TORTS Last Cases

8/19/2019 TORTS Last Cases

1/135

Cuadra vs. Monfort

No. L-24101. September 30, 1970.

MA!A "##SA $. C%A&A, m'nor represented b( )er fat)er %L!S#S *. C%A&A,#" AL., p+a'nt's-appe++ees, vs. ALNS MN",defendant-appe++ant.

C'v'+ La/ M'nors &amaes &'+'ene of a ood fat)er of a fam'+( L'ab'+'t( ofparents for damaes aused b( t)e'r m'nor )'+dren.!n t)e present ase t)ere 'snot)'n from /)') 't ma( be 'nferred t)at t)e defendant ou+d )ave prevented t)edamae b( t)e observane of due are, or t)at )e /as 'n an( /a( rem'ss 'n t)eeer'se of )'s parenta+ aut)or't( 'n fa'+'n to foresee su) damae, or t)e at /)')aused 't. n t)e ontrar(, )'s )'+d /as at s)oo+, /)ere 't /as )'s dut( to send )erand /)ere s)e /as, as )e )ad t)e r')t to epet )er to be, under t)e are andsuperv's'on of t)e tea)er. And as far as t)e at /)') aused t)e 'n5ur( /asonerned, 't /as an 'nnoent pran6 not unusua+ amon )'+dren at p+a( and /)')no parent, )o/ever arefu+, /ou+d )ave an( spe'a+ reason to ant''pate, mu) +ess

uard aa'nst. Nor d'd 't revea+ an( m's)'evous propens't(, or 'ndeed an( tra't 'nt)e )'+ds )arater /)') /ou+d re8et unfavorab+( on )er upbr'n'n and for/)') t)e b+ame /ou+d be attr'buted to )er parents.

A#&, :.;d'ssent'n

C'v'+ La/ M'nors &amaes uene of m'nors ats ou+d be determ'ned b( )erae.S)e /as 13 (ears and s)ou+d )ave 6no/n t)at b( 5o6'n+( sa('n a+oud ?t)ats)e )ad found an eart)/orm and, ev'dent+( to fr')ten t)e Cuadra 'r+, tossed t)eob5et at )er,@ 't /as +'6e+( t)at somet)'n /ou+d )appen to )er fr'end, as 'n fat,

s)e /as )urt.

Same Same Same L'ab'+'t( of t)e fat)er.")ere be'n no ev'dene t)at )e)ad proper+( adv'sed )'s dau)ter to be)ave proper+( and not to p+a( danerous

5o6es on )er +assmates and p+a(mates, )e an be +'ab+e under Art'+e 210 of t)eC'v'+ Code.

A**#AL from a de's'on of t)e Court of 'rst !nstane of Neros 'denta+.#nr'>ueB, :.

")e fats are stated 'n t)e op'n'on of t)e Court.

odo+fo :. erman for p+a'nt's-appe++ees.

Lu's D. "orres E Abra)am #. "'on6o for defendant-appe++ant.

MA=AL!N"AL, :.;


2/135

This is an action for damages based on quasi-delict , decided by the Court of First Instance of Negros Occidental favorably to the plaintiffs

and appealed by the defendant to the Court of Appeals, which certified the same to us since the facts are not in issue.

aria Teresa Cuadra, !", and aria Teresa onfort, !#, were classmates in $rade %i& at the abini 'lementary %chool in (acolod City. On

)uly *, !*+" their teacher assigned them, together with three other classmates, to weed the grass in the school premises. hile thus

engaged aria Teresa onfort found a plastic headband, an ornamental ob-ect commonly worn by young girls over their hair. )oingly she

said aloud that she had found an earthworm and, evidently to frighten the Cuadra gi rl, tossed the ob-ect at her. At that precise moment the

latter turned around to face her friend, and the ob-ect hit her right eye. %marting from the pain, she rubbed the in-ured part and treated it with

some powder. The ne&t day, )uly !/, the eye became swollen and it was then that the girl related the incident to her parents, who thereupon

too her to a doctor for treatment. %he underwent surgical operation twice, first on )uly "/ and again on August 0, !*+", and stayed in the

hospital for a total of twenty1three days, for all of which the parents spent the sum of 2!,3/#.34. 5espite the medical efforts, however, aria

Teresa Cuadra completely lost the sight of her right eye.

In the civil suit subse6uently instituted by the parents in behalf of their minor daughter against Alfonso onfort, aria Teresa onfort7s father,

the defendant was ordered to pay 2!,3/#.// as actual damages8 2"/,///.// as moral damages8 and 2",///.// as attorney7s fees, plus the

costs of the suit.

The legal issue posed in this appeal is the liability of a parent for an act of his minor child which causes damage to another under the specific

facts related above and the applicable provisions of the Civil Code, particularly Articles "!3+ and "!9/ thereof, which read:

A;T. "!3+. hoever by act or omission causes damage to another, there being fault or negligence, is obliged to pay

for the damage done. %uch fault or negligence, if there is no pre1e&isting contractual relation between the parties, is

called a quasi-delict and is governed by provisions of this Chapter.

A;T "!9/. The obligation imposed by Article "!3+ is demandable not only for one7s own acts or omissions, but also for

those of persons for whom one is responsible.

The father and, in case of his death or incapacity are responsible for the damages caused by the minor children who

live in their company.

&&& &&& &&&

The responsibility treated of in this Article shall cease when the persons herein mentioned prove that they observed all

the diligence of a good father of a family to prevent damage.

The underlying basis of the liability imposed by Article "!3+ is the fault or negligence accompanying the act or the omission, there being no

willfulness or intent to cause damage thereby. hen the act or omission is that of one person for whom another is responsible, the latter then

becomes himself liable under Article "!9/, in the different cases enumerated therein, such as that of the father or the mother under the

circumstances above 6uoted. The basis of this vicarious, although primary, liability is, as in Article "!3+, fault or negligence, which is

presumed from that which accompanied the causative act or omission. The presumption is merely prima facie and may therefore be

rebutted. This is the clear and logical inference that may be drawn from the last paragraph of Article "!9/, which states


3/135

In the present case there is nothing from which it may be inferred that the defendant could have prevented the damage by the observance of

due care, or that he was in any way remiss in the e&ercise of his parental authority in failing to foresee such damage, or the act which

caused it. On the contrary, his child was at school, where it was his duty to send her and where she was, as he had the right to e&pect her to

be, under the care and supervision of the teacher. And as far as the act which caused the in-ury was concerned, it was an innocent pran not

unusual among children at play and which no parent, however careful, would have any special reason to anticipate much less guard against.

Nor did it reveal any mischievous propensity, or indeed any trait in the child7s character which would reflect unfavorably on her upbringing

and for which the blame could be attributed to her parents.

The victim, no doubt, deserves no little commiseration and sympathy for the tragedy that befell her. (ut if the defendant is at al l obligated to

compensate her suffering, the obligation has no legal sanction enforceable in court, but only the moral compulsion of good conscience.

The decision appealed from is reversed, and the complaint is dismissed, without pronouncement as to costs.

Reyes, J.B.L., Actg. C.J., Dizon, Zaldiar, Castro, !ee"an#ee, $illamor and %a#asiar, JJ., concur.

Concepcion, C.J., is on leae.

&ernando, J., too# no part.


4/135

L'b' vs. !ntermed'ate Appe++ate Court

D.. No. 7090. September 1, 1992.F

C#S#NC! L!!FF and AM#L!A $A* L!!, pet't'oners, vs. N. !N"#M#&!A"#A**#LLA"# C%", #L!*# D"!ND and S!L#$ D"!ND, respondents.

C'v'+ La/ &amaes L'ab'+'t( of parents for damaes aused b( t)e'r m'nor)'+dren under Art'+e 210 of t)e C'v'+ Code.!n 'mpos'n sant'ons for t)e so-a++ed v'ar'ous +'ab'+'t( of pet't'oners, respondent ourt 'tes ue++as vs. Cadano, eta+. /)') supposed+( )o+ds t)at ?GtH)e subs'd'ar( +'ab'+'t( of parents for damaesaused b( t)e'r m'nor )'+dren 'mposed b( Art'+e 210 of t)e Ne/ C'v'+ Code oversob+'at'ons ar's'n from bot) >uas'-de+'ts and r'm'na+ oenses,@ fo++o/ed b( anetended >uotat'on ostens'b+( from t)e same ase ep+a'n'n /)( under Art'+e210 of t)e C'v'+ Code and Art'+e 101 of t)e ev'sed *ena+ Code parents s)ou+d

assume subs'd'ar( +'ab'+'t( for damaes aused b( t)e'r m'nor )'+dren. ")e >uotedpassaes are set out t/o pararap)s ba6, /'t) pert'nent undersor'n for purposesof t)e d'suss'on )ereunder. No/, /e do not )ave an( ob5et'on to t)e dotr'na+ ru+e)o+d'n t)e parents +'ab+e, but t)e ateor'Bat'on of t)e'r +'ab'+'t( as be'nsubs'd'ar(, and not pr'mar(, 'n nature re>u'res a )ard seond +oo6 ons'der'nprev'ous de's'ons of t)'s ourt on t)e matter /)') /arrant omparat've ana+(ses.ur onern stems from our read'ns t)at 'f t)e +'ab'+'t( of t)e parents for r'mes or>uas'de+'ts of t)e'r m'nor )'+dren 's subs'd'ar(, t)en t)e parents an ne't)er'nvo6e nor be abso+ved of 'v'+ +'ab'+'t( on t)e defense t)at t)e( ated /'t) t)ed'+'ene of a ood fat)er of a fam'+( to prevent damaes. n t)e ot)er )and, 'fsu) +'ab'+'t( 'mputed to t)e parents 's ons'dered d'ret and pr'mar(, t)at d'+'ene/ou+d onst'tute a va+'d and substant'a+ defense. uas'-de+'ts of t)e'r m'nor )'+dren, as ontemp+ated 'n Art'+e 210 oft)e C'v'+ Code, 's pr'mar( and not subs'd'ar(. !n fat, 'f /e app+( Art'+e 2194 of sa'dode /)') prov'des for so+'dar( +'ab'+'t( of 5o'nt tortfeasors, t)e persons respons'b+efor t)e at or om'ss'on, 'n t)'s ase t)e m'nor and t)e fat)er and, 'n ase of )'sdeat) or 'napa't(, t)e mot)er, are so+'dar'+( +'ab+e. Aord'n+(, su) parenta++'ab'+'t( 's pr'mar( and not subs'd'ar(, )ene t)e +ast pararap) of Art'+e 210prov'des t)at ?GtH)e respons'b'+'t( treated of 'n t)'s art'+e s)a++ ease /)en t)epersons )ere'n ment'oned prove t)at t)e( observed a++ t)e d'+'ene of a oodfat)er of a fam'+( to prevent damae.@

Cr'm'na+ La/ C'v'+ +'ab'+'t( of parents for r'mes omm'tted b( t)e'r m'nor

)'+dren.Aord'n+(, 5ust +'6e t)e ru+e 'n Art'+e 210 of t)e C'v'+ Code, t)e'v'+ +'ab'+'t( of t)e parents for r'mes omm'tted b( t)e'r m'nor )'+dren 's +'6e/'sed'ret and pr'mar(, and a+so sub5et to t)e defense of +a6 of fau+t or ne+'ene ont)e'r part, t)at 's, t)e eer'se of t)e d'+'ene of a ood fat)er of a fam'+(. ")at 'nbot) >uas'-de+'ts and r'mes t)e parents pr'mar'+( respond for su) damaes 'sbuttressed b( t)e orrespond'n prov's'ons 'n bot) odes t)at t)e m'nortransressor s)a++ be ans/erab+e or s)a++ respond /'t) )'s o/n propert( on+( 'n t)eabsene or 'n ase of 'nso+ven( of t)e former. ")us, for 'v'+ +'ab'+'t( e >uas'de+'to of m'nors, Art'+e 212 of t)e C'v'+ Code states t)at ?G'Hf t)e m'nor aus'n


5/135

damae )as no parents or uard'an, t)e m'nor s)a++ be ans/erab+e /'t) )'so/n propert( 'n an at'on aa'nst )'m /)ere a uard'an ad +'tem s)a++ beappo'nted.@ or 'v'+ +'ab'+'t( e de+'to of m'nors, an e>u'va+ent prov's'on 's found 'nt)e t)'rd pararap) of Art'+e 101 of t)e ev'sed *ena+ Code, to /'t; ?S)ou+d t)erebe no person )av'n su) m'nor under )'s aut)or't(, +ea+ uard'ans)'p orontro+, or 'f su) person be 'nso+vent, sa'd m'nor s)a++ respond /'t) G)'sH o/n

propert(, eept'n propert( eempt from eeut'on, 'n aordane /'t) 'v'+ +a/.@

*#"!"!N for rev'e/ of t)e de's'on of t)e t)en !ntermed'ate Appe++ate Court.


A+e $. "an for pet't'oners.

Mar'o &. rt'B and &an'+o I. rt'B for pr'vate respondents.

