Verger

Venoge sud

Stand

Sorbiers

Signal

Scierie Savigny

Rouvene

Roses

Rochettaz

Rive

Riau-Graubon

Renges

Pully-Port

Pra Forni

Place de Sport

Osches

Mongevon

Lutry-Corniche

Les Liaudes

Les Chavannes

Laviau

Lac Sauvabelin

Industrie

Haute Combe

Grey

Grandvaux

Floreyres

En Verney

Depot MSA

Daillettes

Cugy-Poste

College Marcolet

Chenaulaz Chataignier

Chandolin

Champ Rond

Champ Croix Bressonnaz

Blevallaire

Verriere

Tuileries

Trabandan Timonet

Saugiaz

Russel

Ropraz-Ussieres

Praz-Collet

Praz-Berthoud

Piecettes Petit Chateau

Mousquines

Moulin

Mont-Fleuri

Mont dOr

Mezieres-Station

Lutry-Port

Lisiere

Languedoc

Grand Vigne

Etavez

Devin

Closalet

Chocolatiere

Cavenette

Bourdonniere

Bossons

Bochet

Blessoney

Berges Belvedere Belmont

Verney

Tour Haldimand

Suchet-Foret

Stade Olympique

Pully-Centre

Provence sud

Planches

Perronnaz

Moudon-Gare

Grands-Champs

Grand-Mont

Grand Vennes

Follieu

Denantou

Crissier-Centre

Cigale

Budron

Bre

Boissonnet Bois Murat

Beau-Rivage Baumettes

Abeilles Vulliette

Vignes

Venoge nord

Veilloud

Rapille

Pre-dYverdon

Pontet

Pecheurs

Pavement

Noutes Mouline

Mezieres-Village

Martines

Maladiere-Lac

Joliette

Hermitage Grand-Pont

Fougeres

Epinettes Epalinges

Entre-Bois

En Enjalin

Elysee

Desert

Depot Perrelet

Dapples

Coudraie

Cottages

Coppoz

Chavannes-Plaine

Bellerive

Barre

Aubepines 1er Mai

Vallee Jeunesse

Sablons

Preau Paqueret

Mont-Goulin

Marcolet

Maillefer

Foyer

Fontenay

Druey

Cugy

Cotes

Concorde

Cheseaux-Gare

Boveresses

Borjod

Bois de Vaux

Bethanie

Beau-Site

Vulliemin

Villars

Theatre de Vidy

Sur-la-Croix St-Sulpice

Rosiaz

Reymondin

Pully-Gare

Provence nord

Pierrefleur

Parc

Mon Repos

Mirabeau

Jura

Grattapaille

Ecole Commerce

Buyere

Broye

Virgile-Rossel

Rue du Lac

Rionzi

Pierre Viret

Pierraz-Portay

Montolieu Malley-Ouest

En Marin

Coppoz-Poste

Closelet

Chantres Voisinand

Planta

Croix dOuchy

Cocagne

Bourg-Dessus Victor-Ruffy

Rasude

Perreaz

Longemalle

Figuiers Croset

Coudrette

Prefaully

Pont Marc Dufour

Mont-Blanc

Metairie

Marronnier

Faverges

Epalinges-Centre

Croix-de-Plan

Benj. Constant

Croix Blanche

Cour

Boisy

Bois-Genoud

Allieres Somais

Parc Velodrome

Maladiere

Glycines

Flumeaux Bois-Gentil

Val-Vert

Renens-Piscine

Dranse

Clochatte

Chemin du Cap

Bugnon

Zinguerie

Paudex

Jurigoz Huttins

C.-F. Ramuz

Tivoli

Moulins

Montoie

Malley-Nord Maladiere-Fig.

