amul Dairy,

Anand known as “Anand Pattern”

enabled the country to obliterate the

hardships of milk producers faced over

the period of 6 decades.

Dr. K. Rathnam, Amul Dairy

• Per capita milk

availability – 132 g/day

• Milk rationing and scarcity

• Dependent on import

• High intermediation

1940s

White Revolution

• Per capita milk

availability – 290g/day (Slightly higher than world average)

• 17% of global output

• Net exporter

• Increased share of

producers in consumer price

20 113- 4

Cooperative dairying

countrywide

milk grid

–

linking producers to consumers

Cutting out middle men

Strengthening production, procurement, infrastructure & technology transfer

Made dairy farming India’s largest self-sustainable rural

employment generator

Indian Dairy sector has evolved from rags to riches

• Production – 146 million tonnes

• Estimated to reach 170 million tonnes by 2020

• Gr ew at CAGR of 3.7 % in the las t decade*

• Milk is India’s largest agricultural commodity

Top 7 milk producing states contribute more than 65% of milk production

- UP – 18%

- AP & Rajashtan – 9% each

- Punjab & Gujarat –

8% each

- Maharashtra – 7%

- MP – 6 %

Making the country #1 in milk production

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China 183 856 20.2 24 41 0 18 0.4 0

USA 173 2419 210 20 55 7 11 9 6

Brazil 66 145 30 6 31 1 1 2 1

Mexico 31 55 30.2 4 11 0.3 0.2 1 0.5

Spain 29 143 40.2 2 3 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2

00.1 9 11 0 1 0 0

Russia 26 92 0.30 4 10 0.6 0 0.5 0

Japan 24 63 50 6 4 0 0 0.3 0

Germany 24 107 00.3 2 4 0 0 0 0.3

France 22 5.33 20.4 2 3 1 0 1.1 0.3

Top Ten in-depth results

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08

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

Animal Population

In India, the largest milch animal (in-

milk and dry) population comprising of

cows and buffaloes, has increased from

111.09 million to 118.59 million (growth

of 6.75%) and the number of animals in

milk, cows and buffaloes, has increased

from 77.04 million to 80.52 million

(growth of 4.51%) and the total number

of female cattle count is 122.9 million.

Feeding Scenario in the Country

Though India has succeeded in

attaining number one position in milk

production, traditional feeding to

milch animals needs to be replaced by

feeding of scientifically compounded

feeds to further improve milk

production and profitability.

Unfortunately, Indian feed industry is

able to fulfill only 10-15% of the total

requirement. For nutritional growth

and maintenance of quality food

standard, the fast growing Dairy

industry in the country should be

ideally complimented with a growing

feed industry. Extensive efforts are

needed to educate the farmers to

minimize cost of milk production

through ration balancing, use of TMR,

bypass proteins and bypass fats. Like

organized farms and progressive

farmers, small and marginal farmers

also need to adopt these practices for

better profitability.

Nutritional Advances

Biotechnology is proved beneficial to

livestock producers through breed

improvement like use of alkali

biotechnology to enhance digestibility

of fibrous feed and maximize the

utilization of crop residues. Use of

bypass feed technology to facilitate

fermentative digestion and inclusion

of bypass nutrients to balance

fermentative digestion is also getting

popular.

Genetic manipulation & balance of

rumen microbes is in vogue as a tool

to improve digestion of low quality

feeds.

For better nutrient availability of feeds,

feed additives like enzymes,

probiotics, single-cell proteins and

antibiotics are widely used in

production systems worldwide.

Economy

Currently, India is self-sufficient in

livestock feeds and does not depend

on imports. Instead, the country

exports solvent extracted meals. The

Indian economy growing at the rate of

6-8 percent per annum & livestock

industry is the second largest

contributor to gross domestic product

(GDP), after agriculture which

accounts to 9 percent of the total.

Considering the need of balanced feed

and its supply, the feed industry has

better opportunities and scope to

perform well in near future. India had

a considerable increase in feed

production, up to 29.4 million tons (a

10 percent increase over 2013), owing

mainly to favorable weather

conditions and consistently-improving

farming methods and technology.

Conclusion

Today the livestock industry is seen as

the principal factor to improve the

livelihood of people and bring extra

income to the family. Globally Indian

92.5

100.9

116.2

FY

'05

FY '06

FY

'07

FY '08

FY

'09

FY '10

FY '11

Milk production trends (million tonnes)

FY FY FY FY '12 '13 '14 '15

127.9 132.4140.0

146.0

140106

95.91

24.35 32.88 19.27

Milk Rice Wheat Maize Oilseeds Pulses

Commodity wise production (million tonnes)

Data 2013-14

Feed Production by species

World Scenario of Feed Producton

1 China 182.69

2 USA 172.45

3 Brazil 66.15

4 Mexico 30.70

5 India 29.43

6 Spain 29.18

7 Russia 25.66

8 Japan 24.31

9 Germany 23.58

10 France 22.16

11 Canada 20.35

12 Indonesia 19.98

13 Korea 18.58

14 Thailand 16.91

15 Turkey 15.42

16 Netherlands 14.33

17 Vietnam 14.10

18 Italy 14.04

19 UK 13.49

20 Philippines 12.38

TOP 20 COUNTRY TOTALS (In Million Tons)

Number of Feed Mills Globally

(estimate)

Total Global Tonnage

31,043 980 Mil Tons

feed production stands at only 3%,

which is approximately 29.43 MMT of

total 980 MMT (2014). Among which

Cattle feed is 7.5 MMT. It is been

estimated that by 2025 the country

would require more than thrice the

quantity of feed it produces today,

including a double increase in cattle

feed. To meet the growing demand, it

is essential to identify the challenges

of the sector. As mentioned above, not

only an aggressive promotion of

educating the farmer is essential to

promote the usage of feed, but

strengthening the link between feed

industry and the farmer is equally

important. There also needs to be

formulated an approachable cost

factor for the small & marginal

farmers to avail the same to increase

the per capita consumption of protein

feed, thereby increasing and

improving quantity and quality of

milk. There has been a slow but steady

change in the feed sector of the

country with international standard

feed plants being established.

Production of safe and hygienic feed,

along with biogenetically modified is

the current and upcoming trend to

improve the quality of nutritionally

balanced compounded feed. Thus

supporting millions of farmers with

added income and benefiting over 1.3

billion population with availability of

quality and affordable milk.

“Good days are ought to come!”

Amul’s - State of the art feed plant in Kaira district

Source: Alltech 2015 Global Feed Survey Source: Alltech 2015 Global Feed Survey

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China 183 856 20.2 24 41 0 18 0.4 0

USA 173 2419 210 20 55 7 11 9 6

Brazil 66 145 30 6 31 1 1 2 1

Mexico 31 55 30.2 4 11 0.3 0.2 1 0.5

Spain 29 143 40.2 2 3 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2

00.1 9 11 0 1 0 0

Russia 26 92 0.30 4 10 0.6 0 0.5 0

Japan 24 63 50 6 4 0 0 0.3 0

Germany 24 107 00.3 2 4 0 0 0 0.3

France 22 5.33 20.4 2 3 1 0 1.1 0.3

Top Ten in-depth results

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08

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

Animal Population

In India, the largest milch animal (in-

milk and dry) population comprising of

cows and buffaloes, has increased from

111.09 million to 118.59 million (growth

of 6.75%) and the number of animals in

milk, cows and buffaloes, has increased

from 77.04 million to 80.52 million

(growth of 4.51%) and the total number

of female cattle count is 122.9 million.

Feeding Scenario in the Country

Though India has succeeded in

attaining number one position in milk

production, traditional feeding to

milch animals needs to be replaced by

feeding of scientifically compounded

feeds to further improve milk

production and profitability.

Unfortunately, Indian feed industry is

able to fulfill only 10-15% of the total

requirement. For nutritional growth

and maintenance of quality food

standard, the fast growing Dairy

industry in the country should be

ideally complimented with a growing

feed industry. Extensive efforts are

needed to educate the farmers to

minimize cost of milk production

through ration balancing, use of TMR,

bypass proteins and bypass fats. Like

organized farms and progressive

farmers, small and marginal farmers

also need to adopt these practices for

better profitability.

Nutritional Advances

Biotechnology is proved beneficial to

livestock producers through breed

improvement like use of alkali

biotechnology to enhance digestibility

of fibrous feed and maximize the

utilization of crop residues. Use of

bypass feed technology to facilitate

fermentative digestion and inclusion

of bypass nutrients to balance

fermentative digestion is also getting

popular.

Genetic manipulation & balance of

rumen microbes is in vogue as a tool

to improve digestion of low quality

feeds.

For better nutrient availability of feeds,

feed additives like enzymes,

probiotics, single-cell proteins and

antibiotics are widely used in

production systems worldwide.

Economy

Currently, India is self-sufficient in

livestock feeds and does not depend

on imports. Instead, the country

exports solvent extracted meals. The

Indian economy growing at the rate of

6-8 percent per annum & livestock

industry is the second largest

contributor to gross domestic product

(GDP), after agriculture which

accounts to 9 percent of the total.

Considering the need of balanced feed

and its supply, the feed industry has

better opportunities and scope to

perform well in near future. India had

a considerable increase in feed

production, up to 29.4 million tons (a

10 percent increase over 2013), owing

mainly to favorable weather

conditions and consistently-improving

farming methods and technology.

Conclusion

Today the livestock industry is seen as

the principal factor to improve the

livelihood of people and bring extra

income to the family. Globally Indian

92.5

100.9

116.2

FY

'05

FY '06

FY

'07

FY '08

FY

'09

FY '10

FY '11

Milk production trends (million tonnes)

FY FY FY FY '12 '13 '14 '15

127.9 132.4140.0

146.0

140106

95.91

24.35 32.88 19.27

Milk Rice Wheat Maize Oilseeds Pulses

Commodity wise production (million tonnes)

Data 2013-14

Feed Production by species

World Scenario of Feed Producton

1 China 182.69

2 USA 172.45

3 Brazil 66.15

4 Mexico 30.70

5 India 29.43

6 Spain 29.18

7 Russia 25.66

8 Japan 24.31

9 Germany 23.58

10 France 22.16

11 Canada 20.35

12 Indonesia 19.98

13 Korea 18.58

14 Thailand 16.91

15 Turkey 15.42

16 Netherlands 14.33

17 Vietnam 14.10

18 Italy 14.04

19 UK 13.49

20 Philippines 12.38

TOP 20 COUNTRY TOTALS (In Million Tons)

Number of Feed Mills Globally

(estimate)

Total Global Tonnage

31,043 980 Mil Tons

feed production stands at only 3%,

which is approximately 29.43 MMT of

total 980 MMT (2014). Among which

Cattle feed is 7.5 MMT. It is been

estimated that by 2025 the country

would require more than thrice the

quantity of feed it produces today,

including a double increase in cattle

feed. To meet the growing demand, it

is essential to identify the challenges

of the sector. As mentioned above, not

only an aggressive promotion of

educating the farmer is essential to

promote the usage of feed, but

strengthening the link between feed

industry and the farmer is equally

important. There also needs to be

formulated an approachable cost

factor for the small & marginal

farmers to avail the same to increase

the per capita consumption of protein

feed, thereby increasing and

improving quantity and quality of

milk. There has been a slow but steady

change in the feed sector of the

country with international standard

feed plants being established.

Production of safe and hygienic feed,

along with biogenetically modified is

the current and upcoming trend to

improve the quality of nutritionally

balanced compounded feed. Thus

supporting millions of farmers with

added income and benefiting over 1.3

billion population with availability of

quality and affordable milk.

“Good days are ought to come!”

Amul’s - State of the art feed plant in Kaira district

Source: Alltech 2015 Global Feed Survey Source: Alltech 2015 Global Feed Survey

ARTICLE

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

ww

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o substantially improve

extruder performance in

aquafeed production, in

recent years Muyang Group Tmade research efforts in different

aspects. The energy efficiency

improving technology and its

application as well as the development

on pellet uniformity control is

introduced in the present article.

With the development of extrusion

technology, one of the development

trends in aquafeed milling is that

extruder is taking the place of pellet

mill and becomes the most popular

and most efficient milling machine

because of its flexible production

adaptability, high product quality and

high sanitation assurance. However,

the obstacle impeding extruder

popularization is energy input, which

must be decreased.

As it is well known that, sufficient

energy is required to put into the

extrusion system to sustain the whole

extrusion process, from material

conditioning to kneading, shearing,

cooking, extruding, forming and finally

obtaining qualified aquafeed.

Essentially, the input energy is

normally defined into two forms: the

specific mechanical energy (SME) and

the specific thermal energy (STE).

Analyzing from the energy inputs that

required for cooking the raw recipe

components, there are three possible

ways to improve energy efficiency of

an extrusion system, i.e. to increase

production capacity while decrease

the power consumption:

(1) Improve the utilization efficiency

of SME;


of STE

(3) Try to input and utilize most STE

from the relatively cheaper source

-steam to substitute some SME

input

1.1 Method to maximize SME

utilization

First of all, the approach was studied

to match the SEM input with that

required for material ripening. If lower

than that required, the input SME

could not ripen the material

sufficiently even though it would

result in higher production capacity,

vice versa. Therefore, only proper SME

input can guarantee high quality

extruded aquafeed while maximizing

production capacity.

By quantifying the abilities of each

screw segment (including conveying,

shearing and mixing abilities) and

testing the effects of different screw

combinations, the extruder research

team found out the optimal screw

configuration that can achieve proper

SEM input for a given auquafeed

production task.

Based on above mentioned studies

and a perceptual as well as rational

knowledge of extrusion technology,

Muyang extrusion team worked out a

new concept — “stabilized shearing.”

Usually, the whole extrusion process

that material undergoes, from being

fed into the extruding chamber up to

being extruded out of the die plate, is

a “hasty shearing” process

accompanied by high pressure, high

power consumption and high wearing

of working parts, and also inconstant

discharge of extruded material.

The stabilized shearing technology

brought by the group can largely

stabilize the shearing efficiency in the

whole extrusion process (see Fig.1).

The optimal screw configuration can

not only impart extrusion process

proper SME inputs but also ensure the

product gelatinization not less than

that of the “hasty shearing

technology.” It has been proven that,

when producing aquafeed with the

stabilized shearing technology, an

extruder can increase the capacity by

15% with an energy savage of 12% per

ton of feed.

1.2 Method to maximize STE

utilization

Aquafeed mash needs to be pre-

cooked in the conditioner by hot

steam before entering into the

extruder chamber for extrusion. How

to maximize the utilization of thermal

energy from a given amount of steam

to improve the gelatinization of

aquafeed mash in the conditioner has

been the focus of research team for

years.

The moisture and heat of steam is

hard to penetrate into the core of feed

mash particles and “cook” them just

by the simple physical mixing function

of a conventional conditioner,

especially for the oil-rich aquafeed

mash. That means more steam and

longer conditioning time has to be

given in order to achieve high mash

gelatinization.

Targeting the goal of improving steam

utilization and enhancing feed

gelatinization, the research team has

invented the “reinforced conditioning

technology”, which can improve the

mass and heat transfer efficiency and

uniformity of steam effectively.

Conditioner with the new technology

achieves excellent conditioning

performance. Besides, the production

capacity of an extrusion system

equipped with reinforced conditioning

technology is able to increase by 10-

15% compared to that with a common

DDC conditioner, because of the

thorough pre-cooking function in the

conditioning process. Furthermore,

the enhanced pre-cooking could bring

in more stable running of the machine

and less wear of the working parts

such as the segmented screws and

extruding chamber liner, which

alternatively is saving maintenance

cost.

1.3 Substitute SME with steam

thermal energy

As it is well known that, the same

energy in steam thermal form is far

cheaper than that in electric power

form. And the SME input to a running

extruder always comes from electric

power supply. What if some part of

the required electric power is

substituted with steam thermal

energy, the production cost of

aquafeed will be decreased

significantly.

During cooking, the amount of steam

thermal energy utilized by feed mash

is determined by conditioner pressure.

For instance, conditioned by saturated

steam, the highest conditioning

temperature that feed mash can

achieve is 100°C under 0.1MPa while

can reach 164.19°C under 0.6MPa.

Therefore, on one hand to make full

use of steam thermal energy under

ambient condition, on the other hand

to optimize the conditioning pressure

and maximize the steam energy

utilization.

The more the steam energy being

utilized by feed mash, the less the

SME required for extrusion.

The “substituting SME with steam

thermal energy” technology in the

extruders has been proven to be an

effective and economic way.

Pellet Uniformity

Good pellet uniformity and pleasing

appearance are the important and

attractive characters for high quality

aquafeed. However, the relationship

between good pellet uniformity and

high production capacity is hard to

balance, especially for the single-screw

extruder. As the production capacity

increases, the pellet uniformity

declines. Usually, good pellet

uniformity can be gained when the

extruder is running at 70~80% of its

rated load. Essentially, the non-

uniform extruded pellets are

generated by materials lacking

homogeneity in the whole feed milling

process. From grinding to mixing,

conditioning, extruding and forming,

material's lack of proper homogeneity

in any of these processes will finally

cause non-uniform extruded pellets.