#DALA&, :.;

SYLLABUS

1. CIVIL LAW; QUASI DELICT; LIABILITY OF PARENTS FOR CIVIL LIABILITYARISING FROM CRIMINAL OFFENSES COMMITTED BY THEIR MINOR CHILDREN;RULE. — The pae!"# ae a!$ #h%&'$ (e he'$ p)*a)'+ ')a('e ,% "he -))' ')a()')"+ a)#)!/ ,%*-)*)!a' %,,e!#e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! &!$e "he) 'e/a' a&"h%)"+ % -%!"%'0 %h% ')e )! "he) -%*pa!+0 &!'e## )" )# p%e! "ha" "he ,%*e a-"e$ )"h "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" #&-h $a*a/e#. Tha" p)*a+ ')a()')"+ )# pe*)#e$ %! "he p%)#)%!#

%, A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e )"h e#pe-" "% $a*a/e# e3 $e')-"% -ae$ (+ "he)-h)'$e! 4 +ea# %, a/e % &!$e0 % %e 4 (&" &!$e 15 +ea# %, a/e h% a-"e$ )"h%&"$)#-e!*e!"; a!$0 )"h e/a$ "% "he) -h)'$e! %e 4 (&" &!$e 15 +ea# %, a/e h% a-"e$ )"h$)#-e!*e!"0 % 15 +ea# % %e (&" &!$e 61 +ea# %, a/e0 #&-h p)*a+ ')a()')"+ #ha'' (e)*p%#e$ p&#&a!" "% A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e. U!$e #a)$ A")-'e 61720 "he e!,%-e*e!" %,#&-h ')a()')"+ #ha'' (e e,,e-"e$ a/a)!#" "he ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 "he*%"he. Th)# a# a*p'),)e$ (+ "he Ch)'$ a!$ Y%&"h We',ae C%$e h)-h p%)$e# "ha" "he #a*e#ha'' $e%'e &p%! "he ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 &p%! "he *%"he %0 )! -a#e%, he $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 &p%! "he /&a$)a!0 (&" "he ')a()')"+ *a+ a'#% (e %'&!"a)'+ a##&*e$ (+ a e'a")e % ,a*)'+ ,)e!$ %, "he +%&"h,&' %,,e!$e. H%ee0 &!$e "he Fa*)'+ C%$e0 "h)#-))' ')a()')"+ )# !%0 )"h%&" #&-h a'"e!a")e 8&a'),)-a")%!0 "he e#p%!#)()')"+ %, "he pae!"# a!$

"h%#e h% e3e-)#e pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ %e "he *)!% %,,e!$e. F% -))' ')a()')"+ a)#)!/ ,%*8&a#)9$e')-"# -%**)""e$ (+ *)!%#0 "he #a*e &'e# #ha'' app'+ )! a--%$a!-e )"h A")-'e# 6172a!$ 6176 %, "he C))' C%$e0 a# #% *%$),)e$.

D E C I S I O N


6/135

REGALADO, J.:

O!e %, "he )%!)- e)")e# %, '),e0 )" ha# (ee! #a)$0 )# "ha" #%% )# #%*e")*e# a "%&-h#"%!e %,'%e. A "a/)- )''"a")%! )# p%)$e$ (+ "he )!#"a!" -a#e0 hee)! "% '%e# $)e$ h)'e #")'' )!

"he p)*e %, "he) +ea#0 a ()""e ep)#%$e ,% "h%#e h%#e ')e# "he+ hae "%&-he$. Wh)'e e-a!!%" e3pe-" "% aa$ -%*p'e"e a##&a/e*e!" "% "he) ,a*)')e# "h%&/h #ee*)!/'+ p%#a)- 'e/a'e()a/e0 "h)# $)#p%#)")%! #h%&'$ a" 'ea#" "e*)!a"e "he a-)*%!+ a!$ a!-% %, a! e3"e!$e$ :&$)-)a' -%!"e#" e#&'")!/ ,%* "he &!,%"&!a"e %--&e!-e.

I! "h)# ,)!a' $e!%&e*e!" %, "he :&$)-)a' e-%&#e "he #"a/e# hee%, ee a'"e!a"e'+ )!)")a"e$ (+"he pa")e#0 pe")")%!e# ae !% (e,%e #ee)!/ "he ee#a' %, "he :&$/*e!" %, e#p%!$e!"-%&" p%*&'/a"e$ %! :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?WHEREFORE0 "he $e-)#)%! %, "he '%e -%&" $)#*)##)!/ p'a)!"),,@# -%*p'a)!" )# hee(+ee#e$; a!$ )!#"ea$0 :&$/*e!" )# hee(+ e!$ee$ #e!"e!-)!/ $e,e!$a!"#0 :%)!"'+ a!$ #%')$a)'+0"% pa+ "% p'a)!"),,# "he ,%''%)!/ a*%&!"#> -ha!%('e#.-%* >)"&a' 'a ')(a+

1. M%a' $a*a/e#0 P20222.222;

6. E3e*p'a+ $a*a/e#0 P120222.22;

. A""%!e+@# ,ee#0 P620222.220 a!$ -%#"#.

H%ee0 $e!)a' %, $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee#@ -%&!"e-'a)*# )# a,,)*e$.? 1

S+!"he#)e$ ,%* "he ,)!$)!/# %, "he '%e -%&"#0 )" appea# "ha" e#p%!$e!" #p%e# ae "he'e/)")*a"e pae!"# %,


7/135

D&e "% "he a(#e!-e %, a! e+e)"!e## a--%&!" %, "he -)-&*#"a!-e# #&%&!$)!/ "he $ea"h %, (%"h*)!%#0 "he) pae!"#0 h% ae "he -%!"e!$)!/ pa")e# hee)!0 p%#)"e$ "he) e#pe-")e "he%)e#$a! ,%* "he) )!"epe"a")%! %, -)-&*#"a!")a' e)$e!-e0 aa)'a('e ep%"#0 $%-&*e!"# a!$e)$e!-e %, ph+#)-a' ,a-"#.

P)a"e e#p%!$e!"#0 (eeae$ %e "he $ea"h %, "he) $a&/h"e0 #&(*)""e$ "ha" We!$e'' -ae$ he $ea"h (+ #h%%")!/ he )"h "he a,%e#a)$ ,)ea* a!$0 "heea,"e0 "&!)!/ "he /&! %! h)*#e', "%-%**)" #&)-)$e. O! "he %"he ha!$0 Petitioners0 p&'e$ a!$ ')e)#e $)#"e##e$ %e "he $ea"h %, "he) #%!0 e:e-"e$ "he )*p&"a")%! a!$ -%!"e!$e$ "ha" a! &!!%! "h)$ pa"+0 h%* We!$e''*a+ hae $)#p'ea#e$ % a!"a/%!)e$ (+ ea#%! %, h)# % a# a !a-%")-# )!,%*e %, "heC%!#"a(&'a+ A!")9Na-%")-# U!)" CANU0 *" hae -ae$ We!$e''@# $ea"h a!$ "he! #h%"-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?WHEREFORE0 pe*)#e# $&'+ -%!#)$ee$0 :&$/*e!" )# hee(+ e!$ee$ $)#*)##)!/ p'a)!"),,#@-%*p'a)!" ,% )!#&,,)-)e!-+ %, "he e)$e!-e. De,e!$a!"#@ -%&!"e-'a)* )# ')e)#e $e!)e$ ,% 'a- %, #&,,)-)e!" *e)".? 6

O! appea' "% e#p%!$e!" -%&"0 #a)$ :&$/*e!" %, "he '%e -%&" $)#*)##)!/ "he -%*p'a)!" %,"hee)! p'a)!"),,#9appe''a!"# a# #e" a#)$e a!$ a!%"he :&$/*e!" a# e!$ee$ a/a)!#" $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee# h%0 a# pe")")%!e# )! "he pe#e!" appea' (+ certiorari0 !% #&(*)" ,% e#%'&")%! "he,%''%)!/ )##&e# )! "h)# -a#e> -ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a ')(a+

1. Whe"he % !%" e#p%!$e!" -%&" -%e-"'+ ee#e$ "he ")a' -%&" )! a--%$a!-e )"he#"a(')#he$ $e-)#)%!a' 'a#; a!$

6. Whe"he % !%" A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e a# -%e-"'+ )!"epe"e$ (+ e#p%!$e!" -%&" "%*ae pe")")%!e# ')a('e ,% )-a)% ')a()')"+.

I! "he p%-ee$)!/# (e,%e "he ")a' -%&"0 D.


8/135

a# !e/')/e!" )! !%" -%!$&-")!/ a paa,,)! "e#" %! We!$e'' L)()0 he!-e p%##)('e e)$e!-e %,/&!p%$e e#)$&e %! We!$e''@# ha!$# a# ,%ee '%#" he! We!$e'' a# ha#")'+ (&)e$. -a'a!a$

M%e #pe-),)-a''+0 D. Ce!a "e#"),)e$ "ha" he -%!$&-"e$ a! a&"%p#+ %! "he (%$+ %, We!$e'' L)()a(%&" e)/h" 7 h%&# a,"e "he )!-)$e!" %0 "% (e e3a-"0 e)/h" 7 h%&# a!$ "e!"+ 62 *)!&"e#

(a#e$ %! "he e-%$ %, $ea"h; "ha" he! he a)e$ a" "he C%#*%p%')"a! F&!ea' H%*e#0 "he (%$+%, "he $e-ea#e$ a# a'ea$+ %! "he a&"%p#+ "a('e a!$ )! "he #"a/e %, )/% *%")#; a!$ "ha" #a)$ (%$+ a# !%" a#he$0 (&" )" a# $)e$. H%ee0 %! e$)e-" e3a*)!a")%!0 he a$*)""e$ "ha"$&)!/ "he 79h%& )!"ea'0 he !ee #a "he (%$+ !% $)$ he #ee he"he #a)$ (%$+ a# )pe$ %a#he$ )! "he aea %, "he %&!$ %! "he hea$ h)-h he e3a*)!e$ (e-ae "he $e-ea#e$ a#)!#)$e "he *%/&e. 5 I! ,a-"0 %! -%##9e3a*)!a")%!0 he ha$ ea')e a$*)""e$ "ha" a# ,a a# "hee!"a!-e %, "he %&!$0 "he "a:e-"%+ %, "he (&''e" a!$ "he e3)" %, "he %&!$ ae -%!-e!e$0 )" )# p%##)('e "ha" We!$e'' L)() #h%" h)*#e',. =

He ,&"he "e#"),)e$ "ha" "he *&'e %, "he /&! a# !%" pe##e$ %! "he hea$ %, "he )-")* a!$ "ha"he ,%&!$ !% (&!)!/ % #)!/e)!/ %, "he ha) % e3"e!#)e 'a-ea")%! %! "he /&!#h%" %&!$ %,

e!"a!-e h)-h ae /e!ea' -haa-"e)#")-# %, -%!"a-" % !ea9-%!"a-" ,)e. O! $)e-" e3a*)!a")%!0D. Ce!a !%!e"he'e## *a$e "he#e -'a),)-a")%!> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?Q I# )" !%" a ,a-" "ha" "hee ae -e"a)! /&!# h)-h ae #% *a$e "ha" "hee %&'$ (e !% ('a-e#)$&e % "a""%%)!/ "ha" -%&'$ e#&'" ,%* "he#e /&!# (e-ae "he+ ae ha" e -a'' -'ea!

A Ye#0 #). I !% "ha" "hee ae ha" e -a'' #*%e'e## p%$e.

ATTY. ORTI> -ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a ')(a+

Q Ye#. S%0 )! -a#e#0 "hee,%e0 %, /&!# hee "he p%$e )# #*%e'e##0 "h%#e )!$)-a")%!# "ha" +%&#a)$ *a+ !%" &'e %&" "he p%##)()')"+ "ha" "he /&! a# -'%#e "ha! 6 )!-he#0 )# "ha" -%e-"

A I, "he . . . a##&*)!/ "ha" "he /&! e$ a# .. "he (&''e" e$ a# a #*%e'e## p%$e.

Q A" a!+ a"e0 $%-"%0 ,%* . . . $)#e/a$)!/ "h%#e %"he *a""e# "ha" +%& hae !%")-e$0 "he#)!/e)!/0 e"-.0 ,%* "he "a:e-"%+0 (a#e$ %! "he "a:e-"%+ %, "he (&''e" a# #h%! )! +%& %!#e"-h0 )# )" !%" a ,a-" "ha" "he /&! -%&'$ hae (ee! ,)e$ (+ "he pe#%! h)*#e',0 "he )-")*h)*#e',0 We!$e'' L)()0 (e-ae )" #h%# a p%)!" %, e!"+ a ')""'e a(%e "he )/h" ea a!$ p%)!" %,e3)" a ')""'e a(%e "ha"0 "% (e e+ ,a) a!$ %! +%& %a"h

A A# ,a a# "he p%)!" %, e!"a!-e )# -%!-e!e$ a!$ a# ,a a# "he "a:e-"%+ %, "he (&''e" )#-%!-e!e$ a!$ a# ,a a# "he a!/'e % "he *a!!e %, ,)e )# -%!-e!e$0 )" -%&'$ hae (ee! ,)e$ (+"he )-")*.?

A# #h%! (+ "he e)$e!-e0 "hee ee %!'+ "% e$ (&''e"# 7 ,%&!$ a" "he #-e!e %, "he -)*e0ea-h %, h)-h ee "he (&''e"# "ha" h)"


9/135

x x x

?G&!#h%" %&!$0 ENTRANCE0 %a'%)$0 2.5 3 2. -*.0 )"h -%!")%! -%''a )$e#" )!,e)%'+ (+2.6 -*.0 e$/e# )!e"e$0 %)e!"e$ &pa$0 '%-a"e$ a" "he hea$0 "e*p%a' e/)%!0 )/h"0 6.7 -*#.

