TIPOS DE BARRAGENS Types of dams - ULisboa · Hydropower, 2015/2016 4 Types of dams Tipos de...

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TYPES OF DAMS

TIPOS DE BARRAGENS

Hydropower Hidroenergia

Jorge Matos1 and Inês Lúcio2

[email protected] [email protected]

1 Hydropower, 2015/2016 @ Matos and Lúcio

2 Hydropower, 2015/2016

Types of dams Tipos de barragens

Primary purpose of a dam Propósito inerente à construção de uma barragem

• May be defined as to provide for the safe retention and storage of water (capacidade de reter e armazenar água)

A corollary Colorário

• Every dam must represent a design solution specific to its site circumstances; the design therefore also represents an optimum balance of local technical and economic considerations at the time of construction (a solução de projecto de qualquer barragem é função do local de construção; deverá assim assentar num equilíbrio ótimo do ponto de vista técnico-económico à sua data da construção)

P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001

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mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Classification according to their importance

Large dam - for the purpose of inclusion in the World Register of Dams, a large dam is defined as any dam:

above 15 meters in height (measured from the lowest point of foundation to top of dam) or

between 10 and 15 meters in height which meets at least one of the following conditions: • the crest length is not less than 500 meters • the capacity of the reservoir formed by the dam is not less than one million cubic meters

(106 m3) • the maximum flood discharge dealt with by the dam is not less than 2 000 cubic meters

per second (2000 m3/s) • the dam had specially difficult foundation problems • the dam is of unusual design

Small dam - any of those that do not fit into the classification of “large dam”.

Dictionary. ICOLD. Retrieved 14 November 2015. (http://www.icoldcigb.net/GB/Dictionary/dictionary.asp)

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Classification according to their main purpose Classificação de acordo com a sua finalidade principal

• Storage dams (Barragens para criar albufeiras ) Storage dams are used to store water for extended lengths of time. The stored water then can be used for irrigation, livestock, municipal water supply, recreation, and hydroelectric power generation. (visam permitir o armazenamento da água afluente em excesso em épocas húmidas para ser utilizada em períodos secos).

• Diversion dams (Barragens de derivação) Diversion dams are used to raise the water level in order to redirect the water to

the designated location. The diverted water can be used for supplying irrigation systems or reservoirs. (destinam-se a criar condições para captar água para canais ou condutas, para usos muito diversos, como o consumo público, a rega e a produção de energia elétrica, sem criar albufeiras de regularização).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversion_dam. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

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Classification according to their main purpose Classificação de acordo com a sua finalidade principal

• Detention dams (Barragens de detenção) Detention dams are built to catch surface runoff to prevent floods and trap

sediment by regulating the flow rate of the runoff into channels downstream. (visam reter grande parte do material sólido afluente ou deter temporariamente as cheias, evacuando um caudal máximo compatível com a capacidade de transporte do leito existente a jusante e evitando a inundação de determinadas zonas. Estas barragens podem ainda ter dois objectivos em simultâneo).

• Multipurpose dams (Barragens de fins múltiplos) A multipurpose reservoir is a man-made lake which is managed for multiple

purposes (e.g., water supply, flood control, soil erosion, environmental, management, hydroelectric power generation, navigation, recreation, irrigation); the multipurpose nature of these facilities dictates that the agencies which manage them are responsible for balancing competing demands. (verifica-se a coexistência de diferentes objetivos, sem que a importância de qualquer deles se sobreponha).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversion_dam & /Multipurpose_reservoir. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

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Classification according to their materials and structure Classificação quanto aos materiais e estrutura

• Concrete dams (Barragens de betão)

Gravity dams (Barragens de gravidade)

Arch dams (Barragens abóbada)

Buttress dams (Barragens de contrafortes)

Multiple arch dams (Barragens de abóbadas múltiplas)

Mobile dams (Barragens móveis)

• Roller-Compacted Concrete dams (Barragens de betão compactado por cilindros, BCC)

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• Embankment dams (Barragens de aterro) Embankment dams are made mainly from natural materials. The two main types are earthfill dams and rockfill dams, depending on the predominant fill material used. The materials are usually excavated or quarried from nearby sites, preferably within the reservoir basin.

