TOPIC C: GEOGRAFI PENERBANGAN

WORLD CONTINENTS

Continent:

“A major land mass surrounded by water”

-There are 7 continents of the world for purposes of travel

6 A6 A

America, North (9,390 sqm)

America, South (6,795 sqm)

Asia ( 15,776 sqm)

Australia(2,968 sqm)

Africa (11,506 sqm)

Antarctica(5,500 sqm)

1 E1 E

Europe (3,616 sqm)

OCEANS:

-70% of the earth’s surface is comprised of large and small bodies of water including seas, gulfs, bays, lakes and river.

- The largest bodies of water to our planet are 4 oceans: i. Pacific Ocean 64,186,300 sqm ii. Atlantic Ocean 33,420,000 sqm iii Indian Ocean 28,350,500 sqm iv Arctic Ocean 3,662,200 sqm

GEOGRAFI PENERBANGAN

I

A

T

A

I

A

T

A

Promote a standard & unified system of worldwide air travel by establishing routes & setting safety & service standard

develops rules & standard for international airline faring ticketing.

to appoint and regulate travel agencies to sell international within ticket

“International faring & ticketing purposes”

The purpose:

plan an itinerary between cities

provide most accurate & knowledgeable far information

IATA GEOGRAPHY

IATA AREA . . .

- divided the world into three areas.

- each area is called an IATA

@ Traffic Conference Area (TC) which is as follows:

TC 1 (Area 1) – North, Central & South America

TC 2 (Area 2) – Europe, Middle East, Africa

TC 3 (Area 3) – Far East, Australia, New Zealand

& Pacific Islands

IATA AREA . . .

The Three IATA Areas of the World

ExerciseIdentify each city below with its IATA Area location (1,2 or 3)

1. Chicago, Illinois2. Johannesburg, South Africa3. Kiev, Ukraine4. Buenos Aires, Argentina5. Delhi, India6. Stockholm, Sweden7. London, England8. Toronto, Canada9. Kabul, Afghanistan10. Osaka, Japan11. Tehran, Iran12. Nairobi, Kenya13. Manila, Philippines

AIRLINE & RESERVATION CODES

Direction of Travel:

- to construct fares and apply fare rules.

- the fares differ depending on the direction of travel

- all directions have two-letter GLOBAL INDICATOR codes

GLOBAL INDICATOR @ G I

AP - via the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.- eg: London – New York – Seoul

AT - via the Atlantic ocean- eg: New York – Paris

EH - within the Eastern Hemisphere (area 2 and 3 only)- eg: France - Delhi

PA - via the North, Central, or South Pacific Ocean.- eg: Seattle-Hong Kong

PO- via the North Polar Route.- eg: Oslo - Anchorage

SA - via the South Atlantic ocean only- eg: Johannesburg – Buenos Aires

TS - via the Trans Siberia route (nonstop flight only)- eg: Copenhagen – Tokyo

WH - within the Western Hemisphere (Area 1 only).- eg: Guetamala City – Caracas

GLOBAL INDICATOR @ G I

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Kod nama khas bagi singkatan abjad

A ALPHA E ECO

B BRAVO F FRANKFURT

C CHARLIE G GOLF

D DELTA H HOTEL

I INDIA M MIKE

J JULIET N NORWAY

K KILO O OSAKA

L LONDON P PAPA

Kod nama khas bagi singkatan abjad

Q QUEBACK U UNITED

R ROMEO V VICTOR

S SIERRA W WASHINGTON

T TANGO X X-RAY

Kod nama khas bagi singkatan abjad

Y YANKEE

Z ZULU

Kod nama khas bagi singkatan abjad

Exercise:1. 1. WILLIAM SPENCER

2. ADAM DANIAL

3. NURHAYATIEE AHMAD

4. UKRAINE

5. CANCUN, MEXICO

6. CALGARY, CANADA

AIRLINE & RESERVATION CODES

- two-character that identify each airline carrier.

- these codes are used in flight schedules:

1. printed schedules

2. Airline computer reservation systems

Airline code:

BIL KOD SYARIKAT PENERBANGAN

KETERANGAN

1 TG THAI AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL

2 VN VIETNAM AIRLINES

3 SQ SINGAPORE AIRLINES

4 RA ROYAL NEPAL AIRLINES CORPORATION

5 AI AIR INDIA

A flagship carrier:

- is owned privately or by the government of a particular country.

- ‘flagships’ means the government has given right to the airline to represent the country’s flag all over the world.

