Topic C3. C-stocks assessment in mangroves J. Boone Kauffman and Daniel Murdiyarso.

Topic C3. C-stocks assessment in mangrovesJ. Boone Kauffman and Daniel Murdiyarso

Topic C3. Slide 2 of 29

Mangroves – a unique tropical forest type138,000–152,000 km2 (145,000 km2)Widely distributed – 123 countriesCritical provision of ecosystem servicesValues – USD 2000–9000/ha/yrSpaulding et al. (2010)


Mangroves – Tremendous range in structural diversity

Seneboi River Delta, Papua, Indonesia

Mangle Bajo, Parque Nacional Montecristi, Republica Dominicana



Training objectives:1. to learn methodologies to efficiently

determine carbon stocks and emissions in

mangroves.

2. collect the field data necessary to calculate

the C stocks, composition and structure of

mangroves.

3. Provide policymakers with C stock

information of value for climate change

mitigation and adaptation activities.



A detailed methods manual for

measuring, reporting and verification

(MRV) in mangroves exists – Kauffman

and Donato 2012.www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP86CIFOR.pdf



TreesNon-tree vegetation

Dead wood

SoilForest floor



Mangrove forest ecosystem

Trees >1.3 m ht

Aboveground pools Belowground pools

Seedlings

pneumatophores

Roots Sediments

100–200 cm

Downed wood

Litter 0.67–2.54 cm diameter

0.67 cm diameter

2.54–7.6 cm diameter

>7.6 cm diameter

rottensound

Dead Live by species

>100 cm dbh

50–100 cm dbh

30–50 cm dbh

5–30 cm dbh

0–5 cm dbh

palms

Herbs

30–50 cm

10–30 cm

50–100 cm

0–10 cm depth

300–500 cm

>500 cm

In order to measure the carbon stocks of a forest, you need to break it down into ecologically meaningful components that can be accurately measured. Here is how we partition mangrove forests.

Blades

Rachis

Bracts

When you see this… You have to also see this


20 m 20 m

Mar

ine

ecot

one

Wood debris transects

(4 per plot, all plots)

Plot: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Trees >5 cm dbh measured in 7 m radius (A=153.9m2)

Trees <5 cm dbh

measured in 2 m radius

(A = 12.6 m2) (all plots)

7 m

A

BC

DR= 2 m

Soil measurements and core extraction (all plots)

PLOT LAYOUT TO DESCRIBE MANGROVES

Trees <5 cm dbh measured in 2 m radius (A = 12.6 m2)

(all plots)

www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP86CIFOR.pdf


10m 10 m

Mar

ine

ecot

one

Wood debris transects (4 per plot, all plots)

Plot: 1 2 3 4 5 6

soil depth measurements and 1 nutrient core (all plots)

All individuals measured in 2m radius half circle plots (A= 6.3m2).

W1

Elliptical crown area = (W1 x W2/2)2*π;Where W1 is the widest length of the plant canopy through its center, and W2 is the canopy width perpendicular to W1.Crown volume = elliptical crown area * height.Height is measured from the sediment surface to the highest point of the canopy. D30 is the mainstem diameter at 30cm.

W1

W2

Height

W1

D30

2m All individuals measured in half of the circular plot on alternating sides of the transect.

Soils sampled near plot center

Plot design: Dwarf mangroves and young stands of planted mangroves


Why use a linear transect?

Wood debris transects

(4 per plot, all plots)

A

BC

D

Trees >5 cm dbh measured in 7m radius (A=153.9m 2)

Trees <5 cm dbh measured in 2m radius

(A=12.6m 2) (all plots)

R= 2m

Captures a broad environmental gradient Avoids species contagion Less chance of sampler bias More efficient for field sampling Fewer steps required for field technicians – less disturbance to the

permanent plot; critical in these wet areas with fragile soils Ease of relocation


General description of the area – trees, soils land use, etc.

Name of plot, date sampled GPS coordinates of each plot are critical Compass direction of the transect (degrees) Salinity – measured at soil sampling plots pH – measured at soil sampling plots Photo documentation

• Systematic photopoints at center of each plot• Reporting purposes, visualization

Names of field technicians

PLOT DESCRIPTION – METADATA


Trees


Guidelines to Measuring Diameter of Irregular Trees:

A) Straight Tree: DBH measured at 1.3mB) Buttresses: If buttress height is greater than 1.3m,

diameter is measured 20cm above the top of the buttresses.

C) Prop roots: If height of prop roots is >1.3m, diameter is measured 20cm above the top of the prop roots

D) Branch/abnormal: If a branch or abnormality (such as swelling) occurs at 1.3m, diameter is measured at the closest point to where there is a uniform stem above- or below the abnormality.

E) Branching: Stems branching below 1.3m count as separate trees. Branching stems above 1.3m count as a single tree.

F) Vertical tree on slope: Measure diameter 1.3m from the ground on the upslope side of the tree.

G) Leaning tree: Measure diameter 1.3m from the base of the stem, parallel to the central axis.