Fortunately, material homogeneity in

the grinding, mixing and conditioning

hasty shearing

stabilized shearing

sheari

ng

eff

icie

ncy

Fig.1 Stabilized shearing VS. hasty shearing

Feeding Discharging

Imag

e s

ou

rce: n

ofi

ma

ARTICLE

ww

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enis

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11


ww

w.thin

kgra

inth

inkf

ee

d.c

o.in

10

o substantially improve

extruder performance in

aquafeed production, in

recent years Muyang Group Tmade research efforts in different

aspects. The energy efficiency

improving technology and its

application as well as the development

on pellet uniformity control is

introduced in the present article.

With the development of extrusion

technology, one of the development

trends in aquafeed milling is that

extruder is taking the place of pellet

mill and becomes the most popular

and most efficient milling machine

because of its flexible production

adaptability, high product quality and

high sanitation assurance. However,

the obstacle impeding extruder

popularization is energy input, which

must be decreased.

As it is well known that, sufficient

energy is required to put into the

extrusion system to sustain the whole

extrusion process, from material

conditioning to kneading, shearing,

cooking, extruding, forming and finally

obtaining qualified aquafeed.

Essentially, the input energy is

normally defined into two forms: the

specific mechanical energy (SME) and

the specific thermal energy (STE).

Analyzing from the energy inputs that

required for cooking the raw recipe

components, there are three possible

ways to improve energy efficiency of

an extrusion system, i.e. to increase

production capacity while decrease

the power consumption:


of SME;


of STE

(3) Try to input and utilize most STE

from the relatively cheaper source

-steam to substitute some SME

input

1.1 Method to maximize SME

utilization

First of all, the approach was studied

to match the SEM input with that

required for material ripening. If lower

than that required, the input SME

could not ripen the material

sufficiently even though it would

result in higher production capacity,

vice versa. Therefore, only proper SME

input can guarantee high quality

extruded aquafeed while maximizing

production capacity.

By quantifying the abilities of each

screw segment (including conveying,

shearing and mixing abilities) and

testing the effects of different screw

combinations, the extruder research

team found out the optimal screw

configuration that can achieve proper

SEM input for a given auquafeed

production task.

Based on above mentioned studies

and a perceptual as well as rational

knowledge of extrusion technology,

Muyang extrusion team worked out a

new concept — “stabilized shearing.”

Usually, the whole extrusion process

that material undergoes, from being

fed into the extruding chamber up to

being extruded out of the die plate, is

a “hasty shearing” process

accompanied by high pressure, high

power consumption and high wearing

of working parts, and also inconstant

discharge of extruded material.

The stabilized shearing technology

brought by the group can largely

stabilize the shearing efficiency in the

whole extrusion process (see Fig.1).

The optimal screw configuration can

not only impart extrusion process

proper SME inputs but also ensure the

product gelatinization not less than

that of the “hasty shearing

technology.” It has been proven that,

when producing aquafeed with the

stabilized shearing technology, an

extruder can increase the capacity by

15% with an energy savage of 12% per

ton of feed.

1.2 Method to maximize STE

utilization

Aquafeed mash needs to be pre-

cooked in the conditioner by hot

steam before entering into the

extruder chamber for extrusion. How

to maximize the utilization of thermal

energy from a given amount of steam

to improve the gelatinization of

aquafeed mash in the conditioner has

been the focus of research team for

years.

The moisture and heat of steam is

hard to penetrate into the core of feed

mash particles and “cook” them just

by the simple physical mixing function

of a conventional conditioner,

especially for the oil-rich aquafeed

mash. That means more steam and

longer conditioning time has to be

given in order to achieve high mash

gelatinization.

Targeting the goal of improving steam

utilization and enhancing feed

gelatinization, the research team has

invented the “reinforced conditioning

technology”, which can improve the

mass and heat transfer efficiency and

uniformity of steam effectively.

Conditioner with the new technology

achieves excellent conditioning

performance. Besides, the production

capacity of an extrusion system

equipped with reinforced conditioning

technology is able to increase by 10-

15% compared to that with a common

DDC conditioner, because of the

thorough pre-cooking function in the

conditioning process. Furthermore,

the enhanced pre-cooking could bring

in more stable running of the machine

and less wear of the working parts

such as the segmented screws and

extruding chamber liner, which

alternatively is saving maintenance

cost.

1.3 Substitute SME with steam

thermal energy

As it is well known that, the same

energy in steam thermal form is far

cheaper than that in electric power

form. And the SME input to a running

extruder always comes from electric

power supply. What if some part of

the required electric power is

substituted with steam thermal

energy, the production cost of

aquafeed will be decreased

significantly.

During cooking, the amount of steam

thermal energy utilized by feed mash

is determined by conditioner pressure.

For instance, conditioned by saturated

steam, the highest conditioning

temperature that feed mash can

achieve is 100°C under 0.1MPa while

can reach 164.19°C under 0.6MPa.

Therefore, on one hand to make full

use of steam thermal energy under

ambient condition, on the other hand

to optimize the conditioning pressure

and maximize the steam energy

utilization.

The more the steam energy being

utilized by feed mash, the less the

SME required for extrusion.

The “substituting SME with steam

thermal energy” technology in the

extruders has been proven to be an

effective and economic way.

Pellet Uniformity

Good pellet uniformity and pleasing

appearance are the important and

attractive characters for high quality

aquafeed. However, the relationship

between good pellet uniformity and

high production capacity is hard to

balance, especially for the single-screw

extruder. As the production capacity

increases, the pellet uniformity

declines. Usually, good pellet

uniformity can be gained when the

extruder is running at 70~80% of its

rated load. Essentially, the non-

uniform extruded pellets are

generated by materials lacking

homogeneity in the whole feed milling

process. From grinding to mixing,

conditioning, extruding and forming,

material's lack of proper homogeneity

in any of these processes will finally

cause non-uniform extruded pellets.

Fortunately, material homogeneity in

the grinding, mixing and conditioning

hasty shearing

stabilized shearing

sheari

ng

eff

icie

ncy

Fig.1 Stabilized shearing VS. hasty shearing

Feeding Discharging

Imag

e s

ou

rce: n

ofi

ma

Record low Zimbabwe corn crop badly affect drought-hit South Africa

outh Africa, which is the

continent's biggest corn

producer and is suffering the

worst drought in history, may Sneed to help neighboring Zimbabwe

with corn supplies as a drought cuts its

harvest to the lowest since records

started, a grain and oilseed farmers'

body said. Zimbabwe will probably

produce 200,000 metric tons, said Grain

SA, South Africa's largest representative

of corn farmers, which cited data from

South Africa's Bureau for Food and

Agricultural Policy. That would be the

smallest crop since at least 1961, when

data from the United Nations' Food and

Agriculture Organization starts.

Zimbabwe needs 1.1 million tons to 2

million tons of corn in 2016-17, Grain

SA estimated. Zimbabwe traditionally

relies on South Africa and Zambia for

corn, which is used to make a staple

food. The biggest nation in the region

last year suffered its lowest rainfall

since records began in 1904, with

Zambia stepping in to provide supplies

to countries in the area, but dry spells

have now also curbed agricultural

output in Zambia, where the 2016

harvest may drop about 30 percent to

the smallest since 2009.

South Africa may have to import 3.8

million tons of corn in the year to April

2017 as the drought cuts this year's

harvest to 7.44 million tons, the

smallest since 2007. Grain SA's import

estimate includes about 810,000 tons to

be supplied to the Southern African

Development Community countries of

Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and

Swaziland, but doesn't account for

Zimbabwe's needs because it estimated

Zambia would fulfill the requirement.

“Zambia stocks are down, which lessens

its ability to sufficiently supply regional

markets,” said Wandile Sihlobo, an

economist at Grain SA. “What all this

means is that there will be additional

pressure on the South African side.”

The broader region may have to import

as much as 10.9 million tons of grains

such as corn, wheat, and soybeans,

according to Senzeni Zokwana, South

Africa's agriculture minister.

Source: bloomberg

MARKET PROJECTIONS w

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processes is easy to be controlled with

available techniques. The most

challenging task is to control feed

mash homogeneity during extruding.

Causes of non-uniform feed mash:

(1) Non-uniform shearing force- The

more difference of shearing force

brought by extruding screw stressing

on feed mash, the more non-uniform

gelatinization and the more non-

uniform pellet is achieved.

(2) Different flow rate- Flow rate of

feed mash during extruding could be

different in two zones: the screw zone

and the non-screw zone (between the

end of screw and the die plate). The

different flow rate of feed mash in the

extruder will cause different ripening

time, and different gelatinization as well

as different pellets quality accordingly.

For a normal extruder, the difference of

shearing force and that of flow rate are

related to production capacity. The

larger the actual capacity that is close to

the rated value, the bigger the difference

of shearing force and that of flow rate. In

view of above impacting factors, the

research team has developed the

“turbulent flow extruding technology”

to control pellet uniformity in aquafeed

extrusion (See Fig.2). It is applied to

well distribute the shearing force in the

screw zone and to unify the flow rate in

both the screw zone and to unify the

non-screw zone (between end of screw

and die plate) in an extruder chamber.

The turbulent flow extruding technology

can help extruder (especially the single-

screw extruder) perform outstandingly in

aquafeed production.

Source: Muyang

Nonuniform flow rate

Flow pass width

Uniform flow rate

Flow pass width

Fig.2 Non-uniform flow rate VS. uniform flow rate

mported corn that arrived in

India in late February 2016 is

awaiting discharge, following the IMethyl Bromide re-fumigation at

Kandla port. As market awaits the

receipt of the cargo, spot prices have

more or less remained stable. From last

week of February to 1st week of March,

the prices moved up slightly.

Nizamabad at Rs 14614/MT up 0.41%,

Davangere at Rs 14900/MT up 0.51%;

Karimnagar stable at Rs 14550/MT;

Sangli down 1% to Rs 14750/MT,

Gulabbagh 4.67% to Rs 16930/MT.

which indicates that the market awaits

the arrival of maize in Bihar. Future trade

from Bihar continues, contracts at Rs

14500-14750/MT being done for

April/May 2016 deliveries. There have

been some rains in some of the corn

belts, no major harm reported, but that

could delay the harvest by a few days.

The high day time temperature would

also mean early maturity. Future price

however have move up in the last two

weeks as weather related and

sentiments. March up 0.92% to Rs

14240/MT; April up 5.28% to Rs

12760/MT; May up 3.52% to Rs

12350/MT; June up 3.32% to Rs

12440/MT and July at Rs 14614/MT.

In the US however, the future prices

have been down from 2nd week of

February 2016 and for last week have

been stable. The market may have

found the bottom as of date as the

market also await the WASDE report

this week. On Corn contracts March

$130.52/MT; May $141.02 down 0.36%;

July $143.06/MT down 0.22%;

September $145.42/MT down 0.16%.

The downtrend on the CBOT has helped

the FOB prices to also soften and

currently indicated at $159 /MT (FOB US

Gulf); $168/MT (FOB PNW).

The freight rates from US to the market

has been low and the market may have

found a bottom here as well. There are

more ships in the market and this is

leading to more supply than demand.

Trade is also good, but not enough to

fulfill the supply. Benchmark US Gulf-

Japan down to $22.75/MT; PNW-Japan

down to $13.25/MT; US Gulf-China

$21/MT; PNW-China $12.25/MT;

Argentina-Brazil-China ranging.

Following the low corn prices in US,

DDGS prices on FOB basis have been

more or less stable at $183/Mt (FOB US

Gulf) and $198/MT (FOB PNW). It is a

good buy for the poultry and date

sector as a protein-energy source. CNF

price stop Vietnam at $213/MT and to

China at $210/MT. The DDGS has 27%

protein and 6% fat and can be used in

broiler and layer ration at 10% levels

and in dairy feeds at 15% levels without

any problem. Indian poultry and feed

millers continue to use high priced SBM

at Rs 34000/MT, while the world

continues to use low prices protein

meals to feed the livestock. Imported

Sunflower meal is all coming to India

and priced at a max of Rs 21000/MT (all

costs paid) for a 35% protein. DDGS

could be one of the cheapest sources of

protein with an added advance of

energy, which also will need to be

valued. Just as corn, the duty on import

of protein meals will need to be ZERO

to make it feasible.

Source: Techproindia

Imag

e s

ou

rce: d

red

gin

gto

day

IND

UST

RY

NEW

S

Record low Zimbabwe corn crop badly affect drought-hit South Africa

outh Africa, which is the

continent's biggest corn

producer and is suffering the

worst drought in history, may Sneed to help neighboring Zimbabwe

with corn supplies as a drought cuts its

harvest to the lowest since records

started, a grain and oilseed farmers'

body said. Zimbabwe will probably

produce 200,000 metric tons, said Grain

SA, South Africa's largest representative

of corn farmers, which cited data from

South Africa's Bureau for Food and

Agricultural Policy. That would be the

smallest crop since at least 1961, when

data from the United Nations' Food and

Agriculture Organization starts.

Zimbabwe needs 1.1 million tons to 2

million tons of corn in 2016-17, Grain

SA estimated. Zimbabwe traditionally

relies on South Africa and Zambia for

corn, which is used to make a staple

food. The biggest nation in the region

last year suffered its lowest rainfall

since records began in 1904, with

Zambia stepping in to provide supplies

to countries in the area, but dry spells

have now also curbed agricultural

output in Zambia, where the 2016

harvest may drop about 30 percent to

the smallest since 2009.

South Africa may have to import 3.8

million tons of corn in the year to April

2017 as the drought cuts this year's

harvest to 7.44 million tons, the

smallest since 2007. Grain SA's import

estimate includes about 810,000 tons to

be supplied to the Southern African

Development Community countries of

Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and

Swaziland, but doesn't account for

Zimbabwe's needs because it estimated

Zambia would fulfill the requirement.

“Zambia stocks are down, which lessens

its ability to sufficiently supply regional

markets,” said Wandile Sihlobo, an

economist at Grain SA. “What all this

means is that there will be additional

pressure on the South African side.”

The broader region may have to import

as much as 10.9 million tons of grains

such as corn, wheat, and soybeans,

according to Senzeni Zokwana, South

Africa's agriculture minister.

Source: bloomberg

MARKET PROJECTIONS

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processes is easy to be controlled with

available techniques. The most

challenging task is to control feed

mash homogeneity during extruding.

Causes of non-uniform feed mash:

(1) Non-uniform shearing force- The

more difference of shearing force

brought by extruding screw stressing

on feed mash, the more non-uniform

gelatinization and the more non-

uniform pellet is achieved.

(2) Different flow rate- Flow rate of

feed mash during extruding could be

different in two zones: the screw zone

and the non-screw zone (between the

end of screw and the die plate). The

different flow rate of feed mash in the

extruder will cause different ripening

time, and different gelatinization as well

as different pellets quality accordingly.

For a normal extruder, the difference of

shearing force and that of flow rate are

related to production capacity. The

larger the actual capacity that is close to

the rated value, the bigger the difference

of shearing force and that of flow rate. In

view of above impacting factors, the

research team has developed the

“turbulent flow extruding technology”

to control pellet uniformity in aquafeed

extrusion (See Fig.2). It is applied to

well distribute the shearing force in the

screw zone and to unify the flow rate in

both the screw zone and to unify the

non-screw zone (between end of screw

and die plate) in an extruder chamber.

The turbulent flow extruding technology

can help extruder (especially the single-

screw extruder) perform outstandingly in

aquafeed production.

Source: Muyang

Nonuniform flow rate

Flow pass width

Uniform flow rate

Flow pass width

Fig.2 Non-uniform flow rate VS. uniform flow rate

mported corn that arrived in

India in late February 2016 is

awaiting discharge, following the IMethyl Bromide re-fumigation at

Kandla port. As market awaits the

receipt of the cargo, spot prices have

more or less remained stable. From last

week of February to 1st week of March,

the prices moved up slightly.

Nizamabad at Rs 14614/MT up 0.41%,

Davangere at Rs 14900/MT up 0.51%;

Karimnagar stable at Rs 14550/MT;

Sangli down 1% to Rs 14750/MT,

Gulabbagh 4.67% to Rs 16930/MT.

which indicates that the market awaits

the arrival of maize in Bihar. Future trade

from Bihar continues, contracts at Rs

14500-14750/MT being done for

April/May 2016 deliveries. There have

been some rains in some of the corn

belts, no major harm reported, but that

could delay the harvest by a few days.

The high day time temperature would

also mean early maturity. Future price

however have move up in the last two

weeks as weather related and

sentiments. March up 0.92% to Rs

14240/MT; April up 5.28% to Rs

12760/MT; May up 3.52% to Rs

12350/MT; June up 3.32% to Rs

12440/MT and July at Rs 14614/MT.

