Thoughts On - Institute for Networking and Security...

Distribution A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

UNCLASSIFIED

Robert G. Cole U.S. Army CERDEC

Space and Terrestrial Communications Directorate

APG, MD

Future Army Tactical Networks

02 April 2014

Thoughts On:

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public

release; distribution is unlimited.

UNCLASSIFIED

2 Distribution D: authorized to DoD and U.S. DoD contractors only.

Distribution D: authorized to DoD and U.S. DoD contractors only.

2

Command & Guidance Relationships

ARDEC

Armaments

Research,

Development &

Engineering Center

TARDEC

Tank and

Automotive

Research,

Development &

Engineering Center

NSRDEC

Natick Soldier

Research,

Development &

Engineering Center

ECBC

Edgewood

Chemical

Biological Center

AMRDEC

Aviation & Missile

Research,

Development &

Engineering Center

ARL

Army Research

Laboratory

CERDEC

Communication-

Electronics Research,

Development &

Engineering Center

RFEC Atlantic

RFEC Pacific

RFEC Americas

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release.

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3

Mission: To develop and integrate Command,

Control, Communications, Computers,

Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance

(C4ISR) Technologies that enable

Information and Cyber Dominance and

Decisive Lethality for the Networked

Warfighter

Vision: To employ the imagination and innovation

of this nation’s brightest professionals to

provide America’s brave sons and

daughters with the most effective solutions

to ensure mission success and their safe

return home

Communications-Electronics Research,

Development and Engineering Center




4

CERDEC Space and Terrestrial

Communications Directorate (S&TCD)

Product

Leadership

Customer

Intimacy

Operational

Excellence

Vision: The DoD leader advancing innovative

technologies to ensure networked

Warfighter dominance.

Mission: Research, develop and evaluate trusted

communications and networking

technologies to transition operationally

relevant solutions to the Warfighter

through employment of a dedicated and

superior workforce, world class facilities

and global partnerships.

Leveraging Technologies World Wide




Challenges

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED




Development and Engineering Center (CERDEC)

-- Challenge Areas --

• Operational Complexity (OC) – while the network is extremely

complex, it should not be operationally complex nor should it be

complex to use. The Tactical Internet (TI) is too complex (using

manual and static methods) to configure. The TI needs control

algorithms to be able to adapt to demands placed upon it by mission

(e.g., mobility), by data dissemination (e.g., applications) and by policy

for all deployment scales.

• Limited Throughput to Tactical User (LT) – given our current

deployment engineering rule, our LTI platoon radio networks provide

limited per-user throughput. This throughput limit needs to be

increased.

• RF Interference (RFI) – systems within the Tactical Internet need

better integration for improved SWAP and simplification of operation

within the Tactical Internet. Robust waveforms must be maintained

and improved to meet future jamming challenges and future LPI/LPD

requirements in the presence of Blue EW and Red EW.

• Non-Convergence on Tactical Internet (NC)– the Army’s

prominent tactical applications require improved network services for

full integration on our IP-based Tactical Internet.

• Dis-contiguous Architecture (DA) – the architecture has

developed through multiple acquisitions.

Wideband SATCOM (NCW)

Mid-Tier (WNW)

Company SRW

Classified PLT SRW

Unclassified PLT SRW

HNW

Mid-Tier (WNW) Mid-Tier (WNW)

SoS Challenges Characterized into These Broad Problem Areas


UNCLASSIFIED




Development and Engineering Center (CERDEC)

-- Focus Areas Towards Improvements --

• Simplify Management and Operations

– Common data models

– Common management protocols

– Move towards improved automation, e.g., new control

protocols

– Promote Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) standards

• Refocus on Robust Basic Capabilities

– Robust Voice, PLI and limited C2 to the soldier

– Improved LPI/LPD operation in denied environments

• Modularize the Architecture

– Common network protocol layers

– Swap-able MAC/PHY ‘waveforms’

• Improve Frequency Efficiency

– Better frequency reuse and coordination between RF

systems

– Frequency agile RF systems

Wideband SATCOM (NCW)

Mid-Tier (WNW)

Company SRW

Classified PLT SRW

Unclassified PLT SRW

HNW

Mid-Tier (WNW) Mid-Tier (WNW)

