Manage The Pond Cycle Change The Way Your Pond Cycles Nutrients
'40 Control
Excessive Vegetation
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Nutrients Debris
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1,111 2006/Vol. 28, No.
Contents
Summary of Interviews with Professional Bass Anglers About Aquatic Plant Management .................................................. 4
Preliminary Population Responses of Sportfish Species to a Habitat Enhancement Project on Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida. T. F I)i1Z'4'(/Iii1', K.I. !o,,11i'1/:/o F I (.lIIIhlll1 I , C. K. M(! )ii,ijel',
A.. !,lflUirl(Jpl, L S. Mu'Iiai'I, ,piI 1). C. ili't'ooiP..........................
Waterhyacinth Plant Size Study: Waterhyacinth Rate Study !l/ /'IPIIIH V. VnniIh'e/, I!. aiitl C. i:i,-iii, 'Iiijijiit'i - ......................... 16
Florida Aquatic Plant Management Society 2006 Board of l.)i ectop,
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Summary of Interviews with Professional Bass Anglers About
Aquatic Plant Management Every year professional bass
anglers travel across the country in pursuit of an exciting yet challeng-ing career of catching bass. Much of their success is dictated by their ability to adapt to changes in plant communities brought on by aquatic plant control programs. As career professionals these anglers work all year long to qualifying for the Bass Master Classic championship, a prestigious event comparable to the Masters Golf Tournament. These anglers are passionate about how lakes are managed and often voice their opinions to the media, which in turn can affect future plant manage-ment control practices. This editorial summarizes interviews with ten of the top bass anglers in the world: Larry Nixon (AR), Rick Morris (VA), Aaron Martens (AL), Stacy King (MO), Kevin Van Darn (MI), Terry Scroggins (FL), Tim Horton (Al.) Edwin Evers (OK), Gary Klein ('IX), and Rick Clunn (MO). This mix of anglers consists of seasoned vet-erans as well as newcomers to the sport of professional bass fishing.
During the interview anglers were asked whether aquatic plant management practices across the country had provide improved lake access and better fishing condi-tions. The responses were evenly mixed between yes and no, but there was a tendency for the angler's responses to be related to their
individual styles of fishing. Anglers that preferred to flip heavy weed mats responded that plant control programs hurt their fishing capa-bilities. Those that did well fishing open water situations responded that plant control programs helped reduce plant densities and allowed them to catch more fish.
Anglers were asked to give their opinions on how much plant growth should be allowed in a lake. Most responded with the belief that 30-50% plant coverage was adequate. Some anglers noted that 50% plant
coverage would he best as long as it wasn't hydrilla, as they knew the potential for hydrilla to get out of hand. Almost all the anglers felt that plant control levels should be decided on an individual lake-by-lake basis. The majority of anglers saw deeper lakes as sell-regulat-ing and didn't believe that aquatic plant growth would become very problematic if left to the control of Mother Nature. They did agree that the shallower lakes required more plant control than deeper lakes.
Only one angler said that they
Volum(' 2, No.3
Too Many Weeds Spoil the Fishing
Exotic invasive aquatic plants such as Hydrilla,
Eurasian Watermilfoil, Curlyleaf Pondweed,
Water Chestnut and Water Hyacinth can
be detrimental to a healthy fishery in lakes
I across the country. /
/ These invasive plants when left unmanaged
can alter the ecosystem of lakes and reservoirs,
causing a decline in the fishery, as well as
/ interfering with other valued uses of waterbodies.
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/ Successful aquatic habitat management
i: all about achieving : balance Hn the
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I-lydrothol' 191 AqIl1t1 Hr mii Aid ii
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I 191 Lr AQUATIC
H A B I TAT MANAGEMENT
To obtain a copy of our video, C-0 Aquatic Plant and Habitat Management,
call 1-800-438-6071 cerexagri
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1 uf , :rir\ el ATHI INJi\ S henri, jk. Ii,,
Fishing events like the Bassmaster Classic rely on adequate plant control and contribute substantially to local economies.
would occasionally fish areas where plants were brown and dying fol-lowing obvious chemical weed con-trol. The others expressed concern over the amount of chemicals used, the safety of the chemicals, and the muck buildup from decaying plant biomass. The majority of anglers stated that fishing tournaments brought a lot of money to a local economy and many were bewil-dered by "over zealous weed control programs" that were killing what was supporting the local economy and the fisheries. Generally, the anglers expressed the feeling that plant mangers continued to spray too much and none of the anglers fully understood why. Rumors of "use-it-or-lose-it" budgets, politi-cal and financial kickbacks, and industry profit margins were fairly common during the interviews.
The majority of anglers provided a long-list of ideas about information that they would like to see distrib-uted among the lake user groups.
While the professional anglers understood the difficulty of design-ing a plant management program to make all user groups happy, they felt that anglers spent more time on the water and had more respect for the lakes than the occasional recreational user. For this reason the anglers conveyed a feeling that angler-related concerns should get greater consid-eration in the designs of future plant management programs.
Not everyone will agree with the opinions and concerns of these anglers. However, aquatic plant managers should be challenged by these opinions to help update educational materials and provide improved distribution to anglers. The Professional Anglers Associa-tion (PAA) is a good contact group for providing educational material to professional bass anglers like those interviewed.
The health of fish populations and associated economic benefits are directly affected by aquatic plant
control techniques. Can plant man-agement programs be modified to improve fisheries? Should they be? Do the economic benefits provided by anglers out way the cost of reduced plant control? Will the long-term health of a lake suffer from reduced plant management? As your editor I hope the opinions of these profes-sional angler motivate plant mangers to improve distribution of educational material and consider the impact of the weed treatments on fishery popu-lations and local economies.