In the US however, the future prices

have been down from 2nd week of

February 2016 and for last week have

been stable. The market may have

found the bottom as of date as the

market also await the WASDE report

this week. On Corn contracts March

$130.52/MT; May $141.02 down 0.36%;

July $143.06/MT down 0.22%;

September $145.42/MT down 0.16%.

The downtrend on the CBOT has helped

the FOB prices to also soften and

currently indicated at $159 /MT (FOB US

Gulf); $168/MT (FOB PNW).

The freight rates from US to the market

has been low and the market may have

found a bottom here as well. There are

more ships in the market and this is

leading to more supply than demand.

Trade is also good, but not enough to

fulfill the supply. Benchmark US Gulf-

Japan down to $22.75/MT; PNW-Japan

down to $13.25/MT; US Gulf-China

$21/MT; PNW-China $12.25/MT;

Argentina-Brazil-China ranging.

Following the low corn prices in US,

DDGS prices on FOB basis have been

more or less stable at $183/Mt (FOB US

Gulf) and $198/MT (FOB PNW). It is a

good buy for the poultry and date

sector as a protein-energy source. CNF

price stop Vietnam at $213/MT and to

China at $210/MT. The DDGS has 27%

protein and 6% fat and can be used in

broiler and layer ration at 10% levels

and in dairy feeds at 15% levels without

any problem. Indian poultry and feed

millers continue to use high priced SBM

at Rs 34000/MT, while the world

continues to use low prices protein

meals to feed the livestock. Imported

Sunflower meal is all coming to India

and priced at a max of Rs 21000/MT (all

costs paid) for a 35% protein. DDGS

could be one of the cheapest sources of

protein with an added advance of

energy, which also will need to be

valued. Just as corn, the duty on import

of protein meals will need to be ZERO

to make it feasible.

Source: Techproindia

Imag

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IND

UST

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NEW

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016PELLETING TIPS

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While we all accept, understand and

agree that steam is the only thing that

contributes to all three elements -

temperature (sensible heat), heat (latent

energy or heat), and moisture required

to condition the mash meal before

going for pelleting. Requirement of

these three elements vary according to

local ingredients, meal temperature,

and meal moisture including other

environmental factors.

In some parts of the world (mostly

temperate regions) or at a particular

time of the year, meal moisture gets

quite high so we need to focus more on

temperature and heat from the steam.

While in other places, meal temperature

gets too high and ingredients are so

dried up (in tropical regions) that we

require more moisture by pulling in low

temperature high saturated steam to

manage extra conditioning time and

before reaching setting conditioning

temperature fast. In some conditions,

both temperature and moisture of the

ingredients is so low that we require all

three elements-temperature, heat and

Dr Naveen Kumar, Delst Asia

moisture of steam to condition the

meal properly. It is not desirable to

have a single operating setting

parameter for running the pellet mill, as

all the three elements mentioned above

are closely related to each other for the

successful pelleting operation.

Hence, it is of utmost importance to

work with the correct steam type that

provides a fine balance of these three

elements, as per the requirement of

meal ingredients and the mill operator

should be trained to work dynamically.

In case, steam is not able to contribute

enough moisture in dried-up

conditions to properly condition the

starch rich diets as required for feed

manufacturing, we may add moisture

through water in the mixer. It is

necessary to provide sufficient moisture

as enough hydration is the key in starch

cooking and properly conditioning the

mash meal before it enters the pellet

press.

So, the primary objectives of proper

meal hydration during conditioning are

to:

• Ensure uniform moistening of

feed particles – Adding sufficient

water in mixer or sufficient steam in

conditioner, helps to moisten the

feed particles uniformly which if

offered sufficient time (inside the

conditioner), helps this water to

penetrate inside the feed particles

with enough agitation in the form

of paddle rotation which also

depends on the particle size (at this

point of time, we have to

remember while it is very easy to

transfer temperature and heat from

the steam to the feed particles, it is

the moisture which is the most

difficult to get transferred and that

is the reason that we always

advocate for a long time

conditioner with minimum 40-60

seconds of conditioning time).

• Initiate the cooking process – the

cooking reaction is primarily a

function of temperature and time,

in the presence of sufficient water.

If any of the element is missing,

feed will not get properly

conditioned to produce desirable

quality of pellets. Enough

conditioning with right quantity of

moisture in the mash meal in

conditioner also helps the starch

gelatinization process to get

completed in the die.

Note that in this discussion, cooking,

conditioning or starch gelatinization are

being used as interchangeable generic

terms to describe the various material

transformations, which occur during the

feed processing to form pellets or

crumbles.

Benefits of Proper Hydration:

Achieving required hydration softens

particles and reduces die wearing. As

water is part of the cooking reaction,

uniform hydration also enhances degree

of starch gelatinization that means more

leaching of amylose to bind other feed

particles. Gelatinization enhances the

ability of starch to absorb large

quantities of water and this may lead to

improved digestibility and improved

feed conversion efficiency (a starch

granule can hold up to 300% moisture

than its weight).

By achieving required degree of cooking,

digestibility of the pellet is improved.

Gelatinization increases the speed of

enzymes (amylases) to break down the

starch linkages, thus, converting it to

simpler and more soluble carbohydrates

as higher gelatinized starch or feed gets

faster digested and assimilated in the

bird's body. A high degree of cooking

also means that binding and pellet

durability can be achieved with less

starch (with protein binding also

contributing to the protein quality). If

cooking is initiated in the conditioner,

less cooking needs to be done in the die

chamber, which may result in improved

throughput. But also, in a conditioner,

the cooking is achieved under relatively

low shear conditions (low mechanical

energy) compared to cooking in the

extruder barrel – so reduced water

solubility and higher water absorption

in the product also enhance pellet

durability after it is wet.

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While we all accept, understand and

agree that steam is the only thing that

contributes to all three elements -

temperature (sensible heat), heat (latent

energy or heat), and moisture required

to condition the mash meal before

going for pelleting. Requirement of

these three elements vary according to

local ingredients, meal temperature,

and meal moisture including other

environmental factors.

In some parts of the world (mostly

temperate regions) or at a particular

time of the year, meal moisture gets

quite high so we need to focus more on

temperature and heat from the steam.

While in other places, meal temperature

gets too high and ingredients are so

dried up (in tropical regions) that we

require more moisture by pulling in low

temperature high saturated steam to

manage extra conditioning time and

before reaching setting conditioning

temperature fast. In some conditions,

both temperature and moisture of the

ingredients is so low that we require all

three elements-temperature, heat and

Dr Naveen Kumar, Delst Asia

moisture of steam to condition the

meal properly. It is not desirable to

have a single operating setting

parameter for running the pellet mill, as

all the three elements mentioned above

are closely related to each other for the

successful pelleting operation.

Hence, it is of utmost importance to

work with the correct steam type that

provides a fine balance of these three

elements, as per the requirement of

meal ingredients and the mill operator

should be trained to work dynamically.

In case, steam is not able to contribute

enough moisture in dried-up

conditions to properly condition the

starch rich diets as required for feed

manufacturing, we may add moisture

through water in the mixer. It is

necessary to provide sufficient moisture

as enough hydration is the key in starch

cooking and properly conditioning the

mash meal before it enters the pellet

press.

So, the primary objectives of proper

meal hydration during conditioning are

to:

• Ensure uniform moistening of

feed particles – Adding sufficient

water in mixer or sufficient steam in

conditioner, helps to moisten the

feed particles uniformly which if

offered sufficient time (inside the

conditioner), helps this water to

penetrate inside the feed particles

with enough agitation in the form

of paddle rotation which also

depends on the particle size (at this

point of time, we have to

remember while it is very easy to

transfer temperature and heat from

the steam to the feed particles, it is

the moisture which is the most

difficult to get transferred and that

is the reason that we always

advocate for a long time

conditioner with minimum 40-60

seconds of conditioning time).

• Initiate the cooking process – the

cooking reaction is primarily a

function of temperature and time,

in the presence of sufficient water.

If any of the element is missing,

feed will not get properly

conditioned to produce desirable

quality of pellets. Enough

conditioning with right quantity of

moisture in the mash meal in

conditioner also helps the starch

gelatinization process to get

completed in the die.

Note that in this discussion, cooking,

conditioning or starch gelatinization are

being used as interchangeable generic

terms to describe the various material

transformations, which occur during the

feed processing to form pellets or

crumbles.

Benefits of Proper Hydration:

Achieving required hydration softens

particles and reduces die wearing. As

water is part of the cooking reaction,

uniform hydration also enhances degree

of starch gelatinization that means more

leaching of amylose to bind other feed

particles. Gelatinization enhances the

ability of starch to absorb large

quantities of water and this may lead to

improved digestibility and improved

feed conversion efficiency (a starch

granule can hold up to 300% moisture

than its weight).

By achieving required degree of cooking,

digestibility of the pellet is improved.

Gelatinization increases the speed of

enzymes (amylases) to break down the

starch linkages, thus, converting it to

simpler and more soluble carbohydrates

as higher gelatinized starch or feed gets

faster digested and assimilated in the

bird's body. A high degree of cooking

also means that binding and pellet

durability can be achieved with less

starch (with protein binding also

contributing to the protein quality). If

cooking is initiated in the conditioner,

less cooking needs to be done in the die

chamber, which may result in improved

throughput. But also, in a conditioner,

the cooking is achieved under relatively

low shear conditions (low mechanical

energy) compared to cooking in the

extruder barrel – so reduced water

solubility and higher water absorption

in the product also enhance pellet

durability after it is wet.

INTERVIEW w

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016 Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

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Ottevanger Milling Engineers is one of the

leading feed mill suppliers in the world.

The company specializes in design and

manufacturing of equipment and

installations in the feed industry, and

carried out a large number of projects

worldwide: equipment and installations for

mixed feeds, premixes, additives, fish feed,

pet food, and other cereal related

processes.

Mr. Paul Eijmberts, Area Sales Manager

Asia & Pacific, shares about the company's

profile, the challenges in the Indian market.

Could you tell our readers about Ottevanger Milling

Engineers?

What are the new projects that are expected to be

pursued by Ottevanger Milling Engineers in near

future? Especially, in the feed section, which of these

three areas viz. Poultry, Cattle, Aqua feeds is going to

be the main thrust area of your activity.

Could you please share the factors that makes

Ottevanger Milling Engineers different from other

national and international players in the market?

Ottevanger Milling Engineers is a family-owned,

Netherlands-based company, founded in 1909. For more

than a century Ottevanger Milling Engineers is a major

player in the global feed milling industry. Over these years

a large number of countries and customers have been

provided with dedicated and proven solutions for feed

production.

Ottevanger's solutions can be found in all sectors of the

animal feed industry and also cover fish feed and petfood

processes. Furthermore Ottevanger builds premix plants,

oil seed and cereal processing plants and biomass process

plants.

Majority of the plants in Asia are related with processing

of poultry feeds (mash, pelleted/crumbled), but there is a

significant trend for fish feed production, for either

floating and sinking fish feeds.

Furthermore, there is an increasing demand for heat

treatment processes for sanitizing purposes.

Through constant innovation and with changing market

needs in mind, Ottevanger is constantly improving

Equipment and Services. Recently the High Efficiency Line

(HE Line) has been launched, which covers the new

generation Pelletmill, Rollermill and Crumbler. This line has

brought to the market improvements in terms of capacity,

reduced motor power, dust-arm design, as well as easy and

ergonomic maintenance.

Besides conventional feedmills, Ottevanger also has a

unique modular concept; the Containerized Feedmill. This

Containerized Feedmill is developed in the early 70's and

since then many references build worldwide. The

Containerized Feedmills are still growing in popularity and

are supplied for a range of applications, bringing versatility

to the market.

Containerized Feedmills can be supplied in the range of 1

ton per hour up-to 45 ton per hour. According to the

defined scope of processes, the proper equipment is

installed in 20-foot container frames, which can be handled

as separate modules. The container frame, being used for

shipment, is also the steel structure for the machine tower.

The modules can be stacked and connected together,

creating the planned process line of the feedmill. Depending

on the capacity, finally the machine towers seldom exceed

10 meters in height.

Benefits to customers may include :

! Machine tower has limited height, and can be build

inside lightweight warehouse building (no wind loads).

! As the container frame is used for shipment and being

part of the steel structure of the machine tower, the

savings on steel and shipment cost are significant.

! In combination with the low weight loads of the

machine tower, the costs on building and civil works are

limited.

Please throw some light on concept of Containerized

Feedmill.

! As such plants can be erected in a

short timeframe; require less

installation personnel and tools,

and for a shorter period of time.

! Having a small floor print, this

compact feedmill still has enough

space for maintenance activities.

! The modular concept also allows

easy expansion on later date. The

ease of attaching an additional

pelleting line or other processes

on the existing Containerized

Feedmill, prevents you from huge

(re-)investments on equipment

and on building.

A number of Containerized Feedmills

have been provided in several Asian

countries, performing to satisfaction of

customers and meeting processing

requirements. Some of the latest

customers opting for Containerized

Feedmills are in Thailand and Malaysia.

In India, Containerized plants are

installed for producing a range of Fish

Feeds.

Paul started working in the feed

industry in 2007, and is within

Ottevanger Milling Engineers, since

2012 responsible for the Asian &

Who is Paul Eijmberts (Area Sales

Manager Asia & Pacific) and how

does he see the market ?

INTERVIEW

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016 Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

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Ottevanger Milling Engineers is one of the

leading feed mill suppliers in the world.

The company specializes in design and

manufacturing of equipment and

installations in the feed industry, and

carried out a large number of projects

worldwide: equipment and installations for

mixed feeds, premixes, additives, fish feed,

pet food, and other cereal related

processes.

Mr. Paul Eijmberts, Area Sales Manager

Asia & Pacific, shares about the company's

profile, the challenges in the Indian market.

Could you tell our readers about Ottevanger Milling

Engineers?

What are the new projects that are expected to be

pursued by Ottevanger Milling Engineers in near

future? Especially, in the feed section, which of these

three areas viz. Poultry, Cattle, Aqua feeds is going to

be the main thrust area of your activity.

Could you please share the factors that makes

Ottevanger Milling Engineers different from other

national and international players in the market?

Ottevanger Milling Engineers is a family-owned,

Netherlands-based company, founded in 1909. For more

than a century Ottevanger Milling Engineers is a major

player in the global feed milling industry. Over these years

a large number of countries and customers have been

provided with dedicated and proven solutions for feed

production.

Ottevanger's solutions can be found in all sectors of the

animal feed industry and also cover fish feed and petfood

processes. Furthermore Ottevanger builds premix plants,

oil seed and cereal processing plants and biomass process

plants.

Majority of the plants in Asia are related with processing

of poultry feeds (mash, pelleted/crumbled), but there is a

significant trend for fish feed production, for either

floating and sinking fish feeds.

Furthermore, there is an increasing demand for heat

treatment processes for sanitizing purposes.

Through constant innovation and with changing market

needs in mind, Ottevanger is constantly improving

Equipment and Services. Recently the High Efficiency Line

(HE Line) has been launched, which covers the new

generation Pelletmill, Rollermill and Crumbler. This line has

brought to the market improvements in terms of capacity,

reduced motor power, dust-arm design, as well as easy and

ergonomic maintenance.

Besides conventional feedmills, Ottevanger also has a

unique modular concept; the Containerized Feedmill. This

Containerized Feedmill is developed in the early 70's and

since then many references build worldwide. The

Containerized Feedmills are still growing in popularity and

are supplied for a range of applications, bringing versatility

to the market.

Containerized Feedmills can be supplied in the range of 1

ton per hour up-to 45 ton per hour. According to the

defined scope of processes, the proper equipment is

installed in 20-foot container frames, which can be handled

as separate modules. The container frame, being used for

shipment, is also the steel structure for the machine tower.

The modules can be stacked and connected together,

creating the planned process line of the feedmill. Depending

on the capacity, finally the machine towers seldom exceed

10 meters in height.

Benefits to customers may include :

! Machine tower has limited height, and can be build

inside lightweight warehouse building (no wind loads).

! As the container frame is used for shipment and being

part of the steel structure of the machine tower, the

savings on steel and shipment cost are significant.

! In combination with the low weight loads of the

machine tower, the costs on building and civil works are

limited.

Please throw some light on concept of Containerized

Feedmill.

! As such plants can be erected in a

short timeframe; require less

installation personnel and tools,

and for a shorter period of time.

! Having a small floor print, this

compact feedmill still has enough

space for maintenance activities.

! The modular concept also allows

easy expansion on later date. The

ease of attaching an additional

pelleting line or other processes

on the existing Containerized

Feedmill, prevents you from huge

(re-)investments on equipment

and on building.