Improve the core network services and capabilities


UNCLASSIFIED



Architectural

Improvements


UNCLASSIFIED



Network Architecture Evolution

Current architecture is dominated by: • HAIPE layered and dis-contiguous Black-side

networks

• Hierarchical network structure for scalability

• Inconsistent solutions to common networking

challenges, e.g.,

• HAIPE

• QOS (forwarding, precedence and preemption)

Future architecture be dominated by: • A single, flat, scalable, non-hierarchical Black-side

network structure

• A single, multilevel secure, network architecture

• Consistent solutions to common networking

challenges

NCW and HNW

SRW SRW

SRW HNW

ANW2 or WNW

SRW

RTR

RTR

Radio

Radio

NCW and HNW

SRW SRW

SRW HNW

ANW2 or WNW

SRW

New

Networks

RTR

RTR

RTR

HAIPE

RTRRTR

RTR

HAIPE

NCW

NCW


UNCLASSIFIED



Network Management

Architecture Evolution

Recommended

• Standards based radio management model that

simplifies radio configuration

• Common NetOps tool that integrates multiple

radio management clients

• Common, standards based API’s to enable

interface to radio management model and

NetOps tool

Current

• Each Radio/waveform has its own Management

Client and Architecture

• Each radio has 1000’s of parameters that have to be

set

• Cannot manage across the HAIPE boundary

• Each radio has its own terminology, i.e. data model

Radio Type A, Device N

RF Networking IA

Frequency IP Address Keys

Power Routing Access Controls

Modulations Host Name

Waveform Domain Name

XX numbers of parameters need to be set

Radio Type B, Device N

RF Networking IA






Radio Type B, Device N

RF Networking IA






Tactical

Internet

Management

Client 1

Management

Integration

Management

Integration

Management

Client 1

Management

Client n

Management

Client n

HAIPE Tunnel

HAIPE Tunnel

NOC S-6

CDS

Management

Client

Management

Client

CDSTactical

Internet

CDSCDS

End Device Model, e.g. Radio

RF Networking IAFrequency IP Address Routing KeysPower Host Name Domain Name Access ControlsModulationsWaveform XX numbers of parameters need to be set

HAIPEHAIPE

Management Server

Management

Model

VACM

Past attempts to fix have focused on the NetOps side only

Management

Server

Management

Model

VACM

To be successful

the fix needs to be

applied at both

ends


UNCLASSIFIED



Medium Access Control (MAC)

Physical Layer

• The creation of a common operating environment allows for improved software reuse and

collaborative software development

• The common operating environment makes for ease of porting across multiple hardware

platforms and implementations

• The ’Application Software’ in the figure covers Software Defined RF code which runs in the

GPU and FPGA and RF-HW hardware

Nodal Architecture Evolution:

Network and HW/SW Convergence

Common Transceiver Waveform Waveform

Application Software

Operating Environment,

e.g., SCA, RedHawk, GRA,…

Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

Common

Network

Protocol

Stack

Network Abstraction Layer

(NAL)

GPU

Common

Network

Protocol

Stack


(NAL)


Physical Layer FPGA Interface-

HW


UNCLASSIFIED



Phy/M

AC

Current Waveform Architecture

• Reliance on stove-pipe architectures and

monolithic waveforms

Objective Waveform Architecture

• Reliance on common network

infrastructure and modular waveforms

Nodal Architecture Evolution:

a Common MANET Stack

Common Protocol Architecture

Internet Networking

Convergence

layer for non-IP

EW

SIN

CG

AR

S

App

N

etw

ork

P

hy\M

AC

SR

W

App

N

etw

ork

P

hy\M

AC

WN

W

App

N

etw

ork

P

hy\M

AC

WIN

-T W

avefo

rms A

pp

N

etw

ork

P

hy\M

AC

Voic

e

PLI

C2

Data

WN

W

Dir

ectional

Narr

ow

band

Vo

ice

Re

so

urc

e A

lloca

tion

LT

E

SA

EW

SR

W


UNCLASSIFIED




• The Common Network Protocol Stack (CNPS) runs in application

software

• The Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) hides the complexity of the