AIRLINE & RESERVATION CODES

City code:

-Identifies a city and its surroundings by three-character

- eg: LON (identify the city of London, England and its surroundings.

NEGARA BANDARAYA KOD LAPANGAN TERBANG

KOD

CHINA BEIJING BJS CAPITAL AIRPORT

PEK

JAPAN TOKYO TYO NARITA NRT

MALAYSIA KUALA LUMPUR KUL KULA LUMPUR KUL

TAIWAN TAIPEI TPE TAIPEI TPE

PAKISTAN KARACHI KHI KARACHI KHI

  KAWASAN ASIA (IATA 3)

Common Abbreviations

The following official abbreviations are used to designated the day, week and month of the year

The day of the week are abbreviated as follows:

Monday MON Friday FRI Tuesday TUE Saturday SAT Wednesday WED Sunday SUN Thursday THU

Month of the year are abbreviated as below

January JAN May MAY September SEPFebruary FEB June JUN October OCTMarch MAR July JUL November NOVApril APR August AUG December DEC

The abbreviations should be used whenever a message or documents mentions for eg 10SEP (not 10.9)

Dates should always be shown in 2 digits: 02OCT (not 2 OCT)

LATITUDE

LATITUD:

-garis lintang mengelilingi bumi selari dengan Garisan Khatulistiwa (EQUATOR).

- Garisan Khatulistiwa adalah pada 0

- Garisan Khatulistiwa membahagi bumi kepada dua bahagian, iaitu hemisfera utara dan hemisfera selatan & Kutub Utara dan Kutub Selatan

LONGITUD:

-garis menegak yang mengelilingi bumi dilukis dari kutub utara ke kutub selatan.

- Longitud utama ialah Meridian Pangkal. Longitud ini dilukis di atas peta, melalui bandar Greenwich yang terletak berhampiran dengan bandar London di England.

- Meridian Pangkal atau Meridian Greenwich terletak pada 0 .

- Masa 0 pada Meridian Pangkal dikenali sebagai Greewich Mean Time (GMT)

- Membahagikan bumi kepada Hemisfera Timur dan Hemisfera Barat.

LONGITUDE

TIME ZONES

ZON MASA:

- garisan longitud menentukan jarak barat & timur daripada garisan meridian utama

-24 jam sehari = 360

-15 = 1 jam (360 / 24 jam)

-ada 24 zon masa

- setiap 1 zon masa = 15 longitud atau seluas 15

- ada 24 zon masa yang bernilai (+) dan (-):

12 (+) = GMT TIMUR (East of GMT)

12 (-) = GMT BARAT (West of GMT)

Exercise1 Convert the following am/pm times into 24 hour

clock times:a) 1:30 pm ___________b) 8:20 pm ___________c) 11:45pm ___________d) 12:10am ___________3) 12:40pm___________

2. Convert the following 24 hour clock time into am/pm times:

a) 0815 _________________b) 0050_________________c) 1205_________________d) 1535_________________e) 0105_________________

EAST of GMT

-Places on earth are located east of GMT

-Which their number of time zones ahead of GMT

- Semakin ke timur semakin bertambah zon masa

Zon masa

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5

longitud 15 30 45 60 75

+6 +7 +8 +9 +10 +11 12

90 105 120 135 150 165 180

EAST of GMT

Eg1:

Berlin, Germany is located in the first time zone east of GMT or at +1. Berlin is one hour ahead of GMT. If it is noon time GMT, it is _______ in Berlin.

Eg2:

Nairobi, Kenya, is located three time zones east of GMT or at +3. If it is 8:00 a.m GMT, what time is it in Nairobi?

Ans: _____________

EAST of GMT

Eg3:

Sydney,Australia is located eleven time zone east of GMT or at +11. Sydney is ____ hour ahead of GMT. If it is 1 pm in GMT, what time is it in Sydney.

Eg4:

Hong Kong is located eight time zones east of GMT or at +8. If it is 8:00 a.m GMT, what time is it in Hong Kong?

WEST of GMT

-Places on earth are located west of GMT

-Which their number of time zones behind of GMT

- Semakin ke barat semakin berkurang zon masa

Zon masa

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5

Longitud

195 210 225 240 255

-6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12

270 285 300 315 330 345 360

Eg1:

New York is located five time zones to the west of GMT or at –5. If the time at GMT is 3:00 p.m, it is five hours earlier in New York, ______

Eg2:

Los Angeles is located eight time zones to the west of GMT or at –8. If the time at GMT is 6:30 p.m, what time is it in Los Angeles?