Chene

Vinet

Villard

Praz-Sechaud

Musee Olympique

Alpes

Montillier

Grangette

Florissant

Presbytere

Oiseaux Beaulieu

St-Etienne

Ecole Hoteliere

Vallonnette

Prilly-Chasseur

Petit-Mont

Prilly-Eglise

Bateliere

Montbenon Arc-en-Ciel Ecole Metiers

Chauderon-Ale

Cedres

EPSIC

Druey-College Sous lEglise

Hotel-de-Ville Fauconnieres Chailly-Village

Couchirard

Avenir

Valmont

Riant-Cour

Epenex

Beauregard

Valency

Censuy

Blecherette

Rotillon

Port-Franc

Bassenges

Place du Nord

St-Roch Avenue du Leman

Cerisaie

Crochy

Casernes

Renens-Village

Recordon Prilly-Centre

Montchoisi

Bethusy

UNIL-Mouline

St-Paul

Provence

Jordils

Pully-Clergere

Bergieres

Fourmi Eglantine

Beaulieu-Jomini

UNIL-Sorge

Vennes

Rouvraie Pont Bessieres

Montetan

Bonne-Esperance

Pont Chauderon

Perraudettaz

Montelly

Boston

Motte Pont de Chailly Cecil

Vieux-Moulin

Renens-14 Avril Prelaz

Valentin

Ouchy

Memise

Vigie Rue Neuve Grande-Borde

Bourdonnette

Foret

Renens-Gare

Bellevaux

Perrelet

Malley Tunnel

Grancy

UNIL-Dorigny Prelaz-les-Roses

Renens-Gare sud Renens-Gare nord

Croisettes Delices EPFL

CHUV

Galicien

Georgette Riponne-M.Bejart

Sallaz Ours Lausanne-Gare

Bessieres

Chauderon St-Francois Bel-Air

Lausanne-Flon

Sheet 1Stop

Lausanne-Flon Bel-Air St-Francois Chauderon Bessieres Lausanne-Gare Ours Sallaz Riponne-M.Bejart Georgette Galicien CHUV EPFL Delices Croisettes Renens-Gare nord Renens-Gare sud Prelaz-les-Roses UNIL-Dorigny Grancy Tunnel Malley Perrelet Bellevaux Renens-Gare Foret Bourdonnette Grande-Borde Rue Neuve Vigie Memise Ouchy Valentin Prelaz Renens-14 Avril Vieux-Moulin Cecil Pont de Chailly Motte Boston Montelly Perraudettaz Pont Chauderon Bonne-Esperance Montetan Pont Bessieres Rouvraie Vennes UNIL-Sorge Beaulieu-Jomini Eglantine Fourmi Bergieres Pully-Clergere Jordils Provence St-Paul UNIL-Mouline Bethusy Montchoisi Prilly-Centre Recordon Renens-Village Casernes Crochy Cerisaie Avenue du Leman St-Roch Place du Nord Bassenges Port-Franc Rotillon Blecherette Censuy Valency Beauregard Epenex Riant-Cour Valmont Avenir Couchirard Chailly-Village Fauconnieres Hotel-de-Ville Sous lEglise Druey-College EPSIC Cedres Chauderon-Ale Ecole Metiers Arc-en-Ciel Montbenon Bateliere Prilly-Eglise Petit-Mont Prilly-Chasseur Vallonnette Ecole Hoteliere St-Etienne Beaulieu Oiseaux Presbytere Florissant Grangette Montillier Alpes Musee Olympique Praz-Sechaud Villard Vinet Chene Maladiere-Fig. Malley-Nord Montoie Moulins Tivoli C.-F. Ramuz Huttins Jurigoz Paudex Zinguerie Bugnon Chemin du Cap Clochatte Dranse Renens-Piscine Val-Vert Bois-Gentil Flumeaux Glycines Maladiere Parc Velodrome Somais Allieres Bois-Genoud Boisy Cour Croix Blanche Benj. Constant Croix-de-Plan Epalinges-Centre Faverges Marronnier Metairie Mont-Blanc Pont Marc Dufour Prefaully Coudrette Croset Figuiers Longemalle Perreaz Rasude Victor-Ruffy Bourg-Dessus Cocagne Croix dOuchy Planta Voisinand Chantres Closelet Coppoz-Poste En Marin Malley-Ouest Montolieu Pierraz-Portay Pierre Viret Rionzi Rue du Lac Virgile-Rossel Broye Buyere Ecole Commerce Grattapaille Jura Mirabeau Mon Repos Parc Pierrefleur Provence nord Pully-Gare Reymondin Rosiaz St-Sulpice Sur-la-Croix Theatre de Vidy Villars Vulliemin Beau-Site Bethanie Bois de Vaux Borjod Boveresses Cheseaux-Gare Concorde Cotes Cugy Druey Fontenay Foyer Maillefer Marcolet Mont-Goulin Paqueret Preau Sablons Vallee Jeunesse 1er Mai Aubepines Barre Bellerive Chavannes-Plaine Coppoz Cottages Coudraie Dapples Depot Perrelet Desert Elysee En Enjalin Entre-Bois Epalinges Epinettes Fougeres Grand-Pont Hermitage Joliette Maladiere-Lac Martines Mezieres-Village Mouline Noutes Pavement Pecheurs Pontet Pre-dYverdon Rapille Veilloud Venoge nord Vignes Vulliette Abeilles Baumettes Beau-Rivage Bois Murat Boissonnet Bre Budron Cigale Crissier-Centre Denantou Follieu Grand Vennes Grand-Mont Grands-Champs Moudon-Gare Perronnaz Planches Provence sud Pully-Centre Stade Olympique Suchet-Foret Tour Haldimand Verney Belmont Belvedere Berges Blessoney Bochet Bossons Bourdonniere Cavenette Chocolatiere Closalet Devin Etavez Grand Vigne Languedoc Lisiere Lutry-Port Mezieres-Station Mont dOr Mont-Fleuri Moulin Mousquines Petit Chateau Piecettes Praz-Berthoud Praz-Collet Ropraz-Ussieres Russel Saugiaz Timonet Trabandan Tuileries Verriere Blevallaire Bressonnaz Champ Croix Champ Rond Chandolin Chataignier Chenaulaz College Marcolet Cugy-Poste Daillettes Depot MSA En Verney Floreyres Grandvaux Grey Haute Combe Industrie Lac Sauvabelin Laviau Les Chavannes Les Liaudes Lutry-Corniche Mongevon Osches Place de Sport Pra Forni Pully-Port Renges Riau-Graubon Rive Rochettaz Roses Rouvene Savigny Scierie Signal Sorbiers Stand Venoge sud Verger