Editor
Professional angles expressed the need for an educational book-let written in laymen's terms for all lake user-groups: fisherman, lakefront homeowners, develop-ers, water skiers, and pleasure boaters. Suggested topics for the booklet were: • Educate recreational boaters on
how to navigate in lakes that contain 30- 50% aquatic plant coverage. Inform boaters on what to watch out for when navigat-ing through plants, how to avoid weedy areas, and how to clear clogged boat propellers.
Educate lake users about the science of how plant chemicals work (in laymen's terms), safety information for lake users in the vicinity of herbicide applica-tions, fish consumption safety, and EPA testing of chemicals on fish eggs, people, etc. Provide educational information about what it takes to grow a healthy fish population. Many anglers felt that if aquatic plant managers knew how weed control programs affected fish populations, then "caring" managers would alter their
techniques to help maintain both fish populations and the economic benefits of a healthy fishery. Educate plant managers on techniques to limit plant man-agement programs to navi-gational waterways only and allow 30-50% plant coverage in all areas except marinas, along boat docks, and at access areas. Educate user groups on the cost of this type of limited plant management (i.e. lake health, reducing lake use, long-term plant build-up, etc).
Volume 28, No.3
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Preliminary Population Responses of Sportfish Species to a
T. F. Bonvechio', K.I. Bonvechio2 , T. P. Coughlin', C. K. McDaniel', A.S. Landrum', C. S. Michael', and 1). C. Arwood'. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
Abstract A habitat enhancement project
was conducted at Lake lhopeka-Ii ga, Florida, during 2003-2004 to improve aquatic habitat. This study aims to assess the preliminary effects of this habitat project on populations of bluegill Lepomis macrocl,ir,,s, large-mouth bass Micro pterus sale with's, and redear sunfish L. iuicrolopliiis. Population growth, recruitment, mortality, size structure and roving creel estimates will be compared between pre- and post-habitat project periods for all three species. Preliminary results indicate that for most size-structure indices, peak values were generally observed in 2004. Immediately following the habitat project, most of the indices were at or below pre-habitat proj-ect levels; however additional data are needed to determine long-term trends. Total annual mortality (A) for largemouth bass from 2061-06 was similar over time, averaging 36% and ranging from 28 to 42%. Total (A) for bluegill has fluctuated considerably and has ranged from 20% to 69% and averaged 45%. Total (A) for redear was similar over time, averaging and ranging from 39% to 51 '. Although angler catch rate of sunfish remained unchanged, effort deci i ned in recent years. Fluctuations in angler effort
Kissimmee Iisb'rks I itId )IhLc 1601 S(ottys Rd, Kissimmee, H. 34741, 1155 407-846-5,300 cxl 100); 1 i n i.ho nvcch ioca, mylwc.cont -[ustis Fisheries Research Lab, 601 W Woodward Ave. Etislis, I-I. 32726, lISA 352-742-6418; kim 1totivi'i Iiiuiiiyfwi mcmill
and catch rate for largemouth bass may be related to hydrilla coverage; thus, other factors aside from the project may influence the population dynamics of these species. Addi-tional data (2( )07-20 II) are needed to further evaluate the effect of the habitat enhancement project on these sportfish populations, includ-ing an assessment of recruitment and growth.
Introduction Prior to the early 1960's, Lake
lohopekaiiga fluctuated as much as 3 in but due to flood control practices shifts in the hydrologic regime have reduced annual water level fluctua-tions to 1 meter. The resulting effect has led to the proliferation of prob-lematic plant species and the sub-sequent accumulation of flocculent organic sediment in littoral areas.
In an effort to restore desirable aquatic plant communities, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conserva-tion COflllllissiOn (FWC) has utilized extreme drawdowns and, more recently, the mechanical removal of accumulated organic sediment and plant material (collectively termed 'muck"), see picture I. The effect of these habitat projects on sportfish populations remains an issue of con-
siderable concern for managers. Sportlish responses to large-scale
habitat projects have been variable (Moyer et al 1995, Allen et al 2003). Furthermore, most evaluations have been short in duration and/or focused on a single species. I lenian et al. (1969) found increased growth and prey consu Ill p t ion for large-mouth bass Micropferiis salnioith's, one year following a drawdown at Little Dixie Lake, ke, Missouri. How-ever, other stud k's have found that, depending on such factors as the degree and timing of the drawdown, fish responses call vary (Lantz et al 1967; McAfee 1980). Paller (1997) observed that sportfish species, such as largemouth bass and bluegill leponus ,00i -rot -hirIIs, differed in their response to drawdowns, presum-ably due to differences in life history characteristics (e.g., growth and rate of reproduction). Similar discrepan-cies in sportfish species' responses to drawdowns were also observed at Lake lohopekaliga following an extreme drawdown in 1971 (Wegener and Williams 1975). These authors reported that although most sport-fish species exhibited an immediate positive response, black crappie Pomoxis ni,'5'roniaculatis, appeared to he negatively impacted
Volume 28, No0
I !tbitat Lnhianccuiciit Project on Lake rrohopekaliga Florida.
(in terms of average weight and
density). Thus, evaluations of draw-
down effects on fish populations have shown short-term benefits for
some sportfish species, but while long- term effects remain unknown.
Studies on the effects of habitat projects that have included vegeta-
tion and organic sediment removal have yielded similar results. Sam-
pling conducted in scraped and
unscraped areas alter the 1987
habitat enhancement at Lake Toho-
peka I ga indicated that sporttish responses differed among species through time (Moyer et al. 1995).
Although an immediate positive response was detected for most species, this response was Short-lived as scraped sites returned to
pre-enhancement conditions within
three years (Mover et al. 1995).