Earthfill dams (Barragens de terra)

Earthfill dams are made up mostly from compacted earth

- Homogeneous earth dams (Barragens de terra homogéneas)

- Zoned earth dams (Barragens de terra zonadas)

Rockfill dams (Barragens de enrocamento)

Rockfill dams are made up mainly from dumped and compacted rockfill

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Group Type %

Embankment dams Earthfill Rockfill

76.6

Concrete dams

Gravity Buttress

Arch Multiple arch

Others

12.4 0.7 4.0 0.3 6.0

Total large dams 56266

Large dams: World Register statistics (http://www.icoldcigb.org/GB/World_register/general_synthesis.asp)

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Dam Country Type Completed Height (m)

Bakhtiyari Iran Concrete, arch Under construction 315

Jinping- I China Concrete, arch 2013 305

Nurek Tajikistan Embankment, earthfill 1972 300

Lianghekou China Embankment, rockfill Under construction 295

Xiaowan China Concrete, arch 2010 292

Xiluodo China Concrete, arch 2013 285.5

Grand Dixence Switzerland Concrete, gravity 1964 285

Highest dams (http://www.icold-cigb.org/)

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Dam Country Type Completed Height

(m) Reservoir capacity

(x109 m3)

Kariba Zimbabwe/

Zambia Concrete, arch 1959 128 180.6

Bratsk Russia Concrete, gravity 1964 125 169.0

High Aswan Egypt Embankment 1970 111 162.0

Akosombo Ghana Embankment 1965 134 153.0

Daniel Johnson

Canada Concrete,

multiple arch 1970 214 142.0

Guri Venezuela Embankment 1978 162 135.0

Dams with largest-capacity reservoirs (http://www.icold-cigb.org/)

http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/brief/the-kariba-dam-rehabilitation-project-fact-sheet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kariba

Kariba Dam Lake Kariba: the world's largest man-made lake and reservoir by volume

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Dams: focus points

Dams differ from all other major civil engineering structures in a number of important regards: Every dam, large or small, is quite unique; foundation geology, material characteristics,

catchment flood hydrology etc. are each site-specific;

Dams are required to function at or close to their design loading for extended periods;

Dams do not have a structural lifespan; they may, however, have a notional life for accounting purposes, or a functional lifespan dictated by reservoir sedimentation;

The overwhelming majority of dams are of earthfill, constructed from a range of natural soils; these are the least consistent of construction materials;

Dam engineering draws together a range of disciplines, e.g. structural and fluid mechanics, geology and geotechnics, flood hydrology and hydraulics, to a quite unique degree;

The engineering of dams is critically dependent upon the application of informed engineering judgement.


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The New Croton dam: a 90.5 m high masonry dam completed in 1905 in the USA, and located 65 km north of New York city - notable application of the stepped spillway concept in the 19th century.

Photograph taken by Jack Boucher in 1978, now part of the Historic American Engineering Record collection of the Library of Congress, USA (http://crotonhistory.org/category/croton-dams/new-croton-dam/)


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Overflow stepped channel spillway: consisting of granite blocks with mortared joints (slope=53°), designed for a maximum discharge of 1,550 m3/s, the largest built up to this time (Wegmann 1911, in Chanson 2002, Hager & Pfister 2013) (q = 5 m2/s)


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• Concrete dams (Barragens de betão)

Gravity dams (Barragens de gravidade)

Arch dams (Barragens abóbada)

Buttress dams (Barragens de contrafortes)

Multiple arch dams (Barragens de abóbadas múltiplas)

Mobile dams (Barragens móveis)

• Roller-Compacted Concrete dams (Barragens de betão compactado por cilindros, BCC)

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Concrete gravity dam It is entirely dependent upon its own mass for stability. The gravity profile is essentially triangular, to ensure stability and to avoid overstressing of the dam

or its foundation. Some gravity dams are gently curved in plan for aesthetic or other reasons, and without placing any

reliance upon action for stability. Where a limited degree of arch action is deliberately introduced in design, allowing a rather slimmer

profile, the term arch-gravity dam may be employed.

Buttress dam Structurally it consists of a continuous upstream face supported at regular intervals by downstream

buttresses. The solid head or massive buttress dam is the most prominent modern variant of the type, and may

be considered for conceptual purposes as a lightened version of the gravity dam.

Arch dam It has a considerable upstream curvature. Structurally it functions primarily as a horizontal arch, transmitting the major portion of the water

load to the abutments or valley sides rather than to the floor of the valley. It is structurally more efficient than the gravity or buttress dam, greatly reducing the volume of

concrete required. A particular derivative of the simple arch is the cupola or double-curvature arch dam. Abutment stability is critical to the structural integrity and safety of both the cupola and the simple

arch.


Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características

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Principal variants of concrete dams


m and n are indicative only; in (e), RH and Rv generally vary over dam faces.

m and n are indicative only; in (e), RH and Rv generally vary over dam faces.

