TIN NEWS BULLETIN – JAN 2016

kf/bzL {6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

df3 @)&@ . 1


. k'; @)&@8

kf6L{ g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 dgf]gLt ;ef;b\ x'g\ . To;f] x'“bf /fk|kf–g]kfnn] pgsf lj?4 g}lts cg'zf;g pNnª\3gsf ;jfndf k|Zg p7fpg] s'g} ;Defjgf 5}g .

pgLlj?4 lkmkmfsf] …OlyS; sld6LÚn] cfrf/–;+lxtf pNnª\3g u/L cfly{s nfe lng] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg ePsf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 . ;“u}, @) xhf/ :jL; k|mØfª\s -@! nfv ?k}of“_ hl/jfgf ug{] / bz jif{;Dd km'6andf ;+nUg x'g gkfpg] u/L k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 . lkmkmf cWoIf rog / ljZjsk cfof]hs d'n's 5gf}6sf qmddf cfly{s n]gb]g u/]/ dt hfx]/ u/]sf] ljjfb rs{];“u} 5fgljg qmd a9]sf] xf] . lkmkmf cWoIfsf pDd]bjf/ df]xDdb lag xdfdaf6 u0f]z yfkfsf 5f]/f uf}/jsf] vftfdf ! nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ hDdf ePsf] e]l6Pkl5 pgLlj?4 5fgljg ;'? ePsf] xf] . nfdf] cg';Gwfgkl5 sld6Lsf] cleof]u 5, …cfrf/–;+lxtfljk/Lt kIfw/tf lnPsf], 3'; lnPsf], uf]kgLotf eª\u u/]sf], :jfy{sf] åGådf ;+nUg ePsf], pkxf/;lxt cGo kmfObf lng] sfddf u0f]z yfkf ;+nUg 5g\ .Ú

e|i6frf/ d"ntM kmf}hbf/L k|s[ltsf] ck/fw ePsf] x'“bf sf/afxL ug'{kg{] wf/0ff tLj| 5, /fli6«o cleof]u xf];\ ls cGt/f{li6«o . u}/–sfg'gL lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ ;f+;b ePs} sf/0f ;hfoaf6 d'Qm ul/g' x'“b}g . ;+;b\sf pkNnf txsf Ps kbflwsf/L eg] sf/afxLsf] ;jfndf …lg/LxtfÚ JoQm u5{g\ . …pgLdfly l;w}+ sf/afxL ug{ ;lsFb}gÚ tL kbflwsf/Ln] of]

Joj:yflksf–;+;b\ ;b:o u0f]z yfkflj?4 @)&@ sflQs #) sf lbg cGt/f{li6«o

km'6an dxf;+3 -lkmkmf_ n] e|i6frf/ / cfly{s clgoldttfdf ;+nUg ePsf] cleof]u nufP;“u} oxf“ pgsf] ;+;b\–;b:o kbsf] j}wtfaf/] k|Zg plAhPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o txsf] cfly{s ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQm kbdf lg/Gt/ /xGg ldN5 ls ldNb}g < sfg'gL / g}lts k|Zgsf] hjfkm g ;+;b\ ;lrjfno lbPsf] 5, g ;f+;b

u0f]z yfkfn] g} . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] o;/L cleof]u nufPsf] eP :jtM ;b:otf lgnDagdf kg{] lyof], t/ cGt/f{li6«o txdf plAhPsf] of] cleof]udf s]–s:tf] sf/afxL ug{] / x'g] eGg] åLljwf b]lvG5 .

of] cfn]v tof/ ubf{;Dd ;+;b\ ;lrjfnodf s'g} klg k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o k|lqmof yflnPsf] 5}g . pgL cfg} bfh' sdn yfkf g]t[Îjsf] /fli6«o k|hftGq

cfrf/–;+lxtfsf] nufddf gaf“lwPsf]

;+;b\ / ;f+;bxl/axfb'/ yfkf à

of] cfn]v tof/ ubf{;Dd ;+;b\ ;lrjfnodf s'g} klg k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o

k|lqmof yflnPsf] 5}g . pgL cfˆg} bfh' sdn yfkf g]t[Tjsf] /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 dgf]gLt ;ef;b\ x'g\ . To;f] x'“bf /fk|kf–g]kfnn] pgsf lj?4 g}lts cg'zf;g pNnª\3gsf ;jfndf

k|Zg p7fpg] s'g} ;Defjgf 5}g .

cfn]v


k'; @)&@ . 9

n]vs;“u eg], …pgL;Da4 kf6L{n] n]v]/ k7fPsf] v08df lgnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . of] k"0f{tM /fk|kf–g]kfn, u0f]z yfkfsf] JolQmut g}ltstf hf]l8Psf] dfdnf xf] .Ú

t/, cfg} bfh' kf6L{ cWoIf ePsf] /fk|kf g]kfnaf6 To;/L kq cfpg] ;Defjgf 5}g . u0f]z yfkflj?4 lkmkmfsf] cg';Gwfg rln/x]s} avt xfd|} ;+;b\sf] ;fj{hlgs ;ldltn] g]kfn k"m6an ;+3leqsf cg]sg cfly{s ljjfbdf d'l5Psf] tYo ;fj{hlgs ul/;s]sf] lyof] . cfgf efOnfO{ hf]ufpg] …/0fgLltsd"ns of]hgfÚ cg'?k u0f]z yfkfnfO{ …;ef;b\Ú agfOPsf] xf] .

n]vf;ldltn] g]kfn k"m6an ;+3leq %* s/f]8 ?k}of“ a9L clgoldttf u/]sf] 7x/ u/L d'2f rnfpg clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ kmfOn k7fPsf] lyof] . ;ldltn] @)&! c;f]h !@ df …/fi6«sf] uf}/a a9fpg] v]ns'b If]q c:tJo:t ePsf], o;cGtu{tsf lgsfox?df e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf a9\b} uPsf], sfg'g / lgod kfngf gePsf], cfly{s sf/f]af/ ckf/bzL{ ePsf], n]vfk|0ffnL :ki6 / kf/bzL{ gePsf]Ú lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] lyof] . n]vf;ldltsf] 5fgljgn] lkmkmf cWoIf;“u u0f]z yfkfsf 5f]/fn] ! nfv 8n/ lnPsf], uf]n k|f]h]S6sf] nflu k|fKt ePsf] !& s/f]8 $* nfv &) xhf/ ?k}of“ vr{ kf/bzL{ gePsf], gu/kflnsfaf6 k|fKt ^$ s/f]8 ^& nfv n]vf–k/LIf0f gu/fPsf] ljifo, ;fyL eGg] ;+:yfnfO{ ljgf lg0f{o ^ jif{b]lv k|ltjif{ @ xhf/ % ;o 8n/ pknAw u/fp“b} cfPsf], ejg lgdf{0fnufot ;fj{hlgs vl/b;“u ;DalGwt If]qdf vl/b sfg'g kfngf gePsf] h:tf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf cfly{s ck/fw tYo;lxt / e|i6frf/s} d'2f rnfpg'kg{] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] lyof] .

;ldltn] ;Dk"0f{ ljifosf clgoldttfaf/] ulx/f] cg';Gwfg u/L sf/afxL cl3 a9fpg o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] . t/, clVtof/af6 uDeL/ 5fglag gu/L xtf/ / xr'jfsf e/df pgsf] kmfOn …tfd]nLÚdf /fVg] lg0f{o eof] . clg sfg'gL?kdf yfkfn] clVtof/af6 ;kmfO{ kfP . Toltv]/ clVtof/sf k|d'v cfo'Qm nf]sdfgl;+x sfsL{ / u0f]z yfkf kl/jf/aLrsf] …k~rfotsfnb]lvs} 3/flgof“ ;DaGwÚ /x]sf] / sf/afxL x'“b}g eGg] Jofks 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL cfP . clVtof/af6 klg ToxL lsl;dsf] /j}of k|bz{g ePkl5

…Pln6 g]S;;Ú k'i6L ePsf] 5 .

clVtof/af6} uDeL/ 5fgljg u/L d'2f k|lqmofdf uPsf] eP oltv]/ g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o txsf] a]OHhlt v]Kg'kg{] lyPg . d'n'sleq} …;hfoÚ gePkl5 cGt/f{li6«o txsf] lg0f{odf of] k|s/0f k'Uof] . o;n] u0f]z yfkfdfq xf]Og, g]kfns} 5ljdf uDeL/ wSsf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o txd} …abgfdÚ kfqnfO{ ;xh?kdf …dfggLoÚ eGg'kg{] cj:yfaf6 d'lQm kfpg g;Sg' eg]sf] nf]stflGqs k4lts} lglDt cz'e ;ª\s]t xf] . cGt/f{li6«o txsf] kmf}hbf/L s;"/ nfu]sf JolSt d'n'ssf] sfg'g / ljlw lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg /lx/xg ldN5 < To:tf JolStaf6 lgld{t sfg'g dfGb}gf}+ egL k|Zg p7]sf] v08df ;+;b\n] lbg] hjfkm s] x'G5 < o:tf cg]sg k|Zg p7]sf 5g\ .

To:tf kfqnfO{ ;+;b\sf] cfg} k|lqmofaf6 lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] ;fdfGo Joj:yf gx'g'n] sfg'gL zf;gs} wHhL p8fpg]5 . ;+;b\ ;lrjfnodf oltv]/;Dd Joj:yflksf ;+;b\ ;b:osf lglDt cfrf/–;+lxtf;d]t lgdf{0f gx'“bf c/fhstfn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sf] xf] .

k"0f{ nf]stGq elgPsf] d'n'ssf ljlw lgdf{tfx?nfO{ cfr/0fdf a;fpg] / v/fa cfr/0f k|bz{g u/]sf] v08df sf/afxL ug{] ;fdfGo cfrf/–;+lxtf gaGg' b'ef{Uo xf] . ;+;b\ ;lrjfnosf ltg} kbflwsf/L eG5g\, …cf/f]lkt ;f+;bn] ck/fwaf]w of g}ltstf k|bz{g u/L /fhLgfdf lbPsf] v08df afx]s pgnfO{ dfggLo elg/xg'kg{] afWotf 5 . o:tf] b[Zon] /fhgLlt / ;dfhdf s:tf] ;Gb]z k|efljt x'G5 eGg] tYo :jo+ /fhgLlts bn / ;f+;bx?n] ;f]Rg'kg{] ljifo xf] .Ú

cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0fdf ;':ttf

;+;b\sf lglDt cfrf/–;+lxtf rflxG5 eGg] ;jfn @)%@ b]lv lgoldt ax;sf] ljifo aGg] u/]sf] 5 . ;f+;bnfO{ cgfjZos cfnf]rgf / cGofoaf6 aRg klg of] cfjZos ePsf] tYo;lxt b]zL–ljb]zL ;+3–;+:yfx?n] ;'emfj glbPsf xf]Ogg\ . klxnf]rf]l6

cfn]v

clVtof/af6} uDeL/ 5fgljg u/L d'2f k|lqmofdf uPsf] eP oltv]/ g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o txsf] a]OHhlt v]Kg'kg{] lyPg . d'n'sleq} …;hfoÚ gePkl5 cGt/f{li6«o txsf] lg0f{odf of] k|s/0f k'Uof] .


. k'; @)&@10

@)%$ df k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnLdf …cfrf/ ;ldltÚsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnLsf] tÎsfnLg lgodsf] bkmf @#% df Jojl:yt …cfrf/ ;ldltÚdf ;efd'v kb]g ;efklt, k|wfgdGqL, ljkIfL bnsf g]tf, ;+;bLo Joj:yfdGqL kb]g ;b:o / /fli6«o dfGotfk|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf g]tfdWo]sf ;efd'vaf6 dgf]gLt a9Ldf tLghgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf lyof] . Psflt/ ToxL sfnv08df ;+;b\ ;b:ox? c/fhs x'“b} lyP, t/ ;ldlt sf/afxL ug{ ;lqmo ePsf] ;Gb]z k|efljt ug{ c;kmn /Xof] .

To; cltl/Qm ;f+;bsf lglDt lnlvt cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0f ePg . sltko ;+;b\ ;b:ox?nfO{ …s] ug{ x'G5Ú / …s] ug{ x'“b}gÚ eGg] ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf] 1fg cefj 5 . ToxL sfnv08df jfl;ª\u6g 8L;Ldf d'Vofno /x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf g];gn 8]df]qm]l6s OlGi6Ro"6 km/ OG6/g];gn clkmo;{ -Pg8LcfO{_ af6 cfrf/–;+lxtf;DaGwL ;'emfjsf

nflu cfrf/ljb\sf] tLg ;b:oLo 6f]nL g]kfn cfPsf] lyof] . ;f+;bsf] ;Ddfg / 5lj a9fpg] tyf pgLx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo k"/f ug{ d2t ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL a]nfotsf] xfp; ckm sdG;sf ;b:o 8\ofn SofDkj]n :ofef];{, blIf0f clk|msfsf] u'6]gju{ k|fGtsf ;f+;b Jo"h'dL dfleo; / cd]l/sfsf cfrf/ljb\ dfOsn sf]/ljg ;lDdlnt 6f]nLn] t ;+;b\ ;lrjfnonfO{ cfrf/–;+lxtfsf] d:of}bf a'emfPsf] lyof] .

Tof] d:of}bfdf ;f+;bn] cfgf] kbLo zlQm / ;fdYo{nfO{ lgikIf, OdfGbf/, p2]Zod"ns / lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{ pNn]v lyof] . ;f+;bn] cfgf] ;b:otf ;+;b\ ;lrjfnodf btf{ ePsf] b'O{ dlxgfleq cfk"m / cfgf] kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL / ;DklQ ljj/0f k]; ug'{k5{ eg]sf] lyof] . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DklQ ljj/0f k|:t't gu/]df cfrf/–;+lxtf pNnª\3g u/]sf] dfgL k|ltlbg ! ;o ?k}of“sf b/n] hl/jfgf c;'n ul/g] pNn]v lyof] . ;f+;bn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{

bafa lbg gx'g], ;+;b\leq, ;ldlt jf hxf“;'s} af]Nbf nfe lng] sf]lz; ug{ gx'g], ;f+;bnfO{ uf]Ko egL lbPsf] ;"rgf jf s'g} ;ldltsf] ;b:o ePafkt kfPsf] hfgsf/L k|ToIf jf k/f]If?kdf s'g} nfesf] p2]Zo /fvL ;fj{hlgs ug{ gx'g]h:tf Joj:yf cfrf/–;+lxtfsf] d:of}bfdf pNn]v lyof] .

lqzª\s" ;+;bLo sfnv08 -@)%!–@)%%_ df b]lvPsf ljs[lt gbf]xf]¥ofpg] k|lta4tf;lxt @)%^ df cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0f tof/L v'a} eof] . t];|f] r'gfj;“u} cfPsf ;f+;bx?n] cfkm"nfO{ k'/fgf k|j[lQ;“u ghf]8\g cfu|x ub}{ cfrf/–;+lxtfdf k|lta4 /xg] of]hgf ;'gfP . ljb]zL bft[ lgsfo;d]t cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0fdf nufgL ug{ xf}l;P . ltgs} nufgLdf tf/] xf]6]nx?df uf]i7L–;]ldgf/ eP . ptf tÎsfnLg /fli6«o;efn] @)%^ sf] jif{] clwj]zgdf cfgf] cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . cfly{s rnv]ndf ;+nUg ePsf] / /x]sf] 6Lsf–l6Kk0fLsf] df/ v]k]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf lglDt rfxLF cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0f x'g'kg{] lyof] . t/, cfrf/–;+lxtf n]Vg] / nfu" ug{] sfo{ Tolts} /Xof] . @)%^ r}tdf lxp“b] clwj]zg cGTo ub{} tÎsfnLg ;efd'v tf/fgfy /fgfef6n] …cfrf/–;+lxtfÚ lgdf{0f ug{] cfZjf;g lbPsf lyP, t/ pgL klg ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ .

Psflt/ tTsfnLg ;+;b\ ;f+;b\x? Hofb} czf]egLo cfr/0f k|bz{gdf pBt\ /xg] / pgLx?dfly sf/afxL gePkl5 ;+;bLok4ltnfO{ v/faLsf] ?kdf x]g'{kg{] cj:yf l;h{gf ul/of] . cfr/0fxLg s]xL …dfggLoÚx?sf] Jojxf/n] ;+;b\sf] dof{bfnfO{ dfq} 36fPg, k|hftGq / k|hftflGqs ;dfhs} zL/ lgx'/fof] . To:tf ;b:osf] cfr/0f lgoGq0f ug{] dfdnfdf ;+;b\ / ltgsf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjstf{ ck]lIft ;lqmo /xg c;kmn ePs} sf/0f blIf0fkGyL / cltjfbL jfdkGyLx?sf] dgf]an a9]sf] xf] . pgLx?n] ltg} ;b:osf] cg'xf/ / Jojxf/ b]vfp“b} ;+;bLo k4ltdfly b/af/n] wfjfdfq af]n]g @)%* c;f]h !* kl5 ;Dk"0f{ zf;sLo zlQm;d]t x/0f u/]sf] lyof] .

cfrf/–;+lxtf rflxG5 eGg]df /fhgLlts bn / ;+;b\ ;lrjfnon] ;d]t a]nfavt cg'e"t gu/]sf] xf]Og . To;afx]s ;'zf;gsf ;jfndf lqmofzLn ;+:yfx?n] a]nfavt cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0fsf lglDt d:of}bf;lxt bafa glbPsf klg xf]Ogg\ . hgk|ltlglwx?sf lglDt cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0f geP klg dGqLx?sf lglDt ag]sf 5g\ . klxnf]rf]l6 @)^) df ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf dof{bf / g}ltstfsf] :t/ pRr /fVg]

Psflt/ tÎsfnLg ;+;b\ ;f+;bx? Hofb} czf]egLo cfr/0f k|bz{gdf pBt\ /xg] / pgLx?dfly sf/afxL gePkl5 ;+;bLok4ltnfO{ v/faLsf]

?kdf x]g'{kg{] cj:yf l;h{gf ul/of] .

cfn]v


k'; @)&@ . 11

tyf /fHok|lt hgtfsf] cf:yf / ljZjf; a9fpg] clek|fon] …dGqLx?sf] cfrf/–;+lxtf–@)^)Ú sf] th'{df ul/Psf] lyof] . Tof] cfrf/–;+lxtf cfpg'df klg tTsfnLg dGqLkl/ifb\sf Ps ;b:ox?sf] c/fhs lqmofsnfk sf/s lyof] . ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] tÎsfnLg dGqLkl/ifb\sf Ps ;b:o ;j{]Gb|gfy z'Snfn] e|i6frf/ nfu]sf cleo'Qmsf kIfdf cbfntd} pkl:yt eP/ aofg lbPsf] cgf}7f] 36gf aflx/ cfof] . e|i6frf/ ;/sf/jfbL d'2f x'G5 . dGqLn] ;/sf/s} ljkIfdf aofg lbPkl5 cfrf/–;+lxtf cfjZos 7flgPsf] xf] . Tof] 36gf;“u} b/af/;d]t ljjfbdf d'l5Pkl5 dGqLx?sf lglDt cfrf/–;+lxtf hf/L ePsf] xf] .

To;kl5 /fhgLlts bnx? ;lDdlnt dGqLkl/ifb\af6 @)^# df klxnf]rf]l6 P3f/a'“b] cfrf/–;+lxtf hf/L ePsf] lyof] . vf;df dfcf]jfbL klxnf]rf]l6 ;/sf/df ;fd]n x'“b}lyof] / ltgLx?aLr Ps lsl;dsf] cljZjf; lyof] . cljZjf; Go"lgs/0f ug{ cfrf/–;+lxtf hf/L ePsf] xf] . To;kl5 dfcf]jfbL g]t[Îj ;/sf/ u7gnuQ} @)^% ebf} % df klg …/fli6«o ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf dGqLx?n] kfngf ug'{kg{] cfrf/–;+lxtfÚ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . Tof] cfrf/–;+lxtf kfngf eP÷gePsf] ;jfndf eg] st}af6 cg'dug ePg .

nf]stGqdf ToxL xljut

xfn;Dd g ;f+;bx?sf lglDt cfrf/–;+lxtf aGof], g ;+ljwfg;efsf ;ef;b\x?sf lglDt . @)^% df ;+ljwfg;ef tyf Joj:yflksf lgodfjnLdf …cfr/0f ;ldltÚsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . t/, b'ef{Uo ;ef;b\x? cg]sg k|s/0f hf]l8P klg …cfr/0f ;ldltÚ lqmofzLn x'g ;s]g . To;f] x'g'df Joj:yflksf lgodfjnLdf ePsf] k|fjwfgcg'?k cfr/0f ;ldlt lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg' sf/0f /Xof] .

@)&) k';df km]l/ ;efWoIf aGg'eGbf cufj} ;'jf;rGb| g]Djfª\un] of] klª\Qmsf/;“u eg]sf lyP, …;+ljwfg;ef lqmofzLn gx'“b} cfrf/–;+lxtf gagfpg] xf] eg] km]l/ Tof] aGb}g . ;'?d} cfrf/–;+lxtf hf/L ug'{k5{ / cfr/0f ;ldlt klg lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .Ú s]xL ;ef;b\sf] ceb| / cdof{lbt Jojxf/n] l;ª\uf] k4ltnfO{ snlª\st kfg{] sfd eof] . …s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ljjfb ;'? x'g'k"j{ g} cfrf/–;+lxtf aGg'k5{Ú pltv]/ g]Djfª\un] eg]sf lyP– …;+ljwfg;ef of Joj:yflksf–;+;b\ lqmofzLn x'g' cufj} gagfPsf] v08df kl5 agfpg ufx|f] x'G5 . k'/fgf] cg'ejn] ToxL b]vfp“5 .Ú pgL ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] sfo{sfndf ;efWoIf eP,

t/ g cfrf/–;+lxtf agfpg ;kmn eP, g cfr/0f ;ldlt lqmofzLn t'Nofpg .

nf]stGq axfnLkl5sf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsfndf s]xL ;ef;b\ s"6gLlts /fxbfgL b'?kof]u k|s/0fdf h]n k'u] . ;+;b\sfnLg ljs[t /fhgLlts k|s/0fdf kl/eflift …/ftf] kf;kf]6{ b'?kof]uÚ nf]stGqsfn cem ;+:yfut x'g k'Uof] . ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 xTof/f 7x/ ePsf ck/fwLsf] ;+ljwfg;efleq ;xh cfjt–hfjt /Xof] . /S;Ln] dft]/ ;8sd} ceb| Jojxf/ ug{], ;+ljwfg;efleq} la|kms]; tf]8\g], dfOs ef“Rg], rf/ tnfaf6 s';L{ kmfNg], cgfjZos av]8f l;h{gf u/L ;+ljwfg;ef / ;+;b\sf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf b[Zo ;ef;b\af6} d~rg eP . s]xL ;ef;b\ …j]ZofnoÚ t sf]xL h'jfvfndf e]l6Fbf hgk|ltlglwx?sf] zL/ lgx'l/g k'Uof] . ckx/0f;DaGwL cleof]udf y'lgPsf ;ef;b\n] kfl/>lds tyf eQf pknAw u/fOlbg tfs]tf ul//x]kl5 ;+;b\ ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx?n] x}/fgL

v]k] . sf]xL ;ef;b\ rf]/Lsf uf8Ldf km]nf k/] eg] sf]xL v]tfnf nufP/ cfgf] k/LIff lbnfpg Jo:t /x] . sf]xL hª\un km8fgL ubf{ub{} ;dfltP eg] s;}n] ljdfg:yndf cfkm"nfO{ lng /fd|f] uf8L gk7fPsf] emf]+s k]mb{} k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L xftkft ug{ kl5 k/]gg\ . t/ s;}dfly s'g} klg k|s[ltsf] sf/afxL ePg .

^ ;o ! ;b:oLo hDaf] ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox?sf] xsdf cfrf/–;+lxtfsf] ;jfn uf}0f aGof] . kbdf a:g]n] s] ug{] / s] gug{] eGg] lnlvt b:tfj]h gx'“bf ltgn] pDsg] df}sf kfPsf x'g\ . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf a]nf klg ;ef;b\sf v/fa lqmofsnfk lgu/fgL ug{] / sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] of]hgf gag]sf] xf]Og . Tolta]nf 7"nf] bnsf] x}l;ot af]s]sf] dfcf]jfbL ;ef;b\s} ;+of]hsÎjdf cfrf/–;+lxtf d:of}bf ;ldlt ag]sf] lyof] / u}/–cfr/0f k|bz{g ug{]nfO{ sf/afxLs} bfo/fdf kfg{] u/L lgodd} Joj:yf /fVg vf]lhPsf] lyof] . t/, …cfgf

…s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ljjfb ;'? x'g'k"j{ g} cfrf/–;+lxtf aGg'k5{Ú pltv]/ g]Djfª\un] eg]sf lyP– …;+ljwfg;ef of Joj:yflksf–;+;b lqmofzLn x'g' cufj} gagfPsf] v08df kl5 agfpg ufx|f] x'G5 . k'/fgf] cg'ejn] ToxL b]vfp“5 .Ú

cfn]v


. k'; @)&@12

kf6L{sf dflg; k5{g\Ú eGg] /0fgLlt;fy dfcf]jfbLaf6} Tof] k|fjwfgsf] lj/f]w eof] . cGttM of]hgf Tolts} yf“lt/Xof] .

w]/}h;f] d'n'sdf hgk|ltlglwx?sf g}lts cfr/0fdf lgs} Vofn /flvG5 / ltgnfO{ cfrf/–;+lxtfn] af“lwG5 . a]nfotdf hgk|ltlglw ePkl5 ;f+;b aflx/sf] hfuL/, sDkgLsf] kb, rn–crn ;DklQ, s'g} sDkgLsf] hf/L k'“hLsf] Ps k|ltzteGbf a9L ;]o/ :jfldÎj ePdf Tof] ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg{]5 . hgk|ltlglw ePkl5 / aflxl/Pkl5 ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug'{k5{ . ;f+;b kbeGbf aflx/sf] cfDbfgLaf/] lnlvt?kdf kf/bzL{ ug'{kg{]5 . cfgf]

:jfy{ hf]l8Psf] s'g} klg ljifodf hgk|ltlglwn] ;+;bLo ;ldlt of ;+;b\leq af]Ng gkfOg] Joj:yf 5 . t/ xfdL sxf“ h;/L ljBfno Jofkf/L, 7]s]bf/, a}+s ;~rfnsx? k};f a'emfP/ ;dfg'kflts / dgf]gLt ;f+;b kb xft kfl//x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx?n] lgZro nufgL p7fO/x]sf x'G5g\ . 7]s]bf/, j}w–cj}w lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg Jofkf/L, cb[Zo z}nLdf ljs[t v]ndf ;+nUg ljrf}lnof, /fhgLlts r]tgf gx'“bf–gx'“b} klg kf6L{df ks8 hdfPsf 3/fgfaf6 Jofks k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 . o:tf ju{ cl3Nnfsf t'ngfdf kl5Nnf sfnv08df clws 5 . ltgsf] cg'lrt cfsfª\Iff lgoGq0f ug{ s] ug{ x'g], s] ug{ gx'g]

cfrf/–;+lxtfdf pNn]v ul/g'k5{ . gq Jofkf/L, 7]s]bf/, ljrf}lnof / cg'lrt kfqx?n] ;ef;b\ aGg vr{ ePsf] nufgL p7fpg] qmddf kbLo x}l;otnfO{ cem ljs[t agfpg ;Sg] vt/f 5 .

xfdL;“u b[Zod} cfPs} cgluGtL ljs[lt 5g\ . t/, b'ef{Uo, @)&) df ;+zf]lwt Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf] lgodfjnLdf cfr/0f ;ldlt;DaGwL k|fjwfg;d]t 5}g . lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg u/L cfr/0f ;ldlt agfpg] / cfrf/–;+lxtf hf/L ug{ Joj:yflksf–;+;b\n] ?lr lng}k5{ . lsgeg] xfd|f hgk|ltlglwx?n] cfgf] :jR5 5lj, cfr/0f :jR5 tyf kf/bzL{ /fVg] g;s]sf] tLtf] b[Zo oqtq 5l/Psf 5g\ .

/fhgLlts hLjgsf kfqx?sf] lqmofsnfk :jR5 / kf/bzL{ ePdf dfq} nf]stflGqsk4lt dof{lbt / :yflkt x'G5 . pgLx?sf] g}lts rl/q / Jojxf/ :jR5 gePdf pgLx?af6 ;Dkflbt x/]s lg0f{ox? :jfefljs ?kdf zª\sfsf] 3]/fdf k5{ . hgk|ltlglwsf] g}ltstfdf k|Zg lrGx p7]kl5 ltgLx?k|ltsf] ljZjf; / e/f];f x/fp“5 .

To; cltl/Qm xfdLsxf“ x/]s k]zfwdL{ of sdL{x?sf lglDt cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ePsf 5g\ . oxf“;Dd ls Jofkf/Lx? :jo+n] ;d]t cfrf/–;+lxtf 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . ljs[ltsf afxs dflgPsf sfg'g lgdf{tf hgk|ltlglw xsdf klg :ki6 cfrf/–;+lxtf sf]l/g'k5{ . zlQmzfnL /fhgLlts ju{sf lglDt t emg\ g}lts cfr/0f;DaGwL aGb]h cfjZos x'G5 .

cfrf/–;+lxtf ag]sf] v08df /fhgLltdf g}ltstf / ;bfrf/sf ;jfndf x|f; cfPsf avt sDtLdf cfrf/–;+lxtf p4[t u/L ltgnfO{ clnslt ePklg ;r]t t'Nofpg ;lsG5 . s8f cg'zf;gsf aGb]ho'Qm cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0f gx'g] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox?af6 k|bz{g x'g] lqmofsnfkn] bnLok4lt / nf]stGqk|lt g} ljt[i0ff km}nfpg] vt/f /xG5 .9

-kqsf/ yfkf sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf cfj4 x'g'x'G5_

e|i6frf/lj?4cfh}af6 ;lqmo xf]cf}+ .

xfdLsxf“ x/]s k]zfwdL{ of sdL{x?sf lglDt cfrf/–;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ePsf 5g\ . oxf“;Dd ls Jofkf/Lx?