I urtlierniore, a ii extreme d rawdown and muck removal conducted on
I ake Kissimmee in 1996 yielded
two strong 'ear-classes (1997, 1998) Of largemouth bass; yet, electrofish-
ing and angler catch rates of adult fish did not differ from the pie-habitat project period, indicating
that the enhancement activities did
not significantly affect the overall
largemouth bass population (Allen et a]. 2003).
In 2004, a large-scale habitat en hancement project was cond ucted at Lake Toliopekaliga, Florida, a
9,1 $7-ha, eutrophic natural lake
(Moyer et al. 1995) located in Central Florida, to improve aquatic habitat. Beginning in November 2003, the
lake was drawn down and roughly
6.4 million nY of organic material
were removed from 87Y.", of the
shoreline at a cost of 97.6 million.
I his interim report aims to assess
the effects of this project on popula-tions of bluegill, largemouth bass,
Mid red ea r S Li n li sI , I,. in It roIo ih its.
Size structn re, growth, mortal-ity, recruitment and angler catch statistics will be compared between
pie- and post-habitat project Per-
ods for these species. Preliminary
results described here from 2001-
2006, while long-term results will
be evaluated after 2011. Information
gained from this study will he used to better understand the impacts
of large scale, multi-million dollar enhancements on important sport-fish species in Florida.
Methods
Spring (Feb-April) electrofish-
ing (see picture 2) targeting bluegill, largemouth bass and redear sunfish
have been collected from 2001 to 2003 (pre-project), in 2004 (cI u ri rig project) find in 2005-2006 (post project). Data
collection is sched Li led to continue
through 2011. Length and age data
was used to evaluate the changes in
size structure, recruitment, mortality
and growth of these species before and after enhancement.
Population size structure will be
compared through time by track-ing temporal trends in several size structure indices, including propor-
tional stock density (PSD). PSD was calculated according to Anderson
(1976) Length frequency distribu-
tions will also be compared using a
Kol mogorov-Sm i rnov test corrected
for experi mentw i se error. These
analyses will determine if shifts in the popti lation size structure (i.e., a larger proportion of the popula-
tion consisting of smaller or larger individuals) occurred as a result of the enhancement.
Recruitment, as indexed by catch
per-effort of age-I fish, will also be tracked through time for all three species of sportfish. These data will
be coupled with relative recruitment data obtained from an aged sub-
sample for each species. An age-length key will he used to estimate the number of fish of each age in the total sample, and a catch-curve will be constructed for each species
(Ricker 1975). Residuals from these
catch curves will then be used to
index relative recruitment strength (i.e., strong versus weak year-
classes) (Maceina 1997, Bonvech io and Allen 2005).
In addition to recru i tnient, age data can be used to 05sess total annual mortality (A) and growth. From the catch curve, (A) will be
calculated as (A= I -e'') for each
Species and year. The aged sub-
sample and age-length key will also
be used to estimate mean-length-at-age. Means will be compared among
years to determ inc if fish growth
differed through time. In addition, growth curves will be compared using a variance ratio test or an
analysis of covariance, depending Liii the characteristics of the age-
length relationship.
Annual roving creels have been
cond ucted in the fall (August to
November) from 2001 to 2005 and
will continue throLigh 2011. Effort,
total catch, and catch and harvest rate data will be collected for sLinfish species (lit tiegi II / dir collec-
tively) and largeniouth bass. For largemouth bass, estimates will he computed for all bass as well as for
different size classes of bass. Effort,
total catch, catch and harvest rate
}'tII 2000
Proportional Stock Densities of Lake Toho Largemouth Bass
100%
-ii--. ________
____ 7QO,,,, -
60°/o -.
-i
10% RSDt-LMB 1 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Figure 1. l'roportional stock densi!ies (PSI)) i:,d relative stock densities of preferred (RSDp), ineiiora b/c (lSI),;z) and tropliij (KS!)!) lai;e,'nzoutli l,ass on Lake To/rn.
years, we will address general
(PSD) for largemouth bass (figure trends in size structure, total annual
1) appears to have increased from
mortality and creel estimates; 2001 (54%) to 2004 (91 h), followed
however, no statistical analyses
by a slight decline in 2004 (73) have yet been performed. For most
and 2005 (72). size-structure indices, the highest
Similarly, bluegill I'Sl) (figure 2)
val ties were generally observed in increased from 27 in 2001 to (8,
2004, at which time the lake was in 2004 but declined in 2005 (34)
drawn down and enhancement and 2006 (31 ,). Redear sunfish
activities were in progress. Most ot
(fig ure 3) also increased from 37Y, in these values were similar between
2001 to 60% in 2004, but decreased 2005-2006 and pre-habi tat project
in 2005 (42%) and 2006 (31%). Ihis
years; thus it is unclear whether the may indicate a larger proportion of habi tat project itself resulted in this smaller individuals composed the observed patterns in size structure population immediately following or if it is an artifact of sampling at a enhancement; however, additional low-pool stage. Low water in 2004
data are needed to deterniine if
may have concentrated the fish to this trend conti iuies. Furthermore,
limited habitat. As a result, became these size structure indices do more susceptible to electrofishing. not take into l(-( ount abutidatice
l'he proportional stock density estimates from year to year and the
Proportional Stock Densities of Lake Toho Bluegill
100% •--- ..............._________________
80%
60% 11) U I •PSD-BLUE
'4U10 Ii I DRSDp-BLUE
20% I L Ii_
•RSDmBLUE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year
Figure 2. Proportional stock densities (PSD) and relative stock densities of preterred (RSDp), memorable (RS1),i,) and trophii (RSl)t) bluegill sunfish on Lake Thho. Bluegill (BIUL) and redear sunfish (RITSU) were not sampled in 2002,
will be com pa red before and a fter project efforts using a specialized analysis of variance designed for summary statistics.