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Further variants of concrete dams


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Earthfill embankment dam

An embankment in which compacted soils account for over 50% of the placed volume of material.

It is constructed primarily of selected engineering soils compacted uniformly and intensively in relatively thin layers and at a controlled moisture content.

Rockfill embankment dam

In the rockfill embankment the section includes a discrete impervious element of compacted earthfill or a slender concrete or bituminous membrane.

An embankment where over 50% of the fill material may be classified as rockfill, i.e. coarse-grained frictional material.

Modern practice is to specify a graded rockfill, heavily compacted in relatively think layers by heavy plant. The construction method is therefore essentially similar to that for the earthfill embankment.


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Earthfills and rockfill in dam construction

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Principal variants of earthfill and earthfill-rockfill dams

Values of m are indicative only.

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Principal variants of rockfill dams

Values of m are indicative only.

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Selection of the type of dam

The optimum type of dam for a specific site is determined by estimates of cost and construction programme for all design solutions which are technically valid.

Where site circumstances are such that viable alternatives exist it is important that options are kept open, assessing the implications of each with respect o resources, programme and cost, until a preferred solution is apparent.

It may also be necessary to take account of less tangible socio-political and environmental considerations in the determination of that solution.


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Selection of the type of dam: some key considerations

Hydraulic gradient: the nominal value of hydraulic gradient, for seepage under, around and through a dam varies by at least one order of magnitude according to type. Notional values of gradient range from about 0.5 for a homogeneous embankment to 10 or more for a buttress or cupola dam. The ability of softer and weaker or more erodible foundations to resist high hydraulic gradients safely is very limited.


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Selection of the type of dam: some key considerations

Foundation stress: nominal stresses transmitted to the foundation vary greatly with the dam type.


Dam type Notional

maximum stress1

(MNm-2)

Embankment 1.8-2.1

Gravity 3.2-4.0

Buttress 5.5-7.5

Arch 7.5-10.0 1 dams 100 m in height.

Foundation deformability: certain types of dams are better able to accommodate foundation deformation and/or settlement without serious damage. The significance of excessive or non-uniform foundation deformability arises in relation to cracking and stress redistribution within the dam. The relative structural flexibility of a well-designed embankment dam will be advantageous.

Foundation excavation: economic considerations dictate that the excavation volume and foundation preparation should be minimized. The economic disincentive of excessive excavation, particularly in relation to a concrete dam, is self-evident.

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Type Notes and characteristics

Embankment

Earthfill

Suited to either rock or compressible soil foundation and wide valleys; can accept limited differential settlement given relatively broad and plastic core. Cut-off to sound, i.e. less permeable, horizons required. Low contact stresses. Requires range of materials, e.g. for core, shoulder zones, internal filters, etc.

Rockfill Rock foundation preferable; can accept variable quality and limited weathering. Cut-off to sound horizons required. Rockfill suitable for all-weather placing. Requires material for core, filters, etc.

Concrete

Gravity Suited to wide valleys, provided that excavation to rock is less than c. 5m. Limited weathering of rock acceptable. Check discontinuities in rock with regard to sliding. Moderate contact stress. Requires imported cement.

Buttress As gravity dam, but higher contact stresses require sound rock. Concrete saved relative to gravity dam 30-60%. Used to reduce uplift force on the dam foundation.

Arch Suited to narrow gorges, subject to uniform sound rock of high strength and limited deformability in foundation and most particularly in abutments. High abutment loading. Concrete saving relative to gravity dam 50-85%.

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Embankment

Earthfill



1tills - a sediment consisting of particles of various sizes and deposited by melting glaciers or ice sheets.

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Embankment1

Rockfill

Rock foundation preferable; can accept variable quality and limited weathering1. Cut-off to sound horizons required. Rockfill suitable for all-weather placing. Requires material for core, filters, etc. (1alteration of rock to more stable material from their exposure to the agents of air, water, and organic fluids)

Concrete


Buttress As gravity dam, but higher contact stresses require sound rock. Concrete saved relative to gravity dam 30-60%. Used to reduce uplift force on the dam foundation.

1 earthfill may also be applicable in (b).

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Embankment

Rockfill

Rock foundation preferable; can accept variable quality and limited weathering1. Cut-off to sound horizons required. Rockfill suitable for all-weather placing. Requires material for core, filters, etc. (1alteration of rock to more stable material from their exposure to the agents of air, water, and organic fluids)

Concrete

Arch Suited to narrow gorges, subject to uniform sound rock of high strength and limited deformability in foundation and most particularly in abutments. High abutment loading. Concrete saving relative to gravity dam 50-85%.