:jo+n] ;d]t cfrf/–;+lxtf 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . ljs[ltsf afxs dflgPsf sfg'g lgdf{tf hgk|ltlglw xsdf klg

:ki6 cfrf/–;+lxtf sf]l/g'k5{ .

cfn]v


k'; @)&@ . 13

/ l;h{gzLn gful/s x'gnfO{ ;d'lrt 1fg, ;Lk / ;f]r rflxG5 . dflg;sf] 1fg / ;Lk hLjgpkof]uL / Jofjxfl/s x'g'k5{ . lzIffaf6 ljsf; x'g] ;f]r, ljrf/ jf b[li6sf]0f /rgfÎds / dfgjtfsf] k|j4{g ug]{ x'g'k5{ .

lzIff dfgj JolStÎjsf] k"0f{ ljsf; / dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu lglb{i6 x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] s'/f xf] . dfgjclwsf/sf] dfGotfcg';f/ lzIffn] ;a} /fi6«,

hftLo tyf wfld{s ;d"xdf ;'ema'em, ;lxi0f'tf / d}qLsf] k|j4{g ug'{k5{ . o;/L lzIffsf dfWodaf6 dflg;n] 1fg / ;Lkut Ifdtfsf] a[l4 u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g, zflGt, d}qL / c?sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg;lxt ;bfrf/ tyf lzi6frf/o'St Jojxf/sf dfWodaf6 ltgnfO{ dfgjpkof]uL agfpg' klg k5{ . o;}n] dfgjclwsf/ / ;'zf;gsf nflu

cfhsf afnaflnsfn] g} eljiodf ;dfh ;~rfng ub{5g\ . d'n'ssf] efjL /fhgLlts, Joj:yfksLo, ;fj{hlgs, ;fdflhs hLjgsf] b[Zo afnaflnsfn] cfh cfh{g u/]sf 1fg, ;Lk, ljj]s / u|x0f u/]sf d"No–dfGotf / cfbtsf ?kdf cjnDag ug]{ cfr/0fdf k|ltljlDat x'G5 . efjL lbgdf ljz]iftM h'g afnaflnsfn] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf g]t[Îj tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] lhDd]jf/L lnG5g\, efjL ;dfhsf] cfrfl/s :jR5tf To;}df lge{/ x'G5 . g]t[Îj / sfo{;Dkfbgstf{ OdfGbf/, d]xgtL, lrGtgzLn / ljj]szLn / ;bfrf/L eP eg]dfq} d'n'sn] ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;S5 . OdfGbf/, ;bfrf/o'Qm, d]xgtL, :jfjnDaL / ljj]szLn gful/s agfpgsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ To:t} lzIff / jftfj/0f rflxG5 .

o;sf nflu z}lIfs kf7Øqmd / kf7Øk':tsdf ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / gful/s ;Rrl/qtfsf ljifonfO{ ;d]l6g'k5{ . ;'zf;g / dfgjclwsf/sf] k|rng ;Rrl/qtfo'St gful/ssf] afx'Non] dfq} ;Dej x'G5 . ;Rrl/q lzIffn] ;'zf;g / dfgjclwsf/sf w/ftndf gful/ssf clwsf/ / pQ/bfloÎjdf hf]8 lbG5 . of] n]vdf ;'zf;g / dfgjclwsf/df cfwfl/t ;Rrl/q lzIffsf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

dfgjclwsf/ / ;'zf;gM lzIff / ;Rrl/qtflzIffsf] p2]Zo ;dfhsf] ef}lts / dfgjLo ;d[l4sf nflu hgzlQm tof/ ug'{ xf] . ;Eo

;'zf;gsf nflu ;Rrl/q lzIffsf] vfFrf]

/jLGb| e§/fO{ à

g]t[Îj / sfo{;Dkfbgstf{ OdfGbf/, d]xgtL, lrGtgzLn / ljj]szLn / ;bfrf/L eP eg]dfq} d'n'sn] ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;S5 . OdfGbf/, ;bfrf/o'Qm, d]xgtL, :jfjnDaL / ljj]szLn gful/s agfpgsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ To:t} lzIff / jftfj/0f rflxG5 .

cfn]v


. k'; @)&@14

;Rrl/q lzIff ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .

;Rrl/q lzIff

;Rrl/q lzIff c;n / plrt cfr/0f a'‰g, yfxf kfpg, hfGg, l;Sg / To;nfO{ /fd|/L Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;Ifd agfpg] lzIff xf] . afNofj:yfaf6} dfgjLo cfr/0fdf cfwfl/t Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ / afnaflnsfnfO{ c;n cfr/0fdf cEo:t u/fpg] lzIffsf] k4ltnfO{ ;Rrl/q lzIff elgG5 . o; k4ltdf lzIffnfO{ lstfaL 1fgdf ;Lldt g/fvL Jofjxfl/s?kdf dfgjf]lrt cfr/0f ljsf; ug{ / cEo:t agfpg ljBfyL{nfO{ k|]l/t ul/G5 .

clwsf/sf] csf]{ kf6f] st{Jo jf lhDd]jf/L xf] . o;}n] clwsf/ / st{JonfO{ Ps} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f eg]/ cYof{pg] ul/G5 . dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] JolQmsf] :jtGq / k"0f{ ljsf;sf nflu ;d'bfok|lt st{Jo x'G5g\ eGb} cfˆgf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] cEof; ubf{ k|To]s dflg;n] c?sf] clwsf/ /

:jtGqtfnfO{ dfGotf lbg'k5{ / cfb/ ug'{k5{ eg]sf] 5 . clwsf/ / st{Josf] ;Gt'ngdf cfr/0f / Jojxf/ ug]{ k4ltut lzIff ;Rrl/q lzIff xf] .

;dfh / ;d'bfok|lt pQ/bfoL /x]/ klg hLjgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg cfjZos sfo{z}nL, cfgL–afgL, cfbt / Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ lzIff ;Rrl/q lzIff xf] . cg'zf;g, st{Jok|ltsf] lgi7f, OR5f jf cfsfª\Iff k"/f ubf{ j}w tyf plrt tl/sf / dfWodsf] cjnDag ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;Rrl/q lzIffn] hf]8 lbG5 . ljBfyL{ pBdzLn / d]xgtL xf];\, cfk}mF cg'zfl;t /xf];\, c?sf clwsf/ / vfFrf]k|lt ;+j]bgzLn agf];\ / j}w tl/sf / ;fwgn] lzIffsf nflu cufl8 a9f];\ eGg] nIo ;Rrl/q lzIffsf] x'G5 .

7Ls–a]7Ls 5'6Øfpg] ;Lksf] ljsf;, xflb{stf, lhDd]jf/L tyf OdfGbf/L, v'nfkg, ;xof]uL efjgfsf] ljsf;df ;Rrl/q lzIffn] hf]8 lbG5 . ljBfyL{sf] c;n afgL–Joxf]/f / pgLx?sf] z}lIfs pknlAw

cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\ . cg'zfl;t eP/ k9fO{df ;l/s x'g], ;dosf] kfng ug]{, ljBfnodf lgoldt xflh/ x'g] / ljBfnoaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] u'0f:t/Lo sfo{qmdx?df efu lng ?lr /fVg] / efu lng] ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs k|ult x'Fb} hfG5 . c?eGbf s;/L cem /fd|f] jf pTs[i6 x'g ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;sf/fÎds?kdf ;f]r]/ cfgf] k9fO{k|lt ljz]if Wofg lbg] / c;n zLn:jefj / afgL–a]xf]/fsf] ljsf;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;r]t, ;zSt / c;n gful/s aGg] jftfj/0f pknAw u/fpF5 .

;Rrl/q lzIffn] ;xh / lhDd]jf/ ;fdflhs hLjgsf] ;xefuL JolStÎjsf] pTkfbg ub{5 . ;xcl:tÎj, ;dfgtf, kf/:kfl/s lxt, ljjfb ;dfwfgdf clx+;fTds pkfosf] cjnDag ;dfhsf] s'g} klg ;b:osf ck]lIft zLn x'g\ . c;n rfnrng, rl/q / Jojxf/nfO{ zLn elgG5 . uf}tda'4n] dflg;sf nflu kfFr k|sf/sf zLn lgb]{z u/]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ xfdL k~rzLn eg]/ eGb5f}F . pgn] clx+;f, rf]/L gug'{, e"m6f] gaf]Ng', pGdfbsf/L s'/f vfglkg gug'{ / ;+odk"0f{ of}gfr/0fdf /xg'nfO{ k~rzLn eg]/ dfgjcfr/0f lgb]{z u/]sf 5g\ .

:j:y, :jR5, Gofo tyf zflGtk"0f{ ;fdflhs ;d[l4sf nflu dfgjhLjgsf] x/kIfdf ;bfrf/ tyf g}lts Jojxf/ ckl/xfo{ 5 . ;Rrl/q lzIffsf dfWodaf6 :yflkt cfr/0f / zLnaf6 dfq} of] s'/f ;Dej x'G5 . s'g} klg dflg; hGdb}df s'g s'/f 7Ls xf] / s'g s'/f 7Ls xf]Og eGg] 1fg lnP/ hGd]sf] x'Fb}g . tyflk, h}ljs / k|fs[lts lx;fan] g}ltsjfg\ x'g ;Sg] Ifdtf eg] p;df cGt/lglxt x'G5 . dfgjcfr/0f / ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf tf}/tl/sf dflg;n] 3/kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, ;dfhaf6 b]Vb} / l;Sb} hfg] s'/f x'g\ . oxL l;sfpg] l;Sg] k|lqmofaf6 dflg;n] ;Rrl/q / ;bfrf/sf] dfGotf / cfbt cjnDag ub{5 .

o:tf cfrf/ / Jojxf/sf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff lng] 7fpF kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ;fdflhs jftfj/0f xf] . ljBfnodf cf}krfl/s?kdf lzIff lng–lbg ;lsG5 . s'g} klg dflg;n] ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] s'/fsf] ;dfhn] s]xL dfkb08 :yflkt u/]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhn] ug{ x'g] eg]sf] ug]{ / ug{ x'Fb}g eg]sf] gug]{ JolStdf leh]/ a:g] u'0fnfO{ xfdL g}ltstf eGb5f}F . OdfGbf/L, ;xgzLntf, c?k|ltsf] cfb/efj /fVg] / cfgf] lhDd]jf/L af]w / axg ug]{ JolStnfO{ xfdL g}ltsjfg\ dflg; eGb5f}F . ;Rrl/q lzIffaf6} dflg; g}lts

7Ls–a]7Ls 5'6Øfpg] ;Lksf] ljsf;, xflb{stf, lhDd]jf/L tyf OdfGbf/L,

v'nfkg, ;xof]uL efjgfsf] ljsf;df ;Rrl/q lzIffn] hf]8 lbG5 .

cfn]v


k'; @)&@ . 15

aGg] xf] . o;}n] ;Rrl/q lzIffnfO{ sltko dflg;n] g}lts lzIff jf ;bfrf/ lzIff eg]/ klg lrGg] lrgfpg] ub{5g\ .

;Rrl/q lzIffdf /xg] Ps cfwf/e"t s'/f Gofosf] cjwf/0f xf] . Gofon] /Lt jf plrt tl/sfaf6 ;Todf /xg] s'/fnfO{ cf}FNofpF5 . s'g} s'/f ;To xf] jf x}g < 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] 5 < s'g} s'/f ;}Xo x'g;S5 jf ;Sb}g < s'g} s'/f plrt 5 jf cg'lrt 5 eGg] s'/fsf] lgZro ug]{ k4ltnfO{ Gofo elgG5 . :yflkt, j}w / u|fXo d"No–dfGotf -sfg'g_ sf] k|of]uåf/f s'g} klg ljjfb jf låljwfsf] cGTosf nflu ltgdf ;lGgxLt tYo / dflg;sf ljrf/x?sf] :jR5 n]vfhf]vf / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ sfd Gofon] ub{5 . Gofon] s'g} klg JolStsf] sfo{ jf lqmof tyf k|j[lQ jf dgf]j[lQdf ;To / /Ltsf] cf}lrTo :yflkt ug]{ sfd Gofo xf] . ;Rrl/q / ;bfrf/L JolSt Gofok|lt ;dlk{t / akmfbf/ x'G5 .

;Rrl/q lzIffaf6 lzlIft JolSt lzi6, eb|, ;Eo 5 / c?l;t cfb/k"j{s Jojxf/ u5{ . s;}af6 ;/;xof]u kfpFbf p;k|lt p;n] cg'u[lxttf hgfpF5 . s'g} uNtL eof], lal/g uof] eg] Ifdfofrgf ub{5 . p;sf k|:t'ltdf lzi6tf /xG5 . p;sf xfpefp kl/:s[t / Jojxf/ c?sf nflu cg's/0fLo x'G5g\ . pm ;bfrf/L x'G5 cyf{t\ p;n] dg, jrg / sd{af6} Pp6} c;n cfr/0fnfO{ Ps};fy sfof{Gjog u/fpF5 . pm kl/>dL x'G5, c?sf] kl/>dsf] klg p;n] ;Ddfg ub{5 .

;Rrl/q lzIff lnPsf] dflg; cfk}mFdf cg'zfl;t x'G5 . cg'zf;g JolStsf] :jR5Gbtfpk/sf] :jlgoGq0f xf] . cg'zf;g k|lt1f jf b[9 lgZroaf6 sfod x'G5 . s'g} klg cfr/0f jf lgod kfng ug]{ cEof; xf] . cfk"mn] ug'{ gx'g] s'/fpk/sf] :jlgoGq0f g} cg'zf;g xf] . unt, xflgsf/s jf cg'lrt Jojxf/ tyf sfo{pk/ s;}n] cfk}mF lgoGq0f sfod ug]{ ;fdYo{ g} cg'zf;g sfod ug]{ k|lqmof xf] . of] sfd :jtM pÎk|]l/t eP/, l;sfO{sf dfWodaf6 jf unt sfd eO;s]kl5 klg To;sf] cfÎdaf]waf6 xfl;n jf lqmofzLn x'G5 .

lzIffsf] nIo ljBfyL{df af}l4s tyf tfls{s Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{dfq xf]Og, ;b\u'0f / ;bfrf/sf] klg ljsf; ug'{ xf] . ;Rrl/q lzIffn] ;bfrfl/tf / ;b\u'0fsf] ljsf;df ljz]if hf]8 lbG5 . ;bfrf/ / ;b\u'0fsf lgDgfg';f/ ljlzi6 nIf0f x'G5g\ M

s_ ;fxl;stf / nugzLntfM ;fg} pd]/b]lv cfr/0fo'St ;Rrl/q lzIff pknAw u/fOgfn] afnaflnsfdf ;fxl;stf ljsf; x'G5 . sl7g kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{] ;Sg] cfF6sf] ljsf;sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ljBfno / kl/jf/n] jftfj/0f pknAw u/fpg'k5{ . o;}u/L, s'g} klg s'/fdf bQlrQ /xg] / lhDdf lnPsf] s'/fnfO{ dl;gf] u/L lg/Gt/ nflu k/]/ lgisif{df k'¥ofP/} 5f8\g] u'0f lzIffaf6 xfl;n x'g ;Sg'k5{ .

v_ Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/M ;fyLefO{ tyf Oi6ldql;t /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug]{, cfgf] lhDd]jf/L tyf st{Joaf]w u/L lglZrt ;Ldfleq /xg] afgLsf] ljsf;sf nflu 3/ / ljBfno b'j}df Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/sf] cEof; ug'{–u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 .

u_ OdfGbf/LM Jojxf/df ;/ntf tyf lgisk6tf ePsf] JolStdfq} ;dfhdf ljZj;gLo aGg;S5 . o;sf nflu kTof/nfostf / ljZjf;gLotf cfh{g ug{ ;/n / OdfGbf/ k|:t'ltdf afnaflnsfnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{'k5{ .

3_ lhDd]jf/Laf]wsf ?kdf cg'zf;gM cfk"mn] cfk}mFnfO{ zfl;t /fVg' eg]sf] cg'zf;g xf] . c?k|ltsf dof{bf ug]{ s'/fn] cfk"mk|lt klg dof{bf /fVg'k5{ eGg] hgfpF5 . cfk"mn] ug{ gx'g] s'/faf6 cfk"mnfO{ cnUu /fVg' / ug'{kg]{ sfddf bQlrt /fVg ;Sg' cg'zf;gsf] u'0f xf] . cg'zf;gn] dflg;nfO{ :jfjnDaL aGg / OdfGbf/ /xg leq}af6 pÎk|]l/t u5{ .

ª_ cfb/ / s[t1tfM c?k|lt cfb/efj /fVg] tyf c?sf s'/f ;'Gg] / ltgsf ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ s'/f cfb/sf] ;b\u'0fdf kb{5g\ . c?sf] ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{sf] cy{, c?sf ljrf/nfO{ cGwf] ;dy{g ug'{ jf To;eGbf leGg ljrf/ /fVb} g/fVg', ts{ gug'{ eGg] xf]Og . s;}n] s'g} klg ljrf/ u|x0f u5{ eg] To:tf] ljrf/ u|x0f ug{ kfpg] p;sf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtf

lzIffsf] nIo ljBfyL{df af}l4s tyf tfls{s Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{dfq xf]Og, ;b\u'0f / ;bfrf/sf] klg ljsf; ug'{ xf] . ;Rrl/q lzIffn] ;bfrfl/tf / ;b\u'0fsf] ljsf;df ljz]if hf]8 lbG5 .

cfn]v


. k'; @)&@16

g} xf] . To:tf] ljrf/nfO{ v08g jf c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . To;f] ubf{ oyfy{ / ts{ k|:t't u/]/ ;Ddfgk"j{s / o'lStk"0f{?kdf ul/g'k5{ . 5nkmn / ljrf/–ljdz{n] g} ;TotYodf k'luG5 . t/, c?af6 lnOPsf 1fg, ljrf/, ;xof]u / ;b\efjk|lt s[t1 /xg] cfr/0fsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOG5 .

5_ ;+j]bgf / ;b\efjgfM c?k|lt Vofn /fVg], s?0ff, :g]x, bofefj, pbf/, IfdfzLn tyf enfO{sf] efjgf zflGt / dfgjLotfsf cfwf/:tDe x'g\ . k/f]ksf/sf] r]tgf ljsf; ug{ g;Sg] lzIffn] ;dfhdf ;b\efj ljsf; ug{ ;Sb}g . oL o:tf rl/q x'g\, h;sf] cefjdf dflg; jf:tjdf dflg; x'g ;Sb}g . dflg;n] lj1fgsf] ;xf/fn] cg]s ;fwgsf] ljsf; ug{ ;S5, t/ ltgsf] k|of]u oxL dfgjLo ;+j]bgf / ;b\efjgfsf] hudf pleP/ ul/g'k5{ . o;}n] lzIffaf6 o; lsl;dsf] ;b\u'0f ljsf; ul/g'k5{ .

h_ s[t;ª\sNktfM ljBfyL{ hLjg eg]sf] JolStÎj ljsf;sf] ;a}eGbf dxÎjk"0f{ ;do xf] . rl/qjfg\ gful/s aGgsf nflu oxL ;dodf JolStÎj lgdf{0fsf] 7f]; sfo{ x'g'k5{ . o;}n] ;Rrl/q lzIffsf]

jftfj/0faf6 ljBfyL{ ;bfsf nflu sDtLdf d kl/>d ug{ / c?sf] ;xof]u ug{ k5fl8 klb{gÙ d}n] c?n] eg]sf] af]n]sf] s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] ug{ ;Sg}k5{Ù g/fd|f] afgL–Joxf]/f Tofu]/ /fd|f] afgL a;fNg} k5{Ù ljgf3d08 ;a};Fu ldqjt\ Jojxf/ u5'{Ù OdfGbf/ tyf ljZjf;of]Uo /xgdf cl8u /xG5'Ù lhDd]jf/Lk|lt ;r]t /xG5', k|fKt lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ tÎk/tf /fV5'Ù s'g} klg sfd ;f]r–ljrf/;fy xf]l;of/Lk"j{s u5'{Ù nIo / sfddf :ki6 /x]/ ltgnfO{ xfl;n ug]{ ;fx; ub{5'Ù / kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, ;dfh / d'n'snfO{ of]ubfg ug]{ bfloÎjnfO{ ;w}F cfÎd;ft ub{5' eGg] s'/fdf s[t;ª\sNk /fVg}k5{ .

;Rrl/q lzIffn] ljBfyL{sf] cfTdan ;an agfpF5 . lgi7fdf :jR5tf sfod /fVg] agfpF5 . c7f]6k|lt k|lta4 agfpF5 . p;sf] dgdf cfpg] s'/f af]N5, af]n]sf] s'/f u5{ . dg, jrg / sd{df ;fdf~h:o /fVg] cj:yfdf /xG5 . of] g} ;Rrl/qtfk"0f{ JolStÎjsf] nIf0f xf] .9

-clwjQmf e§/fO{ g]zgn n sn]hdf cg';Gwfgljlw k|fWofkg ug'{x'G5_

;"rgfsf] xs s] xf] <

;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs dxÎjsf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs g} ;"rgfsf] xs xf] . s'g} lnlvt ;fdu|L jf sfd–sf/afxLsf] cWoog jf cjnf]sg ug]{, k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk lng], e|d0f ug]{h:tf] xs klg xf] . of] ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] dfq geP/ cfd–gful/sn] ;d]t rf;f] lnO/xg'kg]{ ljifo xf] . o;sf] pkof]un] ;dfhdf kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloÎj / 1fg clej[l4 ug{ dbt k'¥ofpg] lglZrt 5 . ;a}n] pkof]u u/f}F .

cfn]v


k'; @)&@ . 17

#= k|mfG;df GofofwLz lgo'lQmdf ;xof]u ug{ ;'lk|d h'l8l;on sfplG;n sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

$= 8]gdfs{df ;g\ !((( df h'l8l;on PKjfOG6d]G6 sfplG;n sf] :yfkgf u/L k|wfgGofwLzafx]s c? ;a} GofofwLzx?xsf] 5gf]6 Pj+ lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ lhDd]jf/L pQm lgsfonfO{ lbOPsf] 5 .

%= ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] !@! cf}F ;+zf]wg u/L ;g\ @)!$ b]lv ef/tdf /fli6«o Goflos lgo'lQm cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ug{'sf ;fy} ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ h'l8l;on PKjfOGd]G6\ sld;g @)!$ sf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

^= cd]l/sL k|0ffnLdf GofofwLzsf] 5gf]6 tyf lgo'lQmsf nflu /fi6«kltn] l;g]6sf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

pk/f]Qm ;a} k|0ffnLn] GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm, kb:yfkgf, ;?jf, cg'zf;gsf] sf/afxL, avf{;Lnufotsf] ljifodf sfo{kflnsfsf] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/ /x]/ :jtGq?kdf

:jtGq / ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljleGg cfwf/e"t kIfx?dWo] Pp6f k|d'v kIf GofofwLz

lgo'lQm;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . lgo'Qm ul/Psf] GofofwLz of]Uo Pjd\ bIf x'g' cTofjZos 5 eg] To:tf] GofofwLzsf] Gofo k|bfg ug]{ cg'ej, Gofok|ltsf] lgi7f, g}lts rl/q, OdfGbfl/tf Pj+ lgikIftf klg TolQs} cfjZos x'G5 . Gofofnosf] :jtGqtf eg]sf] cGttM Gofostf{sf] :jtGqtf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . To;}n] ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?n] o; ;DaGwdf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx? pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . s'/f GofofwLz lgo'lQmsf] dfq xf]Og, lgo'Qm x'g] JolQmsf] kb:yfkgf, ;?jf, cg'zf;gsf] sf/afxL, avf{;Lnufotsf ljifo o; k|lqmofdf cToGt dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf ljleGg d'n'sx?df ljleGg k|0ffnLx? k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . lgDg pbfx/0fx?af/] rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5M

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( cGtu{t Gofo ;]jf cfof]un] g} GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, ljefuLo sf/afxL ug]{ ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/; ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . Gofokl/ifb\;DaGwL kl/ifbLo cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdfkm{t\ ePsf] xf] . >Ln+sfnufot ljleGg d'n'sx?n] o;nfO{ cf–cfgf] lx;fan] kl/dfh{g u/]sf 5g\ .

@= a]nfotdf h'l8l;on PKjfOG6d]G6 sld;g tyf h'l8l;on PKjfOG6d]G6;\ cDa'8\;Dofg h:tf :jtGq lgsfox?sf] Joj:yf u/L oL lgsfox?nfO{ GofofwLz lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ / GofofwLzx?sf] sfd–sf/afxLx?pk/ u'gf;f] ;'Gg] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/ P]g, @))% cGtu{t k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 .

sfo{kq

GofofwLz lgo'lQm k|lqmofdf g]kfn /cGo d'n'ssf] cg'ej

8f= ljlkg clwsf/L à

lgo'Qm ul/Psf] GofofwLz of]Uo Pjd\ bIf x'g' cTofjZos 5 eg] To:tf] GofofwLzsf] Gofo k|bfg ug]{ cg'ej, Gofok|ltsf] lgi7f, g}lts rl/q, OdfGbfl/tf Pj+ lgikIftf klg TolQs} cfjZos x'G5 . Gofofnosf] :jtGqtf eg]sf] cGttM Gofostf{sf] :jtGqtf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo xf] .


. k'; @)&@18

x'g;Sg] k|lqmofsf] k|Tofe"lt ub{5 . zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] dfGotfcGtu{t klg Goflos zlQmnfO{ ljz]if?kdf k[ys /fVg'kg]{ k|rng a9]sfn] GofofwLz lgo'lQmdf sfo{kflnsfsf] xft lg/Gt/ afFWg vf]Hg] k|j[lQ ;Eo d'n'sx? ;a}lt/ b]lvG5 .

cfw'lgsk4lttkm{ cu|;/ x'Fb} @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] klxnf]k6s Gofokl/ifb\sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 ;f¥of] . o;cg';f/ GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, cg'zf;g;DaGwL sf/afxL, avf{;L / Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL cGo s'/fx?sf] l;kmfl/; ug{ jf k/fdz{ lbg Gofokl/ifb\sf] l;h{gf ul/of] . o;nfO{ k|wfgGofofwLzsf] cWoIftfdf lgdf{0f ul/of] . o;sf ;b:ox?df g]kfn ;/sf/sf GofodGqL tyf jl/i7tfsf] qmdfg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf b'O{ jl/i7 GofofwLzx? kb]g ;b:osf] ?kdf /flvP . o;sf] clGtd ;b:o >L % af6 tf]lsaS;]sf] s'g} ljlzi6 sfg'gljb\ x'g] Joj:yf lyof] . Goflos If]qsf] g]t[Îjdf GofofnonfO{ g} 7"nf] x}l;ot k|bfg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf sfg'g Joj;fo b'j}nfO{ ;fy lnO{ Gofokl/ifb\n] sfo{ ug]{ ;+j}wflgs gLlt k|:6?kdf b]lvGYof] .

Gofokl/ifb\sf] ;b:o /x]sf] s'g} GofofwLz;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} ljifodf ljrf/ ug{ jf >L % ;dIf s'g} l;kmfl/; k]z ug{ k/]df Gofokl/ifb\df ;f] GofofwLzsf] ;§f jl/i7tfsf] qmddf lgheGbf kl5sf] jl/i7 GofofwLzn] ;b:osf] ?kdf efu lng] ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg lyof] . /fhfaf6 dgf]gLt x'g] ;b:osf] kbfjlw / ;'ljwf /fhfaf6} tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g] tyf Gofokl/ifb\sf] cGo clwsf/ / st{Jo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf klg ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . Gofokl/ifb\n] cfgf] sfo{ljlw lgoldt ug{ lgod agfpg ;lsg] / To:tf] lgod >L % af6 :jLs[t ePkl5 nfu" x'g] Joj:yfdf klg gofFkg b]lvGYof] .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] Gofokl/ifb\sf] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . o;n] kl/ifb\sf] ;b:ox?dWo] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf jl/i7td\ GofofwLzsf] ;ª\Vof b'O{af6 Psdf emf/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;P;gsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfgGofofwLzåf/f lgo'Qm jl/i7 clwjQmf jf slDtdf @) jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt clwjQmfnfO{

gofF ;b:osf] ?kdf yk]sf] 5 . o;n] ;b:osf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{ / lghsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz;/x x'g] Joj:yfn] Gofokl/ifb\nfO{ yk l:y/tf k|bfg ub{5 . /fi6«klt tyf g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;P;g b'j}af6 dgf]gLt ;b:onfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] x6fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf csf]{ ljz]iftf /x]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] b'O{ k|d'v kl/jt{gx?dWo] klxnf] Gofokl/ifb\sf] cWoIfnufotsf ;b:on] s'g} GofofwLzsf] ;DaGwdf kg{ cfPsf] ph'/L;Fu ;Da4 d'2fsf sfuhft tyf kmfOn dufO{ cWoog u/L Gofokl/ifb\df To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg] Joj:yf xf] . csf]{ k|d'v kl/jt{g s'g} GofofwLzsf] ljifodf kg{ cfPsf] ph'/Lsf] ;DaGwdf k|f/lDes 5fgljg u/fpFbf ljz]if1af6 lj:t[t 5fgljg ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf Gofokl/ifb\n] hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf xf] . oL b'j} k|fjwfgx?n] Gofokl/ifb\nfO{ tÎsfnLg cfjZostfx? k"/f ug{ ;Ifd agfPsf] lyof] . c?eGbf klg Goflos g]t[Îj g} of] k|f?kdf a9L lhDd]jf/ x'g'kg]{ t/ lghn] NofPsf k|:tfj jf gLltut lg0f{ox?df cGo kIfnfO{ klg ljZjf;df lnO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ cjwf/0ff tÎsfnLg cj:yfdf :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf nflu 7"nf] cj;/ lyof] . of] cj;/sf] k|of]u s'g?kdf eof] eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|:tfljt g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] k|f/lDes d:of}bfdf pNn]vgLo s]xL 5}g . k'/fgf] Joj:yfnfO{ o;df cª\uLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . k|d'v ?kdf Gofokl/ifb\sf] cWoIf tyf ;b:on] s'g} GofofwLzsf] ;DaGwdf kg{ cfPsf] ph'/L;Fu ;DaGw d'2fsf] cWoog u/L Gofokl/ifb\df To;sf] k|ltj]bg lbg ;lsg] wf/f !%^-$_ df :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . To:t}, s'g} GofofwLzsf] ljifodf kg{ cfPsf] ph'/Lsf] ;DaGwdf k|f/lDes 5fgljg u/fpFbf ljz]if1af6 lj:t[t 5fgljg ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf Gofokl/ifb\n] hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] s'/f klg o;df bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] 5 . k|of]udf cfPsf] t/ ;+ljwfgdf gk/]sf] k|d'v Joj:yfdf Gofokl/ifb\n] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfgGofofwLz / GofofwLz ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf GofofwLz, pRr cbfntsf d'VoGofofwLz / GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g of]Uotf k'Ug] JolQmx?sf] cBfjlws clen]v tof/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf xf] . gofF ;+ljwfg n]Vg] cj;/ k|fKt ubf{ klg Goflos lgo'lStsf ljifodf gofF ljrf/ cjnDag gu/L k'/fg}nfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] b[li6sf]0f g} ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfx?sf] /x]sf] dfGg' kb{5 . k|:tfljt ;Dk"0f{ k|fjwfg o;k|sf/ 5M

!%^= Gofokl/ifb\M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgadf]lhd GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, cg'zf;g;DaGwL sf/afxL, avf{;L / Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL cGo ljifosf] l;kmfl/; ug{ jf k/fdz{ lbg Pp6f Gofokl/ifb\ /xg]5, h;df b]xfoadf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ M

sfo{kq

gofF ;+ljwfg n]Vg] cj;/ k|fKt ubf{ klg Goflos lgo'lQmsf ljifodf gofF

ljrf/ cjnDag gu/L k'/fg}nfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] b[li6sf]0f g} ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfx?sf] /x]sf] dfGg' kb{5 .


k'; @)&@ . 19

sfo{kq

s_ k|wfg GofofwLz –cWoIf v_ ;ª\3Lo sfg'g tyf GofodGqL –;b:ou_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf jl/i7td\ GofofwLz Pshgf

–;b:o3_ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'Qm u/]sf]

Pshgf sfg'gljb\ –;b:oª_ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltåf/f

lgo'Qm sDtLdf aL; jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt jl/i7 clwjQmf jf clwjQmf –;b:o

-@_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -3_ / -ª_ adf]lhdsf] ;b:osf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] ;/x x'g]5 .