Addressing the Free-Rider Problem in Lausanne using Crowd-Sourced Data

VaibhavKulkarni,BertilChapuis,BenoitGarbinato

Getting data about controller movement

Mine data from Twitter feed of @BustedLAUSANNE and Busted-App

Data Format

Format: [Stop], [line to destination]/[outside/inside the vehicle], [timestamp]

Analyze the data to check for attack surfaces

§ What stops/lines come under high-frequency control?

§ At what hours of the day is controlling prominent?

§ Is there any correlation between the stop/line and the control time?

§ At which stops is controlling performed outside the vehicle?

§ Given the current controller position, is the next position predictable?

§ Any observable patterns in weekday/weekend/seasonal regularities?

Stop against “busted” probability

*busted probability at all other stops < 0.005

Busted Probability

Stop

0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48Busted Percentage

Bel-Air Bellevaux Bessieres

Chauderon Croisettes

Delices EPFL Foret

Galicien Georgette

Lausanne-Flon Lausanne-Gare

Ours Perrelet

Prelaz-les-Roses Renens-14 Avril

Renens-Gare Renens-Gare n..

Renens-Gare sud Riponne-M.Bejart

Sallaz St-Francois

Tunnel UNIL-Dorigny

Sheet 6

(10^-1)

Line v/s. busted probabilityLine

line

1 to

Ble

cher

ette

line

1 to

Mal

adie

re li

ne 2

to D

eser

t li

ne 2

to M

alad

iere

-Lac

line

3 to

Bel

leva

ux li

ne 3

to L

ausa

nne

Gar

e li

ne 4

to C

oudr

aie

line

4 to

Pul

ly-G

are

line

6 to

Mal

adie

re li

ne 6

to S

alla

z li

ne 7

to S

t-Fra

ncoi

s li

ne 7

to V

al-V

ert

line

8 to

Gra

nd-M

ont

line

8 to

Ver

riere

line

9 to

Lut

ry-C

orni

che

line

9 to

Pril

ly-E

glis

e li

ne 1

6 to

Gra

nd V

enne

s li

ne 1

6 to

Pro

venc

e no

rd li

ne 1

7 to

Cro

ix P

eage

line

17

to G

eorg

ette

line

18

to L

ausa

nne-

Flon

line

18

to T

imon

et li

ne 2

1 to

Ble

cher

ette

line

21

to L

ausa

nne

Gar

e li

ne 2

2 to

Clo

chat

te li

ne 2

2 to

Lau

sann

e-Fl

on li

ne 2

5 to

Pul

ly-G

are

line

32

to G

alic

ien

line

33

to V

enog

e no

rd li

ne 4

1 to

Mon

tolie

u li

ne 6

0 to

Fro

idev

ille-L

ait..

line

77

to R

enen

s-14

Avr

il li

ne m

1 to

Lau

sann

e-Fl

on li

ne m

1 to

Ren

ens-

Gar

e li

ne m

2 to

Cro

iset

tes

line

m2

to O

uchy

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Bust

ed P

erce

ntag

e

1.39

91.