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Embankment

Earthfill


Rockfill Rock foundation preferable; can accept variable quality and limited weathering. Cut-off to sound horizons required. Rockfill suitable for all-weather placing. Requires material for core, filters, etc.

Concrete


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Map of portuguese dams Mapa das barragens de Portugal

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http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbportugal/Mapaescolha.htm



North Region / Região Norte

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http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbportugal/Mapanorte.htm

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Center Region 1 / Região Centro 1

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http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbportugal/Mapacentro.htm



Center Region 2 / Região Centro 2

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http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbportugal/Mapacentro1.htm

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South Region / Região Sul

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http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbportugal/Mapasul.htm


Concrete gravity dams

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Gravity dams Barragens de gravidade

Miranda Dam Barragem de Miranda

http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1dQelTlCYw

https://www.google.pt/maps/place/Barragem+de+Miranda,+49252+Miranda+do+Douro,+Spain/@41.48791,-6.264181,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1s36190466!2e1!3e10!6s%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fstatic.panoramio.com%2Fphotos%2Fsmall%2F36190466.jpg!7i3264!8i2448!4m2!3m1!1s0xd396641f4142d69:0x8aa3d7c6abdb51fe

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Miranda Dam Barragem de Miranda


Downstream view

Cross section Plan

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http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1dQelTlCYw



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Castelo do Bode Dam Barragem de Castelo do Bode


https://www.google.pt/search?q=barragem+de+castelo+de+bode&espv=2&biw=2133&bih=1038&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0CCgQsARqFQoTCP305drOiMkCFUFaFAodnrMDYA&dpr=0.9#imgrc=p2OLh7niKT69OM%3A

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Castelo do Bode Dam Barragem de Castelo do Bode


Upstream view

Cross section Plan

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Arch dams

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Arch dams Barragens em abóbada

Alto Lindoso Dam Barragem do Alto Lindoso


http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/ http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/

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Alto Lindoso Dam Barragem do Alto Lindoso


Plan Cross section

Upstream view

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Salamonde Dam Barragem de Salamonde


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Salamonde Dam Barragem de Salamonde


Plan Cross section

Downstream view

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Alqueva Dam Barragem do Alqueva


http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt

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Alqueva Dam Barragem do Alqueva


http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt Plan Cross section

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Buttress dams

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Buttress dams Barragens de contrafortes

Pracana Dam Barragem de Pracana



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Buttresses dams Barragens de contrafortes

Pracana Dam Barragem de Pracana



Plan Cross section

Downstream view

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Multiple arch dams

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Multiple arch dams Barragens de abóbadas múltiplas

Aguieira Dam Barragem da Aguieira



view from downstream

Vídeo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiPG70GwNGc


view from upstream

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiPG70GwNGc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiPG70GwNGc

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Multiple arch dams Barragens de abóbadas múltiplas

Aguieira Dam Barragem da Aguieira

Plan

Cross section

Developed section

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Mobile dams

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Mobile dams Barragens móveis

Belver Dam Barragem de Belver

http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=120&with_photo_id=1940785&order=date_desc&user=410639

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Mobile dams Barragens móveis

Belver Dam Barragem de Belver


Plan Cross section

Downstream view

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Earthfill embankment dams

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Homogeneous earth dams Barragens de aterro homogéneas

Capinha Dam Barragem da Capinha


https://www.google.pt/maps

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Homogeneous earth dams Barragens de aterro homogéneas

Capinha Dam Barragem da Capinha



Plan

Downstream slope Upstream slope

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Zoned earth dams Barragens de aterro zonadas

Alijó Dam Barragem do Alijó


Upstream slope protected with riprap Paramento de montante protegido por enrocamento


Downstream slope protected with grass Paramento de jusante protegido por vegetação

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Sabugal Dam Barragem do Sabugal


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Sabugal Dam Barragem do Sabugal


Upstream cofferdam incorporated in the earth dam

Ensecadeira de montante incorporada na barragem de aterro

Drainage platorms Plataformas de drenagem

Plan

Developed section

Cross section

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Rockfill embankment dams

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Rockfill dams Barragens de enrocamento

Paradela Dam Barragem de Paradela



Upstream concrete slab protected with synthetic geomembrane

Cortina de betão a montante, protegida com uma geomembrana impermeabilizante

Just rockfill, with upstream concrete slab Enrocamento em toda a barragem,

excepto cortina de betão a montante

view from upstream vista de montante

view from downstream vista de jusante

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Pego do Altar Dam Barragem de Pego do Altar



Upstream steel curtain Cortina de

impermeabilização em aço a montante

view from upstream vista de montante

view from downstream vista de jusante

Cross section

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http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm



Pego do Altar Dam Barragem de Pego do Altar


Plan Spillway cross section

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Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams

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Roller-compacted concrete (RCC)

Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams Barragem de betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)

Roller-compacted concrete, or RCC, takes its name from the construction method used to build it. It's placed with conventional or high-density asphalt paving equipment, then compacted with rollers.

