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Tidal Energy in India
Potential, Projects & Developments
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Tidal Energy..................................................................................... 2
1.1 Pros & Cons of Tidal Power ................................................................................... 2
1.2 Types of Tidal Power Plants .................................................................................. 3
2. Global Tidal Energy Scenario .................................................................................. 4
2.1 First Tidal Power Plant in World............................................................................. 4
2.2 Largest Tidal Power Station in World ..................................................................... 5
2.3 Tidal Power Stations in World ................................................................................ 5
3. Indian Tidal Energy Scenario ................................................................................... 5
3.1 Tidal Energy Potential in India ............................................................................... 6
4. Tidal Power Projects in India ................................................................................... 6
4.1 Demonstration Project at Sunderbans ................................................................... 6
4.2 Tidal Power Projects in Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat ....................................................... 7
List of Figures Figure 1: Tidal Power Plant ............................................................................................. 2
Figure 2: Pros & Cons of Tidal Energy ............................................................................ 3
Figure 3: Types of Tidal Power Plants............................................................................. 4
List of Tables Table 1: List of Tidal Power Stations in World ................................................................. 5
Table 2: Tidal Energy Potential in India ........................................................................... 6
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1. Introduction to Tidal Energy Tidal energy is one of many forms of hydropower generation. It comes from the
gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon on the Earth’s bodies of water, creating
periodic shifts in these bodies of water. These shifts are called tides. The tide moves a
huge amount of water twice each day.
Tides work like a hydro-electric scheme, except that the dam is much bigger. A huge
dam (called a barrage) is built across a river estuary. When the tide goes in and out, the
water flows through tunnels in the dam. The ebb (tide moving out to sea) and flow of the
tides can be used to turn a turbine.
Figure 1: Tidal Power Plant
1.1 Pros & Cons of Tidal Power
Tidal power has many advantages as compared to other forms of renewable energy.
Tides are totally predictable. It is completely carbon neutral like wind or hydro energy.
A major drawback of tidal power stations is that they can only generate when the tide is
flowing in or out. In other words, tidal power plants work only for 10 hours each day.
Other drawbacks of tidal power include higher cost of installation, environmental
impacts on local area, flooding and ecological changes, and the inflexible generation
schedule.
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Figure 2: Pros & Cons of Tidal Energy
1.2 Types of Tidal Power Plants
Tidal Barrages
These involve the creation of huge concrete dams with sluices. Tidal barrages make
use of the potential energy in the difference in height between high and low tides.
Tidal Stream Generators
Tidal stream generators make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power
turbines. These are very similar to the principles in wind power generation – water flows
across blades which turn a turbine much like how wind turns blades for wind power
turbines.
Dynamic Tidal Power
This technology is not currently commercial viable, but UK, Korea, and China have
invested heavily in its research. It involves a partial dam which raises the tidal height
and several hydropower generators. The differences in height between the head of the
dam and the low tide coast force water through the generator, much like a traditional
hydropower dam.
Advantages
Predictable unlike solar or wind energy
Clean and environment-friendly
High opportunities in R&D
Disadvantages
Work for only about 10 hours a day
High cost of installation and generation
Flooding and ecological changes
Limited availability of tidal sites
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Figure 3: Types of Tidal Power Plants
2. Global Tidal Energy Scenario Tidal power is not yet widely used around the world, though it has potential for future
electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power.
Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has relatively high cost and limited
availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or current velocities.
Many recent technological developments and improvements, both in design (dynamic
tidal power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (new axial turbines, cross flow
turbines), indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than
previously assumed.
2.1 First Tidal Power Plant in World
La Rance Tidal Power Station (240 MW) is the world's first large-scale tidal power
plant in France that became operational in 1966. The power station is located on the
estuary of the Rance River, in Brittany, France. It is also the second largest tidal power
station in the world, in terms of installed capacity, after the Sihwa Lake Tidal Power
Station.
The construction of the barrage was started in 1960 and consists of a 330m long dam
with a 22km2 basin. The effective tidal range is 8m. The work was completed after six
years in 1966 when 24 turbines, rated at 10 MW each, were connected to the French
power network with a 225 kV transmission line.
Tidal Energy Technologies
Tidal Barrages Tidal Stream
Generators
Dynamic Tidal
Power
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2.2 Largest Tidal Power Station in World
Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station, in South Korea, is the world's largest tidal power
installation, with a total power output capacity of 254 MW, surpassing the 240 MW
Rance Tidal Power Station after 45 years. It is operated by the Korean Water Resource
Corporation. Mean operating tidal range is 5.6m, with a spring tidal range of 7.8m.
2.3 Tidal Power Stations in World
The major tidal power projects are in operation in South Korea (254 MW), France (240
MW), and Canada (20 MW). France, Russia, China, Canada, United Kingdom and
South Korea have set up tidal power projects. The total installed capacity of tidal power
projects in these countries is about 520 MW.