(eh)!$ a!$ 5.5 -*#. a(%e )/h" e3"e!a' a&$)"%+ *ea" $)e-"e$ #')/h"'+ ,%a$0 &pa$ a!$"% "he 'e,"0 )!%')!/ #)! a!$ #%," ")##&e#0 *a)!/ a p&!-h9)! ,a-"&e %! "he "e*p%a' (%!e0)/h"0 pe!e"a")!/ -a!)a' -a)"+0 'a-ea")!/ e3"e!#)e'+ a'%!/ )"# -%&#e "he (a)! ")##&e#0,a-"&)!/ pa)e"a' (%!e0 'e,"0 a!$ ,)!a''+ *a)!/ a! EJIT %&!$0 )e/&'a0 6.2 3 1.7 -*#.0 e$/e#ee"e$0 pa)e"a' e/)%!0 'e,"0 6.2 -*#. (eh)!$ a!$ 16.4 -*#. a(%e 'e," e3"e!a' a&$)"%+*ea".-ha!%('e# )"&a'a')(a+ -ha!%('e#.-%*>-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

x x x

?E)$e!-e %, -%!"a-" % -'%#e9-%!"a-" ,)e0 #&-h a# (&!)!/ a%&!$ "he /&!#h%" %&!$ %,e!"a!-e0 /&!p%$e "a"%%)!/ #)-0 #*&$/)!/0 #)!/e)!/ %, ha)0 e3"e!#)e 'a-ea")%! % (&#")!/%, "he /&!#h%" %&!$ %, e!"a!-e0 % #epaa")%! %, "he #)! ,%* "he &!$e'+)!/ ")##&e0 aea(#e!".? 12

O! -%##9e3a*)!a")%!0 D. Ce!a $e*%!#"a"e$ h)# "he%+ h)-h a# *a$e %, e-%$0 "h> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?Q N%0 )'' +%& p'ea#e e +%&#e', a# We!$e'' L)()0 a!$ ,%''%)!/ "he e!"a!-e %, "he %&!$0"he "a:e-"%+ %, "he (&''e" a!$ "he e3)" %, "he %&!$0 a!$ *ea#&)!/ +%&#e', 6 )!-he#0 )'' +%& p'ea#e )!$)-a"e "% "he H%!%a('e C%&" h% %&'$ )" hae (ee! p%##)('e ,% We!$e'' L)() "% )''h)*#e', W)'' +%& p'ea#e )!$)-a"e "he 6 )!-he#

WITNESS>-ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a ')(a+

A A-"&a''+0 #)0 "he 6 )!-he# )# app%3)*a"e'+ %!e a*@# 'e!/"h.

ATTY. SENINING>-ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a')(a+

I %&'$ ')e "% *ae %, e-%$ "ha" "he )"!e## ha# $e*%!#"a"e$ (+ e3"e!$)!/ h)# )/h" a*a'*%#" #"a)/h" "%a$# h)# hea$.? 11

P)a"e e#p%!$e!"# a##a)' "he ,a-" "ha" "he ")a' -%&" /ae -e$e!-e "% "he "e#")*%!)e# %,$e,e!$a!"#@ )"!e##e# L+$)a A!/ a!$


10/135

h)* "ha" #he #a a *a! 'eap ,%* "he /a"e "%a$# h)# %%,"%p. 1

H%ee0 )"&a' 'a')(a+

?ATTY. ORTI> TO WITNESS.

Q Wha" )# "he he)/h" %, "he a'' %, "he G%")%!/@# )! e'a")%! "% +%& h%e


A I" )# a(%&" 7 ,ee".

ATTY. ORTI> TO WITNESS

Q A!$ hee ee +%& '%%)!/ ,%*


A F%* &p#"a)# )! *+ '))!/ %%*.

ATTY. ORTI TO WITNESS

Q F%* Y%& '))!/ %%* )!$%0 )# "ha" -%e-"


A Ye#0 (&" !%" e+ -'ea (e-ae "he a'' )# h)/h.? 1

A!a'+)!/ "he ,%e/%)!/ "e#")*%!)e#0 e a/ee )"h e#p%!$e!" -%&" "ha" "he #a*e $% !%" )!#p)e-e$e!-e a# "% "he e')a()')"+ a!$ a--&a-+ %, "he )"!e##e#@ %(#ea")%!#0 #)!-e "he )#&a' pe-ep")%!# %, (%"h ee %(#"&-"e$ (+ h)/h a''# )! "he) e#pe-")e h%e# )! e'a")%! "% "heh%e %, hee)! p)a"e e#p%!$e!"#. O! "he %"he ha!$0 )"!e## Ma!%'% A',%!#%0 "e#"),+)!/ %!e(&""a'0 a""e#"e$ )"h%&" -%!"a$)-")%! "ha" he a!$ h)# #)#"e0 Ma'%& A',%!#%0 ee a)")!/ ,%


11/135

N% -a! e #"a)! "he ")a' -%&"@# $&()% "he%+ "ha" We!$e'' L)() $)$ !%" $)e (+ h)# %! ha!$ (e-ae %, "he %ehe'*)!/ e)$e!-e — "e#")*%!)a'0 $%-&*e!"a+ a!$ p)-"%)a' — "he-%!,'&e!-e %, h)-h p%)!" "% We!$e'' a# "he a##a)'a!" %, -a'a>e$

Pe")")%!e#@ $e,e!#e "ha" "he+ ha$ e3e-)#e$ "he $&e $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+0 he!-e"he+ #h%&'$ !%" (e -))''+ ')a('e ,% "he -)*e -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% #%!0 )# !%" (%!e %&" (+"he e)$e!-e %! e-%$ e)"he.

Pe")")%!e A*e')"a Yap L)()0 *%"he %, We!$e''0 "e#"),)e$ "ha" he h(a!$0 Ce#e!-)% L)()0 %!#a /&! h)-h he ep" )! a #a,e"+ $ep%#)" (%3 )!#)$e a $ae )! "he) (e$%%*. Ea-h %, "he#e pe")")%!e# h%'$# a e+ "% "he #a,e"+ $ep%#)" (%3 a!$ A*e')"a@# e+ )# a'a+# )! he (a/0 a'' %,h)-h ,a-"# ee !%! "% We!$e''. The+ hae !ee #ee! "he) #%! We!$e'' "a)!/ % )!/ "he/&!. She a$*)""e$0 h%ee0 "ha" %! "ha" ,a"e,&' !)/h" "he /&! a# !% '%!/e )! "he #a,e"+ $ep%#)" (%3. 1= We0 a--%$)!/'+0 -a!!%" (&" e!"e"a)! #e)% $%&("# "ha" pe")")%!e #p%e# ha$ ea''+ (ee! e3e-)#)!/ "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ (+ #a,e'+ '%-)!/ "he ,a"a' /&! aa+.

We!$e'' -%&'$ !%" hae /%""e! h%'$ "hee%, &!'e## %!e %, "he e+# "% "he #a,e"+ $ep%#)" (%3 a#!e/')/e!"'+ 'e," '+)!/ a%&!$ % he ha$ ,ee a--e## "% "he (a/ %, h)# *%"he hee "he %"he e+a#.

The $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ e8&)e$ (+ 'a )! a pae!" a!$ -h)'$ e'a")%!#h)p-%!#)#"#0 "% a 'a/e e3"e!"0 %, "he )!#"&-")%! a!$ #&pe)#)%! %, "he -h)'$. Pe")")%!e# ee /ae'+e*)## )! "he) $&")e# a# pae!"# )! !%" $)')/e!"'+ #&pe)#)!/ "he a-"))")e# %, "he) #%!0 $e#p)"e h)#*)!%)"+ a!$ )**a"&)"+0 #% *&-h #% "ha" )" a# %!'+ a" "he ")*e %, We!$e''@# $ea"h "ha" "he+a''e/e$'+ $)#-%ee$ "ha" he a# a CANU a/e!" a!$ "ha" Ce#e!-)%@# /&! a# *)##)!/ ,%* "he#a,e"+ $ep%#)" (%3. B%"h pae!"# ee #a$'+ a!")!/ )! "he) $&"+ a!$ e#p%!#)()')"+ )!*%!)"%)!/ a!$ !%)!/ "he a-"))")e# %, "he) -h)'$e! h%0 ,% a'' "he+ !%0 *a+ (e e!/a/e$)! $a!/e% % #&-h a# (e)!/ $&/ )!,%*e#0 1 % ee! $&/ e#. Ne)"he a# a p'a)('ee3p'a!a")%! /)e! ,% "he ph%"%/aph %, We!$e''0 )"h a ha!$)""e! $e$)-a")%! "% :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?. . . I" )# #")'' "he $&"+ %, pae!"# "% !% "he a-"))"+ %, "he) -h)'$e! h% *a+ (e e!/a/e$ )!"h)# $a!/e% a-"))"+ )!%')!/ "he *e!a-e %, $&/#. Ha$ "he $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee# (ee!$)')/e!" )! #&pe)#)!/ "he a-"))")e# %, "he) #%!0 We!$e''0 a!$ )! eep)!/ #a)$ /&! ,%* h)#ea-h0 "he+ -%&'$ hae pee!"e$ We!$e'' ,%* )'')!/


12/135

a# a''e/e$'+ ep" )! a #a,e"+ $ep%#)" (%30 $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee# ae #&(#)$)a)'+ ')a('e ,% "he!a"&a' -%!#e8&e!-e %, "he -)*)!a' a-" %, #a)$ *)!% h% a# '))!/ )! "he) -%*pa!+. Th)#)-a)% ')a()')"+ %, hee)! $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee# ha# (ee! e)"ea"e$ (+ "he S&pe*e C%&" )!*a!+ -a#e#0 p%*)!e!" %, h)-h )# "he -a#e %, F&e''a# . Ca$a!%0 e". a'. L91240 O-". 10 14=10 SCRA =19=0 h)-h he'$ "ha"> -ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a')(a+

KThe #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ %, pae!"# ,% $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! )*p%#e$ (+A")-'e 6172 %, "he Ne C))' C%$e -%e# %(')/a")%!# a)#)!/ ,%* (%"h 8&a#)9$e')-"# a!$-)*)!a' %,,e!#e#.@

KThe #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ %, pae!"@# a)#)!/ ,%* "he -)*)!a' a-"# %, "he) *)!% -h)'$e! h%a-"e$ )"h $)#-e!*e!" )# $e"e*)!e$ &!$e "he p%)#)%!# %, A")-'e 61720 N.C.C. a!$ &!$eA")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e0 (e-ae "% h%'$ "ha" "he ,%*e %!'+ -%e# %(')/a")%!#h)-h a)#e ,%* 8&a#)9$e')-"# a!$ !%" %(')/a")%!# h)-h a)#e ,%* -)*)!a' %,,e!#e#0 %&'$e#&'" )! "he a(#&$)"+ "ha" h)'e ,% a! a-" hee *ee !e/')/e!-e )!"ee!e# "he ,a"he %*%"he *a+ #"a!$ #&(#)$)a)'+ ')a('e ,% "he $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ h)# % he #%!0 !% ')a()')"+ %&'$

a""a-h ), "he $a*a/e )# -ae$ )"h -)*)!a' )!"e!".@ SCRA =19=6.?. . . I! "he )!#"a!" -a#e0 *)!% #%! %, hee)! $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee#0 We!$e'' L)() #%*eh% /%"h%'$ %, "he e+ "% "he $ae hee #a)$ /&! a# ep" &!$e '%- )"h%&" $e,e!$a!"9#p%e#ee !%)!/ "ha" #a)$ /&! ha$ (ee! *)##)!/ ,%* "ha" #a,e"+ (%3 #)!-e 147 he! We!$e'' L)()ha$ a p)-"&e "ae! hee)! he p%&$'+ $)#p'a+e$ #a)$ /&! a!$ $e$)-a"e$ "h)# p)-"&e "% h)##ee"hea"0 e$!a$

x x x

?Ba#e$ %! "he ,%e/%)!/ $)#-#)%!# %, "he a##)/!e$ e%#0 "h)# C%&" h%'$# "ha" "he '%e -%&"a# !%" -%e-" )! $)#*)##)!/ hee)! p'a)!"),,#9appe''a!"#@ -%*p'a)!" (e-ae a# pep%!$ea!"'+#h%! (+ e)$e!-e0 $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee# &""e'+ ,a)'e$ "% e3e-)#e a'' "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$,a"he %, "he ,a*)'+ )! pee!")!/ "he) *)!% #%! ,%* -%**)"")!/ "h)# -)*e (+ *ea!# %, "he/&! %, $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee# h)-h a# ,ee'+ a--e##)('e "% We!$e'' L)() ,% "he+ hae !%"e/&'a'+ -he-e$ he"he #a)$ /&! a# #")'' &!$e '%-0 (&" 'ea!e$ "ha" )" a# *)##)!/ ,%* "he#a,e"+ $ep%#)" (%3 %!'+ a,"e "he -)*e ha$ (ee! -%**)""e$.? E*pha#e# %&#. 14

We a/ee )"h "he -%!-')%! %, e#p%!$e!" -%&" "ha" pe")")%!e# #h%&'$ (e he'$ ')a('e ,% "he-))' ')a()')"+ (a#e$ %! ha" appea# ,%* a'' )!$)-a")%!# a# a -)*e -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!%#%!. We "ae "h)# %pp%"&!)"+0 h%ee0 "% $)/e## a!$ $)#-# )"# a")%-)!a")%! "hee,% %! :&)#p&$e!")a' $)-"a h)-h e ,ee' e8&)e -'a),)-a")%!.