A number of Containerized Feedmills

have been provided in several Asian

countries, performing to satisfaction of

customers and meeting processing

requirements. Some of the latest

customers opting for Containerized

Feedmills are in Thailand and Malaysia.

In India, Containerized plants are

installed for producing a range of Fish

Feeds.

Paul started working in the feed

industry in 2007, and is within

Ottevanger Milling Engineers, since

2012 responsible for the Asian &

Who is Paul Eijmberts (Area Sales

Manager Asia & Pacific) and how

does he see the market ?

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016ARTICLE

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Pacific region. Visiting the Asian and

Pacific countries is large part of his job,

and Paul can be found on the major

trade shows in the region. For customer

meetings and participating in selected

trade shows, Paul travels frequently also

in India. He is involved in development

programs and has constant interaction

with supporting companies, embassies

and local representations, with one

goal: bringing feed production

(standards) to higher levels to

accommodate the local feed

production.

Paul: “It is important to listen carefully

to customers, and to understand their

needs, demands and plans. With proper

understanding of these plans,

customers can be guided in defining a

solution that suits for the next decades,

and not only for the next years. I feel

pleased that pragmatics and flexibility

within Ottevanger Milling Engineers, is

key in serving customers with durable

solutions. Many of such tailor-made

solutions found their way in the

different areas of the feed sector”.

“Besides offering complete projects or

single machines/equipment,

Ottevanger Milling Engineers has a

unique feedmill concept: the Modular,

Containerised Feedmill. This flexible

feedmill design is already available

from small capacities and opens doors

for small feedmillers to high quality

equipment standards”.

Please share some of learning about

Indian Feed Industry. What are the

challenges and opportunities for

Ottevanger in the Indian market ?

The Indian feed market is maturing,

with growing awareness of the positive

impact of compound feed on animal

products. Contribution of balanced

compound feeds on higher farm output

(milk, meat, eggs) and increased safety

of these products, but also on animal

health (less diseases), has been

recognized. The Indian Feed industry is

looking for the best possible solution,

but is also a price-sensitive market.

Limited by budgets, customers find it

challenging finding appropriate

processing solutions. The unique

Ottevanger Containerized Feedmills

concept, is a great opportunity to

overcome this challenge. It is

challenging to build understanding that

the overall investment of a new

feedmill, is more than equipment only.

Containerized Feedmills come with

multiple cost reductions in the overall

investment, without sacrificing on plant

performance and durability, and

making European standards affordable.

It is positive to find several

Governmental programs boosting the

Agricultural sector in India, in order to

create better access to protein sources.

Also the Dutch Embassy in Delhi plays

an active key role in part of these

programs, we feel always supported in

a professional way.

The first Containerized Feedmills

already found their way in India, and for

sure more will follow.

Would you give some tips to the feed

millers on maintenance of feed mills?

Maintenance is an important part of

running the feed mill, and must be part

of the daily schedule. Every system

requires more or less maintenance.

Maintenance can and should be

planned, to have the best machine

performance and durability. Without

maintenance any machine finally will

stop at an undesired time, causing

unwanted downtime and costs.

Besides the machine choice on price,

properties and performance, also the

serviceability topic should be balanced.

Well-designed equipment also meets

this aspect, which will limit your

maintenance activities and costs in the

upcoming years.

With our design, dedicated machine

parts absorb the wear factor, and are

simply exchangeable and cost efficient.

For more details, customers may

contact at [email protected] or

[email protected]

Telangana's first cattle feed production plant was inaugurated in February at Gadwal. Construction started in mid-2013,

with the feed plant being completed at an estimated total cost of Rs 8-10 crore. The new feed plant has a production

capacity of 100 tonnes per day, a large increase from the 10 tonne a day plant that had been in operation.

The new feed mill will produce more than enough feed to satisfy local demand, so the feed mill is also set to supply

feed to neighboring states such as Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The feed plant manager, Satyanarayana

Yadav, said that the new modern plant had been built in addition to the existing conventional feed mixing plant. The feed

produced at this plant is distributed in Khammam, Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda, Warangal, Medak and Nizamabad districts in

Telangana and Chittoor and Anantapur districts in Andhra Pradesh. Feed is produced by mixing 12 types of ingredients to

help enhance production of milk in cattle. The feed is sold under the brand name of Vijaya Feed.

Source: Feedmachinery

Telangana's first cattle feed plant opens

China may suffer a shortage of canola

meal, a protein-rich feed ingredient,

after Beijing plans to toughen the

import standards for the oilseed from

major exporters, industry analysts said.

China will allow no more than one

percent of foreign material in canola

shipments starting April 1, the country's

quarantine agency said last month. The

higher standard may be costly for

Canadian exporters, resulting in the

country taking a more cautious

approach to selling canola to China.

The rule also affects Australian canola,

but Canada is by far China's largest

supplier of the oilseed, known also as

rapeseed. Industry participants have

speculated that the higher standard is

part of a plan to reduce China's large

canola oil stockpiles by reducing seed

imports rather than because of

concerns about the transmission of the

blackleg fungus.

Expectations of low canola oilseed

Import rules to toughen in Chinaimports coupled with a big drop in the

domestic harvest means China may

have to increase imports of canola meal

this year to meet the needs of the fish-

farming sector, the analyst said.

“There will be a shortage of canola

meal at home. Feed mills may have to

increase imports whenever prices are

favourable,” said an industry analyst.

Chinese feed mills consume about 11

million tonnes of canola meal a year

and soymeal has already replaced the

use of canola meal to a large extent

since 2015. The replacement would

continue this year and that would cap

the growth of imports, the analysts

said. But for fish farming, canola meal

cannot be replaced fully, he added.

“But imports would not return to the

2011 level, though there could be a

short-term spike during the peak

consuming season” from May to

August, said Xu Aixia, an analyst with

Everbright Futures Co. Ltd.

China imported a record 1.38 million

tonnes of canola meal in 2011 after

Beijing limited canola imports from

Canada due to fungal disease in 2009.

Beijing has been selling its sizable state

rapeseed oil reserves, equivalent to

about one year of consumption.

China was the biggest importer of

Canadian canola during the 2014/15

crop year, buying 4.1 million tonnes,

according to Statistics Canada data.

Source: Reuters

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016ARTICLE

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Pacific region. Visiting the Asian and

Pacific countries is large part of his job,

and Paul can be found on the major

trade shows in the region. For customer

meetings and participating in selected

trade shows, Paul travels frequently also

in India. He is involved in development

programs and has constant interaction

with supporting companies, embassies

and local representations, with one

goal: bringing feed production

(standards) to higher levels to

accommodate the local feed

production.

Paul: “It is important to listen carefully

to customers, and to understand their

needs, demands and plans. With proper

understanding of these plans,

customers can be guided in defining a

solution that suits for the next decades,

and not only for the next years. I feel

pleased that pragmatics and flexibility

within Ottevanger Milling Engineers, is

key in serving customers with durable

solutions. Many of such tailor-made

solutions found their way in the

different areas of the feed sector”.

“Besides offering complete projects or

single machines/equipment,

Ottevanger Milling Engineers has a

unique feedmill concept: the Modular,

Containerised Feedmill. This flexible

feedmill design is already available

from small capacities and opens doors

for small feedmillers to high quality

equipment standards”.

Please share some of learning about

Indian Feed Industry. What are the

challenges and opportunities for

Ottevanger in the Indian market ?

The Indian feed market is maturing,

with growing awareness of the positive

impact of compound feed on animal

products. Contribution of balanced

compound feeds on higher farm output

(milk, meat, eggs) and increased safety

of these products, but also on animal

health (less diseases), has been

recognized. The Indian Feed industry is

looking for the best possible solution,

but is also a price-sensitive market.

Limited by budgets, customers find it

challenging finding appropriate

processing solutions. The unique

Ottevanger Containerized Feedmills

concept, is a great opportunity to

overcome this challenge. It is

challenging to build understanding that

the overall investment of a new

feedmill, is more than equipment only.

Containerized Feedmills come with

multiple cost reductions in the overall

investment, without sacrificing on plant

performance and durability, and

making European standards affordable.

It is positive to find several

Governmental programs boosting the

Agricultural sector in India, in order to

create better access to protein sources.

Also the Dutch Embassy in Delhi plays

an active key role in part of these

programs, we feel always supported in

a professional way.

The first Containerized Feedmills

already found their way in India, and for

sure more will follow.

Would you give some tips to the feed

millers on maintenance of feed mills?

Maintenance is an important part of

running the feed mill, and must be part

of the daily schedule. Every system

requires more or less maintenance.

Maintenance can and should be

planned, to have the best machine

performance and durability. Without

maintenance any machine finally will

stop at an undesired time, causing

unwanted downtime and costs.

Besides the machine choice on price,

properties and performance, also the

serviceability topic should be balanced.

Well-designed equipment also meets

this aspect, which will limit your

maintenance activities and costs in the

upcoming years.

With our design, dedicated machine

parts absorb the wear factor, and are

simply exchangeable and cost efficient.

For more details, customers may

contact at [email protected] or

[email protected]

Telangana's first cattle feed production plant was inaugurated in February at Gadwal. Construction started in mid-2013,

with the feed plant being completed at an estimated total cost of Rs 8-10 crore. The new feed plant has a production

capacity of 100 tonnes per day, a large increase from the 10 tonne a day plant that had been in operation.

The new feed mill will produce more than enough feed to satisfy local demand, so the feed mill is also set to supply

feed to neighboring states such as Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The feed plant manager, Satyanarayana

Yadav, said that the new modern plant had been built in addition to the existing conventional feed mixing plant. The feed

produced at this plant is distributed in Khammam, Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda, Warangal, Medak and Nizamabad districts in

Telangana and Chittoor and Anantapur districts in Andhra Pradesh. Feed is produced by mixing 12 types of ingredients to

help enhance production of milk in cattle. The feed is sold under the brand name of Vijaya Feed.

Source: Feedmachinery

Telangana's first cattle feed plant opens

China may suffer a shortage of canola

meal, a protein-rich feed ingredient,

after Beijing plans to toughen the

import standards for the oilseed from

major exporters, industry analysts said.

China will allow no more than one

percent of foreign material in canola

shipments starting April 1, the country's

quarantine agency said last month. The

higher standard may be costly for

Canadian exporters, resulting in the

country taking a more cautious

approach to selling canola to China.

The rule also affects Australian canola,

but Canada is by far China's largest

supplier of the oilseed, known also as

rapeseed. Industry participants have

speculated that the higher standard is

part of a plan to reduce China's large

canola oil stockpiles by reducing seed

imports rather than because of

concerns about the transmission of the

blackleg fungus.

Expectations of low canola oilseed

Import rules to toughen in Chinaimports coupled with a big drop in the

domestic harvest means China may

have to increase imports of canola meal

this year to meet the needs of the fish-

farming sector, the analyst said.

“There will be a shortage of canola

meal at home. Feed mills may have to

increase imports whenever prices are

favourable,” said an industry analyst.

Chinese feed mills consume about 11

million tonnes of canola meal a year

and soymeal has already replaced the

use of canola meal to a large extent

since 2015. The replacement would

continue this year and that would cap

the growth of imports, the analysts

said. But for fish farming, canola meal

cannot be replaced fully, he added.

“But imports would not return to the

2011 level, though there could be a

short-term spike during the peak

consuming season” from May to

August, said Xu Aixia, an analyst with

Everbright Futures Co. Ltd.

China imported a record 1.38 million

tonnes of canola meal in 2011 after

Beijing limited canola imports from

Canada due to fungal disease in 2009.

Beijing has been selling its sizable state

rapeseed oil reserves, equivalent to

about one year of consumption.

China was the biggest importer of

Canadian canola during the 2014/15

crop year, buying 4.1 million tonnes,

according to Statistics Canada data.

Source: Reuters

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ARTICLE

Dr. Suraj Amrutkar*, Dr. Suhas Amrutkar** and Bharti Deshmukh***

Introduction

Hydroponics means the technique of

growing plants without soil or solid

growing medium, but using water or

nutrient rich solution only for a short

duration. Typical hydroponic systems

are produced under artificial conditions

(i.e. green house or lighted systems in a

closed box) with regular watering,

producing a crop within 6-7 days. This

amount of time is sufficient to sprout

seeds such a barley, wheat, and

sunflower, or legumes like peas, to

produce a 4-8 inch growth of green

shoots. With hay and grain prices

reaching record highs, unpredictable

weather patterns, damaging pasture

lands, farmers across the country are in

need of a dependable and affordable

feed for livestock. Growing fodder

hydroponically is more efficient than

any other means of producing feed for

livestock. There is renewed interest in

hydroponic fodder systems for dairy,

livestock or poultry operations. The

idea of putting one kilogram of seed

into a hydroponic system to produce 10

times its weight in fodder is appealing.

However, the actual dry matter weight

of the original grain to the fodder

produced may or may not increase.

Hydroponic Fodder System Analyses

In analyzing hydroponic fodder, the first

step was to analyze the dry matter

exchange in sprouting the seed. A

simple experiment was conducted.

Barley seed in the amount of 5.5

kilogram when put into each tray

around 88% dry matter (DM), yielded

55 kilogram of fodder when harvested

at 12% DM or 6.6 kilogram of DM. This

equated to a 36% DM increase. Other

samples have shown more than 10%

DM losses. Feed analysis shows the

barley fodder protein increases 2%-4%

from the barley grain seed as a percent

of dry matter. Total digestible nutrients

(TDN) as a percent of dry matter can

decrease 10% from the barley grain.

Thus, it is important to evaluate this

DM exchange that occurs as total dry

matter weight changes of protein and

TDN. This may yield much different

results than only looking at percent dry

matter changes.

Hydroponics grown up by Maize

Hydroponic green fodder is grown up

by maize. Soaking time of only 4 hours

is sufficient for maize seed. Soaked

seed produced from 1.25 kg un-soaked

maize seed is loaded in a 90 x 32 cm

tray. Hydroponic green fodders look

like a mat consisting of roots, seeds and

plants. About 3.5 kg and 5.5 kg

hydroponic green fodders were

produced from each kg of yellow maize

(CT-818) and white maize (CM-4),

respectively. Production cost of

hydroponic green fodder from white

maize was lower than yellow maize. In

comparison to conventional green

fodder, hydroponics green fodders

contained more crude proteins (13.6 vs.

10.7 %) and less crude fibre (14.1 vs.

25.9%). Intake of hydroponic green

fodders by dairy animals was upto 24

kg/animal/day. As green fodders is an

integral part of dairy ration. Progressive

modern dairy farmers with elite dairy

herd or in situations where fodders

cannot be grown successfully, one can

produce hydroponic green fodder for

feeding dairy animals.

Effect on milk production

On daily feeding of 10 kg hydroponic

fodder maize per cow, farmer can save

1.0 kg concentrate mixture per cow

with further enhancement of 1.0 litre

milk per cow per day. The young calves

fed with 1-2 kg hydroponic fodder

gained higher body weight (350 gm vs.

200gm) with better skin coat.

Benefits to Livestock

Hydroponics Fodder is a more natural

feed and is comparable to the forages

the digestive systems of livestock and

horses were designed to process. Due

to its increased digestibility and the

availability of nutrients, there is a wide

range of benefits to feeding fodder

over grains and concentrates. Not only

shall the animals be healthier and have

a better quality of life, they shall also be

more productive and profitable.

Benefits to all animals include:

! Faster weaning and less stress on

mothers and young stock

! Less manure due to increased

digestibility of fodder

! Boosted immune system

! Increased longevity and lifespan

! Earlier heat cycles

! Improved fertility

! Stimulated appetite during heat

stress

! Better behavior and temperament

Advantage of hydroponic fodder

production

! Minimal labour

! Higher green fodder yield grown

in a limited area

! Control over feed quality

! Less manure to handle

! Lower operating costs

! Less feed wastage

! Reduced feed storage cost

! Minimized veterinary/ treatment

costs

Correction for dry matter is very

important

1 kg of seeds will make 6 kg of fodder.

All animal rations consider feeds

primarily as dry matter (DM) equivalent,

since water is provided separately and

all of the other nutrients required by

the animals to live, grow and lactate are

in the dry matter (DM) portion. Thus, a

feed with 90% water (such as sprouted

grain) has considerably less feed value

than something with only 5% water

(such as the grain itself). So, in the

example above, if 1 kg of seed is 95%

DM and the resulting fodder is 10%

DM, then 0.95 kg of seed (1kg at 95%

DM) produces about 0.9-1.2 kg of dry

weight fodder (9-12 kg of total fodder

at 10% DM) which is no net DM gain at

all, in fact, it is a loss of DM.

However, this is just a back of the

envelop calculation. Let's try testing the

concept using real data from real

sprouted fodder.

Why do seedlings lose dry matter in

6-7 days of growth?

Seed utilizes the starch stored in the

seed during the first week or so of

growth before photosynthesis and root

uptake of minerals kick into cause

dramatic increases in growth. So, its not

surprising that the total dry weight of

the plant (i.e. seed, root, shoot)

decreases during that time, rather than

increasing, because the plant is using

up stored carbohydrates from the seed.