-#_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -3_ / -ª_ adf]lhdsf] ;b:onfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg t/Lsfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 .

-$_ Gofokl/ifb\sf] cWoIf tyf ;b:on] s'g} GofofwLzsf] ;DaGwdf kg{ cfPsf] ph'/L;Fu ;Da4 d'2fsf] cWoog u/L Gofokl/ifb\df To;sf] k|ltj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .

-%_ s'g} GofofwLzsf] ljifodf kg{ cfPsf] ph'/Lsf] ;DaGwdf k|f/lDes 5fgaLg u/fpFbf ljz]if1af6 lj:t[t 5fgaLg ug'{ kg{] b]lvPdf Gofokl/ifb\n] hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .

-^_ Gofokl/ifb\n] o; ;+ljwfgadf]lhd ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz / GofofwLz, ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf GofofwLz, pRr cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLz / GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g of]Uotf k'Ug] JolQmx?sf] cBfjlws clen]v tof/ ug'{kg]{5 .

-&_ Gofokl/ifb\sf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]5 .

pk/f]Qm cfwf/x?df x]bf{ xfdLsxfF 5f}+ / s'g?kdf cufl8 a9\b} 5f}F eGg] ;DaGwdf s'g} zª\sf ug]{ 7fpF 5}g . @)$& ;fndf Gofokl/ifb\ P]g ag]b]lv g} Gofokl/ifb\sf] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg tyf P]gcGtu{t Joj:yf ul/Psf d"No–dfGotf tyf sfd–sf/afxLx? slt k|efjsf/L /x] eGg] k|Zg lg/Gt/ rrf{sf] ljifo /xFb}cfPsf] 5 . ;fdfGo?kdf s] dflgPsf] 5 eg] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt Jojxf/df b]vfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf ljleGg sf/0fx? rrf{df 5g\M

!= Gofokl/ifb\sf] cWoIf cyf{t\ k|wfg GofofwLzn] cfjZostfadf]lhd Gofokl/ifb\sf] g]t[Tj lng g;Sg' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:ofsf ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . g]t[Tj :jo+ ;Ifd Pj+ :jtGq x'g g;Sbf kl/ifb\sf] Ph]G8f tyf sfd–sf/afxL lg/Gt/ k|efljt ePsf 5g\ .

@= kl/ifb\sf] g]t[Tj hlt alnof] x'G5 tyf of] an ;'of]Uo

GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQmdf hlt k|efjsf/L x'g;S5, kl/ifb\ Tolt g} k|efjsf/L x'G5 . g]t[Tj sdhf]/ b]lvPsf sf/0fn] cGo kIfx? a9L ;lqmo x'g uPsf] tyf lgo'lQmsf l;4fGtx? ;Demf}tfk/:t x'g k'u]sf] sltko l6Kk0fL 5 .

#= Joj:yfkgsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg Gofokl/ifb\ sdhf]/ ;+:yfsf ?kdf /xg uPsf] 5 . o;n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uåf/f ;Dkfbg x'g] e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{sf] cg';Gwfg / d'2f rnfpg] sfo{Ù /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|n] ul/cfPsf] ;r]tgf;DaGwL sfo{Ù lghfdtL lstfavfgfn] ul/cfPsf] clen]v /fVg] sfo{Ù nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ul/cfPsf] k/LIff;DaGwL sfo{sf cltl/Qm cbfntsf] lg/LIf0f, cg'udg Pj+ d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL sfo{;d]t o;sf] sfo{If]qdf kb{5 . oL ljljw Joj:yfkgsf nflu kl/ifb\ ;xL cy{df :jtGq /flvg' h?/L 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] 5fofFdf oL ;a} sfd–sf/afxLx? :jtGq tyf ;Ifd ?kdf x'g ;Sb}gg\ .

$= kf/bzL{ lgo'lQm k|0ffnLsf nflu Jofj;flos dfkb08x? ;fj{hlgs x'g' tyf ;f]xL adf]lhd sfdsf/afxLx? ePsf] b]lvg' cToGt h?/L x'G5 . oL ljifox? k|lqmof;Fu klg ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . oxfF klg ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\ .

%= Gofokl/ifb\ bf];|f] ;+zf]wg ljw]os, @)&! Pp6f ;fy{s k|of; xf] . o;nfO{ rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f] sfof{Gjog ug]{ l:yltdf k'¥ofOg' kb{5 . o;n] vf/]hLdf k/]sf] GofofwLz lgo'lQm -k|lqmof_ dfkb08 @)^( sf sltko u'0ffÎds kIfnfO{ klg ;d]6\g] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .

^= Goflos lgo'lQmdf ;dfj]lzs/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu k"j{tof/L TolQs} h?/L 5 . Goflos lgo'lQm s]jn of]Uotd\ JolQmsf nflu x'g' kb{5 .

&= cGttM :yflkt ePsf d"No–dfGotfsf] cjnDagd} GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm, kb:yfkgf, ;?jf, cg'zf;gsf] sf/afxL, avf{;Lnufotsf ljifox?nfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg ;lsG5 .9

-8f= clwsf/L sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnodf k|fWofkg ug'{x'G5_

Joj:yfkgsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg Gofokl/ifb\ sdhf]/ ;+:yfsf ?kdf /xg uPsf] 5 . kf/bzL{ lgo'lQm k|0ffnLsf nflu Jofj;flos dfkb08x? ;fj{hlgs x'g' tyf ;f]xL adf]lhd sfdsf/afxLx? ePsf] b]lvg' cToGt h?/L x'G5 .


. k'; @)&@20

6««fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnsf] @) cf}F jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef @)&@ c;f]h @@ ut] sf7df8f}+df ;+:yfsf cWoIf >L e/taxfb'/ yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

cWoIf yfkfn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf %( hgf ;fwf/0f ;b:o / ! ;+:yfut ;b:ox?dWo] #@ hgfsf] pkl:ylt ePsfn] ;fwf/0f;efsf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof k'u]sf] x'Fbf cWoIf yfkfn] k"j{lgwf{l/t sfo{;"rL jfrg ug{'eof] .

;efsf] sfo{;"rL o;k|sf/ /x]sf lyPM != !( cf}F jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efsf] lg0f{osf]

hfgsf/L,@= dxf;lrjåf/f ;+:yfsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg

@)&!÷&@ sf] k|:t'lt / ;f]sf] :jLs[lt,#= sf]iffWoIfåf/f ;+:yfsf] cfly{s tyf

n]vf–k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg @)&!÷&@ sf] k|:t'lt / ;f]sf] :jLs[lt,

$= cf=j= @)&@÷&# sf nflu n]vf–k/LIfssf] lgo'lQm,

%= ljljw .

cWoIf yfkfn] qmdzM dxf;lrj d's'Gbaxfb'/ k|wfgnfO{ ;+:yfsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg @)&!÷&@ / ;+:yfsf] cfly{s tyf n]vf–k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg @)&!÷&@ sf] k|:t't ul/lbg cfu|x ug{'eof] .

dxf;lrj k|wfgn] ;+:yfsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg @)&!÷&@ sf] k|:t't ug{'eof] . dxf;lrj k|wfgn] lj:t[t k|ltj]bg ;a} ;b:ox?nfO{ klxn] k7fO;lsPsf] x'Fbf ;+If]kdf k|:t't ug]{ cg'dlt rfxG5' eGb} % d'Vo zLif{sdf ljeSt jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&@ k|:t't ug{'eof] .

k|ltj]bgdf dxf;lrj k|wfgn] jsfnt tyf x:tIf]k zLif{snfO{ ljleGg kq tyf k|]; gf]6, ;+ljwfgaf/] ;'emfj, /fxtdf kf/blz{tf, df]afOn Pnfs, ;~rf/ ;xsfo{, Goflos lgo'lSt, dlxnf tyf o'jf, s/K;g k;]{K;g OG8]S;nufotsf pkzLif{sx?cGtu{t

/flvPsf ;+:yfut lqmofsnfk k|:t't ug{'eof] . To:t}, csf]{ zLif{s u7aGwg / ;xsfo{ /x]sf] lyof] . o;cGtu{t lhNnf:t/Lo ;xsfo{, e|d0f tyf e]63f6, If]qLo uf]i7L, e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;, kqsfl/tf tflnd, ;dLIff sfo{qmdnufotsf pkzLif{s /x]sf lyP . To:t}, t];|f] zLif{s ;]S6/n kmf]s; /x]sf] 5 . o;df hgr]tgf clej[l4, cWoog–cg';Gwfg, k|sfzg, ljgfzsf/L e"sDk, x6nfOg, Sofn]G8/ k|sfzg cflb 5g\ . rf}yf] zLif{sdf d"No–dfGotfsf] k|j4{g /x]sf] 5 . o;df P]Soj4tf, ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf, ljsf; k|ltj4tf, d]g'cn cflb /x]sf 5g\ . kfFrf} zLif{s ;+:yfut ljsf; /x]sf] 5 . o;df !( cf}F ;fwf/0f ;ef, @) cf}F :yfkgf lbj;, ;b:o e]nf, PS;r]~h km]nf]l;k, cg'lzIf0f tyf tflnd, OG6g{l;k, cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmddf ;xeflutfnufotsf pkzLif{sdf ;+:yfn] ;DkGg u/]sf lqmofsnfkx? k|:t't ug{'eof] .

o;}u/L, sf]iffWoIf k|wfgfËn] klg ;+:yfsf] cfly{s tyf n]vf–k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg @)&!÷&@ sf] k|:t't ug{'eof] . cfly{s k|ltj]bgn] ;+:yfsf] cfly{s l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . sf]iffWoIfn] k|:t't ug{'ePsf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/;ª\If]kM

;+:yfsf] rn crn ;DklQ sl/a # s/f]8 $$ �

nfv *) xhf/ & ;o &( /x]sf] 5 . ;f]dWo] bftfaf6 k|fKt /sd ! s/f]8 (! Nffv ^% xhf/ ^ ;o *!, cIfosf]if *% nfv / art ^* nfv !% xhf/ (( /x]sf] 5 . o;dWo]af6 ! s/f]8 %# nfv !% xhf/ (( ;+:yfsf] cfg} art /sd /x]sf] k'li6 x'G5 .o; jif{ s"n # s/f]8 *% nfv #$ xhf/ & �

;o &! cfo ePsf]df # s/f]8 *^ nfv %( xhf/ @ ;o (% vr{ ePsf] 5 .cfodWo] # s/f]8 &) nfv (@ xhf/ ! ;o �

** bftfaf6 kl/of]hgfsf nflu, % nfv ( xhf/ ^ ;o ^# Aofhaf6, % nfv (# xhf/ # ;o !^ ljlgdo b/sf] a[l4af6 / # nfv

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf]

@) cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef ;DkGg

;fwf/0f;ef


k'; @)&@ . 21

=#( xhf/ ^ ;o $ cGo cfoaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . vr{dWo] kl/of]hgf ultljwL / tnjdf # s/f]8 ^# nfv @$ xhf/ & ;o &, kl/of]hgf k|zf;gdf @# nfv #$ xhf/ % ;o *& /x]sf] 5 .;+:yfnfO{ o; jif{ kl/of]hgfaf6 art !& nfv �

() xhf/ % ;o %@, cGo cfo -;b:otf z'Ns, rGbf / cf]e/x]8af6 # nfv #( xhf/ ^ ;o $ / a}+s Aofh % nfv ( xhf/ ^ ;o ^# u/L hDdf art @^ nfv #( xhf/ * ;o !( x'g]df ! nfv @$ xhf/ % ;o @$ ljlgdo b/sf] 3f6f s6fpFbf @$ nfv *) xhf/ $ art ePsf] 5 . o; artdWo]af6 Pnfs 8LkLnfO{ vr{ ul/Psf] !( nfv #$ xhf/ * ;o && / cfg} ultljlwdf ePsf] vr{ ^ nfv ^( xhf/ ^ ;o %) ;lxt @^ nfv $ xhf/ % ;o @& vr{ eO{ ! nfv @$ xhf/ % ;o @$ Go'g /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] d"n sf/0f jiff{Gtdf ePsf] ljlgdo b/ 3f6f k|d'v xf] . cf=j= @)&@÷)&# df ;+:yfsf] s'n art ! �

s/f]8 %# nfv !% xhf/ (( dWo] Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfnfO{ !$ nfv ** xhf/ $ ;o $( 5'§fOPsf] 5 . o; cfly{s jif{df ljleGg bftfx? qmdzM �Fredskorpset - Norway, European Union, Transparency International Secretariat, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs / NCell Private Limited sf] ;xof]udf & j6f sfo{qmdx? qmdzM SSE, ALAC DP, ALAC Core, ALAC, NIS, BNIN, PEC ;~rfng ePsf] / ltgLx?dWo] # ;fgf sfo{qmdx? qmdzM ALAC Core, ALAC, NIS ;dfKt eO{ o;

cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷)&# df $ j6f sfo{qmdx? qmdzM SSE, ALAC DP, BNIN, PEC sf] lg/Gt/tf cfufdL cfly{s jif{df klg x'g]5 . ;+:yfsf] lqmofsnfkx?, s]Gb|b]lv lhNnfdf �

/x]sf cfj4 ;+:yfx?;Fusf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sf] ;xof]u tyf BNIN sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;+:yfn] @)&!÷)&@ df Ps ;jf/L–;fwg -sf/_ nufot cGo kl/of]hgfx?af6 Nofk6k, lk|G6/, df]6/;fOsn cflb vl/b ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] k|of]u cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ul/cfOPsf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷)&#o; cf=j=df dfly pNn]lvt $ / Ps gofF �

ALAC u/L hDdf % j6f sfo{qmdx? qmdzM SSE, ALAC DP, BNIN, PEC ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . pQm gofF sfo{qmd Transparency International Secretariat ;Fu Advocacy and Legal Advice Center (ALAC) sfo{qmd lg/Gt/tfsf nflu # dlxg] -;]K6]Da/ — gf]ef]Da/, @)!%_ cjlwsf nflu hDdf ah]6 o"/f] %,$)) sf] ;Demf}tf ePsf] xf] . o; cf=j=df ;+:yfn] ?=!% nfv yk u/L d'2lt �

vftfdf /x]sf] *% nfvsf] cIfosf]if /sdnfO{ ?=! s/f]8df k'¥ofPsf] 5 .o;}u/L, s]xL :yfgLo bft[ lgsfox?;Fu �

ALAC sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf / Earthquake cg'udg ug]{af/] cjwf/0ffx? k|:t't u/L k|f/lDes 5nkmn ;sf/fTds ?kdf ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .o; cf=j=sf nflu cg'dfgLt ah]6 klg oxfFsf] �

;fwf/0f;ef


. k'; @)&@22

hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ljt/0f u/]sf] 5' . ;f]cg';f/ s'n cfo $ s/f]8 @* nfv *$ xhf/ & ;o !% / vr{ $ s/f]8 @* nfv $& xhf/ % ;o #@ sf] xf/fxf/Ldf x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfosf] d"n ;|f]t eg]sf] bftfx?af6 sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu k|fKt ;xof]u g} xf] . vr{dfly pNn]lvt sfo{qmdx?df x'g]5 .

cWoIf yfkfn] dxf;lrj / sf]iffWoIfåf/f k|:t't k|ltj]bgpk/ 5nkmn ug{ ;a} ;b:ox?nfO{ ;xefuL eOlbg cfXjfg ug{'eof] .

v'nf 5nkmnsf jStf

8f= ljZj s]z/ df:s]M e"sDk;DaGwL ljj/0f lng cfXjfg u/]/ r"k nfu]/ a;]sf xf}+ ls h:tf] nfUof] . k7fpg]n] k7fOxfn] gk7fpg]nfO{ k'gM kmnf]ck -;f]wk'5_ ug{ g;lsPsf] xf] ls < e"sDkaf/] ;s];Dd lj:t[t ljj/0f tof/ ug{ ;s] /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .

kjg cf]emfM dxf;lrj / sf]iffWoIfåf/f k|:t't k|ltj]bg /fd|} nfUof] . ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf 5f}+ . a]nf–a]nfdf ;dfrf/–kqdf k|sfzg x'g] s]xL ;dfrf/af/] 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] cfgf] Wofgfs[i6 u/]/ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf 36gf jf ;dfrf/x?df k|ltlqmof lbg] k|aGw ug{' pko'St x'G5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .

>Lxl/ cof{nM d'n'sdf ;fdfGo cj:yf ePsf a]nfdf of] ;+:yfsf] lqmofsnfk k|efjsf/L x'Fbf]/x]5 . d'n'ssf] l:ylt lalu|Ps} a]nfdf ;+:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg]lt/ g]t[Tjsf] Wofg hfcf];\ .

d's'Gb zdf{ kf}8]nM jflif{s?kdf e]6\g] jflif{s sfo{qmddfq xf]Og, cw{–jflif{s?kdf ;dLIff ug]{ sfo{qmd klg /fvf}+ .

ls/0f yfkfM k|ltj]bg /fd|f 5g\ . d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . g;{/Lb]lv g} e|i6frf/lj?4sf kf7 ;dfj]z ug{ l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . To;tkm{ xfd|f] Wofg hfg' h?/L 5 . sf7df8f}+ lghu9sf] kmf:6 6«Øfs ;DaGwdf xfdLn] cfjfh p7fpg' h?/L 5 . ;bfrf/df cfwfl/t c;n Jofj;flos ;+:sf/ k|j4{g u/f}+ .

8f= /fdbofn /fs]zM b]zdf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf lau|Fbf] 5 . /fli6«o l9s'6L dgdfgL9Ëaf6 vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] o:tf s'/fdf a9L rf;f] /fVg'k5{ .

8f= ;fu/ zdf{M xfdLn] d'n'ssf] e|i6frf/nfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ l:ylt lbgx'F eofax x'Fb}5 . cGof}n l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . g;{/Lb]lv pRr lzIff;Ddsf] kf7Øqmddf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug{ ;3fpg] ;fdu|L ;dfj]z ug{ kxn u/f}+ . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] o'jfsf] ;fy lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;f];n ldl8ofnfO{ cem} ;b'kof]u ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ . e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cfjfhnfO{ o'jf cfjfh agfpg' k5{ . o;sf nflu o'jf nlIft sfo{qmd l;h{gf u/f}+ . ;dfhnfO{ hf]8\g] k|ofz u/f}+ .

dbgs[i0f zdf{M e|i6frf/lj?4 cfjfh p7fpmF eGg] ;Gb]z hgdfg;df k'¥ofpg ;s]sf 5f}+ xfdLn] < s] o;;DaGwdf clxn]sf] cj:yf kof{Kt 5 < xfdLn] nIo lgwf{/0f u¥of}+ / k'Uof] k'u]g eg]/ x]of{}+ eg]dfq dfkg ug{ ;lsPnf . s'g} ;"rs ljsf; ug{ ;S5f}+ ls < 6LcfO{ g]kfn ;dfh;Fu s;/L hf]l8g ;S5 < e|i6frf/lj?4sf ;"rgf xfdL;Dd cfOk'Ug] ljleGg dfWod ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/f}+ . ah]6/Lafx]s k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf w]/} 7"nf] e|i6frf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

8f= ljdnk|;fb sf]O/fnfM c? a]nf xfdL ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb}gf}+, t/ ;fwf/0f;efdf 7"nf s'/f ul//x]sf x'G5f}+ . cfly{s k|ltj]bgdf s]xL 7fpFdf k};f;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf], t/ sl/a eg]/ ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . ;+lIfKt zAbsf] k|of]u w]/} 7fpFdf ul/Psf 5g\ . ;fwf/0f ;b:on] s;/L a'‰g ;S5g\ < k|f]u|fddf eGbf cf]e/x]8 s:6 a9L x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] /0fgLlt agfpFbf 6LcfO{ /0fgLltaf6 k|efljt ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL ;Gbe{ x]/]/ o:tf /0fgLlt agfpg' pko'St x'G5 . :yfgLos/0f ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .

bz}+ vr{ zLif{sdf ;/sf/n] hyfeflj vr{ ul//x]sf] 5 . bz}+ /fhgLlts sfo{stf{sf nflu dfq cfPsf] xf] / < lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf k|efj kfg]{vfnsf sfo{qmd / bjfj l;h{gf u/f}+ . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ qmddf ;/sf/sf] s'g unt lg0f{o /f]Sg ;Sof] < jif{df tLgj6f dfq sfo{qmd u/f}+ h;n] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/lj?4 cld6 5fk 5f]8\g ;sf];\ .

v]d/fh /]UdLM k|ltj]bgdf s]xL u'gf;f] 5}g . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] s] sfd ug]{ eGg]d} lbUe|ldt ePsf] xf] ls eGg] nfUof] . clxn] ePsf sfd ;lrjfno txn] ug]{ vfnsf 5g\ . /fli6«o:t/sf cleofg s]xL ;~rfng x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . kmf:6 6«Øfs ;DaGwdf ;fdfGo gful/s;d]t e|i6frf/sf] cfz+sf ul//x]sf 5g\ .

;fwf/0f;ef


k'; @)&@ . 23

o;af/]df lj1 / /fhgLlts JolStx?nfO{ NofP/ cfjfh p7fcf}+ . e|i6frf/lj?4sf] lbj; dgfpFbf cfgf] klxrfg u'dfpg] u/L c? ;+:yf;Fu ldl;g' pko'St x'Fb}g . clVtof/;Fu ldl;P/ ulNt ePsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ /fli6«o:t/d} ‰ofFlu+b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ xfdLn] ljz]if kxn ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .

eLdaxfb'/ >]i7M ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'Fbf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ ;+:yf clVtof/sf] clwsf/ s6f}tL ul/Psf] 5 . cg'lrt sfo{ eGg] zAb;d]t kl/efiffaf6 x6fOPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf xfd|f] cfjfh ;'gfpg cfjZos kxn u/f}+ .

8f= jL/]Gb| ld>M htftt} /fhgLlts efua08f x'g yfn]sf] 5 . To:tf] x'g glbg s] ug{ ;lsG5 ;fd"lxs k|of; u/f}+ .

O{Zj/k|;fb pkfWofoM ljZj ;d'bfo;fd' g]kfndf e|i6frf/sf] l:ylt bzf{pg] s'/f s] x'g;S5 < d'n'sdf tnb]lv dfly;Dd x/]s txdf e|i6frf/ ljBdfg 5 . lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbFb} If]qut hf]8 lbg yfnf}+ .

cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] k|ltj]bgpk/ wf/0ff lbg] ;b:ox? sf]xL klg afFsL g/x]sfn] k|ltj]bg kfl/t ul/lbg cfu|x ug{'eof] .

cWoIf yfkfsf] cfu|xcg';f/ 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] @) cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efn] lgDg lg0f{ox? u¥of] .

!= dxf;lrj d's'Gbaxfb'/ k|wfgåf/f k|:t't ;+:yfsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg @)&!÷&@ pk/ 5nkmn u/L :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/of] .

@= sf]iffWoIf klb\dgL k|wfgfËåf/f k|:t't ;+:yfsf] cf=j= @)&!÷&@ sf] n]vf–k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg / )&@÷&# sf] cg'dflgt cfoJoosf] ljj/0fpk/ 5nkmn u/L :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/of] .

#= cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷&# sf] nflu n]vf–k/LIfs lgo'lSt / kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f;d]t ug{ sfo{;ldltnfO{ clVtof/L lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

;efsf ;b:ox?af6 k|fKt /fo–;'emfjnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ cWoIf >L e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] ;+:yfsf] ljut, jt{dfg / cfufdL sfo{af/] k|sfz kfg'{eof] . o; qmddf cWoIf yfkfn] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f sfo{df cg'udg, gofF ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u, ;fj{hlgs u'gf;f] ;+sng Pj+ ;dfwfg, e|i6frf/lj?4 lbj; tyf /0fgLlts lbzf / rfn' sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL cl3 a9\g] atfpg'eof] .

cWoIf yfkfn] ;efdf /x]sf] pkl:ylt / k|:tfjpk/ 5nkmn u/L :jLs[lt k|bfg ug{ ;xefuL x'g'x'g] ;a} ;b:ox?nfO{ wGojfb lbg'eof] . cGtdf cWoIf yfkfn] g]kfnLx?sf] rf8 a8fbz}+, ltxf/, g]kfn ;Djt\ tyf 57kj{sf] pknIodf ;a}nfO{ z'esfdgf lb+b} ;ef lj;h{g ePsf] hgfp lbg'eof] .9

;fwf/0f;ef

tkfO{+n] st} e|i6frf/, cgfjZos x}/fgL jf l9nf;':tLsf] ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf] 5 < 5 eg] xfd|f] lgMz'Ns gDa/ !^^)–)!–@@@!! df

;Dks{ ug{'xf];\. xfdL tkfO{+nfO{ dbt ug{ tof/ 5f}+ .

z'Ns gnfUg] gDa/ !^^)–)!–@@@!!-u'gf;f] ;'Gg Joj:yf ul/Psf] ljz]if ;+oGq_

xfd|f] cfXjfg


. k'; @)&@24

sfof{Gjogcl3 g} s]xL a'Fbf ;+zf]wgsf] nflu 6]jn ul/Psf] l:ylt 5 . e|i6frf/lj?4sf] Ph]08fsf] k|fyldstf ce}m ws]lnPsf] efg ePsf] 5 .

;+u7g ljj/0f 6LcfO{ g]kfn ljZjel/ ljleGg b]zdf :yflkt !!& 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf /fli6«o RofK6/dWo]sf] Ps xf] . sf7df8f}+ lhNnfdf btf{ eO{ lqmofzLn of] gful/s ;+:yfn] cfwf/e"t?kdf e|i6frf/lj?4 bafa l;h{gf ub}{cfPsf] ljlbt g} 5 . ;+:yfn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} cfgf d"No–dfGotfsf ?kdf gful/ssf] b}lglGbgL e|i6frf/d'St x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cª\ufn]sf] 5 . To:t}, ;+:yfn] d"ne"t nIosf ?kdf ;dfhsf ;a} tx, tKsf / If]qdf e|i6frf/ /f]Sg, ;bfrfl/tf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xLtf, P]Soj4tf, cbDo ;fx;, Gofo / nf]stGq o;sf cfwf/e"t cfbz{ dfg]sf] tYo klg ;a}nfO{ cjut g} 5 eGg] ljZjf; u/]sf] 5' .

lj=;+= @)%# ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/?kdf e|i6frf/lj/f]wL cleofgdf ;lqmo /x]sf] o; ;+:yfsf] !( cf}+ ;fwf/0f;efaf6 >L e/taxfb'/ yfkf cWoIf / cGo * ;b:o;lxtsf] sfo{;ldlt rog ePsf] lyof] . ;ldltn] cfgf] Ps jif{ sfo{sfn k"/f u/]sf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfndf xfn ( ;b:oLo sfo{;ldlt;lxt ^) hgf ;b:o, ;lrjfnosf !* ;xsdL{ / @% cfa4 ;+:yfn] xft]dfnf] ub}{ sf7df8f}+nufot b]zsf @$ lhNnfdf e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb}cfPsf 5f}+ .

;g\ @)!@ df o; ;+:yfsf] % jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf @)!#–@)!& tof/ ul/Psf] oxfFx?nfO{ ljlbt} 5 . ;f] /0fgLltn] g} cfufdL ;g\ @)!& ;Ddsf lqmofsnfknfO{ dfu{–lgb]{z ug]{ ePsf] x'Fbf ;f]df pNn]lvt % sfo{lbzfnfO{ g} cfwf/dfgL of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf s]xL d'Vo a'Fbfx? d oxfF k|:t't ug{ cg'dlt rfxG5' .

;efsf cWoIf Pj+ ;b:oHo"x?,

xflb{s clejfbg .cfhsf] o; ul/dfdo ;efdf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] sfo{;ldltaf6 kfl/t jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ kfPsf]df uf}jflGjt ePsf] 5' . of] k|ult k|ltj]bg ;fwf/0f;ef cufj} ;Dk"0f{ ;b:oHo"x?nfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] x'Fbf ;a}n] cWoog ul/;Sg'ePsf] xf]nf eGg] ljZjf; u/]sf] 5' . ctM d pSt k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;ª\lIfKt?kdf dfq k|:t't ug]{ cg'dlt rfxG5' .

nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfndf e|i6frf/ k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s ljsf;df k|efj / k|lts"n c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L ljBdfg /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] ljifon] cfzfltt k|fyldstf kfpg g;s]sf] / s]xL lgsfox?n] ub}{cfPsf k|of; klg k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] cg'e"lt xfdL ;a}n] ul//x]sf 5f}+ .

@)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] g]kfn / g]kfnLdfem cem r'gf}tL ylkPsf] 5 . e"sDksf] Iflt / qf;sf aLr k|d'v $ /fhgLlts bnx?n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] Ph]G8fnfO{ k|d'v k|fyldstfdf /fv] . klxnf] d:of}bfpk/ hg:t/af6 ;'emfj ;ª\sng u/]kl5 ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:ox?sf] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj;lxt bf];|f] d:of}bf tof/ eof] . s]xL /fhgLlts bnx?sf] alxisf/ afah"b ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox?dWo] sl/a (! k|ltztsf] ;dy{g / :jLs[ltdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ ;+ljwfg;efn] oxL c;f]h # ut] hf/L u/]sf] 5 . nfdf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f cGTo ug]{ cfd–g]kfnLsf] rfxgfcg'?k hgtfaf6 r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx?n] ;+ljwfg kfl/t eof] . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] of] ;+ljwfgnfO{ :jfut klg ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/, s]xL bnx?sf] lj/f]w / ef/tsf] c3f]lift gfsfjGbLn] kfl/t ;+ljwfg

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] @) cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efdf k|:t't

jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/f+z

k|ltj]bg


k'; @)&@ . 25

k|ltj]bg

!= jsfnt tyf x:tIf]k (Advocacy & Intervention):o;cGtu{t e|i6frf/lj?4 jsnft tyf x:tIf]k, kq tyf k|]; gf]6, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0faf/] ;'emfj, /fxftdf kf/blz{tf, df]afOn Pnfs, ;~rf/–;xsfo{, Goflos lgo'lSt, dlxnf tyf o'jf, s/K;g k;]{K;g OG8]S; ;fj{hlgsnufotsf sfo{ ePsf 5g\ .

kq tyf k|]; gf]6M o; /0fgLlts lbzftkm{ ;+:yfn] ;/sf/, ;+;b\ / cGo ;/f]sf/x?sf] ;do–;fk]If Wofgfs[i6 ug{ kqfrf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

;+ljwfgaf/] ;'emfjM ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] P]ltxfl;s sfo{df ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 /fo–;'emfj ;ª\sng u/L @) a'Fb] k|:tfj ;+ljwfg;efdf k]z ul/Psf] lyof] .