lower level SDR functions from the upper layer protocol stack

through a well defined open Layer 2 Service Interface

• This level of abstraction allows for ease of portability of the

CNPS onto new SDRs and allows the network to be somewhat

agnostic to the underlying radio technologies

• The NAL is to be based upon an improved Internet Protocol layer

Common Across

Tactical Internet

Provides Abstraction

Layer to Current and

Future SDR (MAC and

PHY) Systems

Swap different radio

technologies based

upon local

requirements

Improved Network

Stack, provided by

networking

industries

Improved IP for Future

Tactical Internet,

provided by CERDEC

leadership

Future SDRs Specific to

Local Requirements e.g.,

range, LPI/LPD,…, provided

by radio industries

Common

Network

Protocol

Stack



Physical Layer

• Define a target architecture which identifies a Lower Tactical

Internet (LTI) based upon an improved, open, standard-based

Internet Protocol to meet Military Unique Requirements.

• Define a target architecture which naturally integrates the LTI into

the GIG Enterprise Network at high echelons.

• Develop a well defined Service Interface between the NAL and the

lower level SDR networking

• Allows for the SDR to be tailored to the specific environmental

requirements such as range, LPI/LPD, …

Similar to commercial networks; a common network capability with plug-ins for RF (waveforms):

Disambiguate the upper level CNPS from the lower level SDR implementations

- similar to a smart phones use of LTE, or Wifi, or Bluetooth, ...


UNCLASSIFIED



Few Standards Exist for

MANETs

Standards defined


UNCLASSIFIED



Example

Technology

Advances


UNCLASSIFIED



Improved Throughput via

Protocol Efficiencies

Efficient PLI Broadcast using minimum

Connected Dominating Sets (mCDS)

PLI Broadcast on the

current LTI

11 (or 22 with ACKS)

transmissions

5 transmissions

e.g., Improved Networking

Control Algorithms

Improved throughput via new and efficient networking control

protocols for:

• PLI information broadcast

• Topology flooding for dynamic routing

• HAIPE discovery through multicast

• Combat Radio Network dynamic slot allocations and multicast operations

• Re-architecting the protocol stack

Re-architect Nodal Protocol Stack based upon:

• Requirements of the critical tactical applications

• M&S evaluation of protocol performance in range of representative scenarios


UNCLASSIFIED



17

Improved Throughput via

Directional Networking

Directional Networking offers several advantages for the Army, including:

• Higher data rates

• Higher Spectrum reuse (spatial)

• Reduced Mutual Interference

• Extended Reach

• Better LPI/LPD

• Targeted EW


UNCLASSIFIED



• Initial Target Scenario is U.S.

Army Brigade Tactical

Internet (TI)

• Quasi-Hierarchical Topology

• Minimal Configuration

Parameters

• Loop Prevention

• Support for Policy

• R&D Challenges:

– Tracking subnet and nodal

mobility

– Lack of prefix aggregation

– Limiting control overhead

– Securing the system


Improved Automation

via Inter-MANET Routing

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED



Replace Layer 7 GWs

and integrate separate

SatCom transport

C2 applications

running over

separate radio

networks

C2 applications down

at the tactical edge

End-to-end QOS and

Precedence and

Preemption Handling

Transport Layer

suitable for disruptive

and lossy tactical

networking

environments

Lacking critical networking

services, e.g., lateral

routing, any-casting, for

tactical application

convergence


Improved Network Services for

Better Core Application Handling

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED



20

DTN-enabled Army

Tactical Networking

• Challenging network environment leads to link and network disruptions

• Need to develop a robust DTN-based transport service

• Requires solutions to addressing, routing, management, discovery and forwarding/QOS


UNCLASSIFIED



• Not your fixed, high speed network environments

found in commercial deployments

– Brings with it a wealth of engineering and R&D challenges

• Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking is still in its infancy

– Need more field and operational experiments and data

analysis

– Exciting times ahead as we gain more practical experience

with larger field tests and deployments

• Moving towards more commonality for improved

efficiency and simplified inter-operability


Summary

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED



22

Robert G. Cole

CERDEC S&TCD

Questions ?


UNCLASSIFIED

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