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THREE DIMENSIONS OF VIDEO GAMES:
THE INFLUENCE AGENCY, DEMAND,
AND PERSPECTIVE ON PERFORMANCE
AT, PRESENCE IN, AND ENJOYMENT OF
VIDEO GAMES – A PROSPECTUS
Nicholas David Bowman, Ph.D.
Gregory Cranmer, M.A.
WHAT?
• Lots of research on
gaming, but let’s put (some
of) it together to explain
the phenomenology
• For us, the phenomenon
is fun
TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS
• The history of gaming has
been tied to advances in
tech
– Bit Wars
– Processor Wars
– Engagement Wars?
TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS
• Does progress always mean better?
– Jöckel & Bowman (2012) say no• Usability > Graphics Enjoyment
– Bowman & Tamborini (2012) say ‘meh’• Game selection was curvilinear with task demand,
effects on enjoyment less clear
– Industry evidence suggesting 3D gaming is dying• One claim is that is too demanding, disorienting
RESEARCH MODEL
Task DemandUser Agency
0 = Yes, 1 = No
User Perspective
0 = 2D; 1 = 3D
Performance
Presence
Enjoyment
- +
++
+-
--
+R2 ~ 1.00
-
CAUSES
TASK DEMAND
• We can look at the workload of a given interface
– Bowman and Tamborini (2012) found TLX to predict selective exposure following mood manipulations
– Link to enjoyment less clear
USER PERSPECTIVE
• Assumption is that “forced
perspective” drives presence,
driving up enjoyment
• Lots of (anecdotal?) evidence
suggesting forced perspective
to be detrimental to fun
(demanding?)
USER AGENCY
• Game are more fun when played not watched…
– Pleasure of control
– Pleasure of presence
• But, watching can be fun also; especially rich visuals
EFFECTS
PERFORMANCE
• Bowman et al. (in press)
find (shockingly) that +
performance = +
enjoyment
• How might TLX interfere
with performance? Badly.
PRESENCE
• The sense of “being there” in the virtual environment is though to help boost enjoyment…
• …but we can also be disturbed by the environment?
ENJOYMENT
• Enjoyment (hedonic) can be met by:
– Control of the game
– Performance at the game
– Feeling present in the game
So, why aren’t 3D games doing well?
RESEARCH MODEL (AGAIN)
Task DemandUser Agency
0 = Yes, 1 = No
User Perspective
0 = 2D; 1 = 3D
Performance
Presence
Enjoyment
- +
++
+-
--
+R2 ~ 1.00
-
NOTE: Time spent playing
might solve all of this!
FOR MORE INFORMATION
PLEASE CONTACT:
Nicholas David Bowman, Ph.D.
onmediatheory.blogspot.com
@bowmanspartan