Later, plant is quite capable of

producing its own food from sunlight

and CO and begins to gain weight 2

rapidly. So, the hydroponic systems are

likely to lead to a net loss in dry matter

and carbon upto about 10-14 days of

growth.

Disadvantage

The hydroponic concept may be

appealing at first look, but it generally

does not hold up to scrutiny after

careful though. The main problem is

that it exhibits a net loss in terms of dry

matter yield of 24-30% after 6 to 7 days

of growth. The dry matter yields of

hydroponic systems are actually

negative, compared with the initial seed

input. Additionally, there is likely to be a

loss in feeding value of sprouted grain

compared with raw gain, on dry weight

basis. This result makes sense when

considering that the seed must utilize

stored carbohydrates in order to drive

growth of the seedling. The costs per

kg or ton produced are likely to be

significantly higher per unit hay

equivalent (or feed grain equivalent).

Although, hydroponic forage has great

appeal to those who wish to be more

self-sufficient in feed supply, the yield,

quality and costs of this system appears

not to be favorable.

Can hydroponic fodder production

be profitable?

If you have animals, you have a choice

whether to

! Graze, pasture or grow your own

hay or silage

! Purchase hay or other forages

! Grow the feed hydroponically

So the economics of production appear

to be quite questionable. Additionally,

one should consider that one is losing

D.M. each week in a hydroponic system

compared with feeding barley grain

directly.

Where hydroponic fodder may fit?

Although the economics, the yield

and the quality of hydroponic sprouted

grain forage are not highly favorable,

the concept has a great appeal to those

who wish to be more self-sufficient in

feed. It may fit for those producers who

do not have local sources for hay or

forage or simply want to be more self-

sufficient. For small animal producers

Dry Matter Exchange Analysis

Type Dry matter % Whole sample Total Dry matter

on whole sample

Conclusion

Grain seed 95 1 kg 95 It means loss of dry matter

after soaking Sprouted grain 10 6 kg 60


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ARTICLE

Dr. Suraj Amrutkar*, Dr. Suhas Amrutkar** and Bharti Deshmukh***

Introduction

Hydroponics means the technique of

growing plants without soil or solid

growing medium, but using water or

nutrient rich solution only for a short

duration. Typical hydroponic systems

are produced under artificial conditions

(i.e. green house or lighted systems in a

closed box) with regular watering,

producing a crop within 6-7 days. This

amount of time is sufficient to sprout

seeds such a barley, wheat, and

sunflower, or legumes like peas, to

produce a 4-8 inch growth of green

shoots. With hay and grain prices

reaching record highs, unpredictable

weather patterns, damaging pasture

lands, farmers across the country are in

need of a dependable and affordable

feed for livestock. Growing fodder

hydroponically is more efficient than

any other means of producing feed for

livestock. There is renewed interest in

hydroponic fodder systems for dairy,

livestock or poultry operations. The

idea of putting one kilogram of seed

into a hydroponic system to produce 10

times its weight in fodder is appealing.

However, the actual dry matter weight

of the original grain to the fodder

produced may or may not increase.

Hydroponic Fodder System Analyses

In analyzing hydroponic fodder, the first

step was to analyze the dry matter

exchange in sprouting the seed. A

simple experiment was conducted.

Barley seed in the amount of 5.5

kilogram when put into each tray

around 88% dry matter (DM), yielded

55 kilogram of fodder when harvested

at 12% DM or 6.6 kilogram of DM. This

equated to a 36% DM increase. Other

samples have shown more than 10%

DM losses. Feed analysis shows the

barley fodder protein increases 2%-4%

from the barley grain seed as a percent

of dry matter. Total digestible nutrients

(TDN) as a percent of dry matter can

decrease 10% from the barley grain.

Thus, it is important to evaluate this

DM exchange that occurs as total dry

matter weight changes of protein and

TDN. This may yield much different

results than only looking at percent dry

matter changes.

Hydroponics grown up by Maize

Hydroponic green fodder is grown up

by maize. Soaking time of only 4 hours

is sufficient for maize seed. Soaked

seed produced from 1.25 kg un-soaked

maize seed is loaded in a 90 x 32 cm

tray. Hydroponic green fodders look

like a mat consisting of roots, seeds and

plants. About 3.5 kg and 5.5 kg

hydroponic green fodders were

produced from each kg of yellow maize

(CT-818) and white maize (CM-4),

respectively. Production cost of

hydroponic green fodder from white

maize was lower than yellow maize. In

comparison to conventional green

fodder, hydroponics green fodders

contained more crude proteins (13.6 vs.

10.7 %) and less crude fibre (14.1 vs.

25.9%). Intake of hydroponic green

fodders by dairy animals was upto 24

kg/animal/day. As green fodders is an

integral part of dairy ration. Progressive

modern dairy farmers with elite dairy

herd or in situations where fodders

cannot be grown successfully, one can

produce hydroponic green fodder for

feeding dairy animals.

Effect on milk production

On daily feeding of 10 kg hydroponic

fodder maize per cow, farmer can save

1.0 kg concentrate mixture per cow

with further enhancement of 1.0 litre

milk per cow per day. The young calves

fed with 1-2 kg hydroponic fodder

gained higher body weight (350 gm vs.

200gm) with better skin coat.

Benefits to Livestock

Hydroponics Fodder is a more natural

feed and is comparable to the forages

the digestive systems of livestock and

horses were designed to process. Due

to its increased digestibility and the

availability of nutrients, there is a wide

range of benefits to feeding fodder

over grains and concentrates. Not only

shall the animals be healthier and have

a better quality of life, they shall also be

more productive and profitable.

Benefits to all animals include:

! Faster weaning and less stress on

mothers and young stock

! Less manure due to increased

digestibility of fodder

! Boosted immune system

! Increased longevity and lifespan

! Earlier heat cycles

! Improved fertility

! Stimulated appetite during heat

stress

! Better behavior and temperament

Advantage of hydroponic fodder

production

! Minimal labour

! Higher green fodder yield grown

in a limited area

! Control over feed quality

! Less manure to handle

! Lower operating costs

! Less feed wastage

! Reduced feed storage cost

! Minimized veterinary/ treatment

costs

Correction for dry matter is very

important

1 kg of seeds will make 6 kg of fodder.

All animal rations consider feeds

primarily as dry matter (DM) equivalent,

since water is provided separately and

all of the other nutrients required by

the animals to live, grow and lactate are

in the dry matter (DM) portion. Thus, a

feed with 90% water (such as sprouted

grain) has considerably less feed value

than something with only 5% water

(such as the grain itself). So, in the

example above, if 1 kg of seed is 95%

DM and the resulting fodder is 10%

DM, then 0.95 kg of seed (1kg at 95%

DM) produces about 0.9-1.2 kg of dry

weight fodder (9-12 kg of total fodder

at 10% DM) which is no net DM gain at

all, in fact, it is a loss of DM.

However, this is just a back of the

envelop calculation. Let's try testing the

concept using real data from real

sprouted fodder.

Why do seedlings lose dry matter in

6-7 days of growth?

Seed utilizes the starch stored in the

seed during the first week or so of

growth before photosynthesis and root

uptake of minerals kick into cause

dramatic increases in growth. So, its not

surprising that the total dry weight of

the plant (i.e. seed, root, shoot)

decreases during that time, rather than

increasing, because the plant is using

up stored carbohydrates from the seed.

Later, plant is quite capable of

producing its own food from sunlight

and CO and begins to gain weight 2

rapidly. So, the hydroponic systems are

likely to lead to a net loss in dry matter

and carbon upto about 10-14 days of

growth.

Disadvantage

The hydroponic concept may be

appealing at first look, but it generally

does not hold up to scrutiny after

careful though. The main problem is

that it exhibits a net loss in terms of dry

matter yield of 24-30% after 6 to 7 days

of growth. The dry matter yields of

hydroponic systems are actually

negative, compared with the initial seed

input. Additionally, there is likely to be a

loss in feeding value of sprouted grain

compared with raw gain, on dry weight

basis. This result makes sense when

considering that the seed must utilize

stored carbohydrates in order to drive

growth of the seedling. The costs per

kg or ton produced are likely to be

significantly higher per unit hay

equivalent (or feed grain equivalent).

Although, hydroponic forage has great

appeal to those who wish to be more

self-sufficient in feed supply, the yield,

quality and costs of this system appears

not to be favorable.

Can hydroponic fodder production

be profitable?

If you have animals, you have a choice

whether to

! Graze, pasture or grow your own

hay or silage

! Purchase hay or other forages

! Grow the feed hydroponically

So the economics of production appear

to be quite questionable. Additionally,

one should consider that one is losing

D.M. each week in a hydroponic system

compared with feeding barley grain

directly.

Where hydroponic fodder may fit?

Although the economics, the yield

and the quality of hydroponic sprouted

grain forage are not highly favorable,

the concept has a great appeal to those

who wish to be more self-sufficient in

feed. It may fit for those producers who

do not have local sources for hay or

forage or simply want to be more self-

sufficient. For small animal producers

Dry Matter Exchange Analysis

Type Dry matter % Whole sample Total Dry matter

on whole sample

Conclusion

Grain seed 95 1 kg 95 It means loss of dry matter

after soaking Sprouted grain 10 6 kg 60

The Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences

University (KVASU) has been selected as

one of the institutions to get Worldwide

Universities Sustainability Fund to

strengthen and accelerate the

development of major initiatives under

sustainable agriculture.

The project titled 'Global farm platform —

towards sustainable ruminant production'

has been accepted under the Worldwide

Universities Network (WUN) sustainability

fund. KVASU is the only institution

selected from the country and it would

get nearly £5.7 million under the project

initially, said Dr. T.P. Sethumadhavan,

Project Coordinator and Director of

Entrepreneurship, KVASU.

Besides KVASU, other universities such as

University of Alberta (Canada), University

KVASU -only Indian Institution to get Worldwide Universities Sustainability Fund

of Leeds (UK), University of Sydney,

University of Western Australia (Australia),

Zhejiang University (China), Kansas State

University, Penn State University, University

of Wisconsin (USA) and Bahir Dar

University (Ethiopia) have been selected

for the project.

KVASU has been identified for the project

towards dairy stabiliser for the tropics and

feed intake. A significant proportion of

grazing animals utilise feed resources

poorly so they fail to meet market

specifications and thus reduce profitability.

These unproductive animals have a

disproportionate environmental impact

because they have low productivity, he

said.

The key aim of the project is to

standardise protocols for collection of

individual feed intake records on young,

growing cattle and on grass land

production systems.

The project includes international

workshops at Malawi, Alberta and India in

the areas of advanced ruminant feed

intake, genetics and ruminant methane

emissions. WUN sustainability grant will

be essential to maintain functionality of

network and envisages genetic

improvement in dairy cattle for tropics.

The project will recognise and emphasise

the role of women in livestock rearing and

smallholder livelihoods. “At a time when

women self help groups are actively

involved in dairying, this project assumes

more significance for Kerala,” said Dr.

Sethumadhavan.

Source: The Hinduww

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Imag

e S

ou

rce: G

rain

Save

r

(rabbits etc.) this may offer a ready

source of palatable feed. Hydroponic

sprouted grain may also be an

appealing feed which varies in the diet

for animals fed only hay and grains.

Hydroponic fodder growing system

It is well accepted fact that feeding

dairy animals is incomplete without

including green fodder in their diet.

Green fodders are staple feed for dairy

animals. Dairy animals producing upto

12-15 liters milk per day can be

maintained by feeding green fodders.

Inclusion of green fodders in ration of

dairy animals decreases amount of

concentrate feeding and thus increases

profit. Therefore, for economical and

sustainable dairy farming, fodder

production round the year is highly

essential. As an alternative to

conventional method of green fodder

produce hydroponic technology is

coming up to grow fodder for farm

animals. In a simple way, a hydroponic

fodder system usually consists of a

framework of shelves on which plastic

trays are stacked. After soaking

overnight, a layer of seeds is spread

over the base of the trays. During the

growing period, the seeds are kept

moist, but not saturated. They are

supplied with moisture usually via

spray irrigation. Holes in the trays

facilitate drainage of excess water. The

seeds will usually sprout within 8-12

hrs after soaking in 7 days has

produced a 8-10 inch high grass mat.

Hydroponic fodder is much more

easily digestible, full of nutrients and

enzymes that the energy spent on this

digestion process would be less with

the resultant extra energy being

diverted to milk production and

growth.

Hydroponic fodder: can it refresh

dairy sector

Hydroponic fodder promises to be

the way to redeem dairy farmers

faced with scarcity for quality cattle

feed, especially for dairy farmers in

urban area who do not have enough

land to cultivate the required

quantity of green fodder. Such

farmers are dependent mostly on

packaged cattle feed. Of course,

hydroponic fodder cannot substitute

green fodder and hay completely, as

it lacks fibre content. But, it is

definitely a better substitute for

packaged feed. The urban dairy

farmers in India are worried about

the ever increasing price of cattle

feed, and the lack of availability of

green fodder. Shrinking land size in

the state ensures lack of availability

of green fodder and hay in sufficient

quantities. The spiraling cost of

packaged cattle feed add to the cost

of dairy farming. Hydroponic fodder

provides an effective solution for

both problems. Hydroponic fodder is

more nutritious than the

conventional green fodder and

cheaper and safer than the

commercially available packaged

feed. The fodder production unit may

use green house. The green house

has tiered racks, each racks has row

of perforated trays for soaked seeds.

Pipes fitted with micro fogger above

each tray ensures proper

maintenance of required humidity

and water fogging of the seed trays

in the green house. Tube lights

provide optimal light requirement

inside the green house. The sensor

control unit regulates inputs of water

and light automatically. Seeds like

maize, barley and sorghum are used

to grow fodder. The unit requires

electricity round the clock. The seeds

are sown in a batch of 12 trays on a

daily basis. The water and soluble

nutrients are sprayed at regular

intervals. Within six days, the plants

reach the height of 22cm, they are

then peeled off from the trays, and

the fodder is ready to feed the cattle.

Some farmers claim an increase of

milk production and in terms of

quality, there is an increase of 0.3% in

fat and 0.5% SNF, fetching better

prices for the formers. In nutshell,

fodder produced through

hydroponics system is definitely of

better quality, compared to normal

grown fodder, but because of

operating system, the cost goes up.

However, it is still cheaper than

concentrate feed and the animal gets

the satisfaction of consuming fodder.

Conclusion

A noval fodder technique i.e. advanced

hydroponic system for growing green

fodder indoors is designed to

overcome green fodder shortage,

especially in areas, where limited land

is available for fodder cultivation. It

has very low water use. This system

recovers and recirculates water for a

98% water reduction. This system

allows growing mold free sprouted

fodder. It has lowest labour

requirement. The unique construction

of system, allows for easy collection of

mature fodder resulting in lower

labour costs. Fodder system must

operate in a damp environment.

However, hydroponic sprouts may still

have good application in organic,

intensive, small-scale livestock with

high value outputs or in areas with

extremely high land or alternative feed

prices.

Hydroponics can have application in

organic dairies needing to feed very

high forage levels year round that can

produce their own seed for reasonable

costs. Due to changes in the nutritive

characteristics of the fodder (less

starch, more sugars, vitamins and

lysine) monogastrics such as people,

horses, swine and poultry may have

more benefit. Research data on dairy

cows is limited to determine

definitively whether or not the feeding

characteristics of the fodder changes

production or body condition enough

to warrant the additional cost. With a

cost 3 to 5 times that of the original

barley grain or other readily available

feed sources, increased animal

performance of that magnitude is

highly unlikely, but more research

seems necessary.

* Assistant professor, Poultry Science, F.V.Sc.

& A.H., SKUAST-J, Jammu.

** Subject Matter Specialist, Animal

Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra.

*** Assistant Professor, AGB, KCVAS,

Amritsar.

Ethiopia is taking the leading position in its

livestock resource potential compared to

other African countries. However, due to

various reasons, the nation has not yet

exploited from this untapped economic

potential for years.

Learning from past experiences, it seems

that things are improving. Following the

drought, both the government and pastoral

community are working together to reverse

the situation by devising various

mechanisms. Among others, developing

fodder bank is one.

A fodder bank is a bank that deposits

livestock feed and provide to pastorals.

Communal grazing usually comprises poor

quality grasses which are burnt-out during

the dry season. Fodder banks can provide

high-quality feed during the dry season,

and are gaining acceptance among settled

pastorals in the sub-humid zone.

Animal and Fish Husbandry Directorate

Director- Tadesse Sorri said, "The fodder

bank serves a great deal when there is

shortage of feed, especially when the

drought is extended. It can be green or

dried and accumulated in shades to use it

Fodder Banks to provide quality feed to Secure Livestock Resources in Ethiopia

in case of emergency. It also has satellite

areas to transfer fodder from the area

where it was developed to pastoral

community." In some African countries, a

well managed fodder bank of about four

hectares can provide protein supplements

for 15 to 20 cattle during the dry season.