I! )*p%#)!/ #a!-")%!# ,% "he #%9-a''e$ )-a)% ')a()')"+ %, pe")")%!e#0 e#p%!$e!" -%&" -)"e#F&e''a# . Ca$a!%0 E". A'. 62 h)-h #&pp%#e$'+ h%'$# "ha"? "he #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ %, pae!"# ,% $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! )*p%#e$ (+ A")-'e 6172 %, "he Ne C))' C%$e -%e#%(')/a")%!# a)#)!/ ,%* (%"h 8&a#)9$e')-"# a!$ -)*)!a' %,,e!#e#0? ,%''%e$ (+ a! e3"e!$e$8&%"a")%! %#"e!#)('+ ,%* "he #a*e -a#e e3p'a)!)!/ h+ &!$e A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$ea!$ A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e pae!"# #h%&'$ a##&*e #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ ,%


13/135

$a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e!. The 8&%"e$ pa##a/e# ae #e" %&" "% paa/aph# (a-0)"h pe")!e!" &!$e#-%)!/ ,% p&p%#e# %, "he $)#-#)%! hee&!$e.-ha!%('e# 'a')(a+

N%0 e $% !%" hae a!+ %(:e-")%! "% "he $%-")!a' &'e h%'$)!/0 "he pae!"# ')a('e0 (&" "he-a"e/%)a")%! %, "he) ')a()')"+ a# (e)!/ #&(#)$)a+0 a!$ !%" p)*a+0 )! !a"&e e8&)e# a ha$

#e-%!$ '%% -%!#)$e)!/ pe)% $e-)#)%!# %, "h)# -%&" %! "he *a""e h)-h aa!"-%*paa")e a!a'+#e#. O& -%!-e! #"e*# ,%* %& ea$)!/# "ha" ), "he ')a()')"+ %, "he pae!"# ,%-)*e# % 8&a#)9$e')-"# %, "he) *)!% -h)'$e! )# #&(#)$)a+0 "he! "he pae!"# -a! !e)"he )!%e!% (e a(#%'e$ %, -))' ')a()')"+ %! "he $e,e!#e "ha" "he+ a-"e$ )"h "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" $a*a/e#. O! "he %"he ha!$0 ), #&-h ')a()')"+ )*p&"e$ "% "he pae!"# )#-%!#)$ee$ $)e-" a!$ p)*a+0 "ha" $)')/e!-e %&'$ -%!#")"&"e a a')$ a!$ #&(#"a!")a' $e,e!#e.

We (e')ee "ha" "he -))' ')a()')"+ %, pae!"# ,% 8&a#)9$e')-"# %, "he) *)!% -h)'$e!0 a#-%!"e*p'a"e$ )! A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e0 )# p)*a+ a!$ !%" #&(#)$)a+. I! ,a-"0 ), e app'+A")-'e 614 %, #a)$ -%$e h)-h p%)$e# ,% #%')$a+ ')a()')"+ %, :%)!" "%",ea#%#0 "he pe#%!#e#p%!#)('e ,% "he a-" % %*)##)%!0 )! "h)# -a#e "he *)!% a!$ "he ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h

%, )!-apa-)"+0 "he *%"he0 ae #%')$a)'+ ')a('e. A--%$)!/'+0 #&-h pae!"a' ')a()')"+ )# p)*a+ a!$!%" #&(#)$)a+0 he!-e "he 'a#" paa/aph %, A")-'e 6172 p%)$e# "ha"? "he e#p%!#)()')"+ "ea"e$%, )! "h)# a")-'e #ha'' -ea#e he! "he pe#%!# hee)! *e!")%!e$ p%e "ha" "he+ %(#ee$ a'' "he$)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" $a*a/e#.? -a'a)"&a1a ')(a+

We ae a'#% pe#&a$e$ "ha" "he ')a()')"+ %, "he pae!"# ,% ,e'%!)e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!%-h)'$e! )# ')e)#e p)*a+0 !%" #&(#)$)a+. A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e p%)$e#> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?ARTICLE 121. R&'e# e/a$)!/ -))' ')a()')"+ )! -e"a)! -a#e#. —

x x x

F)#". I! -a#e# %, #&($))#)%!# . . . 60 a!$ %, A")-'e 160 "he -))' ')a()')"+ ,% a-"# -%**)""e$ (+ . . . a pe#%! &!$e !)!e +ea# %, a/e0 % (+ %!e %e !)!e (&" &!$e ,),"ee! +ea# %, a/e0 h%ha# a-"e$ )"h%&" $)#-e!*e!"0 #ha'' $e%'e &p%! "h%#e ha)!/ #&-h pe#%! &!$e "he) 'e/a'a&"h%)"+ % -%!"%'0 &!'e## )" appea# "ha" "hee a# !% ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e %! "he) pa".? Emphasis supplied . 61

A--%$)!/'+0 :" ')e "he &'e )! A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e0 &!$e "he ,%e/%)!/ p%)#)%!"he -))' ')a()')"+ %, "he pae!"# ,% -)*e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! )# ')e)#e $)e-"a!$ p)*a+0 a!$ a'#% #&(:e-" "% "he $e,e!#e %, 'a- %, ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e %! "he) pa"0 "ha" )#0"he e3e-)#e %, "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+.

Tha" )! (%"h 8&a#)9$e')-"# a!$ -)*e# "he pae!"# p)*a)'+ e#p%!$ ,% #&-h $a*a/e# )# (&""e##e$ (+ "he -%e#p%!$)!/ p%)#)%!# )! (%"h -%$e# "ha" "he *)!% "a!#/e##% #ha'' (ea!#ea('e % #ha'' e#p%!$ )"h h)# %! p%pe"+ %!'+ )! "he a(#e!-e % )! -a#e %, )!#%'e!-+ %, "he ,%*e. Th ,% -))' ')a()')"+ e3 8&a#) $e')-"% %, *)!%#0 A")-'e 6176 %, "he C))' C%$e#"a"e# "ha"? ), "he *)!% -a)!/ $a*a/e ha# !% pae!"# % /&a$)a!0 "he *)!% . . . #ha'' (ea!#ea('e )"h h)# %! p%pe"+ )! a! a-")%! a/a)!#" h)* hee a /&a$)a! a$ ')"e* #ha'' (eapp%)!"e$.? F% -))' ')a()')"+ e3 $e')-"% %, *)!%#0 a! e8&)a'e!" p%)#)%! )# ,%&!$ )! "he "h)$


14/135

paa/aph %, A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e0 "% )"> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?Sh%&'$ "hee (e !% pe#%! ha)!/ #&-h . . . *)!% &!$e h)# a&"h%)"+0 'e/a' /&a$)a!#h)p %-%!"%'0 % ), #&-h pe#%! (e )!#%'e!"0 #a)$ . . . *)!% #ha'' e#p%!$ )"h h)# %! p%pe"+0e3-ep")!/ p%pe"+ e3e*p" ,%* e3e-&")%!0 )! a--%$a!-e )"h -))' 'a.?-a'a )"&a1a')(a+

The -))' ')a()')"+ %, pae!"# ,% ,e'%!)e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! -%!"e*p'a"e$ )! "hea,%e#a)$ &'e )! A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e )! e'a")%! "% A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))'C%$e ha#0 a#)$e ,%* "he a,%e-)"e$ -a#e %, F&e''a#0 (ee! "he #&(:e-" %, a !&*(e %, -a#e#a$:&$)-a"e$ (+ "h)# C%&"0 ).> E3-%!$e . Cap&!%0 E" A'.0 66 Aa!e"a . Ae/'a$%0 6 Sa'e!0 E".A'. . Ba'-e0 6 Pa'e+a!0 e"-.0 E". A'. . Ba!/)')0 E" A'.0 65 a!$ E'-a!%0 e" a'0 . H)''0 E". A'. 6=Pae!"he")-a''+0 "he a,%e#a)$ -a#e# ee (a#)-a''+ %! "he )##&e %, "he -))' ')a()')"+ %, pae!"# ,%-)*e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! %e 4 (&" &!$e 15 +ea# %, a/e0 h% a-"e$ )"h$)#-e!*e!"0 a!$ a'#% %, *)!%# 15 +ea# %, a+e % %e0 #)!-e "he#e #)"&a")%!# ae !%" -%ee$ (+A")-'e 1210 Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e. I! (%"h )!#"a!-e#0 "h)# C%&" he'$ "ha" "he )##&e %, pae!"a' -))'')a()')"+ #h%&'$ (e e#%'e$ )! a--%$a!-e )"h "he p%)#)%!# %, A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e

,% "he ea#%!# e'' e3pe##e$ )! Sa'e! a!$ a$%p"e$ )! "he -a#e# hee)!(e,%e e!&*ea"e$ "ha" "%h%'$ "ha" "he -))' ')a()')"+ &!$e A")-'e 6172 %&'$ app'+ %!'+ "% 8&a#)9$e')-"# a!$ !%" "%-)*)!a' %,,e!#e# %&'$ e#&'" )! "he a(#&$)"+ "ha" )! a! a-" )!%')!/ *ee !e/')/e!-e "he pae!"# %&'$ (e ')a('e (&" !%" hee "he $a*a/e )# -ae$ )"h -)*)!a' )!"e!". I! #a)$ -a#e#0h%ee0 "hee ae &!,%"&!a"e a)a!-e# e#&'")!/ )! a e/e""a('e )!-%!#)#"e!-+ )! "he C%&"@#$e"e*)!a")%! %, he"he "he ')a()')"+ %, "he pae!"#0 )! -a#e# )!%')!/ e)"he -)*e# % 8&a#)9$e')-"# %, "he) *)!% -h)'$e!0 )# p)*a+ % #&(#)$)a+.

I! E3-%!$e0 hee "he 159+ea %'$ *)!% a# -%!)-"e$ %, $%&('e h%*)-)$e "h%&/h e-'e##)*p&$e!-e0 )! a #epaa"e -))' a-")%! a)#)!/ ,%* "he -)*e "he *)!% a!$ h)# ,a"he ee he'$ :%)!"'+ a!$ #eea''+ ')a('e ,% ,a)'&e %, "he 'a""e "% p%e "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a,a*)'+. The #a*e ')a()')"+ )! #%')$&* a!$0 "hee,%e0 p)*a+ ')a()')"+ a# )*p%#e$ )! a #epaa"e-))' a-")%! )! Aa!e"a %! "he pae!"# a!$ "he) 19+ea %'$ #%! h% a# ,%&!$ /&)'"+ %,,"a"e$ h%*)-)$e0 (&" %! "he a&"h%)"+ %, A")-'e 614 %, "he C))' C%$e p%)$)!/ ,% #%')$a+e#p%!#)()')"+ %, "% % *%e pe#%!# h% ae ')a('e ,% a 8&a#)9$e')-".

H%ee0 )! Sa'e!0 "he ,a"he a# $e-'ae$ #&(#)$)a)'+ ')a('e ,% $a*a/e# a)#)!/ ,%* "he-%!)-")%! %, h)# #%!0 h% a# %e 15 (&" 'e## "ha! 17 +ea# %, a/e0 (+ app'+)!/ A")-'e 6172 (&"0 "h)# ")*e0 $)#e/a$)!/ A")-'e 614 %, "he C))' C%$e. I! "he pe#e!" -a#e0 a# a'ea$+e3p'a)!e$0 "he pe")")%!e# hee)! ee a'#% he'$ ')a('e (&" #&pp%#e$'+ )! ')!e )"h F&e''a# h)-h p&p%"e$'+ $e-'ae$ "he pae!"# #&(#)$)a)'+ ')a('e ,% "he -))' ')a()')"+ ,% #e)% ph+#)-a')!:&)e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) 19+ea %'$ #%!. O! "he %"he ha!$0 )! Pa'e+a!0 "he *%"he a!$ he149+ea %'$ #%! ee a$:&$/e$ #%')$a)'+ ')a('e ,% $a*a/e# a)#)!/ ,%* h)# -%!)-")%! ,%h%*)-)$e (+ "he app')-a")%! %, A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e #)!-e "h)# )# ')e)#e !%" -%ee$ (+ A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e. F)!a''+0 )! E'-a!%0 a'"h%&/h "he #%! a# a-8&)""e$ )! ah%*)-)$e -ha/e $&e "% ?'a- %, )!"e!"0 -%&p'e$ )"h *)#"ae0? )" a# &'e$ "ha" h)'e &!$eA")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e "hee #h%&'$ (e #%')$a+ ')a()')"+ ,% $a*a/e#0 #)!-e "he #%!0?a'"h%&/h *a)e$0 a# '))!/ )"h h)# ,a"he a!$ /e"")!/ #&(#)#"e!-e ,%* h)* a" "he ")*e %, "he%--&e!-e0? (&" ?)# !% %, a/e0 a# a *a""e %, e8&)"+? "he ,a"he a# %!'+ he'$ #&(#)$)a)'+')a('e.


