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This file reviews materials in Lab 4 and it gets you ready for Lab 6. Lab#4 -- Ex. 7 (Overview of the skeleton) and Ex. 8 (Axial skeleton)
Lab#5 -- Ex. 9 (Appendicular skeleton), Ex. 10 (Fetal skeleton), and Ex. 11 (Articulations and body movements)
Lab#6 -- the second lab practical (200 points)
by Dr. Shaw, Zoology 251 Lab Coordinator, x7176; [email protected]
1
Lab#4– Ex. 7: Overview of the skeleton
2
Axial skeleton (in khaki) and appendicular skeleton (in gray)— Students are required to ID these bones.
3
Four types of bone by shapes
4
Match the following bones to these four bone shapes
1. _____ Vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid
2. _____ The three bones in each of your fingers and toes (phalanges), humerus
3. _____ Ribs, scapula, most skull bones, sternum
4. _____ Kneecap (patella), calcaneus
A. Long bone B. Short bone
C. Flat bone D. Irregular bone
5
(a) Living (b) Dried
Medullary cavity
Periosteum
Nutrient foramen
Endosteum
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Epiphysis
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Articularcartilage
Epiphysealline
Red bonemarrow
Yellow bone marrow
Epiphysealline
Articularcartilage
6
Nutrient artery
Required terminologies are highlighted in green.
(a) Living bone (b) Dried bone 7Practice 01
Periosteum
Endosteum
Perforating fibers
Perforating canal
Osteon
Lacuna
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Pelvic bone
Nerve
Blood vessel
Bone marrow
Lamella
Lacunae
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
Canaliculi
Spongy bone
Spicules
Head offemur
Centralcanal
Collagenfibers
Concentriclamellae
Circumferentiallamellae
Centralcanal
Trabeculae
20 m
Trabecula
8
Required terminologies are highlighted in green.
Endosteum
Central canals
Osteons
Circumferential lamellae
Interstitial lamellae
9
Bone Model– All terminologies are required.
Periosteum
Circumferential lamella
Canaliculi (cellular extensions of osteocytes)
Osteon showing collagen fibers
Perforating fibers (in white)
Perforating canal (with blood vessels inside)
Osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae (spaces)
Lacunae
Lamellae (each layer of tissue)
Osteocytes with Canaliculi (cellular extensions of osteocytes)
10
Osteon showing _________ fibers
Scientific name for bone cells.
ID theses “holes.”
Each of the concentric ring of the osteon is called ________________.
ID “tiny canals” that use for communicating among bone cells.
Practice 02
11
Lab#4– Ex. 8: Axial skeleton
12
Ex. 8: Axial skeleton; A- The cranial bones
13
Required bones and markings are highlighted in 3 different colors--
1. Individual bones in green
3. Depressions, passages, and cavities in red (fissure, foramen, fossa, sinus, etc.)
2. Articulations, extensions, and projections in yellow (condyle, crest, facet, process, etc.)
14
Sinuses
Crest
Foramen
Foramen
Fossae
HeadTubercle
Crest
Tuberosity
Line
Head
Fovea
Trochanters
Fossae
(a) Skull (lateral view)
Epicondyles
Condyles
Alveolus
SpineCondyleProcess
Lines
Meatus
(b) Scapula (posterior view)(c) Femur (posterior view)
(d) Humerus (anterior view)
Process
Spine
15
Markings of bones (FYI only)
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Lacrimal bone
Squamous suture
Infraorbital foramen
Vomer
Mandible
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Temporal bone
Supraorbital notch
Mental protuberance
Parietal bone
Middle nasalconcha
Inferior nasalconcha
Supraorbitalmargin
Supraorbitalforamen
16
The skull, anterior view
17
The skull, anterior view
Practice 03
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Sutural wormian bone
Parietal bone
Parietal foramen
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Posterior
Anterior
18
Posterior
Anterior
19Practice 04
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Lambdoid suture
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic process
External auditory meatus
Mandible
Temporal lines
Coronal suture
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Occipital bone
Squamous suture
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mastoid process
20
The skull, right lateral view
21
The skull, right lateral view
Practice 05
Zygomatic bone
Lambdoid suture
Foramen magnum
Mastoid foramen
Jugular foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
Carotid canal
Intermaxillary suture
Palatine bone
Greater palatine foramen
Medial pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plate
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosumForamen lacerum
Incisive foramen
Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process
Mastoid notch
Condylar canal
Temporal bone
Superior nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
Occipital bone
(a) Inferior view
Parietal bone
Occipital condyle
Vomer
Posterior nasalaperture
Palatine processof maxilla
Basilar part ofoccipital bone
External occipitalprotuberance
22
(a) Inferior view
23Practice 06
Mastoid part
Mastoid process
Temporal bone (lateral surface)
Styloid process Tympanic part
Squamous part
Squamous suture
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossaMastoid notch External acoustic
meatus
24
Lateral surface of temporal bone
Hyoid
Larynx
Styloid process
Stylohyoid muscle
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body25
Optic foramen
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Foramen ovale
Body
Sella turcica
Dorsum sellae
Foramen rotundum
Hypophyseal fossa
Foramen ovale
Lateral pterygoid plate
Medial pterygoid plate Pterygoid processes
Foramen spinosum
(a) Superior view
(b) Posterior view