/fxtdf kf/blz{tfM e"sDkkLl8tsf] gfddf cfpg] ;xof]udf kf/blz{tf a9fpg Ps ;ª\lIfKt ;fKtflxs k|ltj]bg hf/L u/L ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . g]kfnl:yt sl/a !)) bft[ lgsfox?nfO{ sf]ifsf] kf/blz{tfsf nflu kqfrf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs cfXjfg klg ul/Psf] lyof] .

df]afOn PnfsM 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ljleGg lhNnfdf gful/sx?af6 k|ToIf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] Wo]o /fvL ljleGg lhNnfdf df]afOn Pnfs 3'DtL u'gf;f] ;ª\sng s]Gb| ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o:tf 3'DtL u'gf;f] ;ª\sng s]Gb|dfkm{t\ sl/a %)) hgf;Fu ;Dks{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFx?af6 ;ª\slnt u'gf;f] ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ t'?Gt Wofgfsif{0f u/fO{ ljleGg k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf kxn klg ul/Psf] 5 .

;~rf/ ;xsfo{M e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljleGg dfWodnfO{ pkof]u u/]sf 5f}+ . cfd–;~rf/sf ljleGg 5fkf tyf ljB'tLo k|;f/0f dfWod;Fu ;xsfo{ ul//x]sf 5f}+ . sf7df8f}+ / lhNnfdf /x]sf cfj4 ;+:yfx?nfO{ klg cleofgsf] cª\u agfOPsf] 5 .

Goflos lgo'lStM Gofokflnsfdf ul/g] GofofwLz lgo'lStsf] ljifonfO{ cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L ;fj{hlgs gful/ssf] Wofgfs[i6 u/fpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] lyof] .

dlxnf tyf o'jfM e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgdf dlxnf tyf o'jfx?sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg Ps cGtlqm{of sfo{qmddf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ cfdGq0f u/L /fo–;'emfj ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

s/K;g k;]{K;g OG8]S;M 6LcfO{n] tof/ u/]sf]

s/K;g k;]{K;g OG8]S; @)!$ g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ul/of] . # l8;]Da/ @)!$ df cfof]lht sfo{qmddfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ;f] ;"rsfª\scg';f/ g]kfnn] !)) df @( cª\s k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . s/K;g k;]{K;g OG8]S;n] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/af/] uxg 5nkmn ug{ / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;d]t Wofgfs[i6 ug{ ;3fPsf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5 .

@= u7aGwg / ;xsfo{ (Coalitions & Collaboration):

o;cGtu{t lhNnf:t/Lo ;xsfo{ lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 . dxÎjk"0f{ e|d0f tyf e]63f6 ul/Psf 5g\\, If]qLo uf]i7L, e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;, kqsfl/tf tflnd, ;dLIff sfo{qmdnufotsf sfo{qmd ul/Psf 5g\ .

lhNnf:t/Lo ;xsfo{M 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ lhNnftxdf lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu ljleGg lhNnfsf :yfgLo gful/s ;+:yfnfO{ cfj4tf lbO{ ;xsfo{ ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o;n] :yfgLo:t/df e|i6frf/lj?4 hgr]tgf a9fpg, 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf lqmofsnfksf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'u]sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5 .

e|d0f tyf e]63f6M e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ /fli6«o:t/df cufl8 a9fpg 6LcfO{sf] sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o tyf ;lrjfnosf k|ltlglw @@ lhNnfdf k'u]/ k|ToIf e]63f6 ug{'sf ;fy} ljleGg sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePsf 5f}+ .

If]qLo uf]i7LM 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;bfrf/ k|j4{gsf nflu dWodf~rn, k"jf{~rn, klZrdf~rn, dWo–klZrdf~rnsf qmdzM /f}tx6, ?kGb]xL, afFs], l;/fxf lhNnfdf If]qLo:t/sf uf]i7Lx? klg ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .

e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;M x/]s jif{ l8;]Da/ ( nfO{ e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;sf ?kdf dgfO{+b}cfPsf 5f}+ . o; jif{ g]kfn ;/sf/, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;fd"lxs?kdf of] lbj; dgfOPsf] lyof] .

kqsfl/tf tflndM 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofg lrtjg;Fusf] ;xsfo{df :yfgLo o'jf ;~rf/sdL{x?nfO{ ;'zf;g ty kqsfl/tf tflnd lbOof] . lrtjg lhNnfsf sl/a #) hgf ;~rf/sdL{n] o; tflndaf6 nfe k|fKt u/]sf lyP .

;dLIff sfo{qmdM 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 :yfgLo gful/s ;+:yfx?;Fusf] ;xsfo{df e|i6frf/lj?4sf


. k'; @)&@26

cGtlqm{of sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . sfo{qmddf ;/sf/L k|ltlglw, gful/s ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw, ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;/sf/L k|ltlglwsf] pkl:ylt /x]sfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .

#= ;]S6/n kmf]s; (Sectoral focus): 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx, cWoog–cg';Gwfg / hgr]tgf clej[l4 ;Da4 ljleGg ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ljleGg sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ub}{cfPsf] 5 .

hgr]tgf clej[l4M hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;~rf/dfWod;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ cleofgs} ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ljleGg lhNnfdf /x]sf :yfgLo ;~rf/dfWodx?sf] klg ;sf/fÎds ;xof]u k|fKt x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 .

cWoog cg';GwfgM /fli6«o ;bfrf/k4lt, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx;DaGwL ;j]{If0f, OG6]lu|6L KofS6 Knfg Og klAns k|f]Sof]/d]G6, ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmof, ;'zf;g P]g;DaGwL cWoog / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ;Gt'li6 ;j]{If0f cflb ;DkGg ul/Psf 5g\ .

k|sfzgM 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] lgoldt?kdf q}dfl;s klqsf kf/bzL{ -g]kfnL_ / a'n]l6g SofK;'n k|sfzg ub}{cfPsf] 5 . oL k|sfzgx? 6LcfO{ cfa4 ;+:yf / g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo sfof{no Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ljt/0f ub}{cfPsf 5f}+ . oL k|sfzgx?dfkm{t\ dxÎjk"0f{ ;"rgfx? ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Dd k'¥ofpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5.

ljgfzsf/L e"sDkM e"sDkkLl8tdWo]sf s]xL eStk'/, bf]nvf, wflbª lhNnf e|d0f u/L ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu e]63f6 u/]sf] 5 . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lx?;Fusf e]63f6df gful/ssf u'gf;f]pk/ ljz]if Wofg lbg cfu|x klg ul/Psf] 5 .

x6nfO{gM cfd–gful/saf6 k|ToIf?kdf ;fj{hlgs u'gf;f] ;'Ggsf nflu x6nfOg !^^))!@@@!! sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] x6nfOg / cfj4 ;+yfdfkm{t\ ;]K6]Da/ @)!$ b]lv cu:6 @)!% ;Dddf #%)) gful/s ;Dks{df cfPsf 5g\ . ;Dks{df cfPsf gful/sx?dWo] w]/}n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf x'g] l9nfO{, ah]6sf] b'?kof]u, lzIff If]qdf /x]sf ljs[lt, :jf:Yo;]jf, k|zf;lgs k|lqmof / e"ld;Da4 u'gf;f] u/]sf 5g\ . u'gf;f] ug]{ gful/sx?nfO{

sfg'gL k/fdz{ lbg'sf ;fy} ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] e|i6frf/ kLl8t gful/snfO{ yf]/} eP klg /fxt cg'e"lt u/fPsf] cg'ej ePsf] 5 .

Sofn]G8/ k|sfzgM g]kfnsf Vofltk|fKt sf6{'lgi6x?sf] /rgfÎds snf sf6{'g k|of]u u/L lj=;+= @)&@ ;fnsf] Sofn]G8/ k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .

$= d"No–dfGotfsf] k|j4{g (Promoting values):

6LcfO{ g]kfn kf/bzL{, pQ/bfoL / e|i6frf//lxt ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ gful/sdf ;bfrf/sf d"No–dfGotf k|j4{g ug{'k5{ eGg] tYodf ljZjf; ub{5 . o;}qmddf Jofj;flos ;bfrf/ k|j4{gsf nflu k|df]l6Ë Plysn sNr/ cleofgcGtu{t If]qLo uf]i7Lx? ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .

P]Soj4tfM 8f= uf]ljGb s];Ln] lrlsT;f If]qsf] z'l4s/0fsf nflu ug{'ePsf] cfGbf]ndf P]Soj4tf k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 .

;bfrf/ k|ltj4tfM lghL If]q;d]tnfO{ ;bfrf/k|lt k|ltj4 /xg k|f]T;flxt ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o;qmddf lghLIf]qsf] b"/;~rf/ sDkgL Pg;]nn] ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf]] 5 .

ljsf; k|ltj4tfM ;'zf;g / ;bfrf/ k|j4{gsf nflu s]xL ;/sf/L lgsfon] ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]/ ;fj{hlgs k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/]sf 5g\ .

d]g'cnM ;+:yfn] clxn] :s"n:t/sf ljBfyL{nfO{ nlIft u/L ;'zf;g, cfr/0f, g}ltstf, ;bfrf/ d"No–dfGotfh:tf dxÎjk"0f{ ljifoj:t' ;d]6L tflnd k'l:tsf tof/ ul//x]sf] 5 . d"ntM z}lIfs If]qdf cfrf/ / g}lts d"No–dfGotf k|j4{g ug{ s]lGb|t /x]sf 5g\ .

%= ;+:yfut ljsf; (Organization Development):

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu e|i6frf/ g} k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf] 7x/ ub}{ o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu kxn ub}{cfPsf] 5 . /0fgLlts of]hgf agfO{ ;+:yfn] cfgf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ul/Fb}cfPsf] 5 .

!( cf}+ ;fwf/0f;efM 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;+:yfsf] !( cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef @^ ;]K6]Da/ @)!$ df sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ^@ ;b:odWo] $@ hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] ;f] ;efn] e/taxfb'/ yfkfsf]

k|ltj]bg


k'; @)&@ . 27

g]t[Îjdf gofF sfo{;ldlt rog u/]sf]] lyof] .

@) cf}+ :yfkgf lbj;M 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!% cu:6 @) tfl/vdf @) cf}+ :yfkgf lbj; dgfOPsf] lyof] . To; cj;/df 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf pkl:yt ;+:yfks ;b:ox? sf]dn lrqsf/, x]daxfb'/ lji6, 8f= kf]if/fh kf08], /fw]Zofd clwsf/L, bdggfy 9'ª\ufgf, bfdf]b/k|;fb uf}td, 6ª\sk|;fb sfsL{ / k|f]= k|ofu/fh zdf{nfO{ 6LcfO{ g]kfn nf]uf] cª\lst unjGbL cf]9fO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

;b:o e]nfM 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;b:ox?sf] e]63f6 sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . w'lnv]ndf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf ;+:yfsf @% ;b:osf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . To; cj;/df ;+:yfsf] /0fgLlt, o;sf] sfof{Gjog / cfjZos ;'wf/sf af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .

PS;r]~h km]nf]l;kM 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;fpy;fpy Pl;of PS;r]~h sfo{qmdcGtu{t PS;r]~h km]nf]x? cfbfg–k|bfg ub}{cfPsf] 5 . ;ftf}+ r/0fdf -;g\ @)!$ b]lv !%_ 6LcfO{ g]kfn / a+unfb]zsf k|ltlglwx? cfbfg–k|bfg ePsf 5g\ . ;ftf}+ r/0fdf a+unfb]z / ef/taf6 Ps–Pshgf g]kfn cfPsf lyP eg] g]kfnaf6 Hjfnf e§ a+unfb]z uPsf lyP . cf7f}+ r/0fdf a+unfb]zaf6 df]xdb /ljpn O:nfd / gLgf P; lgxf/ g]kfn cfO{ sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ .

cg'lzIf0f tyf tflndM 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;+:yfdf cfj4 ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug{ ljleGg cg'lzIf0f tyf tflndx? ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o:tf cg'lzIf0f tyf tflndx? /f}tx6 / sf7df8f}+df ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . sfo{qmddf ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

OG6g{l;kM 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] :jb]z tyf ljb]zaf6 OG6g{l;ksf nflu cfPsf cfu|xnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o;qmddf ;+:yfn] $ ljb]zL / @ :jb]zL;d]t u/L ^ hgfnfO{ OG6g{l;k ug]{ cj;/ lbPsf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmdM ljutsf jif{x?df e}mF 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf k|ltlglwn] ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmddf ;xefuL eO{ cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ .

cfufdL sfo{lbzf6LcfO{ g]kfn e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f u/L kf/blz{tf clej[l4 ug{ ;dlk{t 5 . e|i6frf/n] x/]s gful/snfO{ k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} x/]s If]qsf] pTkfbsÎj 36fpFb}

nu]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgdf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, k|fs[lts ljklQ klg xfd|f cj/f]wsf ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;n] klg d'n'sdf e|i6frf/lj?4sf] Ph]G8fnfO{ cf]em]ndf kf/]sf] 5 .

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf sfo{qmd d"ntM ;'zf;g k|j4{g, b08xLgtf /f]sL ljlwsf] zf;g sfod ub}{ ;bfrf/ sfod ug]{ lbzftkm{ pGd'v 5g\ . o;sf nflu gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw, lghL If]qsf k|ltlglw / ;+3–;+:yf Pj+ ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf e|i6frf/lj?4 hfu?s gful/s;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{cfPsf 5f}+ . o; jif{ cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t jsfnt ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/ lbOPsf] 5 . To:t}, ljleGg ;+3–;+:yf tyf JolSt;Fu ;xsfo{ lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] cg'udg ePsf] 5 . ;bfrf/ k|j4{gsf nflu ljleGg ;Gb]z k|jfx ePsf 5g\ . o;n] ;du| ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] ljZjf; xfdLn] u/]sf 5f}+ .

;+:yfn] agfPsf] /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf sfo{lbzf k5\ofpFb} gLlt–lgdf{0f txdf e|i6frf/lj?4sf] Ph]G8fk|lt ;/sf/sf] Wofgfs[i6 ug{ klg ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf; u/]sf 5f}+ .

xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf Pnfs, Pnfs 8LkL, aLPgcfO{Pg, kLO;L, P;P;O{nufotsf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . oL ;a} kl/of]hgfn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf; klg xfdLn] lnPsf 5f}+ . of] nIo k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ bft[ lgsfo tyf ;+:yfk|lt 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] tk{maf6 xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' .

cGtdf,6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] xfn}sf] e|i6frf/lj?4sf] 3f]if0ff jfrg u/L ;a} ;b:o dxfg'efjx?nfO{ dgg\ ug{ cg'/f]w ug{ rfxG5'M

d 3'; lbGg .d 3'; dflUbg .d e|i6frf/lj?4 c?;Fu klg ;xsfo{ ug]{5' .d e|i6frf/lj?4 ph'/L u5{' .d e|i6frf/lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg]5' .d ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf kf/blz{tf, ;bfrf/ / pQ/bfloÎj k|:t't ug]{ k|ltlglwsf] ;dy{g ub{5' .9

wGojfb .-6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] @)&@ c;f]h @@ ut]

sf7df8f}+df cfof]hgf u/]sf] @) cf}++ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efdf dxf;lrj d's'Gbaxfb'/ k|wfgn] k|:t't ug{'ePsf] ;+:yfsf] jflif{s k|ult

k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/;ª\If]k_

k|ltj]bg


. k'; @)&@28

bftfaf6 k|fKt /sd ! s/f]8 (! Nffv ^% xhf/ ^ ;o *!, cIfosf]if *% nfv / art ^* nfv !% xhf/ (( /x]sf] 5 . o;dWo]af6 ! s/f]8 %# nfv !% xhf/ (( ;+:yfsf] cfg} art /sd /x]sf] k'i6L x'G5 .o; jif{ s'n # s/f]8 *% nfv #$ xhf/ & �

;o &! cfo ePsf]df # s/f]8 *^ nfv %( xhf/ @ ;o (% vr{ ePsf] 5 .cfodWo] # s/f]8 &) nfv (@ xhf/ ! ;o �

** bftfaf6 kl/of]hgfsf nflu, % nfv ( xhf/ ^ ;o ^# Aofhaf6, % nfv (# xhf/ # ;o !^ ljlgdo b/sf] a[l4af6 / # nfv =#( xhf/ ^ ;o $ cGo cfoaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . vr{dWo] kl/of]hgf ultljlw / tnadf # s/f]8 ^# nfv @$ xhf/ & ;o &, kl/of]hgf k|zf;gdf @# nfv #$ xhf/ % ;o *& /x]sf] 5 .;+:yfnfO{ o; aif{ kl/of]hgfaf6 art �

!& nfv () xhf/ % ;o %@, cGo cfo -;b:otf z'Ns, rGbf / Overhead_ af6 # nfv #( xhf/ ^ ;o $ / a}+s Aofh % nfv ( xhf/ ^ ;o ^# u/L hDdf art @^

>L cWoIfHo" tyf ;b:o dxfg'efjx?,

;j{k|yd, cfhsf] of] ul/dfdo ;fwf/0f;efdf pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx?nfO{ xflb{s :jfut tyf clejfbg ub{5' .

of] ;efdf sf]iffWoIfsf] x}l;otn] cfly{s jif{ @)&!÷)&@ sf] cfly{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug{] l;nl;nfdf :jtGq n]vf–k/LIfs a]s/ l6NnLb]j Pzf]lzo6\;sf] k|ltj]bg;lxtsf] ljQLo ljj/0f ;a} ;b:o dxfg'efjx?nfO{ ljt/0f eO;s]sf] x'Fbf k"0f{ ljj/0fsf] jfrg gu/L ;f/–;ª\If]kdfq oxfFx?;dIf k|:t't ug]{ cg'dlt rfxfG5' . k|ltj]bg sfo{;ldltsf] @@# cf}+ a}7sn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 . n]vf–k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgdf ljQLo ljj/0fn] ;+:yfsf] cfly{s l:ylt 7Ls?kdf /x]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bg k|:t'ltkZrft\ s]xL yk hfgsf/L jf lh1f;f ePdf ;f]sf] klg k|i6Øfpg] sf]lz; ug]{5' .

cfly{s k|ltj]bgn] ;+:yfsf] cfly{s l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

;+:yfsf] rn–crn ;DklQ sl/a # s/f]8 $$ �

nfv *) xhf/ & ;o &( /x]sf] 5 . ;f]dWo]

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf]

cfly{s k|ltj]bg cfly{s jif{ @)&!÷)&@

cfly{s k|ltj]bg


k'; @)&@ . 29

cfly{s k|ltj]bg

nfv #( xhf/ * ;o !( x'g]df ! nfv @$ xhf/ % ;o @$ ljlgdo b/sf] 3f6f s6fpFbf @$ nfv *) xhf/ $ art ePsf] 5 . o; artdWo]af6 ALAC DP nfO{ vr{ ul/Psf] !( nfv #$ xhf/ * ;o && / cfg} ultljlwdf ePsf] vr{ ^ nfv ^( xhf/ ^ ;o %) ;lxt @^ nfv $ xhf/ % ;o @& vr{ eO{ ! nfv @$ xhf/ % ;o @$ Go"g /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] d"n sf/0f jiff{Gtdf ePsf] ljlgdo b/ 3f6f k|d'v xf] . cfj @)&@÷)&# df ;+:yfsf] s'n art ! �

s/f]8 %# nfv !% xhf/ (( dWo] ALAC DP kl/of]hgfnfO{ !$ nfv ** xhf/ $ ;o $( 5'6ØfOPsf] 5 . o; cfly{s jif{df ljleGg bftfx? qmdzM �

Fredskorpset - Norway, European Union, Transparency International Secretariat, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs / NCell Private Limited sf] ;xof]udf & j6f sfo{qmdx? qmdzM SSE, ALAC DP, ALAC Core, ALAC, NIS, BNIN, PEC ;~rfng ePsf] / ltgLx?dWo] # ;fgf sfo{qmdx? qmdzM ALAC Core, ALAC, NIS ;dfKt eO{ o; cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷)&# df $ j6f sfo{qmdx? qmdzM SSE, ALAC DP, BNIN, PEC sf] lg/Gt/tf cfufdL cfly{s jif{df klg x'g]5 . ;+:yfsf] lqmofsnfkx?, s]Gb|b]lv lhNnfdf �

/x]sf cfj4 ;+:yfx?;Fusf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sf] ;xof]u tyf BNIN sfo{qmdcGt/ut ;+:yfn] @)&!÷)&@ df Ps ;jf/L–;fwg -sf/_ nufot cGo kl/of]hgfx?af6 Nofk6k, lk|G6/, df]6/;fOsn cflb vl/b ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] k|of]u cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ul/cfOPsf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷)&#

o; cfjdf dfly pNn]lvt $ / Ps gofF �

ALAC u/L hDdf % j6f sfo{qmdx? qmdzM SSE, ALAC DP, BNIN, PEC ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . pQm gofF sfo{qmd Transparency International Secretariat ;Fu Advocacy and Legal Advice Center (ALAC) sfo{qmd lg/Gt/tfsf nflu # dlxg] -;]K6]Da/—gf]ef]Da/, @)!%_ cjlwsf nflu hDdf ah]6 o'/f] %,$)) sf] ;Demf}tf ePsf] xf] . o; cfjdf ;+:yfn] ?=!% nfv yk u/L d'2lt �

vftfdf /x]sf] *% nfvsf] cIfosf]if /sdnfO{ ?=! s/f]8df k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

o;}u/L, s]xL :yfgLo bft[ lgsfox?;Fu ALAC sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf / Earthquake cg'udg ug]{af/] cjwf/0ffx? k|:t't u/L k|f/lDes 5nkmn ;sf/fÎds?kdf ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .

o; cfjsf] nflu cg'dfgLt ah]6 klg �

oxfFsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ljt/0f u/]sf] 5' . ;f]cg';f/ s'n cfo $ s/f]8 @* nfv *$ xhf/ & ;o !% / vr{ $ s/f]8 @* nfv $& xhf/ % ;o #@ sf] xf/fxf/Ldf x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfosf] d"n ;|f]t eg]sf] bftfx?af6 sfo{qmd ;~rfng\sf nflu k|fKt ;xof]u g} xf] . vr{dfly pNn]lvt sfo{qmdx?df x'g]5 .

cGtdf, o; ;+:yfdf sf]iffWoIfsf] ?kaf6 lhDd]jf/L k"/f ubf{ d}n] kfPsf] ;xof]usf] nflu cfb/0fLo cWoIfHo", pkfWoIfHo", dxf;lrjHo", sfo{;ldltsf ;b:oHo"x?nufot ;+:yfsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .9

wGojfb ..

-6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] @)&@ c;f]h @@ ut] sf7df8f}+df cfof]hgf u/]sf] @) cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efdf

sf]iffWoIf klßgL k|wfgfËn] k|:t't ug{'ePsf] ;+:yfsf] cfly{s k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/;ª\If]k_

gu/f}F, gu/fcf}F, g;xf}FM

e|i6frf/ b]zsf nflu

clt pQd xf] ;bfrf/


. k'; @)&@30

Transparency International Nepal

cfly{s k|ltj]bg


k'; @)&@ . 31


cfly{s k|ltj]bg


. k'; @)&@32


cfly{s k|ltj]bg


k'; @)&@ . 33

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{sf nflu

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] hf/L u/]sf

k|]; lj1lKt

k"j{ kbflwsf/Lsf] ;'ljwf j[l4 gu/f}+

;/sf/n] k"j{ /fi6«kltb]lv k"j{ ;efd'v;Ddsf k"j{ ljlzi6 kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ cfhLjg ljnf;L ;'ljwf lbg nfluPsf] eGg] ljifodf ;~rf/dfWodaf6 k|sflzt ;dfrf/k|lt 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

ljgf;sf/L e"sDk / nfdf] ;dosf] gfsfjGbLsf] b'ef{Uok"0f{ 36gfaf6 d'n'ssf] cy{Joj:yf lynlynf] ag]sf] 5 . o:t}, cfd–gfdul/s e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Iflt / gfsfjGbLsf sf/0f ;du| cfk"lt{ Joj:yfdf k/]sf] gsf/fTds c;/af6 kLl8t 5g\ eGg] s'/f s;}af6 l5k]sf] 5}g . ;fy}, ;'ljwf lbg] elgPsf ;a}h;f] JolStx? -ckjfbafx]s_ of k]G;g

kfO/x]sf 5g\ of t /fhgLlts kbdf cf;Lg /x]sf] klg dxf]bodf hfgsf/L g} 5 . o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf cfd–gful/snfO{ qf0f lbg'eGbf k"j{ ljlzi6 kbflwsf/Lsf] ;'ljwf lbg]–lng] lg0f{o x'Fbf cfd–gful/sdf ;d]t ;/sf/k|ltsf] cgf:yf pTkGg x'G5 .

t;y{, ljj]szLn eO{ o:tf] lg0f{o gug]{–gu/fpg] Joj:yfsf nflu dxf]bo ;dIf 6LcfO{ g]kfn cg'/f]w ub{5 .

e/taxfb'/ yfkfcWoIf

@)&@ d+l;/ @& ut]

c;xh Joj:yfkgn] hghLjg si6s/

gfsfaGbLsf sf/0f s]xL ;dob]lv d'n'sdf k]6«f]lnod kbfy{nufot cltcfjZos pkef]Uo j:t'sf] cfk"lt{ ;xh x'g g;Sbf oftfoft, :jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff, ljsf; lgdf{0fnufot cfd–gful/ssf] eftefG;f;Dd klg c;/ k/]sf] ;DaGwdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] sfnf]ahf/Ldf g]kfn cfon lgudsf pRr kbflwsf/Ls} ;+nUgtf, OGwgsf] Jofks sfnf]ahf/L, vfgf ksfpg] Uof;sf] ljt/0fdf clgoldttf, gfsfaGbLsf] df}sf 5f]Kb} sfnf]ahf/L, ;fF7ufF7df sfnf]ahf/L, df}nfpFb} sfnf]ahf/L 7luFb} ofq', vfB ;fdfu|L cefj, cf}iflwsf] cefj, ;lsg} nfUof] /ut eg]{ emf]nf, pBf]ux? 6f6 kN6g] l:yltdf, bfp/f;d]t Jojl:yt?kdf / cfjZostfg'?k ljt/0f ul/Pg / ;/sf/L lgsfoåf/f ;~rfng ul/Psf kDkaf6 ;d]t clgoldt tj/n] laqmL–ljt/0fh:tf ;dfrf/n] kqklqsfx? el/Psf x'G5g\ . Toltdfq xf]Og, lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx?af6

g} sfnf]ahf/L a9]sf] :jLsf/ ul/Psf] cj:yf klg 5 .

b]zdf pknAw k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ / cTofjZos j:t' Jojl:yt tj/n] ljt/0f x'g g;Sbf sfnf]ahf/Lnufotsf ljs[ltx? c:jfefljs?kdf j[l4 ePsf] cg'e"lt cfd–gful/sn] ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;a]nf cfd–gful/sn] OGwg Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ;/sf/L lgsfo / ahf/ cg'udgsf nflu ljBdfg ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] k|efjsfl/tf, kf/blz{tf / ljZj;gLotfk|lt zª\sf ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfd–gful/s oL kl/l:yltaf6 pDsg ;/sf/sf] ;zSt pkl:ylt rfxG5g\ .

oL ;du| ;dfrf/x? / cj:yfk|lt ;'zf;g, kf/blz{tf / ;bfrf/ k|j4{gdf lqmofzLn Pj+ e|i6frf/lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg] ;+:yf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn ulx/f] lrGtf JoSt ub{5 . o; kl/l:yltdf /fi6«k|ltsf] bfloÎj / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] lhDd]jf/L af]w ub}{ 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ / cTofjZos j:t'x?sf] cfoft /

k|]; lj1lKt


. k'; @)&@34

dGqLkl/ifb\ lj:tf/ ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ ge'nf}+

jt{dfg dGqLkl/ifb\sf] lj:tf/ / dGqLkl/ifb\sf] ;ª\Vof ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/dfWodaf6 k|sflzt ;dfrf/k|lt 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] Wofgfs[i6 ePsf] 5 .

nfdf] ;dosf] k|tLIffkl5 g]kfnL gful/ssf] k|ltlglw ;lDdlnt ;+ljwfg;efn] @)&@ c;f]h # ut] hf/L u/]sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &^ -(_ cg';f/ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df a9Ldf kRrL;hgf /x]sf] dGqLkl/ifb\ u7g ug]{5 eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf /x]sf] ;j{ljlbt} 5 .