15/135

I" (ea# #"e##)!/0 h%ee0 "ha" "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e p%)$e# ,% #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ %!'+ ,% pe#%!# -a)!/ $a*a/e# &!$e "he -%*p&'#)%! %, )e#)#")('e ,%-e % &!$e "he )*p&'#e %, a!&!-%!"%''a('e ,ea; 6 )!!eepe#0 "ae!eepe# a!$ p%p)e"%# %, e#"a(')#h*e!"#; 67e*p'%+e#0 "ea-he#0 pe#%!# a!$ -%p%a")%!# e!/a/e$ )! )!$"+; 64 a!$ p)!-)pa'#0

a--%*p')-e# a!$ a--e##%)e# ,% "he &!pa)$ -))' ')a()')"+ %, "he) -%9a--e$ )! "he %"he -'a##e#.2

A'#%0 -%*)!/ (a- "% e#p%!$e!" -%&"@# e')a!-e %! F&e''a# )! )"# $e-)#)%! )! "he pe#e!" -a#e0 )")# !%" e3a-"'+ a--&a"e "% #a+ "ha" F&e''a# p%)$e$ ,% #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ %, "he pae!"# "hee)!.A -ae,&' #-&")!+ #h%# "ha" ha" e#p%!$e!" -%&" 8&%"e$ e(a")* )! )"# $e-)#)%! !% %!appea' )! "he pe#e!" -a#e0 a!$ h)-h )" a"")(&"e$ "% F&e''a#0 a# "he #+''a( %! "he 'a ep%"%, #a)$ -a#e h)-h #p%e %, ?#&(#)$)a+? ')a()')"+. H%ee0 #&-h -a"e/%)a")%! $%e# !%"#pe-),)-a''+ appea )! "he "e3" %, "he $e-)#)%! )! F&e''a#. I! ,a-"0 a,"e e)e)!/ "hee)! "he -a#e#%, E3-%!$e0 Aa!e"a a!$ Sa'e! a!$ "he $)#-#)%!# )! #a)$ -a#e# %, A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$Pe!a' C%$e )! e'a")%! "% A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e0 "h)# C%&" -%!-'&$e$ )"# $e-)#)%! )! "h)#

)#e> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?M%e%e0 "he -a#e a" (a a# $e-)$e$ (+ "he C%&" %, Appea'# %! "he (a#)# %, e)$e!-e#&(*)""e$ "hee)! (+ (%"h pa")e#0 )!$epe!$e!" %, "he -)*)!a' -a#e. A!$ e#p%!#)()')"+ ,% ,a&'"% !e/')/e!-e &!$e A")-'e 61= &p%! h)-h "he pe#e!" a-")%! a# )!#")"&"e$0 )# e!")e'+#epaa"e a!$ $)#")!-" ,%* "he -))' ')a()')"+ a)#)!/ ,%* ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e &!$e "he Pe!a' C%$eA". 610 a!$ ha)!/ )! *)!$ "he ea#%!# (eh)!$ "he 'a a# hee"%,%e #"a"e$0 a!+ $)#-#)%!a# "% "he *)!%@# -)*)!a' e#p%!#)()')"+ )# %, !% *%*e!".? -a'a )"&a1a')(a+

U!$e "he ,%e/%)!/ -%!#)$ea")%!#0 "hee,%e0 e hee(+ &'e "ha" "he pae!"# ae a!$ #h%&'$ (ehe'$ p)*a)'+ ')a('e ,% "he -))' ')a()')"+ a)#)!/ ,%* -)*)!a' %,,e!#e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he)*)!% -h)'$e! &!$e "he) 'e/a' a&"h%)"+ % -%!"%'0 % h% ')e )! "he) -%*pa!+0 &!'e## )" )# p%e! "ha" "he ,%*e a-"e$ )"h "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" #&-h$a*a/e#. Tha" p)*a+ ')a()')"+ )# pe*)#e$ %! "he p%)#)%!# %, A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a'C%$e )"h e#pe-" "% $a*a/e# e3 $e')-"% -ae$ (+ "he) -h)'$e! 4 +ea# %, a/e % &!$e0 % %e4 (&" &!$e 15 +ea# %, a/e h% a-"e$ )"h%&" $)#-e!*e!"; a!$0 )"h e/a$ "% "he) -h)'$e!%e 4 (&" &!$e 15 +ea# %, a/e h% a-"e$ )"h $)#-e!*e!"0 % 15 +ea# % %e (&" &!$e 61+ea# %, a/e0 #&-h p)*a+ ')a()')"+ #ha'' (e )*p%#e$ p&#&a!" "% A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e.1

U!$e #a)$ A")-'e 61720 "he e!,%-e*e!" %, #&-h ')a()')"+ #ha'' (e e,,e-"e$ a/a)!#" "he ,a"he a!$0)! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 "he *%"he. Th)# a# a*p'),)e$ (+ "he Ch)'$ a!$ Y%&"h We',aeC%$e h)-h p%)$e# "ha" "he #a*e #ha'' $e%'e &p%! "he ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h %)!-apa-)"+0 &p%! "he *%"he %0 )! -a#e %, he $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 &p%! "he /&a$)a!0 (&" "he')a()')"+ *a+ a'#% (e %'&!"a)'+ a##&*e$ (+ a e'a")e % ,a*)'+ ,)e!$ %, "he +%&"h,&' %,,e!$e.6 H%ee0 &!$e "he Fa*)'+ C%$e0 "h)# -))' ')a()')"+ )# !%0 )"h%&" #&-h a'"e!a")e8&a'),)-a")%!0 "he e#p%!#)()')"+ %, "he pae!"# a!$ "h%#e h% e3e-)#e pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ %e "he*)!% %,,e!$e. F% -))' ')a()')"+ a)#)!/ ,%* 8&a#)9$e')-"# -%**)""e$ (+ *)!%#0 "he #a*e&'e# #ha'' app'+ )! a--%$a!-e )"h A")-'e# 6172 a!$ 6176 %, "he C))' C%$e0 a# #% *%$),)e$.


16/135

I! "he -a#e a" (a0 he"he "he $ea"h %, "he hap'e##


17/135

Cast'+e !ndustr'a+ Corporat'on vs. Ias>ueB, :r.

D.. No. 1322JJ. &eember 21, 1999.F

CAS"!L#K !N&%S"!AL C*A"!N, pet't'oner, vs. I!C#N"# IAS%#, :. andL%!SA S IAS%#, and C#% &C"S S*!"AL, !NC., respondents.

At'ons Appea+s *+ead'ns and *rat'e Mater'a+ &ata u+e A pet't'on forrev'e/ need not 'nd'ate t)e dates of t)e ep'rat'on of t)e or''na+ re+ementar(per'od and t)e +'n of a mot'on for etens'on of t'me to +e t)e pet't'on.Asreards t)e a++eat'on of v'o+at'on of t)e mater'a+ data ru+e under Set'on 4 of u+e4O, t)e same 's unfounded. ")e mater'a+ dates re>u'red to be stated 'n t)e pet't'onare t)e fo++o/'n; G1H t)e date of ree'pt of t)e 5udment or na+ order or reso+ut'onsub5et of t)e pet't'on G2H t)e date of +'n of a mot'on for ne/ tr'a+ orreons'derat'on, 'f an( and G3H t)e date of ree'pt of t)e not'e of t)e den'a+ of t)e

mot'on. Contrar( to pr'vate respondents +a'm, t)e pet't'on need not 'nd'ate t)edates of t)e ep'rat'on of t)e or''na+ re+ementar( per'od and t)e +'n of a mot'onfor etens'on of t'me to +e t)e pet't'on. At an( rate, as'de from t)e mater'a+ datesre>u'red under Set'on 4 of u+e 4O, pet't'oner CAS"!L#K a+so stated 'n t)e rst paeof t)e pet't'on t)e date 't +ed t)e mot'on for etens'on of t'me to +e t)e pet't'on.

"orts uas'-&e+'ts #mp+o(er-#mp+o(ee e+at'ons)'ps


18/135

394

S%*#M# C%" #*"S ANN"A"#&


t)e ne+'ene of )'s emp+o(ee /)o 's at'n /'t)'n t)e sope of )'s ass'nedtas6.

Same Same Same ourt) and 'ft) *ararap)s of Art'+e 210 of t)e C'v'+Code, &'st'nu's)ed Adm'tted+(, emp+o(ees oftent'mes /ear d'erent )atst)e(perform funt'ons /)') are be(ond t)e'r oQe, t't+e or des'nat'on but /)'),nevert)e+ess, are st'++ /'t)'n t)e a++ of dut(.A d'st'nt'on must be made bet/eent)e t/o prov's'ons to determ'ne /)at 's app+'ab+e. ot) prov's'ons app+( toemp+o(ers; t)e fourt) pararap), to o/ners and manaers of an estab+'s)ment orenterpr'se and t)e ft) pararap), to emp+o(ers 'n enera+, /)et)er or notenaed 'n an( bus'ness or 'ndustr(. ")e fourt) pararap) overs ne+'ent ats ofemp+o(ees omm'tted e't)er 'n t)e serv'e of t)e bran)es or on t)e oas'on oft)e'r funt'ons, /)'+e t)e ft) pararap) enompasses ne+'ent ats of emp+o(eesat'n /'t)'n t)e sope of t)e'r ass'ned tas6. ")e +atter 's an epans'on of t)eformer 'n bot) emp+o(er overae and ats 'n+uded. Ne+'ent ats of emp+o(ees,/)et)er or not t)e emp+o(er 's enaed 'n a bus'ness or 'ndustr(, are overed so+on as t)e( /ere at'n /'t)'n t)e sope of t)e'r ass'ned tas6, even t)ou)omm'tted ne't)er 'n t)e serv'e of t)e bran)es nor on t)e oas'on of t)e'rfunt'ons. or, adm'tted+(, emp+o(ees oftent'mes /ear d'erent )ats. ")e( performfunt'ons /)') are be(ond t)e'r oQe, t't+e or des'nat'on but /)'), nevert)e+ess,are st'++ /'t)'n t)e a++ of dut(.

Same Same Same %nder t)e ft) pararap) of Art'+e 210, /)et)er or notenaed 'n an( bus'ness or 'ndustr(, an emp+o(er 's +'ab+e for t)e torts omm'ttedb( emp+o(ees /'t)'n t)e sope of t)e'r ass'ned tas6s.%nder t)e ft) pararap)of Art'+e 210, /)et)er or not enaed 'n an( bus'ness or 'ndustr(, an emp+o(er 's+'ab+e for t)e torts omm'tted b( emp+o(ees /'t)'n t)e sope of )'s ass'ned tas6s.ut 't 's neessar( to estab+'s) t)e emp+o(er-emp+o(ee re+at'ons)'p one t)'s 's

done, t)e p+a'nt' must s)o/, to )o+d t)e emp+o(er +'ab+e, t)at t)e emp+o(ee /asat'n /'t)'n t)e sope of )'s ass'ned tas6 /)en t)e tort omp+a'ned of /asomm'tted. !t 's on+( t)en t)at t)e emp+o(er ma( nd 't neessar( to 'nterpose t)edefense of due d'+'ene 'n t)e se+et'on and superv's'on of t)e emp+o(ee.

Same Same Same Appea+s #v'dene ")e ru+e t)at t)e fatua+ nd'ns of t)eCourt of Appea+s are ent't+ed to reat respet, and even na+'t( at t'mes, 's sub5etto eept'ons, su) as /)en t)e on-


19/135

39O

IL. 321, C#M# 21, 1999

39O


+us'on 's rounded on speu+at'ons, surm'ses, or on5etures.u' d''t, non >u'neat Ge /)o asserts, not )e /)o den'es, must proveH. ")e Court )as ons'stent+(app+'ed t)e an'ent ru+e t)at 'f t)e p+a'nt', upon /)om rests t)e burden of prov'n)'s ause of at'on, fa'+s to s)o/ 'n a sat'sfator( manner fats /)') )e bases )'s+a'm, t)e defendant 's under no ob+'at'on to prove )'s eept'on or defense.

Same Same Same ")e mere fat t)at an emp+o(ee /as us'n a serv'eve)'+e at t)e t'me of t)e 'n5ur'ous 'n'dent 's not of 'tse+f suQ'ent to )are )'semp+o(er /'t) +'ab'+'t( for t)e ne+'ent operat'on of sa'd ve)'+e un+ess 't appearst)at )e /as operat'n t)e ve)'+e /'t)'n t)e ourse or sope of )'s emp+o(ment.

")e ourt a >uo and t)e Court of Appea+s /ere one 'n )o+d'n t)at t)e dr'v'n b( amanaer of a ompan(-'ssued ve)'+e 's /'t)'n t)e sope of )'s ass'ned tas6sreard+ess of t)e t'me and 'rumstanes.


20/135

AA& /as us'n a serv'e ve)'+e at t)e t'me of t)e 'n5ur'ous 'n'dent 's not of 'tse+fsuQ'ent to )are pet't'oner /'t) +'ab'+'t( for t)e ne+'ent operat'on of sa'dve)'+e un+ess 't

39J

39J

S%*#M# C%" #*"S ANN"A"#&


appears t)at )e /as operat'n t)e ve)'+e /'t)'n t)e ourse or sope of )'semp+o(ment.

Same Same Same uenes of t)e

ne+'ene of t)e emp+o(ee."o t)e m'nd of t)'s Court, AA& /as enaed 'naa'rs of )'s o/n or /as arr('n out a persona+ purpose not 'n +'ne /'t) )'s dut'esat t)e t'me )e ured 'n a ve)'u+ar a'dent. !t /as t)en about 2;00 a.m. of 2Auust 19, /a( be(ond t)e norma+ /or6'n )ours. AA&s /or6'n da( )adended )'s overt'me /or6 )ad a+read( been omp+eted. 's be'n at a p+ae /)'),as pet't'oner put 't, /as 6no/n as a ?)aven for prost'tutes, p'mps, and dru pus)ersand add'ts,@ )ad no onnet'on to pet't'oners bus'ness ne't)er )ad 't an( re+at'onto )'s dut'es as a manaer. at)er, us'n )'s serv'e ve)'+e even for persona+purposes /as a form of a fr'ne benet or one of t)e per6s atta)ed to )'s pos't'on.