Growing forage legumes also increases

yield of subsequent crops. The ability of

forage legumes to benefit both crops and

livestock will be increasingly important in

areas where population pressure is

increasing. These days, this mechanism has

been being implemented not only in states

that are affected by the drought but also

other states that are not facing this

challenge. Presently, the government has

been working aggressively to reverse the

drought both in Afar and Somali states. Dr.

Mohammed Ibrahim- animal work process

head, Somali State livestock and pastoral

bureau said, "Together with the federal

ministry, the state has been providing

emergency assistance to areas highly

affected by the drought. Every effort has

been made to protect the livestock. We are

making efforts to control the drought

before affecting beyond 50 per cent.

Besides developing fodder banks, the state

together with the government is now

buying and transporting fodder in to the

drought affected areas." Currently, in

drought affected areas, the government

has been taking various measures to

protect livestock. Realizing the root cause of

the problem at drought affected areas,

various water wells has been dug and gone

operational. On the other hand, on

emergency basis the government has been

providing molasses and various type of

fodder to areas exposed to the drought. In

the emergency basis, besides the provision

of fodder, the government has been

supplying various types of drugs,

vaccination and other medical equipment

to control disease that may occur as a result

of crowding. Besides this, the government

has bought over 35 million cattle from

pastorals to keep them at ranches and

return to the community after the drought.

Developing a fodder bank assisted by

irrigation water is not new for Ethiopia. It is

also common in other parts of the world.

Source: allafrica

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INDUSTRY NEWS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

The Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences

University (KVASU) has been selected as

one of the institutions to get Worldwide

Universities Sustainability Fund to

strengthen and accelerate the

development of major initiatives under

sustainable agriculture.

The project titled 'Global farm platform —

towards sustainable ruminant production'

has been accepted under the Worldwide

Universities Network (WUN) sustainability

fund. KVASU is the only institution

selected from the country and it would

get nearly £5.7 million under the project

initially, said Dr. T.P. Sethumadhavan,

Project Coordinator and Director of

Entrepreneurship, KVASU.

Besides KVASU, other universities such as

University of Alberta (Canada), University

KVASU -only Indian Institution to get Worldwide Universities Sustainability Fund

of Leeds (UK), University of Sydney,

University of Western Australia (Australia),

Zhejiang University (China), Kansas State

University, Penn State University, University

of Wisconsin (USA) and Bahir Dar

University (Ethiopia) have been selected

for the project.

KVASU has been identified for the project

towards dairy stabiliser for the tropics and

feed intake. A significant proportion of

grazing animals utilise feed resources

poorly so they fail to meet market

specifications and thus reduce profitability.

These unproductive animals have a

disproportionate environmental impact

because they have low productivity, he

said.

The key aim of the project is to

standardise protocols for collection of

individual feed intake records on young,

growing cattle and on grass land

production systems.

The project includes international

workshops at Malawi, Alberta and India in

the areas of advanced ruminant feed

intake, genetics and ruminant methane

emissions. WUN sustainability grant will

be essential to maintain functionality of

network and envisages genetic

improvement in dairy cattle for tropics.

The project will recognise and emphasise

the role of women in livestock rearing and

smallholder livelihoods. “At a time when

women self help groups are actively

involved in dairying, this project assumes

more significance for Kerala,” said Dr.

Sethumadhavan.

Source: The Hinduww

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Imag

e S

ou

rce: G

rain

Save

r

(rabbits etc.) this may offer a ready

source of palatable feed. Hydroponic

sprouted grain may also be an

appealing feed which varies in the diet

for animals fed only hay and grains.

Hydroponic fodder growing system

It is well accepted fact that feeding

dairy animals is incomplete without

including green fodder in their diet.

Green fodders are staple feed for dairy

animals. Dairy animals producing upto

12-15 liters milk per day can be

maintained by feeding green fodders.

Inclusion of green fodders in ration of

dairy animals decreases amount of

concentrate feeding and thus increases

profit. Therefore, for economical and

sustainable dairy farming, fodder

production round the year is highly

essential. As an alternative to

conventional method of green fodder

produce hydroponic technology is

coming up to grow fodder for farm

animals. In a simple way, a hydroponic

fodder system usually consists of a

framework of shelves on which plastic

trays are stacked. After soaking

overnight, a layer of seeds is spread

over the base of the trays. During the

growing period, the seeds are kept

moist, but not saturated. They are

supplied with moisture usually via

spray irrigation. Holes in the trays

facilitate drainage of excess water. The

seeds will usually sprout within 8-12

hrs after soaking in 7 days has

produced a 8-10 inch high grass mat.

Hydroponic fodder is much more

easily digestible, full of nutrients and

enzymes that the energy spent on this

digestion process would be less with

the resultant extra energy being

diverted to milk production and

growth.

Hydroponic fodder: can it refresh

dairy sector

Hydroponic fodder promises to be

the way to redeem dairy farmers

faced with scarcity for quality cattle

feed, especially for dairy farmers in

urban area who do not have enough

land to cultivate the required

quantity of green fodder. Such

farmers are dependent mostly on

packaged cattle feed. Of course,

hydroponic fodder cannot substitute

green fodder and hay completely, as

it lacks fibre content. But, it is

definitely a better substitute for

packaged feed. The urban dairy

farmers in India are worried about

the ever increasing price of cattle

feed, and the lack of availability of

green fodder. Shrinking land size in

the state ensures lack of availability

of green fodder and hay in sufficient

quantities. The spiraling cost of

packaged cattle feed add to the cost

of dairy farming. Hydroponic fodder

provides an effective solution for

both problems. Hydroponic fodder is

more nutritious than the

conventional green fodder and

cheaper and safer than the

commercially available packaged

feed. The fodder production unit may

use green house. The green house

has tiered racks, each racks has row

of perforated trays for soaked seeds.

Pipes fitted with micro fogger above

each tray ensures proper

maintenance of required humidity

and water fogging of the seed trays

in the green house. Tube lights

provide optimal light requirement

inside the green house. The sensor

control unit regulates inputs of water

and light automatically. Seeds like

maize, barley and sorghum are used

to grow fodder. The unit requires

electricity round the clock. The seeds

are sown in a batch of 12 trays on a

daily basis. The water and soluble

nutrients are sprayed at regular

intervals. Within six days, the plants

reach the height of 22cm, they are

then peeled off from the trays, and

the fodder is ready to feed the cattle.

Some farmers claim an increase of

milk production and in terms of

quality, there is an increase of 0.3% in

fat and 0.5% SNF, fetching better

prices for the formers. In nutshell,

fodder produced through

hydroponics system is definitely of

better quality, compared to normal

grown fodder, but because of

operating system, the cost goes up.

However, it is still cheaper than

concentrate feed and the animal gets

the satisfaction of consuming fodder.

Conclusion

A noval fodder technique i.e. advanced

hydroponic system for growing green

fodder indoors is designed to

overcome green fodder shortage,

especially in areas, where limited land

is available for fodder cultivation. It

has very low water use. This system

recovers and recirculates water for a

98% water reduction. This system

allows growing mold free sprouted

fodder. It has lowest labour

requirement. The unique construction

of system, allows for easy collection of

mature fodder resulting in lower

labour costs. Fodder system must

operate in a damp environment.

However, hydroponic sprouts may still

have good application in organic,

intensive, small-scale livestock with

high value outputs or in areas with

extremely high land or alternative feed

prices.

Hydroponics can have application in

organic dairies needing to feed very

high forage levels year round that can

produce their own seed for reasonable

costs. Due to changes in the nutritive

characteristics of the fodder (less

starch, more sugars, vitamins and

lysine) monogastrics such as people,

horses, swine and poultry may have

more benefit. Research data on dairy

cows is limited to determine

definitively whether or not the feeding

characteristics of the fodder changes

production or body condition enough

to warrant the additional cost. With a

cost 3 to 5 times that of the original

barley grain or other readily available

feed sources, increased animal

performance of that magnitude is

highly unlikely, but more research

seems necessary.

* Assistant professor, Poultry Science, F.V.Sc.

& A.H., SKUAST-J, Jammu.

** Subject Matter Specialist, Animal

Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra.

*** Assistant Professor, AGB, KCVAS,

Amritsar.

Ethiopia is taking the leading position in its

livestock resource potential compared to

other African countries. However, due to

various reasons, the nation has not yet

exploited from this untapped economic

potential for years.

Learning from past experiences, it seems

that things are improving. Following the

drought, both the government and pastoral

community are working together to reverse

the situation by devising various

mechanisms. Among others, developing

fodder bank is one.

A fodder bank is a bank that deposits

livestock feed and provide to pastorals.

Communal grazing usually comprises poor

quality grasses which are burnt-out during

the dry season. Fodder banks can provide

high-quality feed during the dry season,

and are gaining acceptance among settled

pastorals in the sub-humid zone.

Animal and Fish Husbandry Directorate

Director- Tadesse Sorri said, "The fodder

bank serves a great deal when there is

shortage of feed, especially when the

drought is extended. It can be green or

dried and accumulated in shades to use it

Fodder Banks to provide quality feed to Secure Livestock Resources in Ethiopia

in case of emergency. It also has satellite

areas to transfer fodder from the area

where it was developed to pastoral

community." In some African countries, a

well managed fodder bank of about four

hectares can provide protein supplements

for 15 to 20 cattle during the dry season.

Growing forage legumes also increases

yield of subsequent crops. The ability of

forage legumes to benefit both crops and

livestock will be increasingly important in

areas where population pressure is

increasing. These days, this mechanism has

been being implemented not only in states

that are affected by the drought but also

other states that are not facing this

challenge. Presently, the government has

been working aggressively to reverse the

drought both in Afar and Somali states. Dr.

Mohammed Ibrahim- animal work process

head, Somali State livestock and pastoral

bureau said, "Together with the federal

ministry, the state has been providing

emergency assistance to areas highly

affected by the drought. Every effort has

been made to protect the livestock. We are

making efforts to control the drought

before affecting beyond 50 per cent.

Besides developing fodder banks, the state

together with the government is now

buying and transporting fodder in to the

drought affected areas." Currently, in

drought affected areas, the government

has been taking various measures to

protect livestock. Realizing the root cause of

the problem at drought affected areas,

various water wells has been dug and gone

operational. On the other hand, on

emergency basis the government has been

providing molasses and various type of

fodder to areas exposed to the drought. In

the emergency basis, besides the provision

of fodder, the government has been

supplying various types of drugs,

vaccination and other medical equipment

to control disease that may occur as a result

of crowding. Besides this, the government

has bought over 35 million cattle from

pastorals to keep them at ranches and

return to the community after the drought.

Developing a fodder bank assisted by

irrigation water is not new for Ethiopia. It is

also common in other parts of the world.

Source: allafrica

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INDUSTRY NEWS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

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ARTICLE

Dietary fiber is a key component of

dairy cattle ration. Decreased milk fat

percentage, reduced feed conversion

ratio and hoof health problems are

often related with the low fiber content

in the animal diet. The effectiveness of

the fiber in the ration depends on the

type, quality, particle size as well as the

amount of forage and non-forage

fibrous sources being fed to the animal.

Adequate length of the fiber is

necessary in dairy cattle ration to

maintain proper rumen function

because long forage particles in the

diet promote chewing and salivary

secretion, thus maintaining the rumen

pH. The physical effectiveness of

dietary particles can affect feed intake,

digestive efficiency, milk production

and composition as well as and health

of the dairy animals cattle. The concept

of physically effective fiber (peNDF) was

introduced to relate the physical

characteristics of feeds to rumen pH by

assessing the effects of feed particle

size on chewing activity. The term

peNDF combines the physical

effectiveness factor (pef) of the feed

with its neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

content and can be used in diet

formulation to ensure adequate particle

size.

Importance of fiber animal ration

Long forage particles in the diet

promote chewing and salivary secretion

which facilitates the buffering of acids

resulting from feed digestion. In

addition, it creates a floating mat

(dense, floating layer located just under

the gas in the top portion of the rumen

containing the more recently consumed

feed to be available for microbial

population for fermentation) in the

rumen stimulating contractions of the

rumen. In absence of fiber in the diet

rumen becomes stagnant pool and

removal of VFA via absorption and fluid

passage from the rumen declines

thereby increasing the risk of ruminal

acidosis. Thus, particle length of

forages and the amount of fiber in the

diet can have a significant impact on

ruminal pH through the provision of

salivary buffers. Inclusion of fibrous diet

slows the rate of feed digestion in the

rumen as fiber is more slowly digested

than starch and sugar. It is established

that more VFA are produced after

concentrate feeding as compared with

forage which causes the depressions in

ruminal pH. Therefore, addition of

forages to the diet not only increase

the rumination time but also balances

the VFA production. This may also shift

the site of starch digestion from the

rumen to the intestine which reduces

the potential risk of ruminal acidosis.

Fiber and Non-Fiber Carbohydrates

The reduced level of effective fibre

decrease animal performance by

lowering chewing activity, leading to

less salivary buffer secretion. This may

cause reduced ruminal pH and results

in altered ruminal fermentation

patterns with low ratios of acetate to

propionate (A: P) that ultimately result

in modified animal metabolism and

reduced milk fat synthesis. Nonfibrous

carbohydrates (NFC) or nonstructural

(NSC) carbohydrates, rapidly

fermenting carbohydrates, are used to

replace fibre in low fibre rations. Unlike

other nutrients where requirements are

provided in grams per animal per day

for specific body weight and milk

production level, fiber requirements are

considered as minimum amount for

maintaining normal rumen

environment and preventing various

metabolic disorders such as ruminal

acidosis, abomasal displacement and

milk fat depression. NRC (2001)

guidelines for minimum NDF from

forage, minimum total diet NDF, and

maximum diet NFC are presented in the

Table 1.

Diets with less than 19% NDF from

forage should contain high-fiber by-

products by replacing grains to increase

total diet NDF and reduce diet non-

fibrous carbohydrate (NFC). NDF is a

measure of cellulose, hemicellulose,

and lignin fractions of feeds. NDF is

more highly correlated with feed

volume and chewing activity than ADF

or CF. Although the NDF in high fibrous

by-products is not as effective as NDF

from forages to maintain normal milk

fat percentage, it is effective in high

concentrate or low forage diets, as it

aids in meeting the total diet NDF and

NFC recommendations. Fiber

percentage in the dairy cattle ration

should not be less than 15% NDF as it

would result into the milk fat

depression. On DM basis the NDF

concentration for the diet containing

42% or 35% forage would be 19% and

16% NDF respectively.

peNDF

Physically effective NDF is the fraction

of fiber that stimulates chewing and

contributes to the floating mat of large

particles in the rumen. It divides the

rumen contents into floating mat of

large particles on a pool of liquid and

small particles). Earlier the term

effective NDF (eNDF) was used to

determine the total ability of a feed to

replace forage in a diet and maintain

milk fat percentage. The terms eNDF

and peNDF are often used

interchangeably though effective NDF

(eNDF) is the overall effectiveness of

NDF for maintaining milk fat content

and physically-effective NDF (peNDF) is

the specific effectiveness of NDF for

stimulating chewing activity in relation

to particle size of the forage or feed.

Recommended level of peNDF to

maintain ruminal pH at 6 would be 22%

and for maintaining milk fat percentage

of 3.4% is 20%. The peNDF (% of DM)

of feeds is determined by multiplying

NDF concentration by the proportion of

particles retained on a 1.18-mm sieve

or peNDF effectiveness factor.

Percentages of particles retained on a

1.18-mm sieve for some feed

components are soybean hulls, brewer

grains, corn silage, legume silage-

coarse chop, whole cotton seed,

legume hay, and grass hay is 3%, 18%,

81%, 82%, 90%, 92% and 98%

respectively. But the analysis of

individual feed and fodders for the

proportion of particles retained on a

1.18-mm sieve is a limiting factor for

application of this system in the field. It

could be overcome by standardizing

the particle size at feed manufacturing

organizations such as CLFMA. The

actual amounts fed should be

determined by formulating diets based

on the requirements and limits for

nutrients, such as CP, RUP, RDP, NDF,

NFC, fat and P, especially when multiple

high-fiber by-products are used in the

same diet. The peNDF will always be

less that NDF, whereas eNDF can be

less than or greater than the NDF

concentration in a feed.

Need for physically effective fiber??