;fj{ef}d ;+ljwfg;efn] u/]sf] of] Joj:yf ;bfsf nflu df}lns / ;sf/fÎds k|fjwfg g} xf] . oxL k|fjwfgnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;/sf/, ;+;b\ / cGo ;a}

kIfaf6 ;+ljwfg kfngfk|ltsf] k|ltj4tf / lgi7f k|:t't x'g ;Sg'kb{5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .

jt{dfg ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf pSt ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut gu/L ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf gfddf cf–cfkm\gf 9ª\un] JofVof ug]{ ul/Pdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ / /fh:j ;b'kof]u;d]tsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'St gx'g] ePsfn] dGqLkl/ifb\df kRrL;hgfeGbf a9L /fVg] / /xg] gul/of];\ eg]/ ;Da4 ;a} kIf;Fu 6LcfO{ g]kfn ljz]if cfu|x ub{5 .

e/taxfb'/ yfkfcWoIf

@)&@ sflQs !( ut]

ljt/0f Joj:yfsf] cg'udg ug{' cfjZos b]v]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, Joj;foL, gful/s ;dfh / cfd gful/s;Fu 6LcfO{ g]kfn lgDgfg';f/ cfu|x ub{5M

s= ;/sf/ – g]kfn cfon lgudM x/]s lbg s'g gfsfaf6 s]–slt kl/df0fdf s]–s:tf OGwg cfoft eO/x]sf 5g\ / o;/L pknAw OGwgnfO{ s'g–s'g k]6«f]n kDk jf Uof; pBf]udf k7fOPsf] 5 ;f]sf] ljj/0f cfd–gful/ssf] hfgsf/Ldf /xg] u/L ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug{Ù

v= Joj;foLM Joj;foLx?n] cfkm"nfO{ pknAw ePsf] OGwgsf] s;nfO{ laqmL–ljt/0f ul/of] < b}lgs?kdf cBfjlws u/fpg / dfu ePsf avt pknAw u/fpgÙ

u= gful/s ;dfhM k|To]s k]6f]nkDk tyf Uof; l8kf]x?df cfon lgudn] pknlAw u/fPsf] OGwg Jojl:yt?kdf laqmL–ljt/0f gePsf] jf sfnf]ahf/L ePsf] hfgsf/L eP cg'udgsf/L lgsfo / 6LcfO{ g]kfndf va/ ul/lbgÙ

3= cfd–gful/sM k]6«f]lnod kbfy{nufot vfBfGg, cf}iflw Pj+ cGo cTofjZos j:t'x?sf] laqmL–ljt/0f x'g] 7fpFdf sxLF–st} clgoldttf, sfnf]ahf/L ePsf]

b]lvP kfOPdf tTsfn cg'udgsf/L lgsfo / 6LcfO{ g]kfndf va/ ul/lbgÙ /

ª= g]kfn ;/sf/M pk/f]St a'Fbfdf plNnlvt ljifox?df 6LcfO{ g]kfnnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw u/fOlbg'sf ;fy} cg'udgsf/L lgsfonfO{ k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{ / ljZj;gLo tj/n] kl/rfng ug{ / x/]s lbg sfnf]ahf/L, clgoldttf ug]{nfO{ sxfF–s] sf/afxL ul/of] To;sf] ;d]t hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ug{ .

d'n'sn] o;cl3 slxn] gef]u]sf] c;xh kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fHo ;+oGq Kjfn k/]sf] 8'+ufe}mF ;~rfng ul/of] eg] j}wflgs cfly{s k|0ffnL / cy{–Joj:yfnfO{ sfnf] cfly{s k|0ffnLn] qmdzM lj:yflkt ub}{ hfg] lglZrt 5 / cGttf]uÎjf d'n'sn] emg\ eofjx l:ylt a]xf]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;nfO{ dgg\ ub}{ ;Da4 ;a} kIfnfO{ lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ 6LcfO{ g]kfn ljz]if cfu|x ub{5 .

e/taxfb'/ yfkfcWoIf

@)&@ d+l;/ $ ut]

k|]; lj1lKt

;lqmo gful/s ;Eo ;dfh,

:jR5 efjgf pRr ljrf/


k'; @)&@ . 35

/fHosf]ifsf] r/d b'?kof]u cljnDa aGb ul/of];\

cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ jf cGo s'g} cd's zLif{sdf /fHosf]ifsf] 7"nf] kl/df0f ljt/0f eO/x]sf] s'/f g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s j]a;fO6M www.opmcm.gov.np, lgofNg] hf]–;'s}n] cfhsn ;xh} b]Vg ;Qm5 . t/, d'n's / d'n'saf;Ln] e"sDknufotsf] k|fs[lts ljlkQsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t k|fyldstfnfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ lglxt /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu bnsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ dgf]dfgL 9Ën] dGqLkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{odfk{mt\ /fHo 9's'6Lsf] c+z lgsf;f ul/g' /fHosf]ifsf] r/d b'?kof]u xf] eGg] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] 7DofO{ /x]sf]

5 . ctM dGqLkl/ifb\sf] o:tf] sbdk|lt 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6L=cfO{=_ g]kfn, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, Joj:yflksf ;+;b\ tyf cGo ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxfG5 . o; lsl;dsf] /fHosf]ifsf] b'?kof]u tTsfn aGb u/L hjfkmb]xL ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug{ 6LcfO{ g]kfn hf]8bf/ dfu;d]t ub{5 .

e/taxfb'/ yfkfcWoIf

@)&@ ;fpg !* ut]

8f= uf]ljGb s]=;L=sf] dfuk|lt xfd|f] P]Soj4tf

lrlsT;f lzIffdf a9\bf] Jofj;foLs/0f / ljs[lt lgoGq0f ub}{ of] If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt, u'0f:t/o'St / ;]jfd'vL agfpg]nufotsf dfux? /fVb} 8f= uf]ljGb s]=;L=n] kfFrf}k6s ;'? ug'{ePsf] cfd/0f cgzgk|lt 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . dfgj :jf:Yo;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] o; If]qsf ;'wf/sf nflu jxfFn] lgM:jfy{?kdf /fVb} cfpg'ePsf ;'emfj–dfu sfof{Gjog x'g g;sL kfFrf}+k6s;Dd cfd/0f cgzg a:g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg'

b'Mvb\ s'/f xf] . ;'zf;g, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtfsf kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg] o:tf dfux?k|lt ;bfe}mF P]Soj4tf JoSt ub}{ jxfFsf] dfux? cljnDa ;Daf]wg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6]zgn g]kfn hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .

e/taxfb'/ yfkfcWoIf

@)&@ ebf} @) ut]

gofF ;+ljwfgnfO{ 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] :jfut

sl/a & bzsb]lvsf] clenfiff / Pp6f k|ultpGd'v kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;efn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ kfl/t u/L oxL c;f]h # ut]b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5 . o; cj;/df 6LcfO{ g]kfn g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ nfO{ :jfut ub}{ ;+ljwfg;efsf ;ef;b\, g]kfn ;/sf/ / cfd–gful/snfO{ xflb{s awfO{ 1fkg ub{5 . ;fy}, 6LcfO{ g]kfn d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsfª\Iff k"/f ug{ of] ;+ljwfg ;kmn xf];\ eGg] z'esfdgf klg JoSt ub{5 .

g]kfnL gful/ssf k|ltlglwn] tof/ u/]sf] o; ;+ljwfgdf k|ult / kl/jt{gsf] ;Defjgf lglxt 5 . cfd–gful/ssf cfwf/e"t xs–clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltdf of] ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf k|fjwfg ;/fxgLo 5g\ . t/ klg ;+ljwfg cfk}mFdf ;fWo xf]Og, ;fwgdfq xf] . OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 dfq

jfl~5t uGtJodf k'Ug ;lsg] x'G5 .

o;sf] cltl/Qm d'n's clxn] d"ntM a]lylt, bG8xLgtf / e|i6frf/af6 cfqmfGt 5 . oL ljs[lt lgoGq0f ub}{ ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug{ ;lsPg eg] xfd|f cGo k|of;x? klg lgikmn x'g]5g\ . t;y{, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsfª\Iff k"/f ug{ a]lylt, e|i6frf/ / bG8xLgtf lgoGq0f ub}{ nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ / k|lqmofsf] k|j4{gdf g]kfnsf ;a} /fhgLlts bn tyf g]tfx? / g]kfn ;/sf/ OdfGbfl/tf / hjfkmb]xLk"j{s nfu"g\ eGg] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] dfu /x]sf] 5 .

e/taxfb'/ yfkfcWoIf

@)&@ c;f]h % ut]

k|]; lj1lKt


. k'; @)&@36

ultljlw

;'wf/sf nflu cfgf] cfGbf]ng cem} hf/L /x]sf] x'Fbf d'n'ssf] cj:yf ;xh x'g] ljlQs} k'gM cfGbf]ngnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] ;Lldt JolStdf /x]sf] sld;gsf] nf]en] tLg s/f]8 g]kfnLsf] :jf:Yodfly v]njf8 ug{ gkfOg] ts{ klg /fVg'eof] .

:jfut dGtJo

e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;sf cj;/df cfof]lht sfo{qmddf pkfWoIf uLtf s]z/Ln] :jfut dGtJo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . pkfWoIf s]z/Ln] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3åf/f l8;]Da/ @))# df e|i6frf/lj?4 /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfxf}n l;h{gf ug{ e|i6frf/lj?4sf] dxf;lGw ;b:o

e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj; l8;]Da/ ( sf] cj;/ kf/L cfof]hgf ul/Psf] Ps sfo{qmddf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] 8f= uf]ljGb s];LnfO{ /fli6«o ;bfrf/ ;Ddfg @)&@ åf/f ;Ddflgt u/]sf] 5 . k|f= 8f= s];L lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIf0f c:ktfn sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .

sf7df8f}+sf] yfkfynLl:yt 6«]8 6fj/df @)&@ d+l;/ @# ut] cfof]lht sfo{qmddf ;+:s[ltljb\ ;Todf]xg hf]zL / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] 8f= s];LnfO{ ;+o'St?kdf ;f] ;Ddfg ck{0f ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

;Ddflgt JolStÎj 8f= s]=;L=n] ;f] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ d'nssf] :jf:Yo lzIff / ;]jfsf]

hxfF;'s} e|i6frf/

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] 8f= uf]ljGb s];LnfO{ /fli6«o ;bfrf/ ;Ddfg @)&@ ck{0f u/]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj; l8;]Da/ ( sf lbg 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] Ps sfo{qmddf pSt ;Ddfg lbOPsf] xf] . ;Ddfg ck{0f ug'{cl3 dxf;lrj d's'Gbaxfb'/ k|wfgn] ;bfrf/ ;Ddfg @)&@ sf af/]df k|sfz kfg{'ePsf] lyof] .

dxf;lrj k|wfgn] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] x/]s jif{ b]zk|lt lgM:jfy{ ;]jfefj, ;bfrf/o'Qm hLjgz}nL Pj+ k4lt

/fli6«o ;bfrf/ ;Ddfg @)&@

;Gbe{M e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;

lgdf{0fdf b[9 c7f]6 / cbDo ;fx; b]vfpg] g]kfnL gful/s jf ;+:yfnfO{ sb/:j?k /fli6«o ;bfrf/ ;Ddfg k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

o:tf] k'/:sf/ lbgsf nflu ;+:yfsf ;b:ox? ;lDdlnt k'/:sf/ 5gf}6 ;ldlt u7g ug]{ u/]sf] / ;f] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df sfo{;ldltn] To:tf] ;Ddflgt JolSt tyf ;+:yfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ u/]sf] atfpg'eof] . k|wfgn] o;cl3 o:tf] ;Ddfgaf6 b'O{hgf JolStÎjx? k"j{ k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{nfO{ / ;+:s[ltljb\ ;Todf]xg hf]zLnfO{ ;Ddflgt ul/;lsPsf] klg atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] cufl8 eGg'eof]– 8f= s]=;L=n] Pp6f /fi6«;]jssf ?kdf cjnDag ug'{ePsf] lgM:jfy{ ;]jfefj, ;bfrf/o'Qm hLjgz}nL Pj+ :jf:Yo lzIffsf If]qdf k4lt lgdf{0fdf b]vfpg'ePsf] b[9 c7f]6 / cbDo ;fx;sf] pRr sb/ ub}{ /fli6«o ;bfrf/ ;Ddfg @)&@ åf/f ;Ddflgt ug]{ lg0f{o 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnsf] sfo{;ldltn] u/]sf] xf] .

o;kkl5 dxf;lrj k|wfgn] ;Ddfg–kq jfrg ug{'ePsf] lyof] .


k'; @)&@ . 37

ultljlw

/fi6«x?af6 cg'df]bgsf nflu cfXjfg ul/Psf] / ;f]xL kl/k|]Iodf l8;]Da/ ( nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;sf ?kdf dgfpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] atfpg'eof] . o; lbj;sf lbg ljZjsf !)) eGbf a9L d'n'sdf lqmofzLn 6LcfO{ RofK6/, ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/–;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?n] ;+;f/e/ e|i6frf/lj?4sf ljleGg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ub}{cfPsf] klg atfpg'eof] . o;}qmddf s]z/Ln] e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ ;fy lbg 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] lgDtf] :jLsf/ u/]/ sfo{qmddf pkl:yt x'g'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx?nfO{ :jfut ub}{ …;a}n] e|i6frf/lj?4 ;zSt k|ltjfb u/f}+Ú eGg'eof] .

n3' gf6sM ;j{gfd gf6\o ;d"x

sfo{qmddf ;j{gfd gf6Ø ;d"xn] e|i6frf/sf] cj:yf k|ltljlDat ug{ Ps n3'gf6s klg k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] gf6sdf snfsf/x?n] e|i6frf/sf sf/0f g]kfnLx?n] s:tf] kL8f ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ < ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lng slt ;s; 5 eGg] b[Zo k|:t't u/]sf lyP . ;fy}, ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLsf Jojxf/x? klg k|:t't ul/Psf lyP .

xf:oJoª\Uo tyf k|x;g

sfo{qmddf l;:g'kfgL g]kfnsf 6+s cfrfo{ / dgf]h uh'/]nåf/f xf:oJoª\Uo ldl>t sljtf, d'Sts / syf klg k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .

k"j{ pks"nkltM 8f= s]bf/eSt dfy]df

d'Vo jStfsf ?kdf pkl:yt 8f= dfy]dfn] ;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ eGg'eof]– e|i6frf/ ;j{JofkL ePsf a]nf s] e|i6frf/ xf], s] xf]Og eg]/ låljwf l;h{gf eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . …etfe'Ë 3/sf] nyflnË rfnfÚ h:t} ePsf] 5, xfdLsxfF / /fHon] lj:tf/} gful/ssf] ljZj;gLotf u'dfpFb} uPsf] 5 . xfdLsxfF ;/sf/L :s"nsf] u'0f:t/ sxfnLnfUbf] 5 . lghLIf]q km:6fPsf] 5 . ljb]zdf lzIff ;]jf xf], Jofkf/ xf]Og eGg] s'/fnfO{ /fHon] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 .

To:t}, xfd|f] ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;fx|} sfd gnfUg] 5 . /fHon] lglZrt If]qdf ;]jfd'vL eP/ sfd ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . lghLIf]qnfO{ v'nf 5f8]/ ;fj{hlgs oftfoft s:tf] cj:yfdf 5 kl/0ffd ;a}n] ef]lu/x]sf 5f}+ . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff klg z"Go 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf wgL /fi6«n] dfq ug]{ xf]Og /fHon] rfx] clxn] g} nfu" ug{ ;S5 . ul/aLsf sf/0fn]

dfq xfdLsxfF e|i6frf/ a9]sf] xf]Og . xfdLn] ;bfrf/ / k|hftflGqs ;+:sf/nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f lbglbg} e|i6frf/af6 kLl8t x'g' k/]sf] 5 .

k|d'v cltlyM ;Todf]xg hf]zL

k|d'v cltly ;Todf]xg hf]zLn] ;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}}{ eGg'eof]– d'n'sdf lbgx'F a9]sf] e|i6frf/ xfd|f ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf, ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug{ g;s]sfn] a9]sf] atfpg'eof] . xfdLsxfF ;s];Dd /fh:j 5Ng] ;+:sf/ ljsf; ePsf] 5 . of] unt 5 . ;/sf/n] lglZrt If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;Sg'sf] ljsNk 5}g, cGoyf gful/sn] dx+uL / e|i6frf/sf] df/df r]lkg'kg]{ x'G5 .

;dfkg dGtJo

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] ;dfkg dGtJo lbg'ePsf] lyof] . cWoIf yfkfn] ;+o'St /fi6« ;+3sf] cfXjfgdf l8;]Da/ ( nfO{ e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;sf ?kdf e|i6frf/lj?4sf] hfnf] tf]8f} eGg] gf/fsf ;fy ;+;f/e/ dgfO{+b}5 . o;} qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] klg e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj; dgfpg of] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] atfpg'eof] .

cWoIf yfkfn] ;Ddflgt JolStTj 8f= s];LnfO{ /fli6«o ;bfrf/ ;Ddfg @)&@ sf nflu awfO{ lbg'eof] . e|i6frf/n] /fhgLltnfO{ l;4fGt / lgi7faf6 w]/} 6f9f k'¥ofO;s]sf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] cufl8 eGg'eof]– ljsf; lgdf{0f To;}u/L k|efljt ePsf] 5 . lzIff / :jf:Yo If]q ;]jfd'vL If]q eP klg ;]jf sd gfkmfd'vL a9L ePsf] xfdLn] b]lvef]lu/x]sf 5f}+ . of] ;a} e|i6frf/n] ePsf] xf] . k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwgsf] c:jfefljs bf]xg eO/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff sdhf]/ cj:yfdf 5 . o;sf] xljut klg xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ . e|i6frf/sf] hfnf] httt} km}lnPsf] 5 o;nfO{ tf]8\g ;a}n] xft]dfnf] ug{' cfjZos 5 cGoyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f aflx/ hfg]5 eGb} sfo{qmd ;dfkg ePsf] hgfp lbg'eof] .9

/fHo zf;gn] xf]Og, ;'zf;gn] ;j{>]i7 x'G5


. k'; @)&@38

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] g]kfndf /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ljifos /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ k'; * ut] cfof]lht sfo{qmddf d'Vo ;lrj 8f= ;f]dnfn ;'a]bLn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoog k|ltj]bgx? ;fj{hlgs ug{'ePsf] lyof] . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] c ;j]{ cg klAns ;le{; 8]lne/L, OG6]lu|6L KofS6 Og klAns k|f]Sof]/d]G6, c :68L cg ah]6 kmd{'n];g k|f];]; ckm b ueg{d]G6 ckm g]kfn, g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g ljifodf o;} jif{ tL cWoog ;DkGg u/]sf] xf] .

;Dd]ngsf] klxnf] lbg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnLdf s]lGb|t /xL ;fdlos k|:t'lt /fVg'ePsf]

lyof] . b'O{ lbg;Dd rn]sf] ;f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] bf];|f] lbg g]kfndf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g kl/of]hgfsf] jflif{s ;dLIff tyf tflnd k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t}, Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfsf] kl/ofhgf ;dfkg ;dLIff ul/Psf] lyof] . 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfa4 eO{ lqmofzLn b'j} kl/of]hgfsf lhNnfl:yt :yfgLo ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwn] ;Da4 lhNnfdf ;DkGg u/]sf pknlAw, l;sfO{ / /fo;'emfa;lxtsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg klg k|:t't u/]sf lyP .

sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfa4 @$ lhNnfsf k|ltlglw, ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo, ;~rf/ dfWod / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

/fli6«o ;bfrf/ ;Dd]ng

bf]nvf6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkf, sf]iffWoIf klßgL k|wfgfË / sfo{qmd ;+of]hs df]xg a'9fyf]sL ;lDdlnt Ps 6f]nLn] 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfa4 ;+:yf dfgjclwsf/ ;r]tg tyf ljsf; s]Gb| -x'/f8]s_sf] lg/LIf0f e|d0f ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ c;f]h & ut] ;DkGg ;f] e|d0fsf qmddf x'/f8]ssf] sfo{;ldlt / k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L nufot :yfgLo ;'zf;g ;/f]sf/jfnf cGo lgsfosf k|ltlglwx?;Fu e]63f6 u/]sf] lyof] .

eStk'/6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkf, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cflzif yfkf, sfo{qmd ;+of]hs df]xg a'9fyf]sL / gj]{lhog b"tfjf;sf ;'zf;g ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= ef]nf bfxfn ;lDdlnt Ps 6f]nLn] eStk'/df lqmofzLn cf1f ;f]zn sG;g{sf] sfof{nosf] lg/LIf0f e|d0f ug{'ePsf] 5 . @)&@ ;fpg @) ut] ;DkGg ;f] e|d0fsf qmddf 6f]nLn] e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Iflt / e"sDk kLl8t gful/ssf] u'gf;f] ;Daf]wgsf ;DaGwdf eStk'/ lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L;Fu klg 5nkmn u/]sf] lyof] .

?kGb]xL -l;4fy{gu/_6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] @)&@

;fpg ( / k'; @& ut] ?kGb]xLsf] l;4fy{gu/l:yt kf/bzL{ g]kfnsf] sfof{nosf] cjnf]sg e|d0f ug'{ePsf] 5 . To; cj;/df kf/bzL{ g]kfnsf kbflwsf/L tyf sfo{;ldlt ;b:ox?n] ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf ;dLIff / ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf lqmofsnfkaf/] cWoIf yfkfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf lyP .

wflbª6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfsf] g]t[Îjdf uPsf] Ps 6f]nLn] wflbª lhNnfsf] uh'/Ll:yt k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] df]jfOn Pnfs sfo{qmdsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/]sf] 5 . df]jfOn Pnfs sfo{qmd 6LcfO{ cfj4 ;+:yf dfgjLo ljsf; tyf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg g]kfnn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] xf] . 6f]nLdf Hjfnf e§ / ljgf]b e§/fO{sf] klg ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

pbok'/6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfsf] g]t[Îjdf uPsf] Ps 6f]nLn] @)&@ k'; !# ut] dfgj clwsf/ / jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfo{;ldlt;Fu e]63f6 u¥of] . ;f]xL e|d0fsf a]nf ;f] 6f]nLn] pbok'/df cfj4 ;+:yfn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf klg ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] .

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] Ps 6f]nLn] cfk"lt{ dGqL u0f]zdfg k'g;Fu @)&@ d+l;/ ^ ut] e]63f6

u/]sf] 5 . ;f] 6f]nLn] e]63f6sf qmddf OGwg Pj+ cTofjZos j:t'sf] sfnf]ahf/L / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ cfk"lt{ dGqLnfO{ Ps kq a'emfPsf] 5 . ;f] kqdf

cfk"lt{ dGqL u0f]zdfg k'g;Fu e]63f6

cWoIf;lxtsf] 6f]nLåf/f e|d0f

ultljlw


k'; @)&@ . 39

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] k"j{ /fi6«kltb]lv k"j{ ;efd'v;Ddsf k"j{ ljlzi6 kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ cfhLjg ljnf;L ;'ljwf lbg] ;DaGwdf ;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;dfrf/k|lt cfgf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] hgfpFb} ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL s]kL zdf{ cf]nL, d'Vo;lrj 8f= ;f]dnfn ;'a]bL, / u[x;lrjnfO{ Ps kq k7fPsf] 5 . ;f] kqdf elgPsf] 5–

ljgf;sf/L e"sDk / nfdf] ;dosf] gfsfjGbLsf] b'ef{Uok"0f{ 36gfaf6 d'n'ssf] cy{Joj:yf lynlynf] ag]sf] 5 . o:t}, cfd–gfdul/s e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Iflt / gfsfjGbLsf sf/0f ;du| cfk"lt{ Joj:yfdf

k/]sf] gsf/fÎds c;/af6 kLl8t 5g\ eGg] s'/f s;}af6 l5k]sf] 5}g .

;fy}, ;'ljwf lbg] elgPsf ;a}h;f] JolStx? -ckjfbafx]s_ of k]G;g kfO/x]sf 5g\ of t /fhgLlts kbdf cfl;g /x]sf] klg dxf]bodf hfgsf/L g} 5 . o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf cfd–gful/snfO{ qf0f lbg'eGbf k"j{ ljlzi6 kbflwsf/Lsf] ;'ljwf lbg]–lng] lg0f{o x'Fbf cfd–gful/sdf ;d]t ;/sf/k|ltsf] cgf:yf pTkGg x'G5 .

t;y{, ljj]szLn eO{ o:tf] lg0f{o gug]{–gu/fpg] Joj:yfsf nflu dxf]bo ;dIf 6LcfO{ g]kfn cg'/f]w ub{5 .

k"j{ kbflwsf/Lsf] ;'ljwf j[l4 gu/f}+

elgPsf] 5M

‘‘nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfnL gful/s gfsfaGbLsf] aGws ag]sf]Ù OGwg Pj+ cTofjZos j:t'sf] cfk"lt{ ;xh x'g g;Sbf gful/ssf] b}lgsL k|efljt ePsf]Ù oftfoft, :jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff, ljsf; lgdf{0fnufot k|efljt gePsf] s'g} If]q g} afFsL g/x]sf]Ù / cefj ePsf j:t'sf] cfk"lt{df ljz]if Wofg lbO{ cfd gful/ssf] hghLjg ;xh agfpg'kg]{df To;f] x'g'sf] ;f6f] /fHosf] pkl:ylt emg\ sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] cg'e"lt eO/x]sf] 5 .‘‘

kqdf cufl8 elgPsf] 5– b]zdf pknAw OGwg / cTofjZos j:t' / cf}iflw Jojl:yt tj/n] pTkfbg, cfoft / ljt/0f x'g g;Sbf sfnf]ahf/L nufotsf ljs[lt c:jfefljs tj/n] df}nfpFb} uPsf] 5 . o;a]nf OGwg / cTofjZos j:t'sf] Gofof]lrt Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ ;/sf/L lgsfo / ahf/ cg'udgsf nflu kl/rfng x'g'kg]{ ;/sf/L ;+oGq;d]t lj;Ëlt k|j4{gd} d'l5Psf] ;dfrf/ ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t ;fj{hlgs eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;n] cfd gful/sdf lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/L lgsfosf] k|efjsfl/tf, kf/blz{tf / ljZj;gLotfk|lt z+sf pTkGg u/fPsf] 5 .

;fy} kqdf– OGwg Pj+ cTofjZos j:t'sf] ;xhtfsf nflu lgDgfg';f/ u/L ;'zf;g, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL k|j4{g ug{ / e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgdf ;+nUg 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnnfO{ ;3fpg klg ;Da4 ;a} kIfsf] uDeL/ Wofg cfs[i6 xf];\ eGg] rfx]sf] klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

!= k|To]s lbg s'g s'g gfsfaf6 s] slt kl/df0fdf s] s'g OGwg, Uof;, cfoft eof] / tL OGwg sxfF k7fOPsf] ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of];\ .

@= OGwg Pj+ cTofjZos j:t'sf] laqmL ljt/0f Gofof]lrt tj/n] ePsf] 5 5}g < cg'udg ug]{ ;+oGq s] xf] < o;nfO{ kl/rfng k|efjsf/L 9Ën] ug{ u/fpg s]n] /f]s]sf] 5 < ;fj{hlgs ul/of];\ .

#= OGwg Pj+ cTofjZos j:t'sf] sfnf]ahf/L ug]{ jf o:tf ljs[ltdf ;+nUg x'g]nfO{ s'g} sfg'gL sf/afxL ul/Psf] eP tTsfn ;fj{hlgs ul/of];\ .

$= OGwg Pj+ cltcfjZos j:t'sf] laqmL ljt/0f x'g] 7fpFdf slxF st} clgoldttf, sfnf]ahf/L ePsf] b]lvP tTsfn s'g lgsfonfOO{ s;/L va/ ug]{ eGg] ljifo ;fj{hlgs ?kd} hfgsf/L u/fOof];\ .

%= k|To]s lbg s'g s'g OGwg s'g s'g kDk, ljt/s / l8kf]af6 s] slt kl/df0fdf ljt/0f ul/g] xf] cl3Nnf] lbg} ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/of];\ .

^= ljt/0f ;do k|To]s lbg ljxfg & ah]b]lv ;fFem ^ ah];Dd dfq ug]{ / Tof] slt ljt/0f eof] / slt afFsL 5 eGg] ljj/0f klg ;fj{hlgs ul/of];\ .

&= OGwg cfk"lt{ / ljt/0fdf sxLF st} s;}n] clgoldttf jf sfnf]ahf/L u/]df tTsfn hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ lgsfosf] Joj:yf / o;/L hfgsf/L u/fpg] JolSt / ;+:yfnfO{ ;+/If0f / k'/:s[t ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of];\ .

ultljlw


. k'; @)&@40

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] c;n Jofj;flos ;+:sf/ k|j4{g ljifos 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ c;f]h !! ut] cfof]lht pSt sfo{qmddf n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]uLn] lbuf] Jofj;flos ljsf;sf nflu Joj;foLn] klg cfkm\gf] ;+:sf/ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbP . ;fy}, pgLx?n] c;n Jofj;flos ;+:sf/df afws /x]sf sfg'g tyf cfr/0fdf ;'wf/ ug{ klg cg'/f]w u/] .

…clxn] ;fgf pBf]uLn] Ps} lsl;dsf sRrf kbfy{sf nflu cnu–cnu eG;f/df km/s–km/s b/sf] dx;"n ltl//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy}, km/s s/ sfof{non] km/s s/ lt/fO/x]sf] cj:yf 5. gLltn] k|bfg u/]sf] o:tf] sd{rf/Lsf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] cGTo x'g'k5{Ú n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u Joj;foLn] dxf;+3sf cWoIf ;'/]z k|wfgn] eg] .

Pg;]nsf] ;xof]u / 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn tyf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u Joj;foL dxf;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf ;f]daf/ sf7df8f}+df ePsf] dWofdf~rn:t/Lo If]qLo uf]i7Ldf k|wfgn] Joj;foL cfk}mFn] klg / ;/sf/L lgsfodf sfo{/t ;a}n] hjfkmb]xL eP/ sfd ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug{ hf]8 lbP . pgn] Jofj;flos jftjf/0fdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfg'g / h6Ln k|lqmofx?n] klg ;d:of l;h{gf u/]sf] atfP . …;/sf/L lgsfodf x'g] emGeml6nf] k|lqmofn] klg Jofj;flos ;+:sf/df ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf] xf] . ;/sf/L gLlt / lgoddf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsP / Jojxf/df lhDd]jf/Laf]w eP Jofj;flos ;+:sf/df w]/} ;'wf/ x'g]5Ú pgn] eg] .

b]zdf e|i6frf/ a9\g'df /fhgLlts cl:y/tf sf/s ePsf] Joj;foLn] atfP . e|i6frf/ df}nfpg'df lghL If]qnfO{ dfq lhDd]jf/ agfpg gldNg] lhls/ ub}{ e|i6frf/ cGTo ug{ /fhgLlts bn, k|zf;g, k|x/L / gful/sdf klg ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{df hf]8 lbP .

…cJofjxfl/s tyf c:ki6 sfg'gL k|fjwfg, ckf/bzL{

k|lqmof / clg0f{osf] hjfkm lbg gkg]{ k|j[lQn] c;n Jofj;flos ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;df r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] cj:yf 5. o:tf] l:yltsf] ;'wf/ x'g' cfjZos 5Ú O{+§f Joj;foL dx]Gb|axfb'/ lrqsf/n] eg] .

uf]i7Ldf Joj;foLn] tÎsfn gfkmf sdfpg]eGbf b"/ufdL Jofj;flos ;f]r lng' cfjZos /x]sf] atfP . t/, /fHon] g} n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ bf];|f] bhf{sf] Joj;fosf] ?kdf lnPsf] u'gf;f] JoSt u/] . æJoj;fodf c;n ;+:sf/ agfpg ;s] e|i6frf/sf] …;KnfO{ ;fO{8Ú -cfk"lt{ kIf_ ;Daf]wg x'g] / o;n] e|i6frf/;d]t 36\g] ;+;f/e/sf] cg'ej 5Æ 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] eg] .

Pg;]nsf skf]{/]6 ;Djfb lj1 ldng zdf{n] e|i6frf/ cToGt uDeL/ ;d:of /x]sf] atfpFb} o;sf] lg/fs/0fdf Jofkfl/s If]qsf] klg dxÎjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L /xg] atfP . …To;}n] Pg;]nn] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] pkl:yltdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf e|i6frf/df ;+nUg gx'g] tyf Jofkf/sf ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf Jofj;flos ;'zf;g tyf hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ sl6j4tf JoSt ub}{ ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf -OlG6lu|6L Kn]h_ df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;df xfdLn] :ki6?kdf kf]lnl6sn 8f]g];g -/fhgLlts rGbf_ glbg] tyf /fHosf] s/nufot cGo sfg'gsf] k"0f{ kfngf ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfPsf 5f}+ . of] xfd|f] tk{maf6 c;n Jofj;flos ;+:sf/ k|j4{gtk{m xflb{s k|of; xf]Ú zdf{n] eg] .

b]zdf e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfaf/] cWoog–cg';Gwfg lgu/fgL ub}{cfPsf] ;+:yf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] c;n Jofj;flos ;+:sf/ k|j4{g ug{ Pg;]nsf] ;xof]udf b]zsf ljleGg If]qdf Jofj;flos ;+:sf/sf] ljBdfg l:ylt tyf o;sf r'gf}tLx?sf] klxrfg ug{ If]qLo uf]i7Lx? ul//x]sf] 5. o;cl3 6«fG;k/]G;Ln] g]kfnu~h, lj/f6gu/, kf]v/f / x]6f}+8fdf klg If]qLo uf]i7L ul/;s]sf] 5 .

c;n Jofj;flos ;+:sf/ k|j4{gdf hf]8

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] @)&@ ebf} # ut] aL;f}+ jflif{sf]T;j sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] ;df/f]xdf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf ;+:yfks / ;b:ox?sf] pkl:yltdf ;f] sfo{qmd ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !((% df !% hgf jf}l4s JolStÎj Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfx?sf] g]t[Tj ub}{ 8f= b]j]Gb|/fh kf08]sf] kxndf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf] /fli6«o RofK6/sf] :yfkgf

ePsf] xf] . ;f]xL jif{sf] l8;]Da/ !& df >LdtL clDasf >]i7nfO{ g]kfn RofK6/sf] tby{ ;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf ?kdf rog ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !((^, cui6 !( sf lbg 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] btf{ k|lqmofn] d"t{tf k|fKt u¥of] . clxn] ToxL ;lqmotfn] ;fsf/ ?k lnO{ ljleGg lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfn ;+:yfks ;b:ox?sf] b"/bzL{

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] :yfkgf lbj;

ultljlw


k'; @)&@ . 41

sfo{k|lt pkl:yt ;b:ox?n] s[t1tf JoSt u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ () sf] bzssf] ;'?lt/ e|i6frf/lj/f]wL ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ sfd ;/sf/sf] dfq Psnf}6L If]q 7flgPsf] lyof] t/ clxn] cfP/ o; If]qdf c? ;+3–;+:yf;d]t ylkPsf 5g\ . tL dWo] 6LcfO{ g]kfn e|i6frf/lj/f]wL cleofgsf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf gful/s ;+:yfdWo]sf] Ps d'Vo ;+:yfsf ?kdf lqmofzLn 5 .