Ans: ___________(eight hours earlier)

WEST of GMT

Eg3:

Chicago is located six time zones to the west of GMT or at –6. If the time at GMT is 2:00 p.m, what time is it in Chicago.

Ans : __________

Eg2:

Boston is located five time zones to the west of GMT or at –5. If the time at GMT is 8 am, what time is it in Boston?

Ans: ___________

WEST of GMT

EXERCISE

The date is 5th February:

if the time is: what time is it in: Answer(time & date)

a) 1300 in Caracas New York ……………… (-4) (-4)

b) 900 pm in London Buenos Aires ………………. (+1) (-3)

c) 8:00 am in Amsterdam Singapore …………………… (+2) (+8)

DETERMINING TIME DIFFERENCES

- perbezaan masa antara dua tempat boleh dikira sekiranya kita mengetahui lokasi setiap tempat berhubung dengan GMT

-ianya boleh dirujuk dengan penggunaan time line. Angka 0 mewakili GMT.

HOW TO DETERMINING TIME DIFFERENCES

1. What is the time difference New York and San Diego?

New York ( -5) (five hours behind GMT)

San Diego (-8) ( eight hours behind GMT)

* There are 3 time zone that separate them

* Three hours’ difference in time

Is New York ahead or behind San Diego?

If it is 2.00 pm in New York, what time is in San Diego?

HOW TO DETERMINING TIME DIFFERENCES

2. What is the time difference Athens and Bangkok?

Athens (+2) (two hours ahead of GMT)

Bangkok (+7) ( seven hours ahead of GMT)

* There are 5 time zone that separate them

* 5 three hours’ difference in time

Is Athens ahead or behind Bangkok?

If it is 3.00 pm in Athens, what time is in Bangkok?

HOW TO DETERMINING TIME DIFFERENCES

3 What is the time difference New York and Bangkok?

New York (-5) (five hours behind of GMT)

Bangkok (+7) ( seven hours ahead of GMT)

* There are 12 time zone that separate them

* 12 three hours’ difference in time

Is New York ahead or behind Bangkok?

If it is 7.00 am in New York, what time is in Bangkok?

PENGIRAAN WAKTU PENERBANGAN

Elapsed Flying Time(CALCULATION OF FLIGHT TIME)

In airlines time-tables, departure and arrival times are always expressed in local time. Time differences must always be taken into account when calculating the duration of a flight for a given journey

Example: Flight AF 033 leaves Paris (+1) at 1230 on Thursday, 12th December and arrives in Montreal (-5) at 1355 on the

same day. What is the actual flying time? 1st StepAscertain the local time applicable at departure and arrival cities. PAR=GMT+1 YUL=GMT-5

2nd Step

Convert arrival and departure times to GMT:PAR 1230 TUE at GMT + 1 = 1130 GMT TuesdayYUL 1355 TUE at GMT - 5 = 1855 GMT Tuesday

3rd Step

Calculate the difference between the departure and arrival times. The result will give the flight time that is 7 hours 25 minutes

Example 2: What is the duration of journey for a passenger leaving Lusaka (Zambia) at 0910 on Friday, 6th January, and arriving in Hong Kong on Saturday, 7th January, at 1450?

1st StepAscertain the local time applicable at departure and arrival cities. LUS=GMT+2 HKG=GMT+8

2nd Step

Convert arrival and departure times to GMT:LUS 0910 FRI at GMT +2 = 1110 GMT FridayHKG 1450 SAT at GMT +8 = 2250 GMT Saturday

3rd Step

Calculate the difference between the departure and arrival times. The result will give the flight time that is ?????????????

Contoh A flight departs New York(-5) at 6:00pm

(local time). It arrives in Munich(+1) at 7:30 am in the next morning (local time)

Step 1 : Find out the relationship of both the departure and arrival cities to the GMT zone New York (-5) Munich (+1)

Step 2 : Change each local time to what it

would be in GMT: 6.00 pm (New York time at –5)=11.00 pm

GMT7.30 am (Munich time at +1) =6.30am

GMT

Step 3 : Count the number of hours and

minutes using the converted GMT

times

From 11 pm to 6.30 am = 7 hours and 30 minutes elapsed flying time

Calculate the duration of the following journeys

a) From: Madrid, Spain (+2) To : Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (-3)

Departure 0130/10JULArrival 0700/10JUL

b) From: Sydney, Australia (+2) To : Los Angeles, Brazil (-3)

Departure 0500/10JANArrival 1120/10JAN

Latihan:

1. Checkpoint 1.7 (page 20 and 21)2. Chapter Review Questions No. 6,

7 and 8 (page 22)