Time Scale of Water-Rock Interaction Processes in the Fresh-Saline Water Interface
of Coastal Aquifers
1Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel2Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel3Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Amos Russak1,2, Orit Sivan1, Yoseph Yechieli2 and Boaz Lazar3
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/saltwater/fig2.gif
Fresh-saline water interface (FSI)
1. Global sea level change.
2. Big sea storms.
3. Over exploitation of groundwater.
4. Seasonal changes in groundwater flow rate.
5. Tide. (?)
Changes in the FSI can happen due to:
Research Goals
• Identifying seasonal and diurnal controls on the chemical composition of water at the FSI.
• Quantifying the time scale and the chemical processes in the FSI from field observations and laboratory simulations.
(Netanya)
Research Area • Poleg Well located 70 meters from the shore.
• Poleg well depth is about 45 meters and perforated all along the length of the pipe.
Poleg
Poleg Well
Mediterranean
Sea
1) Seasonal electrical conductivity profiles.
2) Seasonal high resolution (15cm) chemical profiles by multi-layer-sampler (MLS). Equilibration with groundwater is less than 1 month.
3) Diurnal chemical profiles by 3mm diameter pipes and peristaltic pump. Sampling water was done from 6 depths every 2 hours for 28 hours.
Field Methods
MLS rodMLS Cell
Ion Exchange Simulations in the LaboratoryI. A column was filled with sediments
from the research area.
II. The column was saturated with local fresh groundwater.
III. Seawater was pumped through the column in three experiments using different flow velocities. Experiment are somewhat similar to those of Appelo, with addition of other parameters.
IV. The column was flushed with freshwater after each salinization experiment.
5 experiments
15
20
25
30
0 20 40 60Electrical Conductivity (mS·cm-1)
Dep
th (m
)
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
DecemnberJanuaryFebruaryMayjuneJulyseptember
The FSI zone moves vertically.
January
July
Field Results
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Most of the results are on a simple mixing line between fresh water and saline water.
The magnesium shows a conservative behavior.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Mg2+
(meq
·L-1)
Cl- (meq·L-1)
01020304050
0 100
200
300
400
500
600
700
SeawaterFresh WaterMLS 1 (Russak)MLS 2 (Russak)MLS 3 (Russak)MLS 1 (Sivan)MLS 2 (Sivan)MLS 3 (Sivan)28 Hr
Fresh water in the
well
saline water in the
well
Seawater
Most of the results are above the mixing line between fresh water and saline water, indicating that cation exchange occur.
The cation exchange time scale is seasonal at most, and possibly also on diurnal scale.
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000
10
20
30
40
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Ca2+
(meq
·L-1)
Cl- (meq·L-1)
01020304050
0 100
200
300
400
500
600
700
SeawaterFresh WaterMLS 1 (Russak)MLS 2 (Russak)MLS 3 (Russak)MLS 1 (Sivan)MLS 2 (Sivan)MLS 3 (Sivan)28 Hr
Fresh water in the well
saline water in the
well
Sea water
Experiments Results
• Magnesium show a conservative behavior.
• Calcium and strontium are enriched.
• Negative δ13CDIC imply on organic matter oxidation.
• Potssium seem to be delay.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-12.0
-6.0
0.0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-12.0
-6.0
0.0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-12.0
-6.0
0.0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3-12.0
-6.0
0.0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Con
cent
ratio
n
(rel
ativ
e to
max
imum
)
Pore Volume
Seawater end
member
Fresh water end member
δ13C
DIC
Cl
Mg
CaK
Na
SO4
δ13CDIC
Sr
Values of δ13CDIC in seawater and
saline groundwater
Experiment Results in different
velocities
Pore Volume
Con
cent
ratio
n (r
elat
ive
to m
axim
um)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Na K Ca Mg
Sr Cl SO4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
~50 m·y-1
~200 m·y-1
~1000 m·y-1
Slope of -1 means that the enrichment of calcium is equal to the depletion in potassium and sodium.
The cation exchange calculated as the difference between the observed cation concentration and the expected concentration (if conservative).
Cation exchange calculation
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-10 0 10 20 30 40
y = -1.02x + 0.14R2 = 0.83
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-10 0 10 20 30 40
[N
a obs
-Na e
xp[ +
]K
obs-K
exp
])m
eq·L
-1(
]Caobs – Caexp[ (meq·L-1)
• Most of the field results (including the diurnal sampling) show seawater intrusion pattern.
Comparison Between Field and Experiments Results
• There is a good correlation between the field results and the laboratory experiments.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700Cl- (meq·L-1)
Ca2+
(meq
·L-1)
Salinization exp.
Flushing exp.
0204060
0100200300
400
500600700
Slainization 1Salinization 2Salinization 3Freshening 1Freshening 2
0102030405060
0100200300400500600700
Slainization 1Salinization 2Salinization 3Freshening 1Freshening 2SeawaterFresh WaterMLS 1 (Russak)MLS 2 (Russak)MLS 3 (Russak)MLS 1 (Sivan)MLS 2 (Sivan)MLS 3 (Sivan)28 Hr
Black – exp.
Color - field
Conclusions1. Salinization and flushing experiments simulate
very well the field observations in the FSI.
2. Flushing is expressed as a simple mixing lines between all ions.
3. Exchange of Ca with (Na + K) is a major process occurring in the FSI during salinization.
4. Cation exchange is a very fast process occurring even at very high flow rates (1,000 m·y-1 in laboratory experiments).