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the

most common method to estimate

fiber in the animal feed. The

requirement for long coarse fiber in the

form of forage has long been

recognized in cattle. The deficiency of

fiber in the diet results in the syndrome

like failure of rumination, difficulty in

eructation causing tympany or bloat,

reduction in food consumption in cattle

and depraved appetite. The concept of

physically effective NDF (peNDF) is to

estimate the NDF portion of the diet

that stimulates chewing activity and

possibly the growth and functioning of

the rumen microbes. peNDF would

accurately predict the cow's chewing

response to forage/feed particle

size.The adequate amount of physically

effective fibre in high producing dairy

cattle is important for maintaining

normal rumen functions, decreasing the

risk of metabolic disorders and

avoiding suppression of fibre digestion,

feed intake, milk production as well as

alterations in milk composition. On the

other hand, feeding excessive amounts

of physically effective fibre decreases

feed intake and lowers the feed

efficiency due to reduced microbial

protein synthesis. Thus, it is essential to

find out an optimum amount of dietary

fibre that is required to decrease the

risk of ruminal disorders without

impairing production performances in

dairy animals. The particle size of the

forage is also a critical factor to

determine normal rumen fermentation

characteristics. Increasing forage

particle size generally results in

increased rumination time per unit of

dry matter consumed and affect the

nature of feeding behavior. In normal

feeding patterns a consistent supply of

nutrients to the rumen leads to a

constant environment for bacterial


Deepika Tripathi, Srobana Sarkar, Ravi Prakash Pal and Veena ManiNational Dairy Research Institute


Minimum NDF from

Forage (%)

Minimum NDF in

Diet (%)

Maximum NFC in

Diet (%)

19 25 44

18 27 42

17 29 40

16 31 38

15 33 36

Table 1: Guideline for NDF

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ARTICLE

Dietary fiber is a key component of

dairy cattle ration. Decreased milk fat

percentage, reduced feed conversion

ratio and hoof health problems are

often related with the low fiber content

in the animal diet. The effectiveness of

the fiber in the ration depends on the

type, quality, particle size as well as the

amount of forage and non-forage

fibrous sources being fed to the animal.

Adequate length of the fiber is

necessary in dairy cattle ration to

maintain proper rumen function

because long forage particles in the

diet promote chewing and salivary

secretion, thus maintaining the rumen

pH. The physical effectiveness of

dietary particles can affect feed intake,

digestive efficiency, milk production

and composition as well as and health

of the dairy animals cattle. The concept

of physically effective fiber (peNDF) was

introduced to relate the physical

characteristics of feeds to rumen pH by

assessing the effects of feed particle

size on chewing activity. The term

peNDF combines the physical

effectiveness factor (pef) of the feed

with its neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

content and can be used in diet

formulation to ensure adequate particle

size.

Importance of fiber animal ration

Long forage particles in the diet

promote chewing and salivary secretion

which facilitates the buffering of acids

resulting from feed digestion. In

addition, it creates a floating mat

(dense, floating layer located just under

the gas in the top portion of the rumen

containing the more recently consumed

feed to be available for microbial

population for fermentation) in the

rumen stimulating contractions of the

rumen. In absence of fiber in the diet

rumen becomes stagnant pool and

removal of VFA via absorption and fluid

passage from the rumen declines

thereby increasing the risk of ruminal

acidosis. Thus, particle length of

forages and the amount of fiber in the

diet can have a significant impact on

ruminal pH through the provision of

salivary buffers. Inclusion of fibrous diet

slows the rate of feed digestion in the

rumen as fiber is more slowly digested

than starch and sugar. It is established

that more VFA are produced after

concentrate feeding as compared with

forage which causes the depressions in

ruminal pH. Therefore, addition of

forages to the diet not only increase

the rumination time but also balances

the VFA production. This may also shift

the site of starch digestion from the

rumen to the intestine which reduces

the potential risk of ruminal acidosis.

Fiber and Non-Fiber Carbohydrates

The reduced level of effective fibre

decrease animal performance by

lowering chewing activity, leading to

less salivary buffer secretion. This may

cause reduced ruminal pH and results

in altered ruminal fermentation

patterns with low ratios of acetate to

propionate (A: P) that ultimately result

in modified animal metabolism and

reduced milk fat synthesis. Nonfibrous

carbohydrates (NFC) or nonstructural

(NSC) carbohydrates, rapidly

fermenting carbohydrates, are used to

replace fibre in low fibre rations. Unlike

other nutrients where requirements are

provided in grams per animal per day

for specific body weight and milk

production level, fiber requirements are

considered as minimum amount for

maintaining normal rumen

environment and preventing various

metabolic disorders such as ruminal

acidosis, abomasal displacement and

milk fat depression. NRC (2001)

guidelines for minimum NDF from

forage, minimum total diet NDF, and

maximum diet NFC are presented in the

Table 1.

Diets with less than 19% NDF from

forage should contain high-fiber by-

products by replacing grains to increase

total diet NDF and reduce diet non-

fibrous carbohydrate (NFC). NDF is a

measure of cellulose, hemicellulose,

and lignin fractions of feeds. NDF is

more highly correlated with feed

volume and chewing activity than ADF

or CF. Although the NDF in high fibrous

by-products is not as effective as NDF

from forages to maintain normal milk

fat percentage, it is effective in high

concentrate or low forage diets, as it

aids in meeting the total diet NDF and

NFC recommendations. Fiber

percentage in the dairy cattle ration

should not be less than 15% NDF as it

would result into the milk fat

depression. On DM basis the NDF

concentration for the diet containing

42% or 35% forage would be 19% and

16% NDF respectively.

peNDF

Physically effective NDF is the fraction

of fiber that stimulates chewing and

contributes to the floating mat of large

particles in the rumen. It divides the

rumen contents into floating mat of

large particles on a pool of liquid and

small particles). Earlier the term

effective NDF (eNDF) was used to

determine the total ability of a feed to

replace forage in a diet and maintain

milk fat percentage. The terms eNDF

and peNDF are often used

interchangeably though effective NDF

(eNDF) is the overall effectiveness of

NDF for maintaining milk fat content

and physically-effective NDF (peNDF) is

the specific effectiveness of NDF for

stimulating chewing activity in relation

to particle size of the forage or feed.

Recommended level of peNDF to

maintain ruminal pH at 6 would be 22%

and for maintaining milk fat percentage

of 3.4% is 20%. The peNDF (% of DM)

of feeds is determined by multiplying

NDF concentration by the proportion of

particles retained on a 1.18-mm sieve

or peNDF effectiveness factor.

Percentages of particles retained on a

1.18-mm sieve for some feed

components are soybean hulls, brewer

grains, corn silage, legume silage-

coarse chop, whole cotton seed,

legume hay, and grass hay is 3%, 18%,

81%, 82%, 90%, 92% and 98%

respectively. But the analysis of

individual feed and fodders for the

proportion of particles retained on a

1.18-mm sieve is a limiting factor for

application of this system in the field. It

could be overcome by standardizing

the particle size at feed manufacturing

organizations such as CLFMA. The

actual amounts fed should be

determined by formulating diets based

on the requirements and limits for

nutrients, such as CP, RUP, RDP, NDF,

NFC, fat and P, especially when multiple

high-fiber by-products are used in the

same diet. The peNDF will always be

less that NDF, whereas eNDF can be

less than or greater than the NDF

concentration in a feed.

Need for physically effective fiber??

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the

most common method to estimate

fiber in the animal feed. The

requirement for long coarse fiber in the

form of forage has long been

recognized in cattle. The deficiency of

fiber in the diet results in the syndrome

like failure of rumination, difficulty in

eructation causing tympany or bloat,

reduction in food consumption in cattle

and depraved appetite. The concept of

physically effective NDF (peNDF) is to

estimate the NDF portion of the diet

that stimulates chewing activity and

possibly the growth and functioning of

the rumen microbes. peNDF would

accurately predict the cow's chewing

response to forage/feed particle

size.The adequate amount of physically

effective fibre in high producing dairy

cattle is important for maintaining

normal rumen functions, decreasing the

risk of metabolic disorders and

avoiding suppression of fibre digestion,

feed intake, milk production as well as

alterations in milk composition. On the

other hand, feeding excessive amounts

of physically effective fibre decreases

feed intake and lowers the feed

efficiency due to reduced microbial

protein synthesis. Thus, it is essential to

find out an optimum amount of dietary

fibre that is required to decrease the

risk of ruminal disorders without

impairing production performances in

dairy animals. The particle size of the

forage is also a critical factor to

determine normal rumen fermentation

characteristics. Increasing forage

particle size generally results in

increased rumination time per unit of

dry matter consumed and affect the

nature of feeding behavior. In normal

feeding patterns a consistent supply of

nutrients to the rumen leads to a

constant environment for bacterial


Deepika Tripathi, Srobana Sarkar, Ravi Prakash Pal and Veena ManiNational Dairy Research Institute


Minimum NDF from

Forage (%)

Minimum NDF in

Diet (%)

Maximum NFC in

Diet (%)

19 25 44

18 27 42

17 29 40

16 31 38

15 33 36

Table 1: Guideline for NDF

Innovative Approaches for Climate Smart Livestock Practices

limate smart and sustainable

agricultural practices have

been widely discussed at the Ccountry level. We have also

initiated steps towards enhancing

farmer knowledge about climate smart

agricultural practices. However the

discussion for livestock is relatively

limited as yet, though livestock is a

strong contributor to climate change.

With this article we plan to initiate a

discussion on climate smart livestock

practices based on innovate best

practices from across the globe. To lay

the grounds for the discussion, we first

present an overview of the livestock

and climate change issues. The current

article is reproduced from a report by

UNFAO linking livestock and climate

change .

Climate change is transforming the

planet's ecosystems and threatening

the well-being of current and future

generations. To “hold the increase in

global temperature below 2 degrees

Celsius” and avoid dangerous climate

change, deep cuts in global emissions

are urgently required.

The global livestock sector contributes

a significant share to anthropogenic

GHG emissions. With emissions

estimated at 7.1 gigatonnes CO2-eq

per annum, representing 14.5 percent

of human-induced GHG emissions, the

livestock sector plays an important role

in climate change. Beef and cattle milk

production account for the majority of

emissions, respectively contributing 41

and 20 percent of the sector's

emissions. While pig meat and poultry

meat and eggs contribute respectively

9 percent and 8 percent to the sector's

emissions. The strong projected growth

of this production will result in higher

emission shares and volumes over time.

Technologies and practices that help

reduce emissions exist but are not

widely used. Their adoption and use by

the bulk of the world's producers can

result in significant reductions in

emissions. A 30 percent reduction of

GHG emissions would be possible, for

example, if producers in a given system,

region and climate adopted the

technologies and practice currently

used by the 10 percent of producers

with the lowest emission intensity.

There is a direct link between GHG

emission intensities and the efficiency

with which producers use natural

resources. For livestock production

systems, nitrous oxide (N2O), methane

(CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

emissions, the three main GHG emitted

by the sector, are losses of nitrogen (N),

energy and organic matter that

undermine efficiency and productivity.

Possible interventions to reduce

emissions are thus, to a large extent,

based on technologies and practices

that improve production efficiency at

animal and herd levels. They include

the use of better quality feed and feed

balancing to lower enteric and manure

emissions. Improved breeding and

animal health help to shrink the herd

overhead (i.e. unproductive part of the

herd) and related emissions.

Manure management practices that

ensure the recovery and recycling of

nutrients and energy contained in

manure and improvements in energy

use efficiency along supply chains can

further contribute to mitigation.

Sourcing low emission intensity inputs

(feed and energy in particular) is a

further option.

Most mitigation interventions can

provide both environmental and

economic benefits. Practices and

technologies that reduce emissions can

often simultaneously increase

productivity, thereby contributing to

food security and economic

development. Concerted and collective

action from all sector stakeholders is

urgently required to ensure that

existing and promising mitigation

strategies are implemented. The need

to reduce the sector's emissions and its

environmental footprint has indeed

become ever more pressing in view of

its continuing expansion to ensure food

security and feed a growing, richer and

more urbanized world population.

Reproduced from “Tackling Climate Change from

Livestock: A Global Assessment of Emissions and

Mitigation Opportunities, published by UNFAO,

Rome, 2013.

Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta & Dr. Ankaj Sharma, Creative Agri Solutions

In February, Brazil recorded corn

exports of 5.37 million tons. According

to data from the Ministry of

Development, Industry and Foreign

Trade, this is almost five times higher

than exports for February 2015, which

stood at 1.10 million tons. These

exports produced revenue of $892.2

million, compared with $206.4 million in

February last year.

According to Lucilio Alves, a professor

and grain researcher in Brazil, this

phenomenon can be explained by a

combination of a bumper harvest,

favorable Brazilian exchange rate, and

attractive prices. “We are seeing

domestic corn prices 30% higher than

those in Argentinian and American

markets, and so producers are taking

advantage of this opportunity,” he

stated.

Although Brazil's prices for corn have

been high for some months, Alves

explained that they do not represent an

absolute record. “The price curve is

rising and current corn prices are the

highest we've seen in nominal terms.

But taking inflation into account, the

price is only higher than that of

Brazil corn exports are boostingDecember 2012,” he explained.

Forecasts for 2016

February exports are up 20.6% on

January volumes, which were 4.45

million tons. Cumulating volumes for

2016, Brazilian corn exports are at 9.83

million tons.

Corn exports are set to shrink in the

coming months, giving way to soybean

shipments. As soybeans are harvested,

producers start planting the second

crop, which includes corn, cotton, rice,

and beans. An increase in the acres

planted to corn for the second crop,

plus a good harvest, is expected,

boosting exports again during the

second half of the year.

According to Flávio Antunes, consultant

at INTL FCStone, Brazil may achieve

record highs for corn exports. “The

main factor driving exports is the

exchange rate. Last year, the U.S. dollar

was worth R$2.80 (Brazilian real). Now

the dollar is worth R$4. For us, it's

beneficial to export, and it's also good

for buyers,” he says.

He believes the U.S. is forecasting an

increase in the acres planted and a rise


ww

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INNOVATIONS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

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27

growth. Alternatively, rapid or selective

ingestion may result in large diurnal

variations in acid production and

ruminal pH. The average dairy cattle

spends maximum of about 14 h/d in

chewing and ruminating depending

upon the diet. The peNDF content of

the diet can be increased either by:

increasing the NDF content i.e.,

including more forage or byproduct

feeds or by increasing the chop length

of forages for low fiber diets. This

increases the chewing activity resulting

in the increase of rate of flow of saliva,

thus providing the buffering capacity

which may adequately buffer the

digestion of the feeds. Fiber digestion

may be impeded and milk fat levels

may become depressed when rumen

pH levels fall below 6.0. Rumen pH is a

function of lactic acid and VFA

production. The diets with longer

particle size and greater amounts of

effective fiber stimulate saliva

production. The intake of particles

greater than 19.0-mm was found to be

negatively correlated with the amount

of time rumen pH remains below 5.8.

Several methods to measure peNDF

have been proposed with each at

differing stages of development and

validation. The modified Penn State

Particle Separator (PSPS) is a widely

used tool to quantitatively estimate

forage and total mixed ration (TMR)

particle size. Until more research is

available on peNDF systems, the most

practical method to evaluate the

effective fiber level in dairy cattle diets

is to ensure that level of NDF in ration

and forage and TMR particle size are

within recommended ranges.

Conclusion

The physically effective fiber aims at

balancing diets to promote healthy

rumen functions in dairy cattle reducing

the risk of acidosis and improving feed

conversion efficiency. Other factors

such as maintaining the optimum

ruminal pH, during the fermentation of

diet (mainly starch content and grain

processing) and feeding management

practices need to be considered in

addition to physically effective fiber to

prevent ruminal acidosis. A greater

proportion of forages can be included

in the diet without lowering its

digestible energy content. With the aim

of maintaining normal ruminal

functions, fiber digestion and for

preventing milk fat depression

syndrome and metabolic disorders in

high producing dairy cattle, diets can

be formulated or evaluated for

chemical fiber and effective fiber

(minimum) and non-fibrous

carbohydrate (maximum).

in production of corn, which may

balance demand. “When the corn from

the U.S. reaches the market, we may see

a switch. Rather than seeking Brazilian

corn, buyers may prefer American corn,”

he said.

Nevertheless, according to Antunes,

corn prices in the Brazil market will

remain at a high level. “We have very

low stocks, and the poultry and pig

sectors need corn for animal feed. If we

export less, there will be more corn for

poultry and pigs. Demand will remain

high for Brazil,” he adds. Brazil corn

stocks, which stood at around 10

million tons last year, are set to shrink

to 6.5 million tons this harvest.

Source: Agriculture

Image source: bloomberg

IND

UST

RY

NEW

S

Innovative Approaches for Climate Smart Livestock Practices

limate smart and sustainable

agricultural practices have

been widely discussed at the Ccountry level. We have also

initiated steps towards enhancing

farmer knowledge about climate smart

agricultural practices. However the

discussion for livestock is relatively

limited as yet, though livestock is a

strong contributor to climate change.

With this article we plan to initiate a

discussion on climate smart livestock

practices based on innovate best

practices from across the globe. To lay

the grounds for the discussion, we first

present an overview of the livestock

and climate change issues. The current

article is reproduced from a report by

UNFAO linking livestock and climate

change .