A B C

D E F

G

1.3m

If buttresses >1.3m height, measure 20cm above top of buttress

If prop roots are >1.3m height, measure 20cm above top of prop root

1.3m from upslope side of the tree

Closest uniform diameter avoiding obstacle at 1.3m

Branching under 1.3m height count as separate stems.

1.3 m parallel to central axis


How to determine whether trees are ‘inside’ or ‘outside’ the plot.

More than 50% in the plot: measuredLess than 50% in the

plot: not measured

Circular subplotTree stem

10m

Why use a circular plot?•Ease of setup and relocation•Ease of measurement•Less edge to area ratio


Dead trees

1 2 3

Live (with leaves) – measure dbhClass 1 dead – recent death, only leaves missing – measure dbhClass 2 dead – dead with all small branches missing – measure dbhClass 3 dead – only trunk/mainstems present – measure dbh and height


W1

Crowndepth

D30

Height

Most often we use models that use diameter and plant height to determine biomass

W1W1

W2

Elliptical crown area = (W1 x W2/2)2*π;Where W1 is the widest length of the plant canopy through its center, and W2 is the canopy width perpendicular to W1.Crown volume = elliptical crown area * crown depth.Height is measured from the sediment surface to the highest point of the canopy. D30 is the main stem diameter at 30cm.


Examples of specific tree equations – for species encountered in the Neotropics and West Africa

Avicennia germinans B = 0.14D2.4R2=0.97;

N=25Fromard et al. 1998 French Guiana 42

Avicennia germinans B=.403D1.934R2=0.95;

N=8Smith and Whelan

2006Florida, USA 21.5

Rhizophora spp (mangle and racemosa)

B= 0.1282D2.6R2=0.92;


Rhizophora mangle B=0.722D1.731R2=0.94;

N=14Smith and Whelan

2006Florida, USA 20.0

Laguncularia racemosa

B=103.3D2.5R2=0.97;


Laguncularia racemosa

B=0.362D1.930R2= 0.98;

N=10Smith and Whelan

2006Florida, USA 18

See Kauffman et al 2012 and Kauffman et al (2014) for a review of mangrove allometric equations throughout the world


Dead wood

Pieces 2.5 -7.6 cm measured here

0m 9m 14 m2m

Pieces >7.6 cm measured here


Soil depth and samplingIntervals: 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, 30–50 cm, 50–100 cm, 100–300 cm


Extract the soil core and cut it off flush with the smooth edge


Measure the depth ranges to collect sample





EXAMPLE 2: Examples of total ecosystem carbon stocks for selected mangroves of the west Pacific and Asia


SUMMARYWhy is this work important?

Mangroves provide a number of critical

ecosystem services

The carbon stocks in mangroves are among the

highest of any ecosystem on earth

Rates of land-use/land-cover change in mangrove

conversion are high

Greenhouse gas emissions from mangrove

conversion are high

MRV is possible in mangroves


ReferencesDonato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, and Kanninen M. 2011. Mangroves

among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geosciences 4:293–297. doi: 10.1038/NGEO1123.

Howard J, Hoyt, S, Isensee K, Telszewski M, Pidgeon E (eds.). 2014. Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes,and seagrasses. Arlington, Virginia, USA: Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature.

[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2003. Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change, and forestry. Penman J, Gytarsky M, Hiraishi T, Krug Thelma, Kruger D, Pipatti R, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T, Tanabe K, et al, eds. Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.

Kauffman JB and Donato DC. 2012. Protocols for the Measurement, Monitoring, & Reporting of Structure, Biomass and Carbon Stocks in Mangrove Forests. Working Paper 86. Bogor: Center for International Forest Research.

Kauffman JB, Donato D, Adame MF. 2014. Protocolo para la medición, monitoreo y reporte de la estructura, biomasa y reservas de carbono de los manglares de México. CIFOR Working Paper/Documento de Trabajo 117. Bogor: Center for International Forest Research.


ReferencesKauffman JB, Heider C, Norfolk J, Payton F. 2014. Carbon Stocks of intact mangroves and carbon

emissions arising from their conversion in the Dominican Republic. Ecological Applications 24:518–527.

Spalding MD, Kainuma M, Collins L. 2010. World atlas of mangroves. London: Earthscan.

[UNEP] United Nations Environment Programme. 2014. The Importance of Mangroves to People: A Call to Action. van Bochove J, Sullivan E, Nakamura T, eds. Cambridge: United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge.

The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the Oregon State University with support from USAID.

How to cite this fileMurdiyarso D and Kauffman JB. 2015. Carbon stocks assessment in mangroves [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme C section C3. Retrieved from <www.cifor.org/swamp-toolbox>

Photo creditBoone Kauffman/Oregon State University, Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, Kate Evans/CIFOR, Neil Palmer/CIAT, Ryan Woo/CIFOR

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Topic C3. C-stocks assessment in mangroves J. Boone Kauffman and Daniel Murdiyarso.

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