322

0.91

20.

711

0.43

30.

433

0.50

20.

657

0.92

01.

183

1.02

00.

974 1.

414

1.51

52.

334

1.96

30.

410

0.58

72.

218

2.94

50.

943

1.56

10.

858

1.69

30.

974

0.64

90.

510

0.40

20.

471

0.41

00.

402

0.39

43.

007

4.27

46.

964

6.78

6

Sheet 4

Sheet 1Busted Percentage

0.0082.0004.0006.0008.865

0.008 8.865

Busted Percentage

Zip-code area v/s. busted percentage

Attack surface

§ If I know that a stop/line is controlled at a highfrequency I will always buy a ticket while going there.

§ However, I will not buy a ticket at all other stops.

Hour of day v/s. busted probability

Stop

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Hour of the Day

Bel-Air Bessieres

Chauderon CHUV

Croisettes Delices

EPFL Galicien

Georgette Lausanne-Flon Lausanne-Gare

Ours Renens-Gare

Renens-Gare n.. Riponne-M.Bejart

Sallaz St-Francois

Sheet 5

Always buy a ticket at the above stops at these times and vice versa

Line v/s hour of the day v/s busted probability

Line

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Hour of the Day

line 1 to Maladiere line 8 to Grand-Mont

line 8 to Verriere line 9 to Lutry-Corniche

line 9 to Prilly-Eglise line 17 to Croix Peage

line 17 to Georgette line 18 to Timonet

line 21 to Lausanne Gare line m1 to Lausanne-Flon

line m1 to Renens-Gare line m2 to Croisettes

line m2 to Ouchy

Sheet 5

Always buy a ticket at the above lines at these times and vice versa

Area v/s. day time v/s. busted probability

Sheet 2Number of Records

120406080106

Hour of Date789101112131415161718192021

Probability of getting busted outside the vehicle

Stop

0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48Busted Percentage

Bel-Air Bellevaux Bessieres

Chauderon Croisettes

Delices EPFL Foret

Galicien Georgette

Lausanne-Flon Lausanne-Gare

Ours Perrelet

Prelaz-les-Roses Renens-14 Avril

Renens-Gare Renens-Gare n..

Renens-Gare sud Riponne-M.Bejart

Sallaz St-Francois

Tunnel UNIL-Dorigny

Sheet 6

50 10060 70 80 9055 65 75 85 9545Percentage of getting busted outside

If you don’t have a ticket, don’t get out at these stops. Wait for the next one

Movement patternSheet 8

Bel-Air

Riponne

Chauderon

Flon Bessieres

Gare

St-Francois

38%

22%

25%15%

93%

87%

57%

39%

77%

More than 70% confidence to predict where the controllers will go next at certain stops

OverallPrediction

Oct 4Oct 2 Oct 6 Oct 8 Oct 10 Oct 12 Oct 14 Oct 16 Oct 18

Lausanne-FLonSt-Francois

GrancyEPFL

UNIL-Dorigny

CHUV

Lausanne-Gare

Rennes-Gare

SallazUNIL-SorgeChauderon

Bel-AirPully-Centre

CroisettesBourdonnette

BellevauxMontbenon

MotteTunnel

RipponneOurs

Epenex

More than 80% confidence to predict where the controllers will go next

Several repeatable patterns discovered

Conclusion

§ Several attack surfaces available to essentially travel for free!

§ Can this be avoided ?

Measures and data requirement

§ Using a model which is randomized in space and time, adhering to some constraints§ viz. some stops must always be monitored.

§ Data required§ Passengers per line at all times of the day§ Numberofofsubscriptions(monthly,yearly)perzone§ Numberofpaperticketssoldperbusstop§ NumberofSMSticketssoldperdayandperlocation§ Numberofbustedpeopleperdayandperlocation

Organization of the controllers

§ Fixedsalaries?§ Commissionbasedsalaries?§ Rangeofsalaries?§ Itinerary?