:yfkgf lbj;sf cj;/df cfof]lht Ps sfo{qmddf ;+:yfsf ;+:yfksx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;df/f]xdf pkl:yt ;+:yfks ;b:ox? sf]dn lrqsf/, x]daxfb'/ lji6, 8f= kf]if/fh kf08], /fw]Zofd clwsf/L, bdggfy 9'Ëfgf, bfdf]b/k|;fb uf}td, 6°k|;fb sfsL{ / k|f= k|ofu/fh zdf{nfO{ lrgf]:j?k 6LcfO{ cl°t nf]uf] ePsf] /ftf] unjGbL / ;Ddfg–kq klg k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L, !% jif{eGbf a9L ;]jf u/]afkt k|zf;sLo clws[t lbgfgfy

e§/fO{ / n]vf clws[t alatf zdf{nfO{ klg /ftf] unjGbL k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f]xL cj;/df 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf jl/i7 sfo{qmd clws[t /fhLj s'Fj/nfO{ 6LcfO{ /0fgLltsf] gfdfª\sg u/L lah]tf ePsf]df klg ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

To;}u/L, 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] To; jflif{sf]T;j ;df/f]xdf 6LcfO{ cWoIf cf]h] puf;n] k7fpg'ePsf] ;Gb]z k9]/ ;'gfOPsf] lyof] . puf;n] k7fpg'ePsf] ;Gb]zdf e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtflj?4 yk ;jn / ;'b[9 ePsf]df k|z+;f JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL cj;/df kqsf/ /fds[i0f /]UdLn] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnLaf/] k|:t'lt ug{'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo;lrj, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf pkl:yt x'g'x'GYof] . To:t}, k|d'v cltlysf ?kdf pkl:yt ;+:s[ltljb\ ;Todf]xg hf]zLn] wGojfb 1fkg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] Gofokflnsfdf GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm k|lqmofaf/] Pp6f cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ ;fpg @! ut] -cui6 ^, @)!%_ cfof]lht sfo{qmddf k|f=8f= ljlkg clwsf/Ln] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg k|rng / cGo s]xL d'n'sx?sf pbfx/0f ;d]6L sfo{kq k|:t't ug{'ePsf] lyof] . To; ljifodf k|sfz kfb}{ Gofokl/ifb\sf] clwsf/ / sfo{If]qsf] Jofkstfaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L, Gofokflnsfdf e|i6frf/ cg';Gwfgsf] nflu

lgo'lQm k|lqmofsf] ;dLIff5'§} ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf, Gofokl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k/]sf pDd]bjf/x?sf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, jt{dfg ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{ Joj:yfsf] :t/a[l4, hjfkmb]xLsf] nflu k|wfg GofofwLzsf] e"ldsfdf ;'b[9tf / Gofo If]qsf] g]t[Îjaf/] klg 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf pkl:yt Gofokl/ifb\sf ;b:o /fd l;6f}nfn] k'gu{l7t Gofokl/ifb\n] lgo'lQm k|lqmofdf ;bfrf/ sfod ug]{ kxn u/]sf] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{'ePsf] lyof] .

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] 6LcfO{ :6«f6]hL @)@) tof/ u/L gfds/0fsf nflu /fli6 «o RofK6/x?;Fu ;'emfj dfu]sf] lyof] . To;qmddf ljleGg RofK6/sf %) hgfn] ;xeflutf hgfPsf lyP . g]kfn RofK6/sf tkm{af6 jl/i7 sfo{qmd clws[t /fhLj s'Fj/ klg ;xefuL x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] ;fOl8ª 6's]b/ cu]G:6 s/K;g zLif{s /fVg ;'emfpg'ePsf] lyof] . ;f] zLif{s 5gf}6 ePsfn] pxfFnfO{ ljhoLsf ?kdf

6LcfO{ :6«f6]hL @)@)5gf}6 ul/of] . ca ;f] 6LcfO{ :6 «f6]hLsf] gfd 6'u]b/ cu]G:6 s/K;g /flvg] ePsf] 5 . ;f] /0fgLltsf] cu|k[i7df >Ln+sfdf sfo{/t xl/yf bfxfgfosfn] k|ltof]lutfdf k7fPsf] kmf]6f] /flvg] ePsf] 5 . ;f] kmf]6f y'k|} k|lt:kwL{x?sf dfemaf6 ul/Psf] xf] . bfxfgfosfn] 6LcfO{ g]kfndf Pkm s] km]nf]sf ?kdf ! jif{ sfd ul/;s]sf 5g\ . b'j} ljhoL ;xsdL{nfO{ 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] xflb{s awfO .

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] @)&@ c;f]h @@ ut] -cS6f]j/ (, @)!%_ @) cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . k"j{ lgwf{l/t sfo{;"rL cg'?k dxf;lrj d's'Gbaxfb'/ k|wfgn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% k|:t't ug{'eof] . To;kl5 sf]iffWoIf klßgL k|wfgfËn] cfly{s k|ltj]bg k|:t't

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] @) cf}F jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efug{'ePsf] lyof] . ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?n] k|ltjb]gpk/ 5nkmn u/L ;'emfjx? k|:t't ug{'ePsf] lyof] . pkl:yt ;b:ox?n] tL b'O{ k|ltj]bg cg'df]bg klg ug{'ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, ;efn] cfpFbf] cfly{s jif{sf] cg'dflgt ah]6 @)!%÷!^ klg kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] .9

ultljlw


. k'; @)&@42

OnfdM dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3

df]afOn Pnfs

dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3 Onfdn] @)&@ ;fpg @! ut] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no Onfdsf] k|fª\u0fdf df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . df]afOn Pnfs -u'gf;f] ;+sng s]Gb|_ df $) hgf ;f]wk'5sf nflu cfPsf lyP . tLdWo] ^ hgfn] u'gf;f] btf{ u/fPsf lyP . ;f] s]Gb|df cfPsf :yfgLo gful/sn] ;/sf/L sfof{nodf x'g] u/]sf] l9nf;':tL, Onfdl:yt lhNnf c:ktfndf ePsf] clgoldttf, ljB't\ ;]jf lng hfg] gful/snfO{ a]jf:tf u/]sf] nufotsf u'gf;f] u/]sf lyP . u'gf;f] ;ª\sng s]Gb|df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf k|ltlglwn] cg'udg u/]sf lyP .

5nkmn sfo{qmd

dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3 Onfdn] @)&@ >fj0f @# ut] Onfd gu/kflnsf j8f g+= & df cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf :yfgLo gful/s ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ . ;f] cj;/df ;xefuLx?n] j8f g+= * df ;~rfng eO/x]sf] ;fd'bflos c:ktfnsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of b]lvPsf], j8f g+= & / * df vfg]kfgL ljt/0fdf ;d:of b]lvPsf], ljB't\sf kf]n dlSsP/ 9n]sf], lah'nLsf tf/ cJojl:yt tj/n] em'lG8/x]sf], ljB't\ ;]jfaf/]df b]lvPsf] ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ gful/sn] lgj]bg lbP klg jf:tf gul/Psf] u'gf;f] u/]sf lyP .

To;}u/L, dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3 Onfdn] @)&@ >fj0f #) ut] Onfd gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= $ / % df klg 5nkmn sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

5nkmnsf qmddf ljB't\ / vfg]kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt u'gf;fx? :yfgLo gful/sn] u/]sf lyP . sfo{qmddf $) hgf gful/ssf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

cGtlqm{of

dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3 Onfdn] @)&@ c;f]h @^ ut] jsfnt / ;fem]bf/L j[l4sf nflu Ps cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . ;+:yfsf cWoIf lji0f' bfxfnsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg sfo{qmddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L lji0f's'df/ sfsL{, ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf k|ltlglw, /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfsf k|ltlglw / e"sDkkLl8t gful/ssf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

To;}u/L, ;+3n] @)&@ c;f]h @& ut] a8fbz}+sf cj;/df :yfgLo gful/s / ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx?;Fu 5nkmn tyf z'esfdgf cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .

;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf sfof{Gjog ;dLIff

dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3 Onfdn] @)&@ c;f]h @& / @* ut] Onfd lhNnfsf s]xL ;/sf/L sfof{no;Fu ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf sfof{Gjog ;dLIff ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no Onfd, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, Onfd gu/kflnsfn] ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . tL sfof{nosf tkm{af6 qmdzM ch{'g yfkf, 5lanfn vltj8f / /fds'df/ zfxn] ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf k|:t'lt ug{'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf !$^ hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmdsf]

Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfsf lqmofsnfk

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] Onfd, df]/ª, pbok'/, l;Gw'nL, wg'iff, sf7df8f}+, wflbª, lrtjg, sf:sL, ?kGb]xL -l;4fy{gu/_, u'NdL, ;'v]{t, s}nfnL, k;f{l:yt :yfgLo gful/s ;+:yfdfkm{t\ P8\ef]s];L PG8 lnun P8\efO; ;]G6/ PG8 8]enf]kd]G6 KofS6– Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfcGtu{t 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfa4 ;+:yfn] @)&@ ;fpgkl5 ;~rfng u/]sf s]xL lqmofsnfk oxfFx?sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .

lhNnf ultljlw


k'; @)&@ . 43

lhNnf ultljlw

cWoIftf ;+3sf cWoIf lji0f' bfxfn -lnDa'_ n] ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

;'g;/LM ;ª\sNk ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgf g]kfn

5nkmn sfo{qmd

;+sNk ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgf g]kfnn] @)&@ ;fpg @& dw];f uflj;sf] ;efsIfdf 5nkmn sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmddf ;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf af/]df b]lvPsf ;d:ofaf/] :yfgLo gful/snfO cfjfh p7fpg k|]l/t ug]{ p2]Zon] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf dw];f uflj;sf ;lrj, :yfgLo gful/s, ;~rf/sdL{ / :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfsf k|ltlglw;d]t %$ hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

/]l8of] sfo{qmd

;ª\sNk ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgf g]kfnn] k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf] / clGtd d+unaf/ :yfgLo /]l8of] kk'n/ PkmPdaf6 laxfg ^M#) b]lv ^M$% ;Dd ;bfrf/ sfo{qmd k|zf/0f ul//x]sf] 5 .

To:t}, ;+:yfn] @)&@ ;fpg #@ / c;f]h @& ut] ;'g;/Lsf] ;b/d'sfd Og?jfdf /x]sf ljleGg ;~rf/dfWodsf k|ltlglwx?sf dfem Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg e]63f6 cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 . ;fpg #@ ut] cfof]lht sfo{qmddf !% hgf / c;f]h @& ut] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] sfo{qmddf @$ hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . pSt e]63f6df Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdcGtu{t k|fKt u'gf;f, ;dfwfgsf] kxnsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .

lrtjgM e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cleofg

cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd

e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofg lrtjgn] @)&@ ebf} !^ ut] lrtjgsf] e/tk'/df Ps cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;xsfo{df ;DkGg ;f] sfo{qmddf ;]jfu|fxLx?n] p7fPsf k|Zgsf] hjfkm ;DalGwt sfof{nosf k|d'vx?n] lbPsf lyP . sfo{qmddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx?, sfof{nosf k|d'vx?, gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jf, ;]jfu|fxL gful/s tyf kqsf/x?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

sf:sLM ;'zf;gsf nflu gful/s ;dfh -;'gf;_

cGtlqm{of

;'zf;gsf nflu gful/s ;dfh -;'gf;_ n] @)&@ ebf} @ ut] kf]v/fdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efsIfdf cGtlqm{of ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmddf sf:sL lhNnfsf uflj; ;lrjx?, lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L clDasf cfrfo{ / :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L tf/fgfy clwsf/L, cGo ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?, :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

;+:yfn] @)&@ ebf} !! ut] sf:sLsf] ebf}/] 7"nfv]tdf cGtlqm{of ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;fpg !# ut] tfdfuL, n'Dn] / l9s'/kf]v/Ldf cfPsf] af9L klx/f]sf ljifodf s]lGb|t pSt cGtlqm{ofdf :yfgLo kLl8t gful/s, /fxt ljt/0f ug]{ ;+3–;+:yf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf k|ltlglwsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

To:t}, ;+:yfn] @)&@ ebf} @! ut] kf]v/fdf cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L ;]jfk|bfos lgsfosf] ;]jf ;'wf/sf] ljifodf cfof]lht pSt cGtlqm{of sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly ;xIf]qLo k|zf;s bLjfs/ afF:tf]nfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pRr cf]xbfdf /x]sf sd{rf/L g} e|i6 /x]sf] sf/0f gful/sn] vj/bf/L ul//xg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf pkl:yt clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u If]qLo sfof{nosf k|d'v ljZjk|sfz ;'j]bLn] ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] ;]jfk|jfx gful/sd}qL / r':t x'g'kg]{ wf/0ff /fVg'eof] . csf{ jStf ;xfos k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L rGb|gfy uf}tdn] sf:sLsf ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] ;]jf cem} hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / kl/0ffdd'vL agfOg] bfjL ug'{eof] . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o cfgGb/fh d'NdLn] sd{rf/Lx?df pQ/bfoL / bfloTjaf]wsf] efjgf cfpg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . ;'gf;sf cWoIf k'0o kf}8]nsf] cWoIftfdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf gful/s ;dfh, ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'v tyf sd{rf/Lx?, kqsf/ tyf ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf lyof] .

?kGb]xLM kf/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/

5nkmn sfo{qmd

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf Kff/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/n] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL


. k'; @)&@44

kl/of]hgfcGtu{t @)&@ d+l;/ !$ ut] Ps 5nkmn ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;}gfd}gf gu/kflnsfsf] ;efsIfdf ;DkGg pSt sfo{qmddf :yfgLo gful/sx? ;xefuL ePsf lyP . sfo{qmddf kf/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/sf ;lrj ljZj k|]d sfn]n] ;dfhdf x'g] u/]sf e|i6frf/x?sf k|sf/ tyf lsl;dx?sf af/]df ;xefuLx?nfO{ atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . lbp;f] ! ah]b]lv #M#) ah];Dd ;~rfng ePsf] sfo{qmddf sl/j ^) hgfsf] hg;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

To;}u/L, kf/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/n] @)&@ c;f]h @@ ut] ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLaLr cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . b]jbx gu/kflnsfsf] ;efsIffdf ;DkGg pSt sfo{qmddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L sf}zn/fh zdf{ k|d'v cltlysf ?kdf pkl:yt x'g'x'GYof] . lbpF;f] ! ah]b]lv $M#) ah];Dd ;~rfng ePsf] pSt sfo{qmddf !!) hgfsf] hg;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

To:t}, kf/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/n] @)&@ ebf} #! ut] ltnf]Qdf gu/kflnsfsf] ;efsIfdf :yfgLo /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, ;~rf/sdL{, gful/s cu'jfx?nfO{ Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg cled'vs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .

df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd

kf/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/n] @)&@ c;f]h !# ut] ?kGb]xLl:yt g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] k|f+u0fdf df]]jfOn Pnfs -u'gf;f] ;ª\sng ug{] sfo{qmd_ ;~rfng u¥of] . g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0faf6 k|ToIf ;]jf lng] ;]jfu|fxLsf u'gf;f] ;'gL ;DalGwt sfof{no k|d'v;Fu 5nkmn u/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL ;f] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . To; s]Gb|df !# j6f u'gf;fx? k|fKt ePsf lyP . ;]jfu|fxLx?n] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf x'g] l9nf;':tL / k};f a'emfpFbf sd{rf/Lx?n] s]xL /sd lkmtf{ gug{] eGg] ljifonfO{ u'gf;fsf ?kdf /fv]sf lyP .

u'NdLM ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdL

cGtlqm{of;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLn] @)&@ ebf} !* ut] ;b/d'sfd tD3f;df ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLaLr cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;DkGGf u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt u'NdLsf] ;efsIfdf ;DkGg pSt sfo{qmddf k|d'v cltly lhNNff GofofwLz eft[sfk|;fb d/fl;gLn] ;'zf;g clej[l4sf nflu ;a} If]q Psh'6

eP/ nfUg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] g]kfnsf ;a}h;f] If]qdf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] atfpFb} ;'wf/sf nflu ;a}sf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ h?/L /x]sf] klg atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L rGb|k|;fb u}/]n] nf]stGq / ;'zf;g ljifodf sfo{kq k|:t't ub}{ lhNnfdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{sf nflu cfkm" k|lta4 /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdL / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaLr ePsf] k|lta4tf–kqn] sfof{nosf] ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu dxÎjk"0f{ ;xof]u u/]sf] ;d]t atfpg'eof] . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] sfo{kqdfly ;xefuLx?n] 5nkmn u/]sf lyP . sfo{qmddf lhNnfsf ;/sf/L sfof{no, /fhgLlts bn, kqsf/, gful/s ;dfh tyf ;+3–;+:yfsf k|ltlglwsf] pNn]Vo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmd ;+:yfsf cWoIf Zofds'df/ kf08]osf] cWoIftf / Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd clws[t xL/f s'Fj/sf] ;xhLs/0fdf ;DkGg eof] .

jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf

;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLn] @)&@ ;fpg !% ut] ;b/d'sfd tD3f;df dfWoflds ljBfno:t/Lo jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf nflu xfd|f] bfloTj ljifos jSt[Îjsnf k|ltof]lutfdf /];'Ëf gu/kflnsfleqsf dfWoflds ljBfnox?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . k|ltof]lutfdf ch'{g cfjf;Lo pRRf df=lj=sf 5fq ljho/fh d/fl;gL k|yd, dx]Gb| pRr df=lj=sL 5fqf dlgiff kf}8Øfn låtLo / la|lno06 o'gfO6]8 Ps]8]dLsf 5fq gf/fo0f e';fn t[tLo ePsf lyP . ljhoL ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k'/:sf/ tyf k|df0f–kq k|bfg ub}{ ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLsf cWoIf Zofds'df/ kf08]n] e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgdf ljBfno:t/b]lv g} nfUg'kg]{ eGb} ;xsfo{sf nflu ;a}df clkn ug'{eof] . tD3f;l:yt Pe/u|Lg xf]6nsf] ;efxndf ;DkGg pQm sfo{qmddf $@ hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

lgaGw n]vg k|ltof]lutf

;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLn] @)&@ c;f]h !% ut] dfWolds ljBfno:t/Lo lgaGw n]vg k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf]] 5 . æei|6frf/ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsfÆ ljifodf ;DkGg pSt k|ltof]lutfdf /];'Ëf gu/kflnsfcGtu{tsf ljBfnox?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .. k|ltof]lutfdf >L l;4afaf pRr df=lj=sf 5fq ljsf; tfdfª k|yd, >L /];'Ëf df=lj=sL

lhNnf ultljlw


k'; @)&@ . 45

5fqf cl:dtf a~hf8] låtLo, >L eujtL df=lj= l;dLrf}/sf 5fq ljzfn ljZjsdf{ t[tLo / la|lno06 o'gfO6]8 Ps]8]dLsL 5fqf ;dLIff kGyLn] ;fGTjgf :yfg xfl;n u/]sf lyP . k'/:s[t ljBfyL{x?nfO{ gub tyf k|df0f–kq;d]t k|bfg ul/of] .

u'gf;f] ;ª\sng / Wofgfsif{0f

;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLn] @)&@ ebf} @# ut] ljB't\ k|flws/0f u'NdLdf cfPsf gful/saf6 k|fKt u'gf;f] ;+sng u/L ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fPsf] 5 . sfo{qmddf ;]jfu|fxLx?n] sfof{noaf6 ljB't\ lj:tf/sf] sfd ;dodf ;DkGg gePsf], clgoldt?kdf ljB't\ s6f}tL x'g] u/]sf], tD3f; If]qdf lah'nLsf tf/x? cJojl:yt ePsf], lalu|Psf kf]nx?sf] dd{t ;dodf gePsf], nfOg uPsf] ;dodf sfof{nosf] kmf]g gnfUg] u/]sf] nufotsf u'gf;f]x? u/]sf lyP . k|fKt u'gf;f] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg ;f]xL lbg uPsf] ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLsf 6f]nL;Fu k|flws/0fsf lgldQ sfof{no k|d'v /d]z a~hf8]n] sfof{nosf] ;]jf ;'wf/ ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfpg'eof] .

To;}u/L, ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLn] @)&@ sflQs @( ut] lhNnf c:ktfn u'NdLdf u'gf;f] ;ª\sng u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmddf pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfndf ;]jf lng cfPsf ;]jfu|fxLx?n] c:ktfnaf6 lgMz'Ns kfpg'kg]{ cf}iflwx? gkfPsf], 8fS6/x? ;dodf sfo{sIfdf ge]l6Psf], a[4a[4f, c;xfosf] nflu gfd btf{ ug]{ nfOg;d]t 5'§} gx'Fbf ;d:of ePsf], c:ktfnleqsf] ;/;kmfOdf sdL ePsf] nufotsf u'gf;f]x? u/]sf lyP . pQm u'gf;f]x?af/] ;f]xL lbg sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ e]6L Wofgfsif{0f u/fOPsf] lyof] .

;'v]{tM gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3

df]afOn Pnfs

gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3 ;'v]{tn] @)&@ ebf} !^ ut]

g]kfn ljB't\ k|lws/0f zfvf sfo{no ;'v]{tsf] sfo{no kl/;/df df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] . ;f] sfo{qmddf ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L / g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f zfvf sfof{no ;'v]{tsf sd{rf/Lsf] pkl:yt /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] lbg u'gf;f] ;ª\sng s]Gb|df &( hgfn] u'gf;f] l6kfPsf lyP .

cGtlqm{of

gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3 ;'v]{tn] @)&@ ebf} @$ ut] jL/]Gb|gu/ gu/klnsf *sf] Oqfddf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmddf :yfgLo gful/s, ;fdflhs cleoGtf, 6f]nljsf; ;ldltsf k|ltlglwsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf %^ hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

To:t}, gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3 ;'v]{tn] @)&@ ebf} @^ ut] lzj pRr dflj jL/]Gb|gu/df cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmddf :yfgLo gful/s, ;fdflhs cleoGtf, 6f]nljsf; ;ldltsf k|ltlglwsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ^% hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

To;}u/L, gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3 ;'v]{tn] jL/]Gb|gu/l:yt xf]6n gd:t]df @)&@ c;f]h !& ut] ;]jf k|bfos tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu cGtlqm{of ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmddf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf If]qLo k|d'v, ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|ltlglw, :yfgLo gful/s, ljleGg ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwnufot #! hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3 ;'v]{tn] jL/]Gb|gu/l:yt xf]6n gd:t]df @)&@ c;f]h @$ ut] ;]jf k|bfos tyf ;]jfu|fxLx?;Fu cGt/lqmof ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmddf lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf k|x/L lg/LIfs, sfg'g Joj;foL, ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|ltlglw, :yfgLo gful/s ljleGg ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw / :yfgLo ;]jfu|fxLx?;d]t ^# hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .9

;bfrf/cleofgdf

nfuf}+

lhNnf ultljlw


. k'; @)&@46

l;/fxfM ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;ldlt

cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd

;fd'bflos ljsf; ;ldlt -;L8LP;\_ l;/fxfn] ;'zf;g;DaGwL ljifoj:t'x?af/] Ps cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ ebf} @( ut] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ;f] sfo{qmddf d"ntM l;/fxf lhNnfsf uflj; ;lrjx?sf] ;xeflutf lyof] .

sfo{qmddf uflj; ;lrjsf] sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/af/] l;/fxfsf lhNnf ljsf; clwsf/Ln] k|sfz kfg'{ePsf] lyof] . lhlj; ;dLIffno, df8/, l;/fxfdf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] u/]sf] Ps cWoog k|ltj]bg ‘‘:yfgLo lgsfodf sf]if Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yfÚÚ sf] ;f/f+z k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f]xL sfo{qmddf l;l8P;\ k|ltlglwn] uflj; ;lrjx?n] ug]{ ;]jf k|jfx ;DaGwdf :yfgLojf;Lx?sf] u'gf;f] k|:t't u/]sf lyP . uflj; ;lrjx?n] ;]jf k|jfx;DaGwL k|ltj4tf–kqdf x:tfIf/ klg u/] .

/f}tx6M lqmPl6j u|'k ckm g]kfn

5nkmn sfo{qmd

gjf}+ /fli6 «o ;"rgf lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/L …lqmPl6e u|'k ckm g]kfnÚn] @)&@ ebf} # ut] /f}tx6df Ps 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . pSt sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx?n] b]zdf ;'zf;g k|j4{gsf nflu ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{' cfjZos b]lvPsf] atfP . ;xefuLx?sf cg';f/–/f}tx6sf ;"rgf cleoGtfx?n] ;"rgf dfUg kxn u/] klg ;fj{hlgs lgsfo vf;u/L ;/sf/L sfof{nox? ;"rgf lbg pbf;Lg /x]sf] klg atfP .

pSt sfo{qmddf ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'v, ;"rgf clwsf/L, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|d'v,

k|ltlglw, ;"rgf cleoGtf, kqsf/, gful/s ;dfh, dlxnf clwsf/sdL{nufotsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

sfo{qmd /f}tx6sf] uf}/l:yt l;of Kofn];sf] ;efsIfdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] .

bf]nvfM dfgjclwsf/ ;r]tg tyf ljsf; s]Gb| -x'/f8]s_

cGtlqm{of

dfgjclwsf/ ;r]tg tyf ljsf; s]Gb| -x'/f8]s_ n] @)&@ ;fn ebf} # ut] bf]nvfsf] ;b/d'sfd rl/sf]6df cGtlqm{of ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . gjf}+ /fli6«o ;"rgf lbj;sf cj;/ kf/L cfof]lht pSt sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo bf]nvf lhNnfdf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGWfL lgodfjnL, @)^% df ePsf Joj:yf / ;"rgfsf] xssf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf af/]df ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fu 5nkmn ug{' /x]sf] lyof] .

o;afx]s lhNnfl:yt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?nfO{ x'/f8]s g]kfn bf]nvfn] 6LcfO{ g]kfn;Fusf] ;fe]mbf/Ldf ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf] g]kfndf /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|j4{g -aLPgcfO{Pg_ kl/of]hgfsf] ultljlwaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg' klg xf] .

x'/f8]s g]kfn bf]nvfsf sfo{jfxs cWoIf p4jk|;fb kf]v|]nsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg sfo{qmddf bf]nvfsf lgldQ k|lhc bf}nvaxfb'/ cfn] k|d'v cltlysf] ?kdf ;xefuL x'g'ePsf] lyof] . bf]nvf lhNnfdf $! eGbf a9L ;/sf/L lgsfo 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL sfof{non] dfq ;"rgf clwsf/L tf]s]sf 5g\ .

To:t}, ;+:yfn] @)&@ ebf} !& ut] bf]nvfsf] rl/sf]6df u}/–;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfsf] cfrf/;+lxtf / jt{dfg cj:yf ljifos cGtlqm{of Pj+ gful/s jx; sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .

aLPgcfO{Pg kl/of]hgfsf lqmofsnfk

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] l;/fxf, /f}txt6, bf]nvf, eStk'/, ?kGb]xL, afun'ª, afFs] / bfª / bfr{'nfl:yt :yfgLo gful/s ;+:yfdfkm{t\ g]kfndf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfcGtu{t 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfj4 ;+:yfn] @)&@ ;fpgkl5 ;~rfng u/]sf s]xL lqmofsnfk oxfFx?sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .

lhNnf ultljlw


k'; @)&@ . 47

jSt[Tjsnf

dfgjclwsf/ ;r]tg tyf ljsf; s]Gb| x'/f8]s g]kfn bf]nvf / xg'dGt]Zj/ pRr dflj sfe|]sf] cfof]hgfdf @)&@ ebf} @% ut] dfWolds ljBfno:t/Lo jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . xg'dGt]Zj/ pRr dflj sfe|]df ;DkGg k|ltof]lutfdf b}ToZj/ pRr dflj gfDb'sL 5fqf /ldnf clwsf/Ln] k|yd :yfg xfl;n ul/g .

5nkmn sfo{qmd

x'/f8]s g]kfn bf]nvfn] @)&@ c;f]h ( ut] bf]nvfsf] ;b/d'sfd rl/sf]6df ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL 5nkmn tyf ;~hfn u7g sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .

;xfotf sIf

dfgjclwsf/ ;r]tg tyf ljsf; s]Gb|– x'/f8]s g]kfnn] dfnkf]t sfof{no bf]nvfdf ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u¥of] . @)&@ c;f]h @& ut] ;DkGg pQm sfo{qmddf !% hgf ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . To;df gful/s a8fkqaf/] klg hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .

sljtf jfrg sfo{qmd

x'/f8]s g]kfn / lji0f'nIdL ;flxlTos k'/:sf/ ;ldlt bf]nvfsf] ;+o'St cfof]hgfdf e|i6frf/lj?4 sljtf jfrg sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . bf]nvfsf] ;b/d'sfd rl/sf]6l:yt kz'klt sGof dlGb/ dfljdf @)&@ sflQs !# ut] ;DkGg k|ltof]lutfdf ljleGg ;ft ljBfnosf !% hgf ljBfyL{n] sljtf jfrg u/]sf lyP . ljhoL k|ltof]uLnfO{ bf]nvf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L nf]saxfb'/ nf]Krgn] k'/:sf/ / k|df0f–kq ljt/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf

x'/f8]s g]kfn bf]nvfn] e|i6frf/lj?4 dflj:t/Lo lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . pSt sfo{qmd @)&@ sflQs !$ ut] ;DkGg ePsf] xf] .

eStk'/M cf1f ;f]zn sG;g{

cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd

cf1f ;f]l;on sG;g{ eStk'/n] dlxnf xs Pj+ lx+;fsf af/]df k}/jL ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ;+ul7t dlxnfx?sf] cGt/kf6L{ dlxnf ;~hfn ;d"x;Fu

@)&@ ;fpg !$ ut] cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] ;qdf kl/ro cfbfg–k|bfg / bf];|f] ;qdf ;"rgfsf] xs / gful/sx?sf] u'gf;f] ;DaGwdf cGtlqm{of ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df !% hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf

cf1f ;f]l;on sG;g{ g]kfnn]n] lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . pSt lrqsnf e"sDkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f sfo{df s]lGb|t lyof] eg] :s"nsf afnaflnsfn] ;f] lrqsnf k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnPsf lyP .

df]afOn ;xfotfsIf ;~rfng

cf1f ;f]l;on sG;g{ g]kfnn]n] @)&@ ;fpg @) ut] eStk'/sf] gofFl7dL / ;fgf] JofF;Ldf b'O{j6f df]afOn ;xfotfsIf ;~rfng u¥of] . gful/sx?n] e"sDkkl5 alQ, 6]lnkmf]g, kfgLnufot /fxt ljt/0fsf ljifox?df u'gf;f] u/]sf lyP . ;f] sfo{qmddf !# hgf ;xefuL ePsf lyP .