Roller-compacted concrete has the same basic ingredient as conventional concrete: cement, water, and aggregates, such as gravel or crushed stone.

But unlike conventional concrete, it is a drier mix—stiff enough to be compacted by vibratory rollers. Typically, RCC is constructed without joints. It needs neither forms nor finishing, nor does it contain dowels 1 or steel reinforcing

These characteristics make roller-compacted concrete simple, fast, and economical. can accept limited differential settlement given relatively broad and plastic core

http://www.cement.org/think-harder-concrete-/paving/roller-compacted-concrete-(rcc)

(1 short steel bars that provide a mechanical connection between slabs without restricting horizontal joint movement)

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Japan (2)

China (1)

Australia (2)

South Africa (2)

Brazil (2)

Spain (1) USA (6)

RCC dams completed at the end of 1986 (Dunstan 1996)


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Pedrógão dam Barragem de Pedrógão

Photographs: J. Matos (above) ; courtesy of M. Correia (right)

Pedrógão dam (Portugal, 2005)

Hd = 43 m, bs = 301 m, = 51°, h = 0.6 m, q0 = 40 m2/s

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Cross section Plan


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Q = 1082 m3/s; q = 3.6 m2/s; dc/h = 1.8 (Jan. 2010)

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Photograph: J. Matos

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Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dams Barragem de gravidade em betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)

Upper Stillwater dam (Utah, USA, 1987)

Hd = 88 m, bs = 183 m, = 72°; 59°, h = 0.6 m, q0 = 11.6 m2/s

Photograph: courtesy of Pedro Guedes de Melo

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Dona Francisca dam (Brazil, 2001)

Hd = 50.5 m, bs = 335 m, = 53°, h = 0.6 m, q0 = 32 m2/s

Photograph: courtesy of Marcelo Marques

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Table: courtesy of Jun GUO, China Institute of Water Resources & Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing, China, in 30th IAHR Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2007

Flaring pier gate

Flow jet

Roller bucket

Dachaoshan dam (China)

Hd = 111 m, bs = 70 m, = 55°, h = 1.0 m, q0 = 165 m2/s

882.0

899.0

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Dachaoshan dam (China)

Hd = 111 m, bs = 70 m, = 55°, h = 1.0 m, q0 = 165 m2/s

Surface spillway # 3 and bottom outlets # 2 e 3 fully opened, Q=6000 m3/s (20/06/2002) Table: courtesy of Jun GUO, China Institute of Water Resources & Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing, China, in 30th IAHR Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2007

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Wolwedans dam (South Africa, 1990)

Hd = 70 m, bs = 77 m, = 63°, h = 1,0 m, q0 = 12.4 m2/s

Photograph: Peter Holmes, courtesy of Jan Jordaan (in “Large Dams and Water Systems in South Africa”, SANCOLD, 1994)

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RCC overlays for overtopping protection

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RCC overlays for overtopping protection Proteção do paramento de jusante de barragens de aterro com BCC

Photograph & slide: courtesy of Kenneth D. Hansen

Ocoee dam (Tennessee, USA, 1913; r-1980)

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Ocoee dam (Tennessee, USA, 1913; r-1980)

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Photograph: courtesy of Kenneth D. Hansen

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Kerrville dam (USA, 1980; r-1985)

Hd = 8.1 m (6.4 m), = 45°, h = 0.3 m, q0 = 31.1 m2/s

Photograph & slide: courtesy of Kenneth D. Hansen

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Yellow River Watershed Dam No.17 (Georgia, USA; r-2005)

Hd = 9.1 m, = 18.4°, h = 0.3 m, q0 = 3.4 m2/s


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Yellow River Watershed Dam No.14 (Georgia, USA, 1967; r-2004)

Hd = 12.2 m, = 18.4°, h = 0.3 m, q0 = 7.8; 18.2 m2/s


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Yellow River Watershed Dam No.14 (Georgia, USA, 1967; r-2004)

Hd = 12.2 m, = 18.4°, h = 0.3 m, q0 = 7.8; 18.2 m2/s


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TIPOS DE BARRAGENS Types of dams - ULisboa · Hydropower, 2015/2016 4 Types of dams Tipos de...

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