Results and Conclusions Lake Tohopekaliga's sporifish
populations have been subjected to multiple environmental stressors over the past four years. In 2002-03, the lake was partially drawn down in preparation for the habitat enhance-ment effort, hut the project was later postponed. In 2003-04, the lake was drawn down and roughly 6.4 million m of organic material were removed from 87% of the shoreline at a cost of $7.6 million. At the conclusion of the project, the lake received high amounts of rain fall from numeroLis hurricanes in 2004; thus high water and wind events prevented native grasses such as maidencane Pnnictnn In',uito,,ton and Egyptian paspalidium Paspa/idiuni geiiiiii(if nut from germi-nating. As a result, large scraped areas in the littoral zone were devoid of beneficial vegetation during 2004 and 2005. As a result, a large re-veg-etation project was completed in the spring of 2006, where 250,000 giant hulirush Scirpu.s califunticus stems, 50,000 maidencane stems and 50,000 Egyptian paspalidium stems were transplanted from Past Lake Tohope-kaliga into Lake 'lbhopekal iga. H urn-canes also uprooted and removed out virtually all of the offshore hydrilla I Iidn1Ia ik'rtici/!ata ni a ts. Studies have shown tha Li ntermediate levels of submersed vegetation (20-40%) (i.e. hydrilla) may be beneficial to the angling community as well as maximize the economic potential of the lake by balancing the needs of the angling and non-angling com muni-ties (Bonvechio and Bonvechio 2006). Thus, I ,ake 'lbhopekaliga has expe-rienced large fluctuations in habitat, both natural and man-md uced that may have influenced the population dynamics of its important sportfishes.
Since data have only been col-lected for two post-en hancemen
Vo!iiin' 2S, No..
Proportional Stock Densities of Redear Sunfish
00
(0'
4ft •PSD-RFSU
i. I Ii ,L ,i E 2001 2002 2002 2004 2000
Year
Figure 3. ProrortionaI stock densities (PSI)) and relative stock densities of nt'fc'rrt'd (R SDp), memorable (R Sf),,i) and tro;rini (R SI )t) redc'ar sunfish on Lake
Toho. flIue\'ilI (BI III-) writ redt'ar sunfish (RESU) rt'ere not sarnplii! in 2002.
length frequency could be strongl'
biased based on the number of fish obtained in each sample. PSI) target
ranges for Ia rgemouth bass of 40-
700,, (Gabelhouse 1 984a) and bluegill of 20-60".. (Anderson 1985) are cur-
rently being met br these three spe-cies. It is assumed that due to similar
characteristics as a sunfish, redear
sunfish PSI )'s are similar to that of
the bluegill.
Age and catch data were used
to calculate total annual mortal-
ity (A) for largemouth bass from 2601-00 remains similar over time,
averaging 36"o and ranging from
28 to 42",, (figure 4). Total (A) for
bluegill has fluctuated consider-ably and has ranged from 20'o to 69'',, and averaged 45",, for 2001
and 2003-06 (figure 4). 'Iota I (A) for
redea r in 2001 and 2003-06 remains
similar over time averaging 42'.'..and
ranging from 39% to SI Y (figure 4).
Additional post-enhanc'lle)t age data are needed to further assess
temporal trends in total annual mor-
tality. Furthermore, using age and
length data, future analyses will be
performed to determine changes in recruitment and growth before and
after enhancement.
Shortly after Dean Rojas's record 45 pound, 2 ounce stringer in 2001
during a I3,A,S.S. event, effort (57,000 hours) and angler catch rate
II fish/111') for largemouth bass,
as well as percent area coverage of
hyd ri I Ia (83',) spiked to some of the
highest numbers recorded (figure 5).
Thus, observed declines in angler effort and catch-rate for this species
may be related to hvd ri I Ia coverage, Nit authors do caution that spuri-ous correlations may not indicate a causal relationship (Jackson and
Somers 1991). Although a trend in
angler catch rate of sunfish was not
evident, angling effort may have
declined in the fall roving creel
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vi
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Trends In Total Annual Mortality '
' 4.
75
60
1(!ii iii
i On !
mortality (1 ) of Ini'tiouII bi ,s (LIVIR), blue yi!l (BLUL),
' [MB itnd,t'tletir .ez . 45 BLUE su;:/ish (R1.SLI)
-RESU
30 ______
from 2001
15 -,----
flirt 2005 fit Lakc 4-oho. No sampics were ob ta ined med
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 for HI LiI ,,nd
Year Rt,tl in 2002.
Fall Roving Creel on Toho
(-100550 1 2
50000 1 - .1
r- IZ 40000
i-U'kn 11 20000
1999 2000 7001 7007 2003 2004 2005
Year Figure. 5. liiif roving creel estimates at
Lake
Tolmo for l arsei:ou tlt bass from 1 999
iJroiyl 2005. Angler effort (6lack bars) in Ious, and angle), enIc/ rale (green line) ieasired in LMB ca,rht ;'er hour.
/1 on tin! coverage of Ii ijdril!a (o ran ce line) is also provided.
Fall Roving Creel on Toho
1500(1 4
12000 3.5
i;
6000 fli 1,5
3000
1999 7000 2(0)1 7002 2003 7004 700'1)
Year
Fi)'il ru 6 . Fall ro 'inc. (-reel es! iota! es on lake Toho for It lue''ill tint! ret (ear sun/is!, co,,,bj,,eul fiutuit 1999 tlirou7ll 2005. Angler effort (bars) is in hoots, ant1 angler honest rate (line) is measured in sunfish caught per hour.
populations, information that can he used d ((ring the decision-making process With future enhancement efforts (picture 3).