?kGb]xLM kf/bzL{ ;/f]sf/ ;d"x a'6jn

a'6jnM ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{

kf/bzL{ ;/f]sf/ ;d"x a'6jnn] @)&@ ;fpg ( ut] n'lDagL c~rn c:ktfnsf] k|fª\u0fdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;'g'jfO{ n'lDagL c~rn c:ktfnn] k|jfx ug]{ :jf:Yo ;]jf ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo :jf:Yo ;]jf lng] gful/ssf] cg'ej, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ k|j4{g ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfosf clwsf/Lx?sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg' /x]sf] lyof] . To; sfo{qmddf ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, a'6jn pkdxfgu/kflnsf gfoj k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, n'lDagL c~rn c:ktfnsf cWoIf d]l8sn ;'k/6]G8]G6 / k"j{ cWoIfx?, kqsf/ tyf ;~rf/sdL{;lxt sl/a Ps ;ohgf ;xefuL ePsf lyP .

sljtf k|ltof]lutf

kf/bzL{ ;/f]sf/ ;d"x a'6jnn] ljBfno:t/Lo sljtf k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ævf]hf}+ cfk}mFdf g}ltstf / ;bfrf/M aGb x'g]5 e|i6frf/Æ ljifos k|ltof]lutf a'6jn pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3sf] ;efsIfdf @)&@ c;f]h !# ut] ;DkGg ePsf] xf] .

lhNnf ultljlw


. k'; @)&@48

;xfotf sIf sfo{qmd

kf/bzL{ ;/f]sf/ ;d"x a'6jnn] ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] a'6jn pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf gufl/s ;xfotf sIf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] . @)&@ c;f]h !! ut] a'6jn pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no kl/;/df ;~rfng ul/Psf] ;f] sfo{qmddf !( hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmdsf p2]Zox? ;'zf;g / ;bfrf/ k|j4{g tyf gful/saf6 k|fKt u'gf;f] ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug{' /x]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL qmddf gful/s a8fkq, ;'emfj k]l6sf / sfof{non] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf k|jfxsf] l:yltcflbsf] ;d]t cg'udg ul/Psf] lyof] .

afun'ªM hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu c;n l5d]sL

cGtlqm{of

hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu c;n l5d]sL afun'ªn] :yfgLo lgsfosf k|ltlglwx?;Fu cGtlqm{of a}7s ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd @)&@ ;fpg @@ ut] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g]kfndf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g;DaGwL kl/of]hgf / ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL hfgsf/L u/fpg' /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ^# hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

;xfotf sIf ;~rfng

hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu c;n l5d]sL g]kfnn] dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no afun'ªsf] sfof{no kl/;/df ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . ;xfotf sIf @)&@ ;fpg @^ ut] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfn] k|jfx ug]{ ;]jfsf] af/]df yk ;xof]u ug{ pSt sIfn] ;xhLs/0f u/]sf] lyof] .

To;}u/L, ;+:yfn] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ l8lehg sfof{no afun'ªdf ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u¥of] . ;f] sIfdf ( hgf ;]jfu|fxLn] ;f]wk'5 u/]sf lyP .

To:t}, ;+:yfn] @)&@ ebf} ! afun'ª gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no afun'ªdf klg ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . pSt sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfsf] af/]df u'gf;f] ;ª\sng u/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;xof]u ug{' /x]sf] lyof] . o;df $@ hgf ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

To:t}, ;+:yfn] @)&@ ebf} @$ ut] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no afun'ªdf klg ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . o;df ^@ hgf ;j{;fwf/0fx? ;xefuL lyP .

;f]xL cj;/df @) j6f u'gf;fx? ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

jSt[Îjsnf

To:t}, hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu c;n l5d]sL g]kfnn] @)&@ c;f]h !% ut] e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljBfyL{x?sf] e"ldsf ljifos jSt[Îjsnf k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . k|ltof]lutf cd/ pRr dflj lao'F afun'ªdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

afFs]M afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna -af;_

If]qLo ;Dd]ng

afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Snan] @)&@ >fj0f ( ut] afFs]df dWo–klZrdf~rn / ;'b"/–klZrdf~rn:t/Lo If]qLo ;Dd]ng ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xL, / ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] pSt ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

lrQ ga'e]m u'gf;f] u/f}+

afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna -af;_ g]kfnu~hn] lrQ ga'em] u'gf;f] u/f}+ n]lvPsf] ;'emfa k]l6sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L / k|d'v s/ clws[tnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 . af;n] @)&@ ebf} !% cfof]lht ;f] sfo{qmdsf aLr k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L j]bk|sfz n]vs / cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf k|d'v s/ clws[t gf/fok|;fb ;'j]bLnfO{ u'gf;f]k]l6sf x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] xf] .

u'gf;f]k]l6sf u|x0f ub}{ k|lhc n]vsn] pSt k]6Lsf ;]jfu|fxLsf] kx'Frdf /fVg] k|ltj4tf JoSt u/] eg] k|d'v s/ clws[t ;'j]bLn] ;'emfj k]6Lsfdf n]lvPsf] gf/fn] ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ u'gf;f] ug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ atfP .

;xfotf sIf ;~rfng

afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna afFs]n] @)&@ ebf} !@ ut] sf]xnk'/ gu/kflnsfdf klg ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . ;xfotf sIfdf pkl:yt clwsf+z ;]jfu|fxLx?n] c? ;/sf/L sfof{nodf klg o:t} gful/s ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ dfu /fv]sf lyP . pgLx?n] sfof{nodf cfk}mF x]Nk8]:s :yfkgf ug'{kg]{, ;"rgfkf6Ldf ;"rgf 6fF:g'kg]{, sfof{nosf] sfdnfO{ r':t–b'?:t /fVg'kg]{, ;dosf] kfngf, ;/sf/L kf]zfs cflb;DaGwdf u'gf;f] u/]sf lyP .

lhNnf ultljlw


k'; @)&@ . 49

To:t}, afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna afFs]n] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no afFs]df ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . ;xfotf sIf @)&@ ebf} @) ut] ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .

To:t}, afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna -af;_ n] afFs]sf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no kl/;/df ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ c;f]h @% ut] cfof]lht pSt sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;xof]u ug{', sfof{nonfO{ x]Nk 8]:s :yfkgf ug{ bafa lbg', ;/sf/L lgsfon] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfsf] af/]df k[i7kf]if0f lng] / ;fj{hlgs lgsfok|lt ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] u'gf;f] ;ª\sng u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu kxn ug{' /x]sf] lyof] . o; cj;/df !)) eGbf a9L ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfd ePsf] lyof] .

To:t}, af;n] e]/L c~rn c:ktfndf klg x]Nk 8]:s ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnu~hl:yt ;f] c:ktfn kl/;/df @)&@ sflQs ! ut] ;~rflnt ;xfotf sIfdf !%) eGbf a9L ;]jfu|fxLn] ;f]wk'5 u/]sf lyP .

e|i6frf/lj/f]wL uLt

afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna afFs]n] e|i6frf/lj/f]wL ;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{ uLt tof/ u/]sf] 5 . ;+:yfn] @)&@ c;f]h !# ut] tL uLt b]ze/sf !)) eGbf a9L PkmPd :6]zgaf6 k|;f/0f u/]sf] lyof] .

lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf

afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna afFs]n] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no afFs];Fusf] ;xsfo{df dfWolds :s"n:t/Lo e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . pSt sfo{qmd @)&@ c;f]h !* ut] dx]Gb| pRr dflj /fgLtnfpm, g]kfnu~hdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] . sfo{qmd lrqsf] dfWodaf6 e|i6frf/ cj:yf lrq0f ug]{ / ljBfyL{x?df cGt/lgxLt Ifdtf phfu/ u/L pgLx?nfO{ e|i6frf/lj?4 nfUg clek|]l/t ug]{ p2]Zon] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] .

;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL tflnd

af;n] @)&@ c;f]h @) / @! ut] g]kfnu~hdf ;"rgfsf] xs ljifos b'O{lbg] tflnd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . tflndsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;"rgfsf] xssf af/]df o'jfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg', ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfsf] dxÎjsf af/]df k|rf/–k|;f/ ug'{, ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfsf]

;fj{hlgs/0f ug{' / ;"rgfsf] xs k|j4{gsf nflu o'jfx?sf] e"ldsf vf]hL ug{ pgLx?nfO{ kl/rfng ug{' /x]sf] lyof] . tflnddf afFs] lhNnfsf #$ j6f uflj;, g]kfnu~h pkdxfgu/kflnsf, sf]xnk'/ gu/kflnsf / ;+3–;+:yfsf o'jfx? u/L $@ hgf ;xefuL ePsf lyP .

k':tsfnonfO{ ;xof]u

6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 ;+:yf afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna af;n] >L cfbz{ pRr dfWolds ljBfnosf] k':tsfnosf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ c;f]h @( ut] g]kfnu~h @^ /fF´fl:yt pSt ljBfno k|fª\u0fdf cfof]lht pSt sfo{qmd lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L eLdaxfb'/ ;fpbsf] k|d'v cfltYodf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

bfªM ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;b\efj

;xfotf sIf

ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;b\efj bfªn] qmdzM @)&@ ;fpg !& ut] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf / ;fpg @( ut] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .

lgaGw k|ltof]lutf

ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;b\efj t'N;Lk'/–^ bfªn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf æg]kfndf e|i6frf/ /f]syfdÆ ljifos lgaGw k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ ebf} @( ut] cfof]lht ;f] k|ltof]lutfdf tLgj6f :s"nsf !( hgf ljBfyL{x? ;xefuL ePsf lyP .

;xfotf sIf

ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;b\efjn] bfªsf] t'n;Lk'/l:yt g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f kl/;/df @)&@ c;f]h !$ ut] ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . ;f] ;xfotfsIfdf !* hgf JolStx?n] k|ToIf?kdf ;xof]u k|fKt u/]sf lyP .

To;}u/L, ;f]xL ;+:yfn] bfªsf] t'n;Lk'/l:yt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf @)&@ sflQs !( ut ;xfotf sIf ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] cfGtl/s sfof{non] /fKtL c~rnsf % lhNnfsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ;ª\sng ug]{ clwsf/ If]q / sfo{ef/ u|x0f u/]sf] 5 .

lhNnf ultljlw


. k'; @)&@50

cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd

ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;b\efj bfªn] lhNnfsf uflj; ;lrjx?sf nflu cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ c;f]h * ut] cfof]lht pSt sfo{qmd kf/blz{tf, ;'zf;g tyf hjfkmb]xL k|j4{gnufotsf ljifodf s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] .

;f] sfo{qmddf #! uflj; ;lrjx?dWo] @^ hgf ;xefuL eP . ;f] sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] g]kfndf ;bfrf/ kl/of]hgf, uflj;:t/Lo ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmdsf] dxTj, e|i6frf/lj?4sf] ;xsfo{, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;bfrf/, ;"rgfsf] xs @)^$ cflbaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg' /x]sf] lyof] .

bfr{'nfM ;dfh sNof0f ;dfh

cGtlqm{of

;dfh sNof0f ;dfh -bfr'{nf_ n] clk gu/kflnsfsf] ;+o'Qm j8f sfof{nosf] ;efsIfdf @)&@ ;fpg @* ut] cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg cfdf ;d"xsf k|ltlglw tyf gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb|sf k|ltlglwx? pkl:yltdf cfof]lht ;f] cGtlqm{of sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo g]kfndf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g kl/of]hgfaf/] ;xefuLx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' / :yfgLo:t/df e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;~hfn k|j4{g ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

To:t}, ;dfh sNof0f ;dfh bfr'{nfn] bfr'{nf lhNnf lxlsnf uflj;l:yt uflj; sfof{nodf pkef]Stf ;ldlt, j8f gful/s d~r, Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?;Fu cGtlqm{of

/fli6«o ;bfrf/

k4ltsf] ljsf; u/f}FM

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf]

cleofgnfO{ ;kmn kf/f}F

lhNnf ultljlw

sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ c;f]h !@ ut] cfof]lht pSt cGtlqm{ofdf #! hgfsf] ;xeflutf /Xof] . o; sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo e|i6frf/lj?4 ;dGjo, P]Soj4tfsf nflu ;xsfo{ lj:tf/ ug{' /x]sf] lyof] .

jSt[Îjsnf

;dfh sNof0f ;dfh bfr'{nfn] æe|i6frf/lj/f]wL lzIff cfhsf] cfjZostfÆ ljifos jSt[Îjsnf k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] k|ltof]lutf @)&@ c;f]h !* ut] bfr'{nf lhNnfsf] uf]s'n]Zj/ pdflj uf]s']n]Zj/df ;DkGg u/]sf] xf] .

kl/ro cfbfg–k|bfg sfo{qmd

;dfh sNof0f ;dfhn] bfr'{nfsf] clk–!! l:yt gd"gf dx]Gb| sGof dfWolds ljBfnosf] ;efsIfdf @)&@ c;f]h !@ ut] kl/ro cfbfg–k|bfg sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . pSt sfo{qmddf …;dfh sNof0f ;dfhÚ sf sd{rf/L, ljleGg ljBfnosf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf k|ltlglw, tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

o; sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|j4{gaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg', :yfgLo lgsfo tyf ufpF:t/df x'g] e|i6frf/lj?4 hgr]tgf k}mnfpg', ;dGjo, ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fpFb} :yfgLo gful/saf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx;DaGwdf k|fKt u'gf;fx? ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos ;xof]usf] vf]hL ug{' xf] . sfo{qmddf To; If]qsf * j6f ljBfnoaf6 !$ hgf ljBfyL{sf] klg ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .9


k'; @)&@ . 51

;/sf/L ljBfno / sn]hsf] ;ª\Vof w]/} x'G5g\ . To;df klg lghL d]l8sn]h eGg] g} x'Fb}gg\ . ePsf 7fpFdf klg ;/sf/L sn]hsf] ;ª\Vof w]/} 5 . :jf:Yo Pp6f ;]jfd'vL / ;+j]bgzLn If]q klg xf] . s;}nfO{ klg gful/ssf] :jf:Yo;Fu v]njf8 ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g . ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f ePsf 7fpFdf /fd|f ljBfyL{n] k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df k9\g kfpg] l:ylt l;h{gf ug{ ;lsFbf]/x]5– of] cg'ej l;4 s'/f xf] . ;:tf] agfpg] gfddf lghL If]qnfO{ NofOof], emg\ dx+uf] eO/x]sf] sf]xLaf6 n's]sf] 5}g .

clxn] xfdLsxfFsf] :jf:Yo lzIffsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

xfdLsxfF clxn] g} lghLIf]qsf d]l8sn sn]hx?sf] ;+Vof !& j6f k'lu;s]sf] 5 . ljZjdf o:tf] cg'kft sxLF b]v]sf] 5}g . ePsf

g]kfnsf] :jf:Yo lzIffdf ;fdfGo gful/ssf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 t <

u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf / lzIff x/]s g]kfnL gful/ssf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . of] k"/f ug]{ bfloÎj /fHosf] xf] . :jf:Yo ;]jf jf lzIff Pp6f 8fS6/n] dfq lbg ;Sg] s'/f xf]Og . ToxfF y'k|} ;}4flGts / k|fljlws kIf klg x'G5g\ . oL ;a} s'/fsf nflu /fHodf :ki6 :jf:Yo ;]jf gLlt x'g'kb{5 . xfdLsxfF To;sf] cefj 5 . gLlt agfpg'kg]{ 5 . gLlt agfpgs} nflu w]/} k6s cfGbf]ng ug{'k¥of] . oL ;a} s'/fsf] cWoog ug{ sfo{bn agfcf}+ eGbf klxn] sfo{bn g} agfpg lbPgg\ . aNnaNn 8f= s]bf/eSt dfy]dfsf] g]t[Îjdf sfo{bn agfOof] . ;f] sfo{bnn] ^÷& dlxgf;Dd cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/]/ Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] 5 . Tof] k|ltj]bg nfu" x'g] xf] eg] s]xL jif{leqdf g]kfnsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf ;fdfGo gful/ssf] kx'Frdf k'Ug;S5 .

hf];Fu k};f 5 To;n] dfq PdaLaLP; k9\g kfpg] l:ylt 5 lg <

xfdLn] cfGbf]ng u/]s} o;}sf nflu xf] . h]x]Gb/ ljBfyL{n] cfkm"n] OR5fPsf] ljifo k9\g kfpg'k5{ . of] pgLx?sf] clwsf/ xf] . /fHosf] bfloÎj xf] . h]x]Gbf/sf nflu k};f afws x'g'x'Fb}g . ;/sf/n] s;/L x'G5 k9fpg' k5{ . h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{n] k9\g kfP eg] u'0f:t/Lo hgzlSt tof/ x'G5 . p;n] lbg] ;]jf klg u'0f:t/Lo x'G5 . g]kfndf dfq} xf] lzIffdf lghLIf]qsf] dgdf}hL . ljb]zdf

cGtjf{tf{

…gful/ssf] :jf:Yo;Fu v]njf8 ug]{ clwsf/ s;}nfO{ 5}gÚ

— 8f= uf]ljGb s];L

:jf:Yo Pp6f ;]jfd'vL / ;+j]bgzLn If]q klg xf] . s;}nfO{ klg gful/ssf] :jf:Yo;Fu v]njf8 ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g . ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f ePsf 7fpFdf /fd|f ljBfyL{n] k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df k9\g kfpg] l:ylt l;h{gf ug{ ;lsFbf]/x]5– of] cg'ej l;4 s'/f xf] . ;:tf] agfpg] gfddf lghL If]qnfO{ NofOof], emg\ dx+uf] eO/x]sf] sf]xLaf6 n's]sf] 5}g .


. k'; @)&@52

klg 7"nf–7"nf ;x/df s]lGb|t 5g\ . b]z ufpF g} ufpFn] el/Psf] 5 . u|fdL0f e]udf vf]n] t nf} eGg x'GYof] . To;f] xf]Og, ;a}nfO{ ;x/df vf]Ng' 5 . gfkmf ug{' 5 . s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] *) k|ltztsf] a;f]jf; t u|fdL0f e]ud} 5 . ca vf]Nbf ;/sf/L sn]h g} vf]Ng' k5{ . x/]s ljsf; If]qdf sDtLdf Pp6f d]l8sn sn]h vf]nf}+– xfdLn] eg]sf lyof}+ .

hxfFsf bn, To;sf g]tf / ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L;d]t lghLIf]qsf] jsfnt ul//x]sf 5g\ ToxfFsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] < cem ltgLx? cWoog cg';Gwfg u/]/ aNn–aNn agfOPsf] dfy]df k|ltj]bg klg t'xfpg nfu]sf 5g\ . hxfF k"jf{wf/ 5}g, ToxfF rflxg] eGbf w]/} a9L k};f lnP/ k9fpg kfpg] u/L :jLs[lt lbOPsf] 5 . :jLs[lt lbO;lsPsf sn]hnfO{ k"jf{wf/ k"/f u/ cGoyf l;6 ;+Vof 36fp eGg'k¥of]– ;Da4 lgsfon] .

d]l8sn sfplG;nn] lng] k/LIffdf cg'lQ0f{ x'g] k/LIffyL{sf] ;ª\Vof j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5, ljBfyL{ g} sdhf]/ eP/ xf] jf c? g} s]xL <

d]l8sn sn]h k"jf{wf/ ;DkGg x'g'k¥of] eGg'sf] k5fl8sf] sf/0f oxL xf] . k|lt:kwf{ / d]l/6 a];df ljBfyL{ egf{ lng] xf] eg] of] ;d:of x6\5 . k9fOdf cAan ljBfyL{n] cj;/ kfpF5g\ . …nfO;]G; PShfdÚ 7"nf] s'/f] x'Fb} xf]Og, ;a}n] kf; ug{ ;S5g\ . u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbpmF o:tf ;d:of cfpFb} cfpFb}gg\ . oxfF t k};f x]/]/ egf{ lng] ul/G5, To;}n] k};f;Fu} c? w]/} s'/f klg cfPsf x'g\ .

d]l8sn sfplG;n lsg olt sdhf]/ < ToxfF ljs[lt klg w]/} vfnsf b]lvPsf 5g\ / ef8fsf ljBfyL{ cfP/ k/LIff lbO/x]sf] ;dfrf/ klg ;fj{hlgs eO/x]sf] 5 .

d]l8sn sfplG;ndf klg r'gfj ul/G5 . slt

s'/f ;/sf/n] v6fpF5, cyf{t\ dgf]gLt u5{ . ;/sf/df /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw x'g' :jefljs 5 . g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf e|i6frf/, ck/fw, u}/–lhDd]jf/kg, b08xLgtf JofKt 5 . o;sf] Pp6f l/n]S;g d]l8sn sfplG;n klg xf] . ;/sf/n] k7fpg] k|ltlglw klg Odfgbf/ 5}gg\ . ;bfrf/LnfO{ ToxfF k7fOlbg] xf] eg] of] ;d:of cfpg] g} lyPg . /fhgLlts bnn] cof]Uo sfo{stf{nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ 7fpF xf]Og Tof] . ca csf]{ s'/f r'gfjsf] u/f}+ . ToxfF klg w]/} s'/fsf] k|efj 5 . lghL If]qn] hlt klg k};f vr{ u/]sf] xfdLn] b]v], ef]u] / ;'g]s} 5f}+ . lghL d]l8sn sn]hn] h] rfXof] ToxL eO/x]af6 o;sf] k'li6 eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf s'/fnfO{ klg s;/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ eg]/ dfy]df k|ltj]bg af]n]sf] 5 .

dfy]df k|ltj]bg, 8f= s];L= tkfO{+ / o:t} cGo gful/s;d]tn] ul//xg'ePsf] cfGbf]ng cflbn] :jf:Yo ;]jf;DaGwL ;]jfu|fxLsf] u'gf;f] ;Daf]wg xf]nf <

kfFrf} cg;gsf a]nf dfy]df k|ltj]bgafx]s c? @÷$ j6f dfu klg /flvPsf lyP . To;dWo] Pp6f kf]:6 u|ofh'P6 -ljz]if1 :t/sf] lzIff_ lgMz'Ns x'g'k5{ eg]sf lyof}+ . 5}7f}+ k6s cg;g a;]kl5 dfq Tof] dfu k"/f eof] . Tof] a8f] d'l:snn] lgMz'Ns ug{ afWo agfOof] . To;qmddf dGqLkl/ifb\n] w]/} cndNofof] . o;/L k9\g]n] @ jif{ ;/sf/n] v6fPsf] 7fpFdf uP/ :jf:Yo ;]jf u5{' eg]/ Pp6f zt{gfdfdf x:tfIf/ ug{'k5{ . o;/L ;/sf/n] lhNnfdf k7fpg ;S5 . lhNnfdf clxn] d]l8sn ;'kl/6]G8]G6 klg geO/x]sf a]nf ljz]if1 k'¥ofpg ;lsof] eg] lgZro g} :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ a9\5 . p;nfO{ cfjZos k|fljlws kIf klg hf]8\g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L ;]jf lbg yfNg]lalQs} u'0f:t/ clej[l4 x'G5 . 7"nf] ;'wf/ cleofg ;'? x'G5 .

dfy]df k|ltj]bgsf #÷$ j6f dxÎjk"0f{ a'Fbf h'g sfof{Gjog x'g}k5{ eGg] xf] eg] tL s] s] x'g\ <

To; k|ltj]bgsf ;a} s'/f sfof{Gjog ug]{vfns} 5\g . s]xL t'?Gt nfu" ug{ ldNg] 5g\ eg] s]xL lj:tf/} nfu" x'g]vfnsf 5g\ .

:jf:Yo lzIffsf If]qdf k"jf{wf/, cWofks, ljBfyL{ cnu–cnu x]bf{ pgLx?sf] l:yltnfO{ s;/L s]nfpg'ePsf] 5 <

;a}eGbf klxnf] s'/f g]kfndf :jf:Yo lzIff gLlt g} 5}g . o;sf] cefjdf c? pRr lzIff gLltcg';f/

cGtjf{tf{

g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf e|i6frf/, ck/fw, u}/–lhDd]jf/kg, b08xLgtf JofKt 5 . o;sf] Pp6f l/n]S;g

d]l8sn sfplG;n klg xf] . ;/sf/n] k7fpg] k|ltlglw klg Odfgbf/ 5}gg\ . ;bfrf/LnfO{ ToxfF k7fOlbg] xf] eg] of]

;d:of cfpg] g} lyPg .


k'; @)&@ . 53

g} :jf:Yo lzIffnfO{ klg cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;/sf/L c:ktfnsf t'ngfdf lghL c:ktfndf sd} la/fdL cfpF5g\ . ca la/fdL gx]/L 8fS6/ ag] eg] s] xf]nf < kl5Nnf] ;do cbfntn] ;d]t #% nfveGbf a9L lng gkfOg] eg]/ af]ln;s]sf] 5 .

;du|df d'7Le/ JolStsf] :jfy{sf nflu # s/f]8 g]kfnLsf] :jf:Yodf v]n8af8 ug]{ clwsf/ s;n] lbof] logLx?nfO{ < oL ;a}s'/faf6 hf]lug ;/sf/L d]l8sn sn]h dfq vf]Ng'k5{ . o;n] h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{n] aflx/ hfg'kg]{ afWotf klg x6\5 . o;/L x]bf{ s'g} Pp6f If]qrflxF ;Gtf]ifhgs 5 eg]/ x]g{ ldNg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g .

:jf:Yo ;]jf / lzIff If]qdf clgoldttf ug]{nfO{ sf/afxL klg ePsf] 5 xfdLsxfF <

sxfF sf/afxL x'g' < s;n] ug]{ < lzIff dGqfnon] n]6/ ckm OG6]G6 lbG5 . of] eg]sf] gf] cAh]S;g eGg] xf] . o;sf] dtna :jLs[lt lbg' xf]Og . of] kq k|fKt ug]{lalQs} ;DaGwg lbg} kg]{ jf ;~rfng ug{ lbg} k5{ eGg] afWotf 5}g . /fhgLlts bafa / k};fsf] rnv]nn] Tof] k|fKt ug{ ;kmn x'G5g\ . cfgf lsl;dn] JofVof ug{ yfN5g\ .

clwsf+z lghL d]l8sn sn]hsf] k"jf{wf/ sdhf]/ 5 . ToxfF hgzlStsf] cefj 5 . eP klg pgLx? lng rfxFb}gg\ . ltgLx? ljz]if1 :t/sf x'G5g\, ltgnfO{ /fd|f] ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . clg sdhf]/ lzIfssf] vf]hL x'g' :jefljs xf] . g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;naf6 cg'udgdf hfg'cl3 g} ;"rgf lbg] ul/G5 . o;n] ubf{ pgLx?n] ef/tLo e"ldaf6 v8]afaf NofP/ pEofpF5g\ . ca cg'udgdf uPsf dflg;n] b]lvxfn] . oxfFaf6 hfg]x? klg ToxL ;f]rdf k'u]sf x'G5g\ . oxfF ;a}sf] ldnf]dtf] x'G5 .

kl5Nnf] ;do cg;g klg ca rflxF c;fGble{s g} eof] eGg yfn]sf 5g\ lg <

;/sf/, /fhgLlts bn, kbflwsf/Lx? lhDd]jf/ eP,

o:tf] cEof; ug}{kg]{ lyPg . k6s–k6s ;Demf}tf u¥of], sfof{Gjog gu¥of] . oL ;Demf}tf pNnª\3g gug]{ xf] eg] d k6s–k6s lsg a:y]F . d]/f]eGbf # s/f]8 g]kfnLsf] :jf:Yo dxÎjk"0f{ 5 . d km]l/ a:g' k/] klg kl5 x6\lbg .

cfd–gful/sdf lxtdf nflu/xg] Pp6f dflg;sf] hLjg hf]lvddf k6s–k6s kl//xFbf xfdL ;fdfGo gful/s jf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ a9L c;xh dx;"; x'g yfln;Sof] < ;/sf/n] ;Daf]wg ug]{ l:ylt s;/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 <

of] d]/f]dfq k|of;n] k'u]g ls < ;a} kIfn] of] cfGbf]ngnfO{ cem ;fy lbg'k5{ . oxfF x]g]{ s'/f of] cfGbf]ngn] ;fdflhs lxt u5{ ls ub}{g eGg]rfxLF xf] . h;n] a'lem/x]sf 5g\, ltgn] ;fy klg lbO/x]sf 5g\ . oxL eP/ ljBfyL{, ;~rf/dfWod, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw cufl8 cfO/x]sf x'g\ h:tf] nfU5 .

;'zf;gsf] l:ylt ;'wf/ ug{ s;nfO{ s] ;'emfj lbg rfxg'x'G5 <

clxn]sf] l:ylt ;'zf;g xf]Og, s'zf;g xf] . g]kfndf nf]stGq cfPsf] @%÷@^ jif{ eO;Sof] . /fhgLlts g]t[Îjn] To;sf] ;+:sf/nfO{ cem} a'‰g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xLdf xf]nf, t/ clwsf+zsf] xfnt 6L7nfUbf] g} 5 .

xfdLn] ul//x]sf] cfGbf]ngn] gful/sx?df r]tgf clej[l4 ul//x]sf] 5 . o;n] klg s]xL dfqfdf emsemSofPsf] xf]nf . ;j{;fwf/0fdf r]tgf Nofpg' g} /fhgLltsdL{x?nfO{ bafa lbg' xf] . cGo If]qn] klg o;}u/L cfjfh p7fpg yfNg] xf] eg] of] l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 .

;r]t ePsf gful/sn] r'gfjdfkm{t\ o:tf] g]t[ÎjnfO{ lgl:qmo kf5{g\ eGg] nfU5 . sf] /fd|f], sf] g/fd|f] eg]/ 5'6Øfpg] t cfd–gful/sn] g} xf] .9

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fcleofg ;kmn kf/f}+ .

cGtjf{tf{


. k'; @)&@54

participants. The TI-N provided the intellectual inputs and steered the discussion. This author was entrusted by TI-N to be a resource person in providing the inputs and summarizing the discussion in all places. These workshops were essentially regional with presence of business representatives (presidents or office bearers of the Chambers of Commerce and Industry of various districts of the region). The workshop in Nepalgunj involved representatives of the CCIs from the Mid Western and Far Western region. The Biratnagar workshop assembled the representatives of the business from the Eastern region. The Pokhara workshop was participated by business leaders from the Western region, while the Hetauda workshop was for the Central region. In each of these workshops above 20 business leaders participated (although the total number of participants including government officials and representatives of the civil society would have been much bigger).

Methodology

The workshops were divided in two sessions. The first session was sort of a technical session where the business representatives discussed the issue. The second session was structured as a more formalized session with wider participation. In the formal session the summary emerging out of the discussion in the first session were put forth before the audience and opinions from government representatives, business leader and civil society representatives.