21/135

S'ne t)ere 's pau't( of ev'dene t)at AA& /as at'n /'t)'n t)e sope of t)efunt'ons entrusted to )'m, pet't'oner CAS"!L#K )ad no dut( to s)o/ t)at 'teer'sed t)e d'+'ene of a ood fat)er of a fam'+( 'n prov'd'n AA& /'t) a serv'eve)'+e. ")us, 5ust'e and e>u't( re>u're t)at pet't'oner be re+'eved of v'ar'ous+'ab'+'t( for t)e onse>uenes of t)e ne+'ene of AA& 'n dr'v'n 'ts ve)'+e.

397

IL. 321, C#M# 21, 1999

397


*#"!"!N for rev'e/ on ert'orar' of a de's'on of t)e Court of Appea+s.


Anara, Abe++o, Conep'on, ea+a E CruB for pet't'oner.

ernan, Merado, Cordero, &e +a "orre E ae+ for respondent C&.

#ped'to uar'n for :.. Abad.

o+'ndo A. Navarro for respondents Ias>ueB, :r. and So Ias>ueB.

&AI!, :., C.:.;

The pivotal issue in this petition is whether an employer may be held vicariously liable for the death resulting from the negligent operation by

a managerial employee of a company1issued vehicle.

The antecedents, as succinctly summari>ed by the Court of Appeals, are as follows:

On "9 August !*99, at around !:#/ to ":// in the morning, ;omeo %o ?as6ue>, was driving a @onda motorcycle

around Fuente Osmea ;otunda. @e was traveling counter1clocwise, Bthe normal flow of traffic in a rotunda but

without any protective helmet or goggles. @e was also only carrying a %tudent7s 2ermit to 5rive at the time. Dpon the

other hand, (en-amin Abad Ewas a manager of Appellant Castile& Industrial Corporation, registered owner Eof a Toyota

@i1Gu& 2ic1up with plate no. $(13*0. On the same date and time, Abad drove the said company car out of a paring


22/135

lot but instead of going around the Osmea rotunda he made a short cut against Ethe flow of the traffic in proceeding to

his route to $eneral a&ilom %t. or to (elvic %t.

In the process, the motorcycle of ?as6ue> and the pic1up of Abad collided with each other causing severe in-uries to

the former. Abad stopped his vehicle and brought ?as6ue> to the %outhern Islands @ospital and later to the Cebu

5octor7s @ospital.

On %eptember 4, !*99, ?as6ue> died at the Cebu 5octor7s @ospital. It was there that Abad signed an acnowledgment

of ;esponsible 2arty B'&hibit H wherein he agreed to pay whatever hospital bills, professional fees and other

incidental charges ?as6ue> may incur.

After the police authorities had conducted the investigation of the accident, a Criminal Case was filed against Abad but

which was subse6uently dismissed for failure to prosecute. %o, the present action for damages was commenced by

?icente ?as6ue>, )r. and Guisa %o ?as6ue>, parents of the deceased ;omeo %o ?as6ue>, against )ose (en-amin

Abad and Castile& Industrial Corporation. In the same action, Cebu 5octor7s @ospital intervened to collect unpaid

balance for the medical e&pense given to ;omeo %o ?as6ue>. 1

The trial court ruled in favor of private respondents ?icente and Guisa ?as6ue> and ordered )ose

(en-amin Abad Bhereafter A(A5 and petitioner Castile& Industrial Corporation Bhereafter CA%TIG' topay -ointly and solidarily B! %pouses ?as6ue>, the amounts of 29,///.// for burial e&penses8 24/,///.//

as moral damages8 2!/,///.// as attorney7s fees8 and 2339,34".// for loss of earning capacity8 and B"

Cebu 5octor7s @ospital, the sum of 24/,*"3.9# for unpaid medical and hospital bills at #J monthly

interest from "3 )uly !*9* until fully paid, plus the costs of litigation. 2

CA%TIG' and A(A5 separately appealed the decision.

In its decision 3 of "! ay !**3, the Court of Appeals affirmed the ruling of the trial court holding A(A5

and CA%TIG' liable but held that the liability of the latter is


23/135

that the Court of Appeals erred in reducing the amount of compensatory damages when the award made

by the trial court was borne both by evidence adduced during the trial regarding deceased7s wages and

by -urisprudence on life e&pectancy. oreover, they point out that the petition is procedurally not

acceptable on the following grounds: B! lac of an e&planation for serving the petition upon the Court of

Appeals by registered mail, as re6uired under %ection !!, ;ule !# of the ;ules of Civil 2rocedure8 and B"

lac of a statement of the dates of the e&piration of the original reglementary period and of the filing of the

motion for e&tension of time to file a petition for review.

For its part, respondent Cebu 5octor7s @ospital maintains that petitioner CA%TIG' is indeed vicariously

liable for the in-uries and subse6uent death of ;omeo ?as6ue> caused by A(A5, who was on his way

home from taing snacs after doing overtime wor for petitioner. Although the incident occurred when

A(A5 was not woring anymore


24/135

2etitioner7s interpretation of the fifth paragraph is not accurate. The phrase


25/135

A(A5, who was presented as a hostile witness, testified that at the time of the incident, he was driving a

company1issued vehicle, registered under the name of petitioner. @e was then leaving the restaurant

where he had some snacs and had a chat with his friends after having done overtime wor for the

petitioner.

No absolutely hard and fast rule can be stated which will furnish the complete answer to the problem of

whether at a given moment, an employee is engaged in his employer7s business in the operation of amotor vehicle, so as to fi& liability upon the employer because of the employee7s action or inaction8 but

rather, the result varies with each state of facts. 11

In &ilamer C"ristian *nstitute . *ntermediate Appellant Court , 12 this Court had the occasion to hold that

acts done within the scope of the employee7s assigned tass includes


26/135

courts have fre6uently applied what has been called the


27/135

@';'FO;', the petition is $;ANT'5, and the appealed decision and resolution of the Court of

Appeals is AFFI;'5 with the modification that petitioner Castile& Industrial Corporation be absolved of

any liability for the damages caused by its employee, )ose (en-amin Abad.

%O O;5';'5.


28/135

D.. No. 211424. November 2J, 2014.F

&AIA L!&A$ "ANS*" S#I!C#S C*A"!N, pet't'oner, vs. S*%S#S#%LD! and CAM#L!"A #M*AS!S, respondents.

C'v'+ La/ &amaes I'ar'ous L'ab'+'t( #mp+o(ers, 'n part'u+ar, s)a++ be +'ab+efor t)e damaes aused b( t)e'r emp+o(ees at'n /'t)'n t)e sope of t)e'rass'ned tas6s. ")e respons'b'+'t( of emp+o(ers s)a++ on+( ease upon proof t)att)e( observed a++ t)e d'+'ene of t)e ood fat)er of a fam'+( to prevent damae.Art'+e 210 of t)e Ne/ C'v'+ Code prov'des t)at an ob+'at'on for damaes 'sdemandab+e not on+( for ones o/n ats or om'ss'ons, but a+so for t)ose of personsfor /)om )e 's respons'b+e. #mp+o(ers, 'n part'u+ar, s)a++ be +'ab+e for t)e damaes

aused b( t)e'r emp+o(ees at'n /'t)'n t)e sope of t)e'r ass'ned tas6s. ")erespons'b'+'t( of emp+o(ers s)a++ on+( ease upon proof t)at t)e( observed a++ t)ed'+'ene of t)e ood fat)er of a fam'+( to prevent damae.

Same !nterest ates rom t)e na+'t( of a 5udment a/ard'n a sum of mone(unt'+ 't 's sat'sed, t)e a/ard s)a++ be ons'dered a forbearane of red't, reard+essof /)et)er t)e a/ard 'n fat perta'ned to one.!n +')t of preva'+'n ru+es and

5ur'sprudene, t)e re6on'n date of t)e J per annum 'nterest on t)e monetar(a/ards must, )o/ever, be mod'ed. !t bears emp)as's t)at t)e damaes 'mposedupon t)e pet't'oner, as "una+s emp+o(er, /ere t)e resu+t of a separate omp+a'ntfor damaes based on a >uas'-de+'t under Art'+e 217J, 'n re+at'on to Art'+e 210,of t)e Ne/ C'v'+ Code. Cons'stent /'t) pert'nent 5ur'sprudene, t)e 'nterest on t)esea/ards must be omputed from t)e date /)en t)e "C rendered 'ts de's'on 'n t)e'v'+ ase, or on :une 17, 200, as 't /as at t)'s t'me t)at a >uant'at'on of t)edamaes ma( be deemed to )ave been reasonab+( aserta'ned. ")e CAs 'nreaseof t)e rate of 'nterest to 12 per annum from t)e date of na+'t( of 5udment musta+so be ret'ed. %nder C'ru+ar No. 799 'ssued b( t)e an6o Sentra+ n *'+'p'nason :une 21, 2013, ?TtU)e rate of 'nterest for t)e +oan or forbearane of an( mone(,oods or red'ts and t)e rate a++o/ed 'n

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

F "!& &!I!S!N.

300

300


29/135

S%*#M# C%" #*"S ANN"A"#&

&avao o+'da( "ransport Serv'es Corporat'on vs. #mp)as's

5udments, 'n t)e absene of an epress ontrat as to su) rate of 'nterest,s)a++ be s' perent GJH per annum.@ rom t)e na+'t( of a 5udment a/ard'n asum of mone( unt'+ 't 's sat'sed, t)e a/ard s)a++ be ons'dered a forbearane ofred't, reard+ess of /)et)er t)e a/ard 'n fat perta'ned to one. "o be ons'stent/'t) t)e foreo'n, t)e 'nterest on t)e monetar( a/ards s)a++ t)en be ed at Jper annum, unt'+ t)e damaes are fu++( pa'd.

*#"!"!N for rev'e/ on ert'orar' of t)e de's'on and reso+ut'on of t)e Court ofAppea+s.

")e fats are stated 'n t)e reso+ut'on of t)e Court.

#uropa, &aana(, Cube++o, #uropa E +ores La/ Qe for pet't'oner.

N'torreda La/ Qe for respondents.

# S L % " ! N

#$#S, :.;

Th)# e#%'e# "he Pe")")%! ,% Re)e1 ,)'e$ &!$e R&'e 5 %, "he R&'e# %, C%&" (+ Daa%H%')$a+ Ta!#p%" Se)-e# C%p%a")%! pe")")%!e "% a##a)' "he De-)#)%!6 $a"e$ N%e*(e 6206216 a!$ Re#%'&")%! $a"e$


30/135

T&!/a' T&!/a' a'%!/ A)p%" R%a$ )! Daa% C)"+ he! )" (&*pe$ Ch)#")a!0 h% a# "he!)$)!/ a ()-+-'e.

O! O-"%(e 60 6220 a! )!,%*a")%! ,% e-'e## )*p&$e!-e e#&'")!/ )! h%*)-)$e a# ,)'e$a/a)!#" T&!/a'. Mea!h)'e0 %! Ma-h 10 6220 "he pae!"# %, Ch)#")a!0 "he #p%e# E*pha#)#0

,)'e$ a #epaa"e a-")%! ,% $a*a/e# a!$ a""%!e+@# ,ee# a)#)!/ ,%* "he eh)-&'a a--)$e!" a/a)!#" (%"h pe")")%!e a!$ T&!/a'. Up%! "he pa")e#@ a/ee*e!"0 "he "% -a#e# ee :%)!"'+ ")e$ (+ "heRe/)%!a' T)a' C%&" RTC %, Daa% C)"+0 Ba!-h 16.

O!


31/135

E*p'%+e#0 )! pa")-&'a0 #ha'' (e ')a('e ,% "he $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he) e*p'%+ee# a-")!/ )"h)!"he #-%pe %, "he) a##)/!e$ "a##. The e#p%!#)()')"+ %, e*p'%+e# #ha'' %!'+ -ea#e &p%! p%%,"ha" "he+ %(#ee$ a'' "he $)')/e!-e %, "he /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" $a*a/e.

The CA -%e-"'+ he'$ "ha" "he pe")")%!e0 (e)!/ T&!/a'@# e*p'%+e0 a# pe#&*e$ ')a('e "% "he

he)# %, Ch)#")a! a,"e a ,)!$)!/ "ha" )" a# T&!/a' h% #h%&'$ (e ,a&'"e$ ,% "he a--)$e!" "ha"-ae$ "he $ea"h %, "he -h)'$. I! Ca!/ . C&''e!0= "he C%&" e*pha#)e$ "ha" he! a! e*p'%+ee-ae# $a*a/e $&e "% h)# %! !e/')/e!-e h)'e pe,%*)!/ h)# %! $&")e#0 "hee a)#e# "he :&)#"a!"&* pe#&*p")%! "ha" h)# e*p'%+e )# !e/')/e!"0 e(&""a('e %!'+ (+ p%%, %, %(#ea!-e %, "he$)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+. I! "he #e'e-")%! %, p%#pe-")e e*p'%+ee#0 e*p'%+e# aee8&)e$ "% e3a*)!e "he* a# "% "he) 8&a'),)-a")%!#0 e3pe)e!-e a!$ #e)-e e-%$#. W)"h e#pe-""% "he #&pe)#)%! %, e*p'%+ee#0 e*p'%+e# *" ,%*&'a"e #"a!$a$ %pea")!/ p%-e$&e#0*%!)"% "he) )*p'e*e!"a")%! a!$ )*p%#e $)#-)p')!a+ *ea#&e# ,% (ea-he# "hee%,. The#e ,a-"#*" (e #h%! (+ -%!-e"e p%%,0 )!-'&$)!/ $%-&*e!"a+ e)$e!-e.