Although only preliminary resulls were presented here, this temi-year data set, once complete, will be analyzed extensively and final conclusions will he made available to researchers and managers.
Akii uvIc(Igeinci ts We would like to thank the fol-
lowing FWC employees and Uni-versity of Florida personnel for their countless hours of field work, lab processing, revisions and research. M. Allen, H. Allied, S. Crawford,
Fstes, B. Johnson, M. Mann, I,. Mortland, D. Renfro, 1. Penfield, W. R ra k, I.. Snyder, and B. I 'ot del-.
literature Cited Anderson, R. 0. 1985. Managing ponds (or
good fish 0g. ni e si iv Of NI issi xi ri I.sterision I )ivision, Agricultural (1uide 1141)) (.olmiinhii.
,\n,terson, R. 0. 1076. N-liriigenient of siiali
v11-111 iviter iniponndments. I is/hilts I
(6);5 7, 26-28.
Allen, MS.., K.I. Tugend, and M.I. Mann,
21)1)3. Largemou th Bass Abundance a id
Angler Catch Rates following a I labitat
Fiiliiiicenienl Project at lake Kissimmee, I:loi.i r ) i
fix M0151i3'in'n) 23:845-855.
Iionvechio, K. I., and 1. F llonvechio. 2006. l-(eI,ilions)i11, Ixiwi-in Ii.il,it,i) and 0ort
t ish pop ii lations over a twin tv -vet
[ILTiOd at VvIest 1 .a ke 1 iihopeka I ga, l:l oi.i i l a 'soil/i /l ill, 'i - ii iii Jsiimil if'T07i','ies
26:1-I-I-15 3.
Bonvechio, 'I. F., and NI. S. Al len. 2005. kilt-
hulls hetweeti liviliological variahles and
ear-class stiengthi 0) sporttish in eight
Florid,i watirbodies. I 1911iiSuiiuJi)\'w
532:193-207.
,lxi house, I ). W., Jr. 1984i. A length-cat-egorization svstem to assess fish stocks.
North A nii'riiiu Jo:oiiiil if' Fis/ii'riis Mu,,i-
ui,us'iiieul 4:273-285.
I leirian, M. I ., K. S. Campbell, and I.. C.
Redmond. 1069. Nianipulations of fish
Population"; through reservoir 1) raw-
down. Truiiisailiuns if i/n Aiiii'ruiiii Tis/ii'r-
ics Soc/cl ii 98.293304
lackson, I). A. and K. M. Soiiiers. 1991. 5 The
spectre oh 'spurIous correlations. ()co/o-
ifu 86: 147-151.
Lantz, K. L., .I. 1, Davis, j. S. I lughes, and 11.
Schafer-Ir. 1907. Water level fluctua-
ion - its e feels on vege (at on control a id
estimate (figure 6). Authors examine these results With cait tion, because stinfish effort is believed to be higher in the spring and summer but is not measured during this time on I .ake iolìopeka I ga.
The long-term effect of large-scale enhancenient projects, such asthe
one conducted on I aLe lbhope- ka I iga in which nearly 90"".'. the shoreline was affected, on important sport fishes remains unknown. The results of this studs' will provide lake managers with a better under-staiidmg of how large fluctuations in habitat tan influence sport fish
14 Volume 28, No.3
hh population nllildgcillcilt. lI((( '('(lIll(,' (If I/Fl /11/lOud
of flu ,S,,ul/u'auleuii AoLul1uI,, of Gum, uiul l,',l, Coml///sii'Il,r I f:IS4- lOt.
Ni/c1in,1, M. I. 1007, Sun1R
l}'1lI it'll lol1 of tIlll4 rcsIdu.11u tIOIII itch-curve icgrcsslotlu to ist's. 'ear class strength
IU lull. I IIl(I'l, ,
42Il-12l.
\ic,\ itt, \i I:. I 080. Fffeckof
tv,ilcr clrasvdots'ii Oil Ilic' Inli,,,
in sniall cold vitt'r ls'servoir'.
lVoler l,sill ii'. li/Il/cf lit 1(:600
606.
vlovcr, I. I.. M. W. Hiilon, J.
Stvcatni,iii, R. S. Ittitk't', intl
\ I'. Williams. Io)t). Fi.litrv
rtu1't ii'.e'. to habitat icstor.i
toni ni I .ilo' hho1ek.iliga.
tIllrila. \"i'ull, .1 mit's iii / um'mmii/ 1 / mlu'rmi'
Palter, M. 11. 1997. Rccllvcrv of .1 n'si'rvIl/ r
huh coiiiinitnihv Ironl dramvdotvii ri'h,ihi'tI
iiii1siclu. 'JIIrfIl ,\tii('l'i(',i/l I('/irTi,II of lish-
crlF's \la nage lull I I 7:726-7/4.
Richer, W. E. 1975. (onlptltltllnl ,iii.I intel-
Pr1't1tl11 Of biologitil 5t11I'tlI'. L(I huh
pllptiIltI()ils. I isl,eri' Ri''.iarili liiil if mliii limmIllimi NI
Iimgcntl, K I., ,iiiif \l. \IIci '(I/fl, ( Iiango.
Ill flit' pililt (hF1 his/i ('IIlhililiiIlII mc. in
l/lt'ln/\'s of the .dll/u/ui ('omifu'n'mi c ill till '
.'ummlliu'/uIu'mm; /lsuiui'iIfiiumi ol (h/i/mu'(mil I
28:144 /,!