In the technical session a presentation was made on why we needed to discuss the ethical issues

Background

The Transparency International Nepal (TI-N) in cooperation with NCELL, the leading mobile service provider in the country has been undertaking activities of promoting ethical business practices in the country. As a first step in the campaign against corruption and business mal practices, it has been organizing discussion forums awareness campaigns. This initiative of TI-N includes organization of interactive workshops involving businessmen, government officials and civil society representatives. These

workshops are primarily geared towards having the interaction among business representatives on identifying the issues of and obstacles on the way of sound ethical business practices in Nepal. So far four such workshops have been organized in various parts of the country namely Nepalgunj, Biratnagar, Pokhara and Hetaunda. The local chamber of commerce and Industry (Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the district where the program was being held) hosted the program and invited the

Workshops involving businessmen, government officials and civil society

representatives. These workshops are primarily geared towards having

the interaction among business representatives on identifying the issues

of and obstacles on the way of sound ethical business practices in Nepal.

Ethical Business Promotion Workshops:

Reflection and SuggestionsHemant Dabadi à

cfn]v


k'; @)&@ . 55

in business and what constituted the ethical issues in the context of Nepal. The presentation was found to be useful in shaping the discussion. After the presentation the participants were posed with the following 5 questions: a. What was their assessment of the of the practices of businesses concerning ethical practices; b. What sort of obstacles they saw on the way of improving the ethical practices; c. what activities could led to better business ethics d. what would be the role of BMO like chambers and e. what the business persons themselves could do to ensure the ethical practices

The discussion were held either as an open plenary discussion where any participant could air his or her view on the questions posed at the plenary itself and where the resource person and TI-N leader could steer the discussion in order to avoid diversion to other issues (Pokhara) or through groups where participants were divided into groups and each group was asked to discuss on the questions posed and report the groups conclusion at the plenary (Nepalgunj, Biratnagar and Hetaunda). It was evident from the discussion that the group method was more productive and effective. In the open plenary discussion, the participants tried to make statements rather than having intense discussion on the issues where as in the group discussion model it was more interactive and intense.

Findings

Striking a balance between the need to keep 1. the program short in order to ensure participation of the participants (mostly businessmen who are looking after their own business) during the entire duration of the program and allowing adequate time for discussion was a tough job. So it is advisable to avoid curb time on formalities and discussion on non substantive issues. Keeping the formalities and presentation short and moderated discussion in the groups seem to be the best option. Speakers needed to be told that they need to speak on the issue only and not drift to other issues which may be relevant but were not directly related to the business ethics.

The business ethics situation in the districts 2. reflected the overall situation. There were ample grounds for improvement. The businessmen realized that the the civil society and the outside world was watching. Ethical issues are going to come more in future.

There was agreement among the discussion 3. participants that Nepali market was flooded by spurious and sub standard goods. This was having impact on public health. On many occasions even food and medicinal items which are not fit for

human or animal consumption were freely available in the market.

There was discussion on whether adherence 4. to law would be sufficient or the businesses need to do more to be ethical. There was discussion related to quality of the product and their impact on customer's safety and health (in Nepalgunj and Pokhara). Although participants agreed that ethics went beyond adherence to law, but adherence to law itself was a problem especially in the case of small businesses. This was because the laws were complex, the business men had low level of awareness about the law and they did not possess the adequate infrastructure to assess the quality of the products and services they were dealing with. The small business had to depend on the larger manufacturers and input providers. So they suggested a thorough checking system on import and input production rather than checking on the final goods being marketed by small entrepreneurs.

In many cases, the laws were either complex 5. or impractical. The participants cited the law against black marketing or foreign currency control act. There was discussion on when a common entrepreneur could not simply follow the law. Although law abidance was considered the bare minimum for ethical business, but they felt that the business community in general should press for law which could be observed by all the businesses. So they felt reforms of laws and rules should be the part and parcel of the business ethics promotion initiative.

The government regulating mechanism was not 6. helping ethical business practices. The government regulators in their market inspection/observation were focusing on prices rather than on issues concerning quality, impact on the health and well being of the consumers. The media reporting too was flawed. Everybody seems to be interested in sensation creation. Well established brands have been severely hit due to the actions of market inspectors and media reporting although later it was found that these products have been strictly adhering

The business ethics situation in the districts reflected the overall situation. There were ample grounds for improvement. The businessmen realized that the the civil society and the outside world was watching. Ethical issues are going to come more in future.

cfn]v


. k'; @)&@56

to the law of the land. The business is not against market inspection. But it should follow a concrete procedure and nobody should be should be allowed to be above the law.

The participants felt that the consumer right 7. groups should function as independent watchdog. There should not be adversarial relationship between the consumer group and the business community. The consumer group should recognize that business cannot be sustained without surplus or profit. Profit motive should not be taken negatively. The business should also exhibit that it works for sustainable profit.

There were discussion on issues related to 8. worker's right and safety. The participants felt that in many occasions, the workers were not taking safety measures or using security / protection gears even when employers were providing such facilities. This was mainly because the workers were not particularly aware of the hazards. So the participants felt that regular awareness programs were required for workers.

The participants especially from larger industrial 9. centers like Birgunj, Biratnagar, felt that initiatives like Code of Conduct, ethical guide for businesses could be a good starter. They opined that there was need to discuss the issues in concrete terms and not in general terms. In business as in all segments of the society, there were honest players and dishonest players. What the system needs to do is encourage the honest operators and discourage the dishonest ones.

The FNCCI had initiated the code of conduct 10. some 10 years ago. But due to multiplicity of reasons, the code of conduct could not gather the momentum. There was need to work further. May be DCCIs and Sectoral associations should be encouraged to develop their own code of conduct. Making the code of conduct was not the answer. The answer was making everybody in the business follow the code of conduct. For such things regular interaction and periodic reports on the status of the code of conduct could help immensely.

There was recognition that if the businesses 11. did not improve their practices on their own, there would be outside pressure which may be forced to the business through legislation or state decision. So instead of being caught unprepared the business should start their own initiative. Most of the participants thanked the organizing and the Transparency International Nepal for organizing the event

Corruption was a major issue in business. 12. Although an individual business may benefit from

the corrupt practice, but overall it adds to the cost of doing business. It reduces the competitiveness of the business and discourages honest risk taking. As participants from the supply side, the businessmen and women should give due attention to the corruption issues. We should realize that corruption leads to curtailing innovation and growth. It needs wider deliberation.

Much is expected from the Business 13. Membership organizations like chambers and Sectoral associations. These organizations apart from being involved in awareness creation and organization of discussions and deliberations could be involved in developing and implementing codes of conduct. They could also be involved in action research, preparing periodic reports on implementation and lobbying in a big way for policies and procedures which will help ethical business practices. The knowledge generated from research need wider dissemination and translation into action. Te BMOs can play crucial role in organizing interaction programs and disseminate the information

The other job the BMOs need to do is effective 14. lobbying and reform promotion. They should be effectively facilitating workable policy reforms. They should be involved in formulating workable policies rules and laws and be actively involved in designing and executing necessary reforms. The BMOs also need to become a link between government agencies and the businessmen.

The BMOs could become self regulators 15. devising mechanisms to link different stakeholders with the business. One of the issue in ethical business is the non compliance of the contract and resolution of the conflict between the businessmen themselves. The BMO could act as mediators or in some situation provide the arbitration service to the businessmen so that the conflict between the businessmen are amicably resolved.

The participants felt that for ethical business, 16. the business persons needed to do the most. They themselves needed to follow ethical practices. They should be transparent and open to scrutiny by the public. They should realize that the society was also their stakeholder and now with more open media and the social network, business as usual was no more a option. So the businessmen should be prepared to more public interest in the way they did business. The business could save itself from forced scrutiny by preempting the government meddling in the business.

The businessmen themselves have to correct 17. their behavior. They should train their managers and

cfn]v


k'; @)&@ . 57

employees to be ethical. Developing an internal code of conduct or declaration of adherence to a code developed by a group or BMO could also help.

In the earlier days, the number of stakeholders 18. used to be smaller. But the stakeholder base has widened, and the business now needs to communicate and maintain dialogue with the wider stakeholder base. The communication strategy of the companies and firms as well as that of the BMO has to change accordingly. They need to be more forthcoming in bringing the information related to the way they do business, the raw materials they use, the processes they perform, the technology they use, the treatment they give to workers, the service they provide to customers, the way they relate to their suppliers and competitors out in the public domain.

Recommendations for future actions

After going through the discussions in 4 different places my recommendations would be as follows:

The issue of ethical business is relatively new 1. to the Nepalese business operators. Awareness and discussions will be required. The TI-N needs to continue with the program of interaction among various stakeholders to bring the concerns to the fore.

The objective of such discussion would be to 2. encourage the firms and companies to sign up to some ethical business pledge. But for making it possible for the business to sign the pledge much more elaborate discussion would be needed,

In order to facilitate discussion, some research to 3. find concrete ethical issues in Nepali business may be needed. But these research findings should be elaborately discussed and vetted by the concerned group. Providing suggestion to the government or bringing in regulatory stringencies alone would not lead to the improvements in the ethics situation in the country.

As ethical business practices are in the interest 4. of the society, government and the business community at large, regular interaction among the stakeholders is very much desirable. There is need for leadership and coordination. So interaction between the government leadership particularly those in charge of implementation (bureaucracy) and the business community leadership will be very important. Such interaction and dialogue will help to streamline policies and procedures that will facilitate ethical business practices.

So there is a strong case for having informal 5. (outside of the formalities of the ministries and without the need to take positions) dialogue between government machinery and the private sector leadership which can voice the concerns of the private sector operators. So My recommendation would be to arrange an informal discussion (not involving media) of the top leadership of administration who deal with the private sector on a daily basis(Chief Secretary, and secretaries in the ministries of Finance, Industry, Commerce & Supply, Tourism, Local Development, Labour Transport management, building & transportation, etc.) with the leadership of the private sector organizations Like FNCCI, CNI, Nepal Chamber of Commerce, Federation of Contractor's Association etc.

Such interaction should solely devote the 6. discussion to the issues of ways and means of promoting ethical business practice and should be held in more informal and quiet atmosphere. The participants could be provides with 2 pager not on the issues that were constraining the ethical business practices in the country.

Along with such high level dialogue we also 7. need to continue dialogue at sectoral levels

It will be more productive when the 8. participants do not come from very diverse background. Discussion among businesses from same area of operation, of similar sizes of business and also from same area would be more productive. So it is suggested to arrange discussion with businessmen and concerned stakeholders on sectoral basis. Special programs for MSMEs may also be beneficial.

The priority sector for discussion would 9. be construction, retail trade, food industry and pharmaceutical. These sectors were often mentioned as sector of concern in various discussions in the districts.

The Issues need wider discussion and 10. dissemination. So some sort of involvement of media is important.

The Issue of ethical business is a continuous 11. process and it cannot be resolved by one or a few programs.

The involvement of wider stakeholders is a 12. must. But their involvement should be brought about in structured manner. Otherwise there would be mud sledging and no productive outcome will happen.9

cfn]v

Act Against Corruption Today


. k'; @)&@58

ltdLn] dnfO{ crfgs cFufn]/ p8]sf lyof}+d}n] d]/f] eml/;s]sf] lhGbuL / ltd|f] cFufnf] kfPsL lyPFaGb's le/]/}dgdf /ftf] u'/fF; km'nfPsL lyPF

d]/f] Kof/f] dfG5]d]/f] sd/]8clxn] t a'emfO;s]+ aGb's / To;k|ltsf] cf:yf/ k'/fgf] ;kgf klgclxn] kms]{/ cfPsf] 5 ef]s/ d vf]lh/x]sf] 5' Pp6f /f]huf/dnfO{ rflxPsf] 5;Lk / 1fgkN6fO{ /x]5' kf7Øk':tsx?

ltdL d]/f] cufl8 ePsf] eP s] eGYof} s'lGgsd/]8x? klgk'/fg} :s"n u}/x]5g\k'/fg} l8u|Ldf uf}/j ul//x]5g\k'/fg} l;+xb/af/ dd{t ul//x]5g\

dl;+xb/af/sf] u]6 cufl8ef/tLo d]jf / rfOlgh :ofp a]r]/u'hf/f ul//x]5'dnfO{ yfxf lyPgo'4 / k|0fo lbj;;Fu;Fu} cfpFbf] /x]5d ;lDem/x]5' pxL u'/fF; pxL aGb'sd]/f] Kof/f] dfG5]d ltdLnfO{ ;lDem/x]5' .9

lk|o Ûd]/f] Kof/f] dfG5]k|To]s jif{ cfpF5 !$ km]a|'c/L/ ToxL a]nf cfpF5 kmfu'g !d Ps} k6s ;DemG5' Tof] h+unsf] u'/fF;/ ltdL;Fusf] k|0foxfdLn] le/]sf] aGb's/ b]z k|ltsf] k|]d

d ;DemG5',h+undf lxF8\bfsf ylst lbgx?ef]s, ltvf{ / dfl/g] 8/Toltv]/} ;DemG5'ltd|f] k|]dk"0f{ gh/

d]/f b'O{ ;kgfd]/f] b]zsf] d'lSt/ d]/f] k|]dsf] ;kmntfd;Fu x'Gy] Ps /ftf] u'/fF; / Ps aGb's

!^ jif{df 6]s]sL lyPF!) ;Dd k9]sL lyPFcfdfsf] sfv /:s"n 5f]8]/ o'4df xf]ldPsL lyPFd]/f] ef]s, d]/f] lzIff, d]/f] kl/jf/eGbf 7"nf]d]/f] b]zsf] d'lStd}n] gu/] s;n] u5{ <d}n] gn8] s;n] n8\5 <d}n] oxL l;s]sL lyPFrf/ jif{kl5 ltdLnfO{ e]6]sL lyPF3f]K6] le/df efUbfefUb} ha lrlKnof] d]/f] v'§f

sljtf

aGb's / km"n:g]x ;fodL à


k'; @)&@ . 59

;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg t'?Gt} ubf{ /x]5g\ . olb kf]n 9n]/ gfª\uf] tf/n] dflg;nfO{ s/]G6 xfGof] eg] pgLx¿n] 36gfsf] d"No t r'sfpFnfg\, t/ dflg;sf] Hofgsf] s'/f s:tf] g;f]r]sf xf]nfg\ . cl:t klg pm Tof] tnsf] 3/5]psf] kf]n 9n]/ s:tf] 8/dbf]{ eof] . wGg ;fFemdf nf]8;]l8ª ePsf a]nf 9n]5 clg va/ ugf{;fy Tof] Pl/ofdf lbPsf] nfOg g} sfl6of] . /fte/ Tof] Pl/of g} cGwsf/do eof] . clg ef]lnkN6 g}

csf]{ kf]n t uf8], t/ tf/ p:t} gfª\u} 5 . gfª\uf] tf/sf] rSs/df slt emGem6 u/]+, d}n] klg t/ ToxfFsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cdfgjLo Aojxf/n] d x}/fg ePF . slt lbg t otf / ptf bf}l8PF t} sfd e}xfN5 ls eg]/ . kl5 t lgj]bg lbFbf g} tkfO{+n] xfdL;F+u ;/;Nnfx ug'{kYof]{ eg]/ Psn]–csf{nfO{ cx|fPe}mF u/] dnfO{ e'mnfP . cGtdf yfs]/ o;f] ug{ afWo ePF, ;"o{gf/fo0fhL .Æ 3/leq k:b} s'a]/n] nfdf] syf ;'gfP/ cfgf] nfrf/Lefj JoSt u/] .

æljB't\ k|flws/0fdf d}n] lrg]sf] Pp6f dflg; 5 . Psk6s d elgx]5'{ x} t, s'j]/hLÆ ;"ogf/fo0fn] cfZjf;g lbP .

æx}g s'a]/hL 3/ t k"/f eof] eGg'x'GYof], t/ oxfFg]/ Knf:6/ lsg gu/]sf] lg .Æ ;"o{gf/fo0fn] Knf:6/ ug{ afFsL 7fpF b]vfpFb} s'a]/sf] 3/ aflx/} pleP/ ;f]Wof] . æoxL lah'nLsf] gfª\uf] tf/n] ubf{ lg .Æ lbSs dfGb} s'a]/n] 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ lbof] .

ælah'nLsf] gfª\uf] tf/n] s] u¥of] / ÛÆ tf/lt/ cfFvf 3'dfpFb} ;"o{gf/fo0fn] lh1f;f /fVof] .

æs] u/]g eGg' t ;"o{gf/fo0fhL Û klxnf] s'/f] t of] tf/ jl/kl/ Knf:6/ ug{ HofdL–ld:qLeGbf 7]s]bf/ v'a 8/fof], s;} ubf{ klg dfg]g . To;kl5 ;d:of ;dfwfg xf]nf ls eg]/ To;a]nf lah'nL clkm;df slt wfPF, t/ x}/fgdfq ePF sfd eg]] s]xL ePg . clg 3/sf] olt afFsL sfd /fv]/ cGo ;a} sfd ;s]/ 7]s]bf/n] cfgf] lx;fa–lstfa u/]/ ljbf eof] . s] ug'{ / x]g'{ g, j/k/ s'g}–s'g} / 3/sf] 5]p5fpdf o:t} gfª\uf] tf/ e'mlG8Psf] 5 . To;}n] xf]nf slt 3/df Knf:6/ g} 5}g . ca olt Knf:6/ afFsL g} xf]O/xf];\ eg]/ aNn–aNn agfPsf] cfgf] 3/df ;/]pmF lg ÛÆ s'a]/n] cfgf] 3/ sxfgL ;'gfof] .

xf] t lg, ;a}lt/ lrl/Rof6 ag]sf] 5, s'a]/sf] 3/ . t/, Toltn] ubf{ s:tf] c;'xfpFbf] . !^ jif{sL o'jtLsf] cufl8sf] bfFt g} gePh:tf] em§ b]lvg] 7fpFdf r} yf]t] 5 .

æclg ljB't\ k|flws/0fn] o:tf] ;d:of ;'NemfpFnf lg t, o:tf gfª\uf tf/ hxLF–ToxLF kf] 5g\ t xf} . o;sf] lg/fs/0fsf klg t ljlw–ljwfg xf]nfg\ lg s'j]/hLÆ p;n] yKof] .

æv} ;/sf/L sfof{no / ;+:yfgx¿df ljlw–ljwfg eg]sf] s] xf], s;sf nflu xf], yfxf g} kfOPg . pxL kf]n 9Nof] eg]dfq pgLx¿n]

gfª\uf] tf/nIdL pk|]tL à

syf

klxnf] s'/f] t of] tf/ jl/kl/ Knf:6/ ug{ HofdL–ld:qLeGbf 7]s]bf/ v'a 8/fof], s;} ubf{ klg dfg]g . To;kl5 ;d:of ;dfwfg xf]nf ls eg]/ To;a]nf lah'nL clkm;df slt wfPF, t/ x}/fgdfq ePF sfd eg]] s]xL ePg .


. k'; @)&@60

ænf} g ;"o{gf/fo0fhL, d]/f] olt sfd x'g;s] d slt cfef/L x'g] lyPF . elGbg' g h;/L klg . of] gfª\uf] tf/ b]Vbf dg lr;f] x'g] u5{ . ld6/ klg h8fg u/]sf] 5}g, clxn];Dd 5]psf] 3/af6 g} tfg]/ afn]sf] 5 . aQL a? ld6/sf] klg ef]ln g} uP/ lgj]bg k]z ul/xfN5' .Æ s'j]/sf] cfzftLtefj JoSt eof] .

s]xL lbgkl5 ;"o{gf/fo0fn] s'a]/nfO{ Tof] dflg;s} 3/df af]nfP/ kl/ro u/fOlbP . pm ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] lkmN8 ;'k/efOh/ ljqmd /x]5 . To;kl5 s'a]/ km]l/ gfª\uf] tf/ x6fpg] tfgfjfgf ;f]Rg nfUof] .

Pslbg ljqmd s'a]/sf] 3/df cfof] lah'nLsf] gfª\uf] tf/ x]g{ . clg jl/kl/ cfFvf nufpFb} cgsgfP/ 6fpsf] sGofpFb} eg], æx]g'{;\ s'a]/hL ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] lgodn] g} sfd ug'{ kbf{ tkfO{+nfO{ y'k|} vr{ nfU5 . km]l/ o:tf] sfo{ l5§} klg x'Fb}g Ps dlxgf, 5 dlxgf jif}{lbg klg nfUg;S5 . t/, lg/f; gx'g'xf];\ . o;sf ;xh pkfox¿ klg 5g\ .

ef]ln km:6 cfj/df g} clkm;df dnfO{ e]6\g' xf]nf, clg ;Nnfx u/f}+nf lg x} .Æ s'a]/sf] dg 5fDb} ljqmdn] s'znjf0fLsf] k|of]u u¥of] .

To;kl5 s'a]/sf dgdf gfgfyl/ s'/fx¿ rNg yfn] . t/, ljqmdn] ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] /}Ú5 eGg] s'/fdf r}+ pm 9'Ss eof] .

ef]lnkN6 ljqmdn] eg]s} ;dodf s'a]/ ljB't\ k|flws/0f k'Uof] . lx6/sf] tftf] /fkn] Gofgf] ePsf] ljqmdsf] sf]7fsf s';L{x¿ vfnL lyP . To;If0f Ps k|sf/n] s'a]/ lg/fz klg eof] . ljqmdnfO{ otf–ptf vf]Hof], ;f]Wof] Psl5g sxLF ge]6\bf kmf]g u¥of] . kmf]gdf s'a]/ cfPsf] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 ljqmd cfgf] sf]7fdf xtfl/Fb} cfP/ s'a]/;+Fu xft ldnfpFb} cf}krfl/stf lgefof] . clg 6]a'n–5]psf s';L{df a:b} s'a]/nfO{ klg glhs}sf] s';L{df a:g] O;f/f u/]/ æw]/}

kv{g' k¥of] lsÆ eGb} lrNnf]–rfKn';L 3:of] .

To;kl5 ljqmdn] 5]psf] Pp6f kmfon lgsfn]/ kN6fpFb} eGof], æx]g'{xf];\ t s'a]/hL tkfO{+n] p;a]nf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf nfu]sf xflsdsf tf]sx¿ . o;kf/fn] t tkfO{+sf] sfd gx'g klg ;S5 / eof] eg] klg jiff{+} nfU5 . xflsdn] t kmd{ln6Ldfq lgefPsf 5g\ . ls t tkfO{+n] kfj/sf dflg;sf] ;f];{ nufpg} k5{ xf]Og eg] ============= . xflsdsf] kf/f o:t} xf] . o:tf kmfonx¿ slt k]lG8ª 5g\ . xfdLnfO{ klg sfof{nosf] ljlw–ljwfgdf a;]/ sfd ug]{ cfwf/ o:t} ;xL ePsf kmfOnn] g} afFw]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] ca tkfO{+ o:tf kmfonsf, lgj]bgsf, tf]ssf rSs/df gkg'{xf];\ . ;f]emf] af6f]af6 sfd gag]kl5 afª\uf] af6f] klg lxF8\g'k5{ lg x}g / < Tolt emGem6 klg gx'g], cfgf] vr{ klg sd x'g] clg sfd klg l5§} eOxfNg] pkfolt/ nfUg'k5{ a'‰g' ef] < tkfO{+ t ;"o{gf/fo0fhLsf] 3lgi6 ldq x'g'x'Fbf]/x]5 . dnfO{ tkfO{+sf] of] sfd h;/L klg ul/lbg' x} eg]/ s/ ug'{ ePsf]n] d nflu k/]sf], gq t o:tf] sfd ug{ hf]lvd 5 xfdLnfO{ klg . of] sfd h;/L klg xf];\ eGg] d}n] klg rfx]sf] 5' .Æ lha|f] rkfpFb} ljqmdn] kmfonsf kfgf pN6fO–kN6fO ub}{ bof b]vfpFb} lj:tf/} ;xof]uL efiff af]Nof] p;n] .

æemGem6 gx'g] ;lhnf] pkfo s] xf], ToxL u/f+} g t ;/ . of] sfd ul/lbg'eof] eg] tkfO{+sf] C0fL x'g] lyPF, d}n] ug{ ;Sg] vr{ ul/xfN5' . d t x}/fg eP/ To;} 5f8]sf] lyPF, wGg ;"o{gf/fo0fhLn] tkfO{+;+Fu ;Dks{ u/fOlbg'eof] . s'a]/ gd| eof] .

…tkfO{+sf] 3/df ld6/ klg t h8fg u/]sf] /}g /}Ú5 lg . ca oL b'a} sfd Ps}rf]l6 ug'{k5{ a'‰g' ef] . gfª\uf] tf/ x6fpg lgj]bgsf] rSs/df nfUbf @%–#) xhf/ ?k}ofF nfU5 . ld6/ h8fgsf nflu tf/, ld6/aS; cflb u/]/ ^–& xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L nfUnf . oL b'a} sfdsf nflu $) xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L vr{ x'G5 eg] ;do t slt nfU5, s'/} gu/f}+ . oL o;/L k]lG8ªdf a:5g\, kmfonx¿ . ca tkfO{+ Pp6f sfd r'krfk ug'{x'G5 s'a]/hL .Æ p;n] 3'dfp/f] efiffdf s'a]/nfO{ tf}lnof] .

æ;/ Û eGg' g d tkfO{+n] eg]cg';f/s} sfd u5'{ .Æ ljqmdsf] cgf}7f] s'/fn] pm lg/Lxh:tf] eof] .

ævr{ klg sd nfUg] clg sfd klg l5§} x'g] pkfo ckgfP/ tkfO{+nfO{ ;xof]u u5'{ . xNnf gu/L ;'6'Ss #) xhf/ ?k}ofF dnfO{ lbg';\, d oxfFsf ;a}nfO{

syf

;f]emf] af6f]af6 sfd gag]kl5 afª\uf] af6f] klg lxF8\g'k5{ lg x}g / < Tolt emGem6 klg gx'g], cfgf] vr{ klg sd x'g] clg sfd klg l5§}

eOxfNg] pkfolt/ nfUg'k5{ a'‰g' ef] < tkfO{+ t ;"o{gf/fo0fhLsf] 3lgi6 ldq

x'g'x'Fbf]/x]5 .


k'; @)&@ . 61

ldnfP/ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpF5' . tkfO{+sf] 3/df #–$ lbgd} ld6/sf] klg h8fg ul/lbG5', gfª\uf] tf/df klg sfnf] kfOk xflnlbG5',Æ ljqmdn] :ki6 k|:tfj /fVof] .

zª\sf ug{ g;Sg] ljqmdsf] o:tf] lgot a'em]/ s'a]/ Psrf]l6 5fª\ufaf6 v;]h:tf] eof] . Psl5g t of] e|i6frf/ xf], o:tf] ug'{ /fd|f] xf]Og . 3'; lbg' klg ck/fw xf] / lng' klg . d o:tf] sfd ulb{g . xQ]/Lsf o:tf] sfd ubf{ s:tf] hf]lvd klg x'g;S5 eGg] ;f]r]/ ls+st{Joljd"9 eof] . t/, p;sf cufl8 cj;/ ag]/ cfPsf] o:tf] ;xh k|:tfjnfO{ x[bo+ud u¥of] . cl3 ljqmdn] eg]sf] æ;f]emf] af6f]af6 sfd x'g g;Sbf afª\uf] af6f] g} lxF8g'kg]{ x'G5,Æ :d/0f u¥of] . To; If0f cfgf] 3/ cufl8 ePsf] Tof] gfª\uf] tf/df km'/{=== ub}{ jl/kl/ p8]sf r/fx¿ s/]G6 nfu]/ dg]{ u/]sf dd{:kzL{ 36gfx¿ cfFvf cufl8 ;nn aUgyfn] . clg, lj:tf/} p;n] dgdg} o;f] ug'{ ck/fw xf], t/ gu/L pkfo gx'g] s'/f cg'ej u¥of] . clg, cfgf] ;'/Iffsf nflu of] hf]lvdeGbf 3/df x'g;Sg] vt/gfs hf]lvd lg/fs0f ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . To;}n] grfx]/ klg of] ;xh pkfosf] k|:tfj :jLsfb{}

eGof], æx'G5 lg ljqmdhL . c? pkfo g} gePkl5 s] ug'{ t ca . tkfO{+ clkm;af6 3/ kms{+bf cfpg' g d r]s sf6]/ lbG5' .Æ xif{ / lj:dft\ lgn]/ s'a]/n] ljqmdsf] k|:tfjdf ;xdlt hgfof] . æs'a]/hL a? ef]ln cfpg', r]s x}g, gub g} lbg' x} .Æ ljqmdn] cfgf] ;ts{tf ckgfof] .

æx'G5 lg t, ef]ln d g} a}+saf6 k};f lgsfn]/ NofpF5' . ;fFemdf cfpg' g t eg]/ s'a]/ aflxl/of] .

s'a]/n] To; If0f cfgf] Pp6f 7"nf] af]em klG5Psf] cg'ej u/] tfklg hLjgdf klxnf]k6s 3'; v'jfpg k/]sf] sf/0f s'a]/nfO{ lxgtfaf]w eof] . cfk"mn] ck/fw u/]sf]df p;sf] dg czfGt eO/Xof] . ;f]Rof], clg o;/L g} sltnfO{ afWo agfP/ 3'; lbg] ck/fwL agfpF5g\ . k};f lnPsf] # lbgsf lbg ljqmdsf] cg'kl:yltdf g} s'a]/sf] 3/ cufl8 vt/f ag]/ 6flª\uPsf] lah'nLsf] gfª\uf] tf/df sfnf] kfOkn] 9flsof] . clg, s]xL b'Mv gu/L 3/leq lah'nLsf] ld6/ h8fg klg eof] . cem @–# xhf/ ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] afFsL /x]sf] n'ufx¿ ;'sfpg x'g] sfnf] tf/ pkxf/ klg kfof], s'a]/n] .9

e|i6frf/sf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;+:yfn] u/]sf] kl/efiff6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn e|i6frf/ eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L / /fhgLlts jf ;/sf/L clws[tn] cfk"mnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] clVtof/L / zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u u/L s'g} klg JolQm jf ;Da4

JolQmx?sf] lghL kmfObfsf] nflu k|of]u ug]{ jf u}/sfg'gL Jojxf/nfO{ hgfpF5 .

ljZj a}+s lghL kmfObfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs cf]xbfsf] b'¿kof]u g} e|i6frf/ xf] .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 e|i6frf/ eGgfn] lghL nfesf] nflu ;fj{hlgs zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u xf], h;n] ;fj{hlgs lxtdf cj/f]w k}bf ub{5 . (UN Manual on Anti-Corruption Policy Vienna 2001)

PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í e|i6frf/ eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qdf sfo{/t kbflwsf/Lx?sf] To;

lsl;dsf] Jojxf/nfO{ hgfpF5, h;af6 pgLx? cfk}mF tyf cfgf glhssf hf]–sf]xLnfO{ kbsf]

b'¿kof]u u/L cg'lrt / u}/sfg'gL?kdf kmfObf k'¥ofpg] sfd ul/G5 .

o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3 e|i6frf/ eGgfn] ;Da4 kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfgf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] qmddf cfjZos x'g] kbLo bfloTj / Jojxf/af6 ljd'v t'Nofpg] u/L k|ToIf / ck|ToIf?kdf 3"; jf c? s'g} cg'lrt

kmfObf lng], lbg], dfUg], :jLsfg]{ / :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] l:yltnfO{ hgfpF5 .

syf


. df3 @)&@14

Date post:	25-Jul-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	tinepal
View:	219 times
Download:	3 times

TIN NEWS BULLETIN – JAN 2016

Documents