Climate change is transforming the

planet's ecosystems and threatening

the well-being of current and future

generations. To “hold the increase in

global temperature below 2 degrees

Celsius” and avoid dangerous climate

change, deep cuts in global emissions

are urgently required.

The global livestock sector contributes

a significant share to anthropogenic

GHG emissions. With emissions

estimated at 7.1 gigatonnes CO2-eq

per annum, representing 14.5 percent

of human-induced GHG emissions, the

livestock sector plays an important role

in climate change. Beef and cattle milk

production account for the majority of

emissions, respectively contributing 41

and 20 percent of the sector's

emissions. While pig meat and poultry

meat and eggs contribute respectively

9 percent and 8 percent to the sector's

emissions. The strong projected growth

of this production will result in higher

emission shares and volumes over time.

Technologies and practices that help

reduce emissions exist but are not

widely used. Their adoption and use by

the bulk of the world's producers can

result in significant reductions in

emissions. A 30 percent reduction of

GHG emissions would be possible, for

example, if producers in a given system,

region and climate adopted the

technologies and practice currently

used by the 10 percent of producers

with the lowest emission intensity.

There is a direct link between GHG

emission intensities and the efficiency

with which producers use natural

resources. For livestock production

systems, nitrous oxide (N2O), methane

(CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

emissions, the three main GHG emitted

by the sector, are losses of nitrogen (N),

energy and organic matter that

undermine efficiency and productivity.

Possible interventions to reduce

emissions are thus, to a large extent,

based on technologies and practices

that improve production efficiency at

animal and herd levels. They include

the use of better quality feed and feed

balancing to lower enteric and manure

emissions. Improved breeding and

animal health help to shrink the herd

overhead (i.e. unproductive part of the

herd) and related emissions.

Manure management practices that

ensure the recovery and recycling of

nutrients and energy contained in

manure and improvements in energy

use efficiency along supply chains can

further contribute to mitigation.

Sourcing low emission intensity inputs

(feed and energy in particular) is a

further option.

Most mitigation interventions can

provide both environmental and

economic benefits. Practices and

technologies that reduce emissions can

often simultaneously increase

productivity, thereby contributing to

food security and economic

development. Concerted and collective

action from all sector stakeholders is

urgently required to ensure that

existing and promising mitigation

strategies are implemented. The need

to reduce the sector's emissions and its

environmental footprint has indeed

become ever more pressing in view of

its continuing expansion to ensure food

security and feed a growing, richer and

more urbanized world population.

Reproduced from “Tackling Climate Change from

Livestock: A Global Assessment of Emissions and

Mitigation Opportunities, published by UNFAO,

Rome, 2013.

Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta & Dr. Ankaj Sharma, Creative Agri Solutions

In February, Brazil recorded corn

exports of 5.37 million tons. According

to data from the Ministry of

Development, Industry and Foreign

Trade, this is almost five times higher

than exports for February 2015, which

stood at 1.10 million tons. These

exports produced revenue of $892.2

million, compared with $206.4 million in

February last year.

According to Lucilio Alves, a professor

and grain researcher in Brazil, this

phenomenon can be explained by a

combination of a bumper harvest,

favorable Brazilian exchange rate, and

attractive prices. “We are seeing

domestic corn prices 30% higher than

those in Argentinian and American

markets, and so producers are taking

advantage of this opportunity,” he

stated.

Although Brazil's prices for corn have

been high for some months, Alves

explained that they do not represent an

absolute record. “The price curve is

rising and current corn prices are the

highest we've seen in nominal terms.

But taking inflation into account, the

price is only higher than that of

Brazil corn exports are boostingDecember 2012,” he explained.

Forecasts for 2016

February exports are up 20.6% on

January volumes, which were 4.45

million tons. Cumulating volumes for

2016, Brazilian corn exports are at 9.83

million tons.

Corn exports are set to shrink in the

coming months, giving way to soybean

shipments. As soybeans are harvested,

producers start planting the second

crop, which includes corn, cotton, rice,

and beans. An increase in the acres

planted to corn for the second crop,

plus a good harvest, is expected,

boosting exports again during the

second half of the year.

According to Flávio Antunes, consultant

at INTL FCStone, Brazil may achieve

record highs for corn exports. “The

main factor driving exports is the

exchange rate. Last year, the U.S. dollar

was worth R$2.80 (Brazilian real). Now

the dollar is worth R$4. For us, it's

beneficial to export, and it's also good

for buyers,” he says.

He believes the U.S. is forecasting an

increase in the acres planted and a rise


ww

w.thin

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inth

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ee

d.c

o.in

26

INNOVATIONS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

ww

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27

growth. Alternatively, rapid or selective

ingestion may result in large diurnal

variations in acid production and

ruminal pH. The average dairy cattle

spends maximum of about 14 h/d in

chewing and ruminating depending

upon the diet. The peNDF content of

the diet can be increased either by:

increasing the NDF content i.e.,

including more forage or byproduct

feeds or by increasing the chop length

of forages for low fiber diets. This

increases the chewing activity resulting

in the increase of rate of flow of saliva,

thus providing the buffering capacity

which may adequately buffer the

digestion of the feeds. Fiber digestion

may be impeded and milk fat levels

may become depressed when rumen

pH levels fall below 6.0. Rumen pH is a

function of lactic acid and VFA

production. The diets with longer

particle size and greater amounts of

effective fiber stimulate saliva

production. The intake of particles

greater than 19.0-mm was found to be

negatively correlated with the amount

of time rumen pH remains below 5.8.

Several methods to measure peNDF

have been proposed with each at

differing stages of development and

validation. The modified Penn State

Particle Separator (PSPS) is a widely

used tool to quantitatively estimate

forage and total mixed ration (TMR)

particle size. Until more research is

available on peNDF systems, the most

practical method to evaluate the

effective fiber level in dairy cattle diets

is to ensure that level of NDF in ration

and forage and TMR particle size are

within recommended ranges.

Conclusion

The physically effective fiber aims at

balancing diets to promote healthy

rumen functions in dairy cattle reducing

the risk of acidosis and improving feed

conversion efficiency. Other factors

such as maintaining the optimum

ruminal pH, during the fermentation of

diet (mainly starch content and grain

processing) and feeding management

practices need to be considered in

addition to physically effective fiber to

prevent ruminal acidosis. A greater

proportion of forages can be included

in the diet without lowering its

digestible energy content. With the aim

of maintaining normal ruminal

functions, fiber digestion and for

preventing milk fat depression

syndrome and metabolic disorders in

high producing dairy cattle, diets can

be formulated or evaluated for

chemical fiber and effective fiber

(minimum) and non-fibrous

carbohydrate (maximum).

in production of corn, which may

balance demand. “When the corn from

the U.S. reaches the market, we may see

a switch. Rather than seeking Brazilian

corn, buyers may prefer American corn,”

he said.

Nevertheless, according to Antunes,

corn prices in the Brazil market will

remain at a high level. “We have very

low stocks, and the poultry and pig

sectors need corn for animal feed. If we

export less, there will be more corn for

poultry and pigs. Demand will remain

high for Brazil,” he adds. Brazil corn

stocks, which stood at around 10

million tons last year, are set to shrink

to 6.5 million tons this harvest.

Source: Agriculture

Image source: bloomberg

IND

UST

RY

NEW

S

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016CALENDAR OF EVENTS w

ww

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d.c

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28

2016

To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at

[email protected]

Ildex Vietnam

Date: 23-25 March 2016

Venue: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.ildex.com

FIAAP / VICTAM Asia 2016


Venue: Bangkok, Thailand


Web: www.victam.com

MARCH

120th IAOM International Association of

Operative Millers Annual Conference & Expo

Date: 4-8 April 2016

Venue: Antalya, Turkey


Web: www.iaom.info/annualmeeting

GFFC




Web: www.gffc2016.com

APRIL

PIX / AMC 2016 - Australian Milling Conference

Date: 29-31 May 2016

Venue: Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre,

QLD, Australia


Web: www.sfmca.com.au/events/516

MAY

Vietstock

Date: 19-21 October 2016

Venue: Saigon Exhibition & Convention Center (SECC,

HCMC


Web: www.vietstock.org

OCTOBER

Oilseed and Grain Trade Summit

Date: 14-16 November 2016

Venue: Hyatt Regency, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.


Web: www.oilseedandgrain.com

EuroTier


Venue: Hanover, Germany


Web: www.eurotier.com

NOVEMBER

VIV China

Date: 6-8 September 2016

Venue: Shunyi District Beijing, China


Web: www.vivchina.nl

SEPTEMBER

The year 2016 has begun with a

sluggish outlook for global grain

markets. According to the USDA,

falling rice and corn production are

expected for 2015/16. Wheat and

coarse grains production are also

down, with trade in wheat and flour

remaining mostly unchanged year on

year. The International Grains Council

estimates a 2% slump in world grain

production this year.

Across the world, a slowdown in the

Chinese economy is having a knock-on

effect on global demand and markets.

In the EU, depressed livestock markets

will see a contraction in compound

feed production this year, predicts the

European Feed Manufacturers'

Federation (FEFAC). The Middle East

has also not been spared, with

depressed oil prices and political

challenges impacting demand

appetites in the region.

In the face of such a dull start to the

year, Asia remains the world's No.1

region for pig, layer, broiler and aqua

feed, representing 35% of world feed

production. Annual feed production

growth averages at 4%, with many of

the region's governments increasing

their focus on feed and food safety.

From staple food crop, to

alternative energy and feed

ingredients

The staple Asian crop, rice saw prices

beginning to firm up towards the end

of 2015 with supply outlook remaining

tight into 2016. Rice trade is expected

at 42 million tonnes this year, fuelled

mainly by Asian demand. Thailand is

seen to overtake India as lead

exporter with 10 million tonnes of

export for the first time since 2011.

Commodity price volatilities and new

approaches to feed formulation have

led to soaring demand for DDGS in

Southeast Asia over the past decade.

DDGS use in aquafeed has increased

over the years at inclusion rates of 5-

7% on average for the region's top

aquaculture producers – Indonesia,

Thailand and Vietnam. Opportunities

to increase DDGS inclusion rates could

be increased further, at 10% in

aquafeeds.

As countries move up the income

ladder, so do their demands for food

and energy. Southeast Asia has

tremendous biomass potential with

abundant natural resources and no

lack of raw materials such as rice

husks, residues and wastes from sugar

mills for bagasse, palm oil kernel,

forestry products, and other

byproducts from the agro-processing

industry.

It is estimated that the region has 38

million tonnes of rice husks which can

be used as fuel for heat and energy, in

addition to ample wood wastes from

various non-industrial plantations.

Thailand, Indonesia and the

Philippines generate about 34 million

tonnes of bagasse annually. Given the

region's abundant resources and energy

needs, the opportunities for biomass

pelletizing technologies are plentiful.

The unique three-in-one

FIAAP/VICTAM/GRAPAS concept

addresses the distinct yet highly

complementary sectors from animal

feed ingredients and nutrition, to the

grain and milling sectors. ,

respectively. The GRAPAS Asia

Conference on 29 March will profile

rice and flour milling and grain

processing and the 2nd ASEAN Feed

and Rice Symposium will be hosted by

Victam International on 30 March.

Also on 30 March are Petfood Forum

Asia and GMP + Feed Safety

conferences. Nutritionists and feed

formulators can look forward to the

opening day with the FIAAP Animal

Nutrition Conference and Aquafeed

Horizons Asia on 29 March while the

Biomass Conference will round up the

three-day expo on 31 March. For more

information on FIAAP/ VICTAM/

GRAPAS Asia 2016, visit

www.victam.com

Get up to date at VICTAM Asia 2016

Grain slowdown but Asia still no. 1

EVENT COVERAGE

ww

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2nd International Conference on Livestock

Nutrition

Date: 21-22 July 2016

Venue: Brisbane, Australia


Web: www.livestocknutrition.conferenceseries.com

JULY

Indo Livestock 2016 Expo & Forum

Date: 27-29 July 2016

Venue: Jakarta Convention Center - Indonesia


Web: www.indolivestock.com

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016CALENDAR OF EVENTS

ww

w.thin

kgra

inth

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ee

d.c

o.in

28

2016

To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at

[email protected]

Ildex Vietnam


Venue: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam


Web: www.ildex.com

FIAAP / VICTAM Asia 2016


Venue: Bangkok, Thailand


Web: www.victam.com

MARCH

120th IAOM International Association of

Operative Millers Annual Conference & Expo




Web: www.iaom.info/annualmeeting

GFFC




Web: www.gffc2016.com

APRIL

PIX / AMC 2016 - Australian Milling Conference

Date: 29-31 May 2016

Venue: Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre,

QLD, Australia


Web: www.sfmca.com.au/events/516

MAY

Vietstock

Date: 19-21 October 2016

Venue: Saigon Exhibition & Convention Center (SECC,

HCMC


Web: www.vietstock.org

OCTOBER

Oilseed and Grain Trade Summit


Venue: Hyatt Regency, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.


Web: www.oilseedandgrain.com

EuroTier


Venue: Hanover, Germany


Web: www.eurotier.com

NOVEMBER

VIV China

Date: 6-8 September 2016

Venue: Shunyi District Beijing, China


Web: www.vivchina.nl

SEPTEMBER

The year 2016 has begun with a

sluggish outlook for global grain

markets. According to the USDA,

falling rice and corn production are

expected for 2015/16. Wheat and

coarse grains production are also

down, with trade in wheat and flour

remaining mostly unchanged year on

year. The International Grains Council

estimates a 2% slump in world grain

production this year.

Across the world, a slowdown in the

Chinese economy is having a knock-on

effect on global demand and markets.

In the EU, depressed livestock markets

will see a contraction in compound

feed production this year, predicts the

European Feed Manufacturers'

Federation (FEFAC). The Middle East

has also not been spared, with

depressed oil prices and political

challenges impacting demand

appetites in the region.

In the face of such a dull start to the

year, Asia remains the world's No.1

region for pig, layer, broiler and aqua

feed, representing 35% of world feed

production. Annual feed production

growth averages at 4%, with many of

the region's governments increasing

their focus on feed and food safety.

From staple food crop, to

alternative energy and feed

ingredients

The staple Asian crop, rice saw prices

beginning to firm up towards the end

of 2015 with supply outlook remaining

tight into 2016. Rice trade is expected

at 42 million tonnes this year, fuelled

mainly by Asian demand. Thailand is

seen to overtake India as lead

exporter with 10 million tonnes of

export for the first time since 2011.

Commodity price volatilities and new

approaches to feed formulation have

led to soaring demand for DDGS in

Southeast Asia over the past decade.

DDGS use in aquafeed has increased

over the years at inclusion rates of 5-

7% on average for the region's top

aquaculture producers – Indonesia,

Thailand and Vietnam. Opportunities

to increase DDGS inclusion rates could

be increased further, at 10% in

aquafeeds.

As countries move up the income

ladder, so do their demands for food

and energy. Southeast Asia has

tremendous biomass potential with

abundant natural resources and no

lack of raw materials such as rice

husks, residues and wastes from sugar

mills for bagasse, palm oil kernel,

forestry products, and other

byproducts from the agro-processing

industry.

It is estimated that the region has 38

million tonnes of rice husks which can

be used as fuel for heat and energy, in

addition to ample wood wastes from

various non-industrial plantations.

Thailand, Indonesia and the

Philippines generate about 34 million

tonnes of bagasse annually. Given the

region's abundant resources and energy

needs, the opportunities for biomass

pelletizing technologies are plentiful.

The unique three-in-one

FIAAP/VICTAM/GRAPAS concept

addresses the distinct yet highly

complementary sectors from animal

feed ingredients and nutrition, to the

grain and milling sectors. ,

respectively. The GRAPAS Asia

Conference on 29 March will profile

rice and flour milling and grain

processing and the 2nd ASEAN Feed

and Rice Symposium will be hosted by

Victam International on 30 March.

Also on 30 March are Petfood Forum

Asia and GMP + Feed Safety

conferences. Nutritionists and feed

formulators can look forward to the

opening day with the FIAAP Animal

Nutrition Conference and Aquafeed

Horizons Asia on 29 March while the

Biomass Conference will round up the

three-day expo on 31 March. For more

information on FIAAP/ VICTAM/

GRAPAS Asia 2016, visit

www.victam.com

Get up to date at VICTAM Asia 2016

Grain slowdown but Asia still no. 1

EVENT COVERAGE

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29

2nd International Conference on Livestock

Nutrition

Date: 21-22 July 2016

Venue: Brisbane, Australia


Web: www.livestocknutrition.conferenceseries.com

JULY

Indo Livestock 2016 Expo & Forum

Date: 27-29 July 2016

Venue: Jakarta Convention Center - Indonesia


Web: www.indolivestock.com

Date post:	21-Jan-2017
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