Job Vacancy Summary: Osceola County.
The position will be during the term of U.S. I iI'A gratti X7-90433105- II.
through Sept 2010. Applications should be iituttle Online tltrtiuglt http://Osceola.
org Starting September I 8. lb ii ng alter October I 2006.
EXTENSION AGENT . AQUATICS Pay Grade: 16
T.1 alor lund ion to 11111flellielfl cduc,it otitil otltI(u/t'Ill.olllpofll.'tltS Oft l.S. lI.\ grill) X7-06411105-1 ii eotiritinatii>n with I F/hAS Centel Ioi /\ctllahc and Invasive Species. TO (II.velot) atid iiiiptciiteitt etltic.itiiittiil pro-LOdhliS iIiult III hasCd tiplin tIll. needs of the local Citizenly and contribute to litaxnnt/.ing lie lllleitttal ill clientele to etihianee their
Oppol-tunitics It) contribute to the solution III micial, CCOflO1IUC, eiivii'iiiiiiiciiial, and i'Ll ttuiiI problenlu.
\liiiiniu,n Qualificalioris: Bachelors I)egree ill i\cuuiIic I'tutiit Tvlaiiageiuent. I itituilitogy. I3iologv. I'laitt Science, Natural Resources ill. ., [ elated field, 110111 MI accted-ted ('IlttL'2e (IF (tillVeisity. l'reler experience
Ill .i(Liatil. plattt lnan'ai.iehulehil, llihuhlolol.uy, hiiOII)L!y. public speaking, cl,uttttttttticjllllrts. atitt/ot ptttilic relztttotts. Pu.lsse'stoti of .1 ifiutti-ilittill Oft salid ('lass E Driser's License and restricted tise pesticide applicators license. Must hi' proliciclit in Microsoft 1)01cc suite Of SlihtVFiI,te,
PROSOURCI
Being the BIGGEST is not what is important to us,
It's being the "BEST" at what we do.
Customer service is ProSource One's oaI, Your husiness is appreciated.
I iyui'e 2. Chart Showuv\' 1/ic Percent Control Over Time With the Various Herbicide
treat iize;i Is Vu Wa tenli ijacusili.
Waterhyacinth Rate Study
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 9 16 28 60 85
DAT
-.-HB 2
HB 2.5
HB3
HB4
-*-HB6
+ RE 6
—R06
WD
CON
Niquatics
Waterhyacinth Plant Size Study: Waterhyacinth Rate Study
figure 1. Treat weu!s in (lie Hi,rili,aII - Wa ierlttacnt lb Ru ii .51 in Iii.
2.0 l't _
Hardball 0.435 lb ae per acre
Hardball" 2.5 Pt. 0.544 lb ae per acre
Hardball" 3.0 Pt. 0.653 lb ac per acre
Hardball 4.0 Pt. 0.870 lb ae per acre
Hardhall' 6.0 Pt. 1.31 lb ae per acre
Hardball"') 8.0 Pt. 1.74 lb ae per acre
Reward" 6.0 Pt. 1.50 lb ae per acre
Rodeo 6.0 Pt. 3.0() lb ae per acre
Weedar 64 8.0 Pt. 3.80 lb ae per acre
Control N/A N/A
107 l)Al' point (ol the first applica-tion), the two remaining "Medium-sized Plant" Waterhyacinths were retreated with a second application of Stingray' at 0.2 lb ai per acre. At the IS DAT point (after the second appl ica tioti), the retreated "Medium-sized Plant" Wa terlivaci nths were rated at 100'',, control. The "Large-,sized Plant" Waterhyacinth plants were also treated with one treatment of Stingray at 0.2 lb ai per acre. After 131 days, though the stand of plants was substantially reduced and inju red, a cover of living, plants
remained. At this time the "Large-sized" Waterhyacinth plants were retrea ted with a second application of Stingray' at 0.2 lb ai per acre. At 94 DAT of the second treatment, the "Large-sized" Wa terlivaci nth plants were rated at 100 per cent control.
11w plants "appeared dead" long before that time, bitt it is necessary when rating a study to wait for almost complete decomposition of the treated plants to ensit re no bud will regrow.
Other work has shown that Stingray can control Waterlet-tuce at rates that are selective and thus not cause significant injury to lion-target aquatic plants. The above data shows that at the maxi-
By Vernon V. Vandiver, Jr.' and C. Elroy Timmer'
Waterhyacinth Plant Size Study In this trial, the objective was to
evaluate the effectiveness of Sting-lay in controlling various sizes of Waterhyacinth plants when applied ci1oii€. larlier work has shown that
Stingray was effective in controlling "small" Waterhyacinth plants with one application of Stingray' at 0.2 lb ai per acre, while larger plants were not completely controlled with one application at thai treatment late.
The Waterhyacinth plants were established in 20-gal containers. Three sue classes of plants were used in the study. Plants which averaged 22 inches in height were termed "1 .arge-sized Plant;" the "Med iuni-sizcd Plant" averaged 11 inches in height; and the "Small-sized Plant" averaged 6 inches in height.
Di, Vernon V. Vandiver, Ir., 9715 NW 63 I'1,i&t', C .iiiies iih', II
C. tI r v Ii n nic i, Biol ogit. "i 0.1 tic \'eget.l tion Coiilrnl, Jfl P.0. 13ox 1084, Kiviera Beach, IT 3341
TO surnmari7e the results of this study, the "Small-sited Plant" Waterhyacinths were controlled 76 I )A'F at the 100'X, level with one treatment of Stingray"' at 0.2 lb ii per acre. The "Med lurn-sized Plant" Waterhyacinths were essentially controlled with one treatment of Stingray' at 0.2 lb ai per acre. Only one bud regrew on each of two plants in 8 treated 20-gal conta i ners at the 88 DAT rating period. At the
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Ai,,n,,i,o iu,t 'ci hi Ihcc,,c1i' 11 (
I i,',, re 1. Ici I,!,' '',I,o nm'.,' Per Ct',,! Cii,, io! of t%'ii hill i ,,u-,n II, (or Ito!, Ileibjeul,' irt'aI,,,e,:! twi,: 0 to 85 Da ijs after liea tine,,!.