Dorsum sellae
Anterior clinoidprocess
Superior orbitalfissureForamenrotundum
26
(a) Superior view
(b) Posterior view
27Practice 07
Sphenoidsinus
Frontalsinus
Ethmoidsinus
Maxillarysinus
28
(b) Superior view of cranial floor
Cribriform foramina
Crista galli
Diploe (spongy bone)
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Sella turcica
Frontal bone
Optic foramen
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen magnum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Internal acousticmeatus
Groove forvenous sinus
Petrous part oftemporal bone
Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone
29
(b) Superior view of cranial floor
30Practice 08
Orbital plate
Crista galli
Cribriformplate
Cribriformforamina
EthmoidalCells (sinuses)
Perpendicularplate
Superiornasal concha
Middlenasal concha
31
Ex. 8: Axial skeleton; B- The facial bones
32
Frontal sinus
Inferior nasal concha
Anterior nasal spine
Palatine process of maxilla
Incisive foramen
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Nasal cartilages
Superior
MiddleSphenoid sinus
Palatine bone
Sphenoid bone
Crista galli
Sella turcica
Cribriform plate
Cribriform foramina
Occipital bone
Lip
Frontal bone
Incisor
Nasal conchae:
33
Zygomatic process
Maxillary bone
Infraorbital foramen
34
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Supraorbital foramen
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Frontal bone
35
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid sinus
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Mandibular foramen
Styloid process
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture
Sella turcica
Occipital bone
Vomer
Palatine bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Nasal bone
(b) Median section
Cribriform plate ofethmoid bone
Perpendicular plateof ethmoid bone
Palatine processof maxilla
36
Mandibular condylesCondylar process
Mandibular notch
Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen
Body
Mandibular angle
Ramus
Mental protuberance
Mental foramen
Alveolar process
37
38Practice 09
Ex. 8: Axial skeleton; C- The vertebral column &
the thoracic cage
39
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
C7
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx Coccyx
Anterior view Posterior view
T1
T12
L1
L5
S1
S5
40
Spinous process
Lamina
Pedicle
Body
(a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2), superior view
Anterior
Posterior
Superior articularfacet
Transverseprocess
Vertebral foramen
Vertebralarch
41
(a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2), superior view
Anterior
Posterior
42Practice 10
L1
L2
L3
Intervertebral disc
Spinous process
(b) Left lateral view
Superior articularprocess of L1
Inferior vertebralnotch of L1
Superior vertebralnotch of L2
Inferior articularprocess of L3
Intervertebralforamen
43
L1
L2
L3
Intervertebral disc
(b) Left lateral view
Inferior vertebralnotch of L1
Superior vertebralnotch of L2
44Practice 11
Anterior tubercleAnterior arch
Posterior arch
Posterior tubercle
Superior articularfacet
Transverseforamen
Lateralmasses
(a) Atlas ( C1)
45
Atlas: Lack body and spinous process
46
Identify this vertebra:______________
Practice 12
Inferior articular process
Spinous process
Lamina
Dens (odontoid process)
Superior articular facet Body
Pedicle
Transverse foramen
Transverse process
(b) Axis (C2)
47
C2-C6: have forked (bifid) spinous processes
Identify this vertebra: _______
48Practice 13
Superior costal facetInferior costal facet
Pedicle
Body
Body
Body
Bifid spinous process
Lamina
Spinous process
Spinous process
Spinous process
Inferior articular process
Inferior articular facet
Inferior articular facet
Spinous process
Spinous process
Lamina
Superior articular facet Superior articular process
Superior articular facet
Superior articular facet
(a) Cervical vertebrae (C2-C6): bifid spinous process
(b) Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12): having coastal facets
(c) Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5): Thick body; articular facets curved inward; squarish spinous process
Superior views Lateral views
Transverse foramen
Transverse process
Transverse costal facet
Transverse process
Transverse costal facet
Transverse process
49
Transverse ridges (lines)
Coccyx
Ala S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Co1Co2Co3Co4
(a) Sacrum; anterior view (smooth)
Superior articularprocess
SacralPromontory (anterior border of the body of S1)
Anterior sacralforamina
50
HornSacral hiatus
Coccyx
Sacral canal
(b) Sacrum; posterior view (rough)
Superior articularprocess
Transverseprocess
Posterior sacralforamina
Lateral sacralcrest
Auricularsurface
Mediansacral crest
51
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Clavicle
Scapula
Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
Manubrium
Angle
Body
Xiphoid process
Costal cartilages
Costal margin
True ribs (1–7)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 T12
T1
L1
False ribs (8–12)
Sternum:
Pectoral girdle:
Floating ribs(11–12)
52
Head (Vertebral end)
Neck
Tubercle
(a) (Costa) Rib 1
53
Neck
Shaft
Head (Vertebral end)
Superior
Costal groove
Inferior
Tubercle
Angle
(b) (Costae) Ribs 2–10
Articular facetfor transverseprocess
Articular facetsfor vertebral bodies
54
(c) (Costae) Ribs 11–12
55
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Rib 6
T6
(b) Superior view
Rib 6
Inferior costalfacet of T5
Superior articularfacet of rib 6
Inferior articularfacet of rib 6
Superior costalfacet of T6
(a) Anterior view
Vertebralbody T5
Vertebralbody T6
Transversecostal facetfor rib 6
Superiorarticularfacet
Superiorcostalfacetfor rib 6
56