Table 1: List of Tidal Power Stations in World
Power Station Capacity (MW) Country Year
Sihwa Lake 254 South Korea 2011
La Rance 240 France 1966
Annapolis Royal 20 Canada 1984
Jiangxia 3.2 China 1980
Kislaya Guba 1.7 Russia 1968
Uldolmok 1.5 South Korea 2009
Strangford SeaGen 1.2 United Kingdom 2008
Strangford Lough SeaGen
It is the world's first commercial-scale tidal turbine based on tidal stream generator that
was installed in Strangford Narrows in Northern Ireland in 2008. The prototype SeaGen
turbine produces 1.2 MW with currents of 2.4m/s or more. The capacity factor exceeds
60%.
3. Indian Tidal Energy Scenario Tidal Energy is one of the new and emerging technologies, which is commercially not
viable and still in Research & Development (R&D) stage. India has a long coastline with
the estuaries and gulfs where tides are strong enough to move turbines for electrical
power generation.
The Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat on the west coast have the
maximum tidal range of 11m and 8m with average tidal range of 6.77m and 5.23m
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respectively. The Ganges Delta in the Sundarbans is approximately 5m with an average
tidal range of 2.97m.
No tidal power generation plant has been installed in India due to its high cost of
generation of electricity and lack of techno economic viability.
3.1 Tidal Energy Potential in India
In 1975, studies were carried out by the erstwhile Central Water and Power
Commission (CWPC). As per the studies, the Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Cambay in
Gujarat and Sunderbans area in West Bengal are the only potential sites in India for the
development of Tidal Energy Projects.
In eighties, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) undertook a study for the assessment of
tidal energy potential in India. According to the study, the identified economic power
potential is of the order of 8000 MW with about 7000 MW in the Gulf of Cambay, about
1200 MW in the Gulf of Kachchh in the State of Gujarat and about 100 MW in the
Gangetic Delta in the Sunderbans region in the State of West Bengal.
Table 2: Tidal Energy Potential in India
Region State Tidal Potential (MW)
Gulf of Cambay (Khambhat) Gujarat 7000
Gulf of Kutch Gujarat 1200
Gangatic Delta, Sunderbans West Bengal 100
4. Tidal Power Projects in India Initial attempts to establish tidal power plants in India were made in 1980s. Project
reports on tidal power in Panchapada River in Balasour District of Odisha and in the
Andaman & Nicobar Islands were prepared in the years 1983 and 1992 respectively. A
detailed Project Report for a 3 MW Tidal Power Plant at Durgaduani creek in
Sundarbans area was also prepared.
4.1 Demonstration Project at Sunderbans
The West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency (WBREDA) submitted a
Detailed Project Report (DPR) in 2001 for setting up a 3.65 MW capacity tidal power
project at Durgaduani Creek in Sundarbans Island of West Bengal. This report was
examined by an Expert Group and WBREDA was advised to obtain required statutory
clearances and revise the cost estimates. These details were submitted to the Ministry
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in June, 2006. The revised estimated cost submitted for the project was INR 40.15
crores.
Also, WBREDA entered into a MoU with the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation
Limited (NHPC), Faridabad for updating of the DPR (Detailed Project Report) and its
execution. The updated DPR prepared by NHPC was received by the Ministry in
November, 2007.
As per this DPR, the project capacity was raised to 3.75 MW (earlier it was 3.65 MW)
with cost projections of INR 53.98 crores and project completion period of 33 months
from the date of sanction. The Ministry has agreed to it in principle. In February 2008,
under the Tidal Energy Programme, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE)
sanctioned a demonstration project for setting up a 3.75 MW tidal power plant at
Durgaduani Creek in Sunderbans, West Bengal.
The NHPC Limited was given responsibility to execute the project. The total estimated
project cost was INR 48 crores, out of which 90% (INR 43.20 crores) was to be shared
by the MNRE and the remaining 10% (INR 4.80 crores) by the Government of West
Bengal.
However, the project has been discontinued due to very high tender cost amounting to
INR 238 crores against originally estimated cost of INR 48 crores.
4.2 Tidal Power Projects in Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat
Tidal Power Project (900 MW) in Kutch
A committee was constituted under the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) on the 900
MW Kutch Tidal Power Project for estimating the cost of the project. A techno-economic
feasibility study was carried out by the CEA in 1988 for a 900 MW Tidal Power Project.
A revised estimate of INR 6184 crores was worked out for the execution of this project
in 1993.
A feasibility study for setting up this power project in Kutch district of Gujarat was
conducted by National Hydro Power Corporation Ltd. (NHPC) in the early nineties.
However, the project was not found to be commercially viable due to high capital cost
as well as high cost of generation of electricity.
Mandavi Tidal Power Project (250 MW) in Kutch
In January 2011, Government of Gujarat signed a Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU) for establishing a 250 MW tidal power project in Gulf of Kutch with Gujarat Power
Corporation Ltd. (GPCL) Vadodara, Atlantis Resource Corporation, United Kingdom and
Perfect Mining Energy Solutions (PMES), Singapore.
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A Special Purpose Vehicle was incorporated in May, 2011 and GPCL has taken up a 50
MW tidal power project at Mandavi in district Kutch in the first phase. GPCL has made a
request for grant of INR 1035 crores for the tidal power plant to Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE).
The experience gained in the above project will decide the future course of action for
the development of tidal energy programme in India.
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