Herbicide, Pts/A
Hardball 2
0 I
5
9
15
16 28 60 85
100 0 25 35 99
Hardball", 2.5 0 5 20 - 30 40 99 100
Hardball 3 0 5 25 35
40
45
55 - 99
100
100
100 - 100
100
Hardball 4 0 5 30
Hardball', 0 5 35 45
60
8()
9()
100
100 - Hardball 8 0 IS - 40
Reward' 6 0 40 95 96
85
98 100 10()
Rodeo 6 0 3 75
75
98 100 100
Weedar 64 8 0 15 85 98 100 100
Control 0 0 0 0 0 0
mum application rate, Stingray can control the size Waterhyaci nIh
luated in this study. Likely the most efficient split-treat men interval would be approximately 60 to 90 days. This, his, of course, is a long time to achieve Waterhvaci n th control. Other work has shown that by dropping the Stingray applica-tion rate to 0.1 lb ai per acre and tank mixing with red uced rates of herbicides such as l)iquat or 2,4-I), the mature Waterhvacinth plaits can be managed while at the same time reducing the negative impact on desirable native plants.
Waterhyacintli Rate Study Hardball is a relatively new
111atic herbicide horn I lelena Chemical Company; its active ingre-dient is an uncombined form of 2,4-I) formulated with a proprie-tary non-ionic adjuvant system as a 1.74 lb ae per gal product. As it is a new 2,4-1) formulation, we wanted to look at the response ol mature Waterhy,icinth plants to treatment With a range of rates of Hardball Also included in the studs' for corn-parison were three other a'.1uatic herbicides used by the industry in Waterhvaci ith management pro-grams. The treatments in this study are shown in Figure I. A chart of the results is shown in Figure 2, while these data are shown in Figure 3.
If one is treating a monocu I hire
of an exotic weed such as Water-hyacinth, there is more flexibility in choosing the herbicide or herbicides for your maii,i'.t'meiit program. I lowever, if 011C is I rca ti rig invasive weed ouxed with native, desirable plants, the choices for the most effective and selective herbicides
seem more limited. Lower rates of selective herbicides and Link mixes Of selective herbicides have been shown by this and other studies to remove UnW,lntCd weeds and have little lasting impact on desirable allricltic vegetation.
1,111 200h
'(A gufl.
Rue Hestand 1S4
J Reliren,e,,tdinnt'rat Th4 '
Ilickor,, Point Recreation ... . . I . Uacililij on the shore of Lake
Harris, Dece,nber4, 20(14. 1 /
Rue (below on right) . • is a charter member of . .
I . IAPMS. lie had 35 years of ..
t'rz'ice with Florida Fish .---- S. .-. '11111 Wjllljft
Complete Line of Adjuvants including: KineticbeHV • Optimal . Quest' • Induce'°' Dyne-Amic>'>
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Helena Chemical Company. P.O. Box 1758 • Dade City, FL 33526-1758 2 2002 terror Ut ur,,vI Company 0050 SloSh roll Weovlar Ire reiininrrnt irarlrrrnarkn niH ne-I IlIri, Act (ii AiOlihlil lInt IlyrIrolliol Ire roIstered tralnirvIrk ii I Atiiirrrr Reward is
a reqislered h,nde,,inrk vi Sy,ugurulsr Prolossiorral Products 11 1— is a rnqrctnrnd trademark of the Monsanto (.nnrpany AqrinP,o nnd Renovate are rflcJistSrOnl tr.vlerrsrrk. of 1mw AmjrnSrinnces Capioiri Nauurqrne Revive Sonar. Precision Release and Solar Quick Huloase OrO trademarks of Sep50 C u p arino
Job Vacancy Summary: Osceola County. The position will be during the term of U.S. EPA grant
X7-96433 105- 1 (, through Sept 2010. Applications should be made online through htt p://Osceola.org starting September IS.
II firing after October 1, 2006.
8101 0(;IsT
Major Function I o implement t biological demonstration components of U.S. EPA grant X7- 96433 105-1 in coordination with UF/IFAS Center br Aquatic and Invasive Species. To conduct studies and denionsi rations to opti iiii.c control ob two aquatic plants. hydri I Ia and hygrophi La. in the Upper Kissimmee Chain of Lakes by evaluating cute rgi ng methods buds of aquatic weed control.
Minimum Qualifications Bachelor's Degree in Biology, or Aquatic Plant Mauagcnicnt. Lininology or a related field, from an accredited college or university. Must he proficient in use of Microsoft Office suite of software, internet and e-iiiuit. Pretci- experience in aquatic plant research and use of (itS. Possession of a a i Iii mum of a valid Class U Driver's License and restricted usc pesticide applicators license.
Lowell 'IrenE Retirement ilin,u'r at Eustis Community Center on the shore of Lake Eustis, June 13, 2003
Lowell is a charter member of FAPMS. He had 30 years of service with FL. Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
20 Volume 28, No.3
AQUAVINE Searching for the name of 111
aquatic plant or how to control it? Send an email to ma il@fapms.
org and your questn)n will be routed to a panel of experts who will help answer your question. Visit the "Information Center" on the society's web page www. fapms.org to we links to plant IL) charts and other usel ul aquatic plant information.