The pe")")%!e ,a)'e$ )! "h)# a#pe-". Thee "he! appea# !% -%/e!" ea#%! ,% "he C%&" "% $epa"

,%* "he RTC@# a!$ CA@# %(#ea")%! "ha" "he pe")")%!e ,a)'e$ "% e#"a(')#h "he *%$e# a!$*ea#&e# )" a$%p"e$ "% e!#&e "he p%pe #e'e-")%! a!$ #&pe)#)%! %, T&!/a'. Th)# *ae# p%pe"he %$e &p%! "he pe")")%!e "% -%*pe!#a"e "he #p%e# E*pha#)# ,% $a*a/e#. A# "he CA p%)!"e$ %&">

I! "he )!#"a!" -a#e0 #ae ,% "he #e',9#e)!/ "e#")*%!+ %, )"!e## R%*e%0 H%')$a+ $)$ !%" pe#e!" $%-&*e!"a+ p%%, %, T&!/a'@# 8&a'),)-a")%!0 e3pe)e!-e a!$ #e)-e e-%$#. Ee! "hee#&'" %, "he a-"&a' $))!/ "e#"# a# !%" pe#e!"e$ "% (e e3a*)!e$ (+ "he -%&" a 8&%. The -'a)*%, "a)!)!/# a!$ -%!#"a!" *%!)"%)!/ %, a'' "he) $)e# )!-'&$)!/ T&!/a' ae &!#&(#"a!")a"e$.

I! a$$)")%!0 H%')$a+ pe#e!"e$ !% e-%$ %, T&!/a' a""e!$)!/ "h%#e "a)!)!/#. Thee a# a'#% !%

e-%$ %, "he) #%9-a''e$ -%!#"a!" *%!)"%)!/ %, "he) $)e#. The+ -'a)*e$ ha)!/ )!#"a''e$a$)%# %! ee+ -a( "he+ %pea"e ,% "he p&p%#e %, e*)!$)!/ "he) $)e# "% $)e #a,e'+ (&"0 !%e-%$)!/# ee ee *a$e "% p%e #&-h -a'' ee+ !% a!$ "he!. H%')$a+ a'#% ,a)'e$ "%e#"a(')#h "ha" "he+ a'#% *%!)"% #pee$ %, )"# "a3) $&)!/ )"# $a)'+ ")p#0 -%!#)$e)!/ "ha" )" )#e!/a/e$ )! "a!#p%"a")%! ()!e##0 pa")-&'a'+ $e')e)!/ pe%p'e "% a!$ ,%* p'a-e#. F% "he#e0We &ph%'$ "he -%&" a 8&%@# ,)!$)!/ "ha" H%')$a+ ha$ (ee! !e/')/e!" )! "he #e'e-")%! a!$#&pe)#)%! %, )"# $)e T&!/a'.7

I! ')/h" %, pea)')!/ &'e# a!$ :&)#p&$e!-e0 "he e-%!)!/ $a"e %, "he = pe a!!&* )!"ee#" %!"he *%!e"a+ aa$#*"0 h%ee0 (e *%$),)e$. I" (ea# e*pha#)# "ha" "he $a*a/e# )*p%#e$&p%! "he pe")")%!e0 a# T&!/a'@# e*p'%+e0 ee "he e#&'" %, a #epaa"e -%*p'a)!" ,% $a*a/e# (a#e$ %! a 8&a#)9$e')-" &!$e A")-'e 61=0 )! e'a")%! "% A")-'e 61720 %, "he Ne C))' C%$e.C%!#)#"e!" )"h pe")!e!" :&)#p&$e!-e0 "he )!"ee#" %! "he#e aa$# *" (e -%*p&"e$ ,%* "he$a"e he!"he RTC e!$ee$ )"# $e-)#)%! )! "he -))' -a#e0 % %!


32/135

(e #)3 pe-e!" = pe a!!&*.? F%* "he ,)!a')"+ %, a :&$/*e!" aa$)!/ a #&* %, *%!e+ &!")')" )# #a")#,)e$0 "he aa$ #ha'' (e -%!#)$ee$ a ,%(eaa!-e %, -e$)"0 e/a$'e## %, he"he "heaa$ )! ,a-" pe"a)!e$ "% %!e.12 T% (e -%!#)#"e!" )"h "he ,%e/%)!/0 "he )!"ee#" %! "he*%!e"a+ aa$# #ha'' "he! (e ,)3e$ a" = pe a!!&*0 &!")' "he $a*a/e# ae ,&''+ pa)$.

WHEREFORE0 "he pe")")%! )# DENIED. The De-)#)%! $a"e$ N%e*(e 620 6216 a!$ Re#%'&")%!$a"e$


33/135

A 'nane Corporat'on vs. Court of Appea+s

D.. No. 2040, Auust 27, 1991.F

A !NANC# C*A"!N, pet't'oner, vs. N. C%" A**#ALS, on.*res'd'n :ude of e'ona+ "r'a+ Court of Man'+a, ran) 43, MAN%#L C%A&$ andL!L!A C%A&$, respondents.

C'v'+ La/ Subroat'on .A. 'nane Corporat'on /as deemed subroated to t)er')ts and ob+'at'ons of Superars, !n. /)en t)e +atter ass'ned t)e prom'ssor(note toet)er /'t) t)e )atte+ mortae onst'tuted on t)e motor ve)'+e 'n>uest'on 'n favor of t)e former..A. 'nane Corporat'on /as deemed subroatedto t)e r')ts and ob+'at'ons of Superars, !n. /)en t)e +atter ass'ned t)eprom'ssor( note, toet)er /'t) t)e )atte+ mortae onst'tuted on t)e motorve)'+e 'n >uest'on, 'n favor of t)e former. Conse>uent+(, .A. 'nane Corporat'on 's

bound b( t)e terms and ond't'ons of t)e )atte+ mortae eeuted bet/een t)eCuad(s and Superars, !n. %nder t)e deed of )atte+ mortae, .A. 'naneCorporat'on /as onst'tuted attorne('n-fat /'t) fu++ po/er and aut)or't( to +e,fo++o/-up, proseute, omprom'se or sett+e 'nsurane +a'ms to s'n, eeute andde+'ver t)e orrespond'n papers, ree'pts and douments to t)e !nsuraneCompan( as ma( be neessar( to prove t)e +a'm, and to o++et from t)e +atter t)eproeeds of 'nsurane to t)e etent of 'ts 'nterests, 'n t)e event t)at t)e mortaedar suers an( +oss or damae.

Same Same Aen( !n rant'n .A 'nane Corporat'on t)e aforement'onedpo/ers and preroat'ves, t)e Cuad( spouses reated 'n t)e formers favor an

aen(.!n rant'n .A. 'nane Corporat'on t)e aforement'oned po/ers andpreroat'ves, t)e Cuad( spouses reated 'n t)e formers favor an aen(. ")us,under Art'+e 14 of t)e C'v'+ Code of t)e *)'+'pp'nes, .A. 'nane Corporat'on 'sbound b( 'ts aeptane to arr( out t)e aen(, and 's +'ab+e for damaes /)'),t)rou) 'ts non-performane, t)e Cuad(s, t)e pr'n'pa+ 'n t)e ase at bar, ma(suer.

C'v'+ *roedure #v'dene :udment of t)e Court of Appea+s 's on+us've as tot)e fats and ma( not ord'nar'+( be rev'e/ed b( t)e Supreme Court.Moreover,.A. 'nane Corporat'on /ou+d )ave t)'s Court rev'e/ and reverse t)e fatua+nd'ns of t)e respondent appe++ate ourt. ")'s, of ourse, t)e Court annot and /'++

not ener-

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

F S#CN& &!I!S!N.


34/135

1O

1O

S%*#M# C%" #*"S ANN"A"#&

A 'nane Corporat'on vs. Court of Appea+s

a++( do. !t 's a'omat' t)at t)e 5udment of t)e Court of Appea+s 's on+us've asto t)e fats and ma( not ord'nar'+( be rev'e/ed b( t)e Supreme Court. ")e dotr'ne's, to be sure, sub5et to erta'n spe' eept'ons none of /)'), )o/ever, obta'ns'n t)e 'nstant ase.

Same Appea+s !ssues not ra'sed andVor vent'+ated 'n t)e tr'a+ ourt, +et a+one 'nt)e Court of Appea+s, annot be ra'sed for t)e rst t'me on appea+.'na++(, .A.'nane Corporat'on ontends t)at respondent tr'a+ ourt omm'tted rave abusesof d'sret'on 'n t/o 'nstanes; 'rst, /)en 't den'ed t)e pet't'oners mot'on forreons'derat'on pra('n t)at t)e ounse+ be a++o/ed to ross-eam'ne t)e aQant,and seond, /)en 't ser'ous+( ons'dered t)e ev'dene addued e-parte b( t)eCuad(s, and )eav'+( re+'ed t)ereon, /)en 'n trut) and 'n fat, t)e same /as notforma++( adm'tted as part of t)e ev'dene for t)e pr'vate respondentsGMemorandum for t)e *et't'oner, p. 10H. ")'s Court does not )ave to undu+( d/e++ ont)'s 'ssue /)') /as on+( ra'sed b( .A. 'nane Corporat'on for t)e rst t'me onappea+. A rev'e/ of t)e reords of t)e ase s)o/s t)at .A. 'nane Corporat'onfa'+ed to d'ret+( ra'se or vent'+ate 'n t)e tr'a+ ourt nor 'n t)e respondent appe++ateourt t)e va+'d't( of t)e ev'dene addued eparte b( pr'vate respondents. !t /ason+( /)en t)e pet't'oner +ed t)e 'nstant pet't'on /'t) t)'s Court t)at 't +ater ra'sedt)e aforement'oned 'ssue. As ru+ed b( t)'s Court 'n a +on +'ne of ases, 'ssues notra'sed andVor vent'+ated 'n t)e tr'a+ ourt, +et a+one 'n t)e Court of Appea+s, annotbe ra'sed for t)e rst t'me on appea+ as 't /ou+d be oens've to t)e bas' ru+es offa'r p+a(, 5ust'e and due proess.

*#"!"!N for rev'e/ on ert'orar' of t)e de's'on and reso+ut'on of t)e Court of

Appea+s. *ur's'ma, :.


Ia+era, %rmeneta E Asso'ates for pet't'oner.


35/135

*ompe(o L. aut'sta for pr'vate respondents.

*AAS, :.;

This is a petition for review on certiorari which sees to reverse and set aside B! the decision of the Court of Appeals dated )uly "!, !*93 in

CA1$.;. No. C?1/+4"" entitled


36/135

(.A. Finance Corporation, however, never complied with the above1mentioned order, paving the way for the trial court to render its decision

on )anuary !9, !*94, the dispositive portion of which reads as follows:

IN ?I' @';'OF, the Court 5I%I%%'% the complaint without costs.

%O O;5';'5. B;ollo, p. !0#

On appeal, the respondent appellate court affirmed the decision of the trial court. The decretal portion of the said decision reads as follows:

@';'FO;', after consultation among the undersigned members of this 5ivision, in compliance with the provision of

%ection !#, Article ?III of the Constitution8 and finding no reversible error in the -udgment appealed from, the same is

hereby AFFI;'5, without any pronouncement as to costs. B*)id., p. ##

(.A. Finance Corporation moved for the reconsideration of the above decision, but the motion was denied by the respondent appellate court

in a resolution dated February *, !*99 B*)id ., p. #9.

@ence, this present recourse.

On )uly !!, !**/, this Court gave due course to the petition and re6uired the parties to submit their respective memoranda. The parties

having complied with the submission of their memoranda, the case was submitted for decision.

The real issue to be resolved in the case at bar is whether or not (.A. Finance Corporation has waived its right to collect the unpaid balance

of the Cuady spouses on the promissory note for failure of the former to enforce the total loss provision in the insurance coverage of the

motor vehicle sub-ect of the chattel mortgage.

It is the contention of (.A. Finance Corporation that even if it failed to enforce the total loss provision in the insurance policy of the motor

vehicle sub-ect of the chattel mortgage, said failure does not operate to e&tinguish the unpaid balance on the promissory note, considering

that the circumstances obtaining in the case at bar do not fall under Article !"#! of the Civil Code relative to the modes of e&tinguishment of

obligations Bemorandum for the 2etitioner, p. !!.

On the other hand, the Cuadys insist that owing to its failure to enforce the total loss provision in the insurance policy, (.A. Finance

Corporation lost not only its opportunity to collect the insurance proceeds on the mortgaged motor vehicle in its capacity as the assignee of

the said insurance proceeds pursuant to the memorandum in the insurance policy which states that the


37/135

against the insurer for the payment of a clearly valid insurance claim, and continued to ignore the yearning of the Cuadys to enforce the total

loss provision in the insurance policy, despite the undeniable fact that ;ea Auto Center, the auto repair shop chosen by the insurer itself to

repair the aforementioned motor vehicle, misrepaired and rendered it completely useless and unserviceable B *)id ., p. #!.

Accordingly, there is no reason to depart from the ruling set down by the respondent appellate court. In this connection, the Court of Appeals

said:

... Dnder the established facts and circumstances, it is un-ust, unfair and ine6uitable to re6uire the chattel mortgagors,

appellees herein, to still pay the unpaid balance of their mortgage debt on the said car, the non1payment of which

account was due to the stubborn refusal and failure of appellant mortgagee to avail of the insurance money which

became due and demandable after the insured motor vehicle was badly damaged in a vehicular accident covered by

the insurance ris. ... B*)id .