FAIMS Aquatic Plant Manager of the Year, 2006 Applications Being Accepted
This award is designed to provide a ntdfl to x'cni/c (Iktlll(I-
ing achievements in aquatic plant management field activities and to enhance prolessional sm in aquatic plant maiiagenien t acti vi ties ill Florida. Award nominees olust he active members in F'AFMS and directly iivolved in aquatic plant management field activities. Those involved exclusively in an adminis-trative capacity or employed in the chemical or equipment manufactu r-ing and distribution md ustries are NO! eligible for this award. The winner of this award will receive an engraved plaque and $100.00 check. Nomination forms can be obtained from the "Manager of the Year" link oil the LA PMS website www.fiupms. ori. All nominations must be sub-m itted to Mitch Morgan by October 15, 2006. Fax: 352-334-3110 or email iuoniI1ui1ni(()c i ga i nesv ii Ic. Ii us.
Expert scientific reviews by the European Commission (2001), United States Environmental Protection Agency (1988, 1997, 2004 & 2005) and the World I lealth Organization (1006, 007, t00& 701)2), iii&i I cufF
Canada's Pest Management Regula-tory Agency (2005) reinforce the large body of scientific assessments that coiicl tide the herbicide 2,4-I) does not present a health risk to homeowners, farmers, and pesticide applicators when product directions are followed.
In its registration eligibility deci-sion (RI I)) released in June 2005 the U.S. EPA concluded that acute and short-term margins of exposure for homeowner applications of 2,4-D to lawns were "not of concern." EPA's most recent assessment included a review of an i ma! and human data, the Litter tter ii the f n'i 1 of epidemiology studies (the study of the incidence Of disease in populations). 'I'he EPA cone! Lided: "The Agency has twice recently reviewed epidemiological studies linking cancer to 2,4-D. In the first review, completed Janu-ary 14, 2004, EPA concluded there is no additional evidence that would implicate 2,4-I) as a cause of cancer (EPA, A, 2111)4). 'the second review of available epidemiological studies occurred in response to Comments received during the Phase 3 Public Comment Period for the 2,4-!) RH), i:t 'A's report, dated l)cceinbcr 8. 2001
21 Fall 2006
Florida Aquatic Plant
Management Society
and authored by I 1 'A Scientist Jerry Blondel I, Ph.D., found that none of the more recent epidemiological studies definitively linked human cancer cases to 2,44)."
"The EPA's assessment of the human and environmental scientific data reinforces a growing number of regulatory decisions and expert reviews that conclude the use of 2,4-I) according to Product instructions does not present an unacceptable risk to human health or the environ-ment", stated lack I )utra, executive director of the md ustry Task Force I! on 2,4-I) Research Data. "When expert panels and regulatory a uthori-ties around the world examine all the relevant scientific evidence, they con-sistently reach the same conclusion that 2,44) does not present health risks of concern."
I listoricalIV, the original patent on 2,44) was issued in 1945 to Dr. Frank-lin I). Jones, a plant physiologist. Dr.
October 24-26, 2006. Mid-South APMS 251 Annual Meet-ing, Orange Beach, Alabama. www.nlsapins.org
October 30 - November 2, 2006. Florida Aquatic Plant Man-agement Society Annual Training Conference, St. Petersburg, FL. www.fapms.org/nieeting.html
November 2 — 3, 2006. 33rd Annual Conference on Ecosys-tems Restoration and Creation, Plant City, FL. www.liccll.edLill;
dcpts/dctp/ecocon II lit nil
November 5 - 8, 2006. 60tli Annual Southeastern Association Of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Norfolk, VA. http://sca lwa2006.org/
November 6-9, 2006 American Water Resources Association 2006 Annual Conference, Balti-more, MD www.iiwra.org/iiieet-ings/Baltiiliore2OO6/iii(.iox2.litmI
Jones was working with the naturally occurring plant auxin, indole acetic acid (IAA). IAA is present in all plant matter and humans consume it daily whenever fruit, vegetables and cc're-a Is are consumed. In an effort to work with a more chemically stable, atixin-like ('t )m pound, Dr. Jones i nd tided 2,4-131, an analog of IAA, in his experiments. In 2004, The I lenry lord organization in Dearborn, Michigan identified 2,44) as one of the 75 most important innovations in the previous 75 years. Few scientific innovations have done as much to increase food production throughout the world.
Three-Day Fishing Restriction Removed from Aquathol and I lydrothol LaI)CIS
King of l'russia, PA, August 16, 2006 - Cerexagri-Nisso LLC has a nnoii nced the removal of the 3-day fishing restriction from all endothall labels by the EPA. Effective immedi-ately, Ac1uathol K, Aquathol Super K, I lydrothol i'-)l and I lydrothol Gran-ula r herbicides for Aquatic I labitat Management do not carry a 3-day restriction on fish consumption in the United States. Submissions are pend-ing ill New York and California. A Supplemental Label must be in pos-sessioll of the applicators at the time of use. For labels or inoie information Cd II 1-800-4384-071 ur log out,, \\ ww.
cerexagn.colu.
FAPMS PMS is currently accepting articles and photographs for Aquatics magazine. There is a large demand for operational photos and short arti-cles from applicators and members working in the field. Please consider submitting your photos or articles to the editor, Jeff Holland jhnilland@rcid dst.fl.us or visit the FAPMS web page www.fapms.org for additional contact information.
I here was an error published in the article, "Ctrs tiarinti In Florida By David W. I [all and Vernon V. Vand ivel; Jr." Summer 2000 Aquatics The caption of the third photograph showed male flowers, not female flowers as printed. We apologize for the error.
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