On the allegation that the respondent court7s findings that (.A. Finance Corporation failed to claim for the damage to the car was not

supported by evidence, the records show that instead of acting on the instruction of the Cuadys to enforce the total loss provision in the

insurance policy, the petitioner insisted on -ust having the motor vehicle repaired, to which private respondents reluctantly acceded. As

heretofore mentioned, the repair shop chosen was not able to restore the aforementioned motor vehicle to its condition prior to the accident.

Thus, the said vehicle bogged down shortly thereafter. The subse6uent re6uest of the Cuadys for the (.A. Finance Corporation to file a claim

for total loss with the insurer fell on deaf ears, prompting the Cuadys to stop paying the remaining balance on the promissory noteBemorandum for the ;espondents, pp. 014.

oreover, (.A. Finance Corporation would have this Court review and reverse the factual findings of the respondent appellate court. This, of

course, the Court cannot and will not generally do. It is a&iomatic that the -udgment of the Court of Appeals is conclusive as to the facts and

may not ordinarily be reviewed by the %upreme Court. The doctrine is, to be sure, sub-ect to certain specific e&ceptions none of which,

however, obtains in the instant case BGu>on (roerage Corporation v. Court of Appeals, !3+ %C;A 09# E!*9*.

Finally, (.A. Finance Corporation contends that respondent trial court committed grave abuses of discretion in two instances: First, when i t

denied the petitioner7s motion for reconsideration praying that the counsel be allowed to cross1e&amine the affiant, and8 second, when it

seriously considered the evidence adduced e-parte by the Cuadys, and heavily relied thereon, when in truth and in fact, the same was not

formally admitted as part of the evidence for the private respondents Bemorandum for the 2etitioner, p. !/. This Court does not have to

unduly dwell on this issue which was only raised by (.A. Finance Corporation for the first time on appeal. A review of the records of the case

shows that (.A. Finance Corporation failed to directly raise or ventilate in the trial court nor in the respondent appellate court the validity of

the evidence adduced e-parte by private respondents. It was only when the petitioner filed the instant petition with this Court that it later

raised the aforementioned issue. As ruled by this Court in a long line of cases, issues not raised andPor ventilated in the trial court, let alone

in the Court of Appeals, cannot be raised for the first time on appeal as it would be offensive to the basic rules of fair play, -ustice and due

process B$alicia v. 2olo, !3* %C;A #34 E!*9*8 ;amos v. Intermediate Appellate Court, !34 %C;A 3/ E!*9*8 5ulos ;ealty Q 5evelopment

Corporation v. Court of Appeals, !43 %C;A 0"4 E!*998 5ihiansan, et al. v. Court of Appeals, et al., !4# %C;A 3!" E!*938 5e la %anta v.

Court of Appeals, et al., !0/ %C;A 00 E!*94.

2;'I%'% CON%I5';'5, the instant petition is 5'NI'5, and the decision appealed from is AFFI;'5.

%O O;5';'5.


38/135

L'm vs. Court of Appea+s

D.. No. 12O17. :anuar( 1J, 2002.F

A#LA& L!M and #SMA&!" D%NNAAN, pet't'oners, vs. C%" A**#ALSand &NA" . DNAL#S, respondents.

C'v'+ La/ &amaes !nterest !t 's a'omat' t)at 'f t)e su't /ere for damaes,un+'>u'dated and not 6no/n unt'+ den'te+( aserta'ned, assessed and determ'nedb( t)e ourts after proof, 'nterest at t)e rate of s' perent GJH per annum s)ou+dbe from t)e date t)e 5udment of t)e ourt 's made.u'dated +a'ms or damaes, eept /)en t)e demand an be

estab+'s)ed /'t) reasonab+e erta'nt(.@ !t 's a'omat' t)at 'f t)e su't /ere fordamaes, un+'>u'dated and not 6no/n unt'+ den'te+( aserta'ned, assessed anddeterm'ned b( t)e ourts after proof, 'nterest at t)e rate of s' perent GJH perannum s)ou+d be from t)e date t)e 5udment of t)e ourt 's made Gat /)') t'met)e >uant'at'on of damaes ma( be deemed to be reasonab+( aserta'nedH.

Same Same ne /)o 's 'n5ured b( t)e /ronfu+ or ne+'ent at of anot)ers)ou+d eer'se reasonab+e are and d'+'ene to m'n'm'Be t)e resu+t'n damae.uest'on. ne /)o 's'n5ured t)en b( t)e /ronfu+ or ne+'ent at of anot)er s)ou+d eer'se reasonab+eare

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

F S#CN& &!I!S!N.

39O

IL. 373, :AN%A$ 1J, 2002

39O


39/135

L'm vs. Court of Appea+s

and d'+'ene to m'n'm'Be t)e resu+t'n damae. An(/a(, )e an reover from

t)e /rondoer mone( +ost 'n reasonab+e eorts to preserve t)e propert( 'n5ured andfor 'n5ur'es 'nurred 'n attempt'n to prevent damae to 't.

Same Same !t 's a fundamenta+ pr'n'p+e 'n t)e +a/ on damaes t)at adefendant annot be )e+d +'ab+e 'n damaes for more t)an t)e atua+ +oss /)') )e)as 'n8'ted and t)at a p+a'nt' 's ent't+ed to no more t)an t)e 5ust and ade>uateompensat'on for t)e 'n5ur( suered.!n a/ard'n damaes for tortuous 'n5ur(, 'tbeomes t)e so+e des'n of t)e ourts to prov'de for ade>uate ompensat'on b(putt'n t)e p+a'nt' 'n t)e same nan'a+ pos't'on )e /as 'n pr'or to t)e tort. !t 's afundamenta+ pr'n'p+e 'n t)e +a/ on damaes t)at a defendant annot be )e+d +'ab+e'n damaes for more t)an t)e atua+ +oss /)') )e )as 'n8'ted and t)at a p+a'nt'

's ent't+ed to no more t)an t)e 5ust and ade>uate ompensat'on for t)e 'n5ur(suered. 's reover( 's, 'n t)e absene of 'rumstanes 'v'n r'se to ana++o/ane of pun't've damaes, +'m'ted to a fa'r ompensat'on for t)e )arm done.

")e +a/ /'++ not put )'m 'n a pos't'on better t)an /)ere )e s)ou+d be 'n )ad not t)e/ron )appened.

Same Same !ndemn'at'on for damaes 's not +'m'ted to damnum emerensor atua+ +oss but etends to +urum essans or t)e amount of prot +ost.!n t)epresent ase, pet't'oners 'ns'st t)at as t)e passener 5eepne( /as pur)ased 'n192 for on+( *30,000.00 to a/ard damaes ons'derab+( reater t)an t)'s amount/ou+d be 'mproper and un5ust'ed. *et't'oners are at best rem'nded t)at

'ndemn'at'on for damaes ompre)ends not on+( t)e va+ue of t)e +oss sueredbut a+so t)at of t)e prots /)') t)e ob+'ee fa'+ed to obta'n. !n ot)er /ords,'ndemn'at'on for damaes 's not +'m'ted to damnum emerens or atua+ +oss butetends to +urum essans or t)e amount of prot +ost.



"ran>u'+'no . Mer's for pet't'oners.

Nar'so #. am'reB for pr'vate respondent.

#LLS!LL, :.;


40/135

Whe! a pa##e!/e :eep!e+ -%ee$ (+ a -e"),)-a"e %, p&(')- -%!e!)e!-e )# #%'$ "% a!%"he h%-%!")!&e# "% %pea"e )" &!$e "he #a*e -e"),)-a"e %, p&(')- -%!e!)e!-e &!$e "he #%9-a''e$ kabit #+#"e*0 a!$ )! "he -%&#e "hee%, "he eh)-'e *ee"# a! a--)$e!" "h%&/h "he ,a&'" %, a!%"heeh)-'e0 *a+ "he !e %!e #&e ,% $a*a/e# a/a)!#" "he e)!/ eh)-'e O"he)#e #"a"e$0 $%e#"he !e %!e hae a!+ 'e/a' pe#%!a')"+ "% ()!/ "he a-")%!0 % )# he "he ea' pa"+ )! )!"ee#" )!

"he #&)"0 $e#p)"e "he ,a-" "ha" he )# !%" "he e/)#"ee$ %!e &!$e "he -e"),)-a"e %, p&(')--%!e!)e!-e

S%*e")*e )! 1476 p)a"e e#p%!$e!" D%!a"% G%!a'e# p&-ha#e$ a! I#&& pa##e!/e :eep!e+,%* G%*e-)!% Va''a"a0 h%'$e %, a -e"),)-a"e %, p&(')- -%!e!)e!-e ,% "he %pea")%! %, p&(')-&")')"+ eh)-'e# p'+)!/ "he M%!&*e!"%9B&'a-a! %&"e. Wh)'e p)a"e e#p%!$e!" G%!a'e#-%!")!&e$ %,,e)!/ "he :eep!e+ ,% p&(')- "a!#p%" #e)-e# he $)$ !%" hae "he e/)#"a")%! %, "heeh)-'e "a!#,ee$ )! h)# !a*e !% $)$ he #e-&e ,% h)*#e', a -e"),)-a"e %, p&(')- -%!e!)e!-e,% )"# %pea")%!. Th Va''a"a e*a)!e$ %! e-%$ a# )"# e/)#"ee$ %!e a!$%pea"%.1âwphi1.nêt

O! 66


41/135

The *a)! p%)!" %, -%!"e!")%! (e"ee! "he pa")e# e'a"e$ "% "he a*%&!" %, $a*a/e# $&e p)a"ee#p%!$e!". P)a"e e#p%!$e!" G%!a'e# aee$ "ha" pe e#")*a"e *a$e (+ a! a&"%*%()'e epa)#h%p he %&'$ hae "% #pe!$ P6=0222.22 "% e#"%e h)# :eep!e+ "% )"# %)/)!a' -%!$)")%!. O! "he%"he ha!$0 pe")")%!e# )!#)#"e$ "ha" "he+ -%&'$ hae "he eh)-'e epa)e$ ,% P620222.22 .5

O! 1 O-"%(e 144 "he ")a' -%&" &phe'$ p)a"e e#p%!$e!"# -'a)* a!$ aa$e$ h)*P6=0222.22 )"h 'e/a' )!"ee#" ,%* 66


42/135

I! "he ea'+ -a#e %, Dizon v. Octavio12 "he C%&" e3p'a)!e$ "ha" %!e %, "he p)*a+ ,a-"%#-%!#)$ee$ )! "he /a!")!/ %, a -e"),)-a"e %, p&(')- -%!e!)e!-e ,% "he ()!e## %, p&(')-"a!#p%"a")%! )# "he ,)!a!-)a' -apa-)"+ %, "he h%'$e %, "he ')-e!#e0 #% "ha" ')a()')")e# a)#)!/ ,%*a--)$e!"# *a+ (e $&'+ -%*pe!#a"e$. The kabit #+#"e* e!$e# )''%+ #&-h p&p%#e a!$0 %#e0*a+ #")'' (e aa)'e$ %, (+ "he /a!"ee "% e#-ape -))' ')a()')"+ -ae$ (+ a !e/')/e!" e %, a

eh)-'e %!e$ (+ a!%"he a!$ %pea"e$ &!$e h)# ')-e!#e. I, a e/)#"ee$ %!e )# a''%e$ "%e#-ape ')a()')"+ (+ p%)!/ h% "he #&pp%#e$ %!e %, "he eh)-'e )#0 )" %&'$ (e ea#+ ,% h)* "%"a!#,e "he #&(:e-" eh)-'e "% a!%"he h% p%##e##e# !% p%pe"+ )"h h)-h "% e#p%!$,)!a!-)a''+ ,% "he $a*a/e $%!e. Th ,% "he #a,e"+ %, pa##e!/e# a!$ "he p&(')- h% *a+ hae (ee! %!/e$ a!$ $e-e)e$ "h%&/h "he (a!e,&' kabit #+#"e*0 "he e/)#"ee$ %!e %, "he eh)-'e)# !%" a''%e$ "% p%e "ha" a!%"he pe#%! ha# (e-%*e "he %!e #% "ha" he *a+ (e "hee(+e')ee$ %, e#p%!#)()')"+. S&(#e8&e!" -a#e# a,,)* #&-h (a#)- $%-")!e.11

I" %&'$ #ee* "he! "ha" "he "h" %, "he 'a )! e!:%)!)!/ "he kabit #+#"e* )# !%" #% *&-h a# "% pe!a')e "he pa")e# (&" "% )$e!"),+ "he pe#%! &p%! h%* e#p%!#)()')"+ *a+ (e ,)3e$ )! -a#e %,a! a--)$e!" )"h "he e!$ )e %, p%"e-")!/ "he )$)!/ p&(')-. The p%')-+ "hee,%e '%#e# )"# ,%-e

), "he p&(')- a" 'a/e )# !%" $e-e)e$0 *&-h 'e## )!%'e$.I! "he pe#e!" -a#e )" )# a" %!-e appae!" "ha" "he e)' #%&/h" "% (e pee!"e$ )! e!:%)!)!/ "hekabit #+#"e* $%e# !%" e3)#". irst 0 !e)"he %, "he pa")e# "% "he pe!)-)% kabit #+#"e* )# (e)!/he'$ ')a('e ,% $a*a/e#. !econd 0 "he -a#e a%#e ,%* "he !e/')/e!-e %, a!%"he eh)-'e )! )!/"he p&(')- %a$ "% h%* !% epe#e!"a")%!0 % *)#epe#e!"a")%!0 a# e/a$# "he %!e#h)p a!$%pea")%! %, "he pa##e!/e :eep!e+ a# *a$e a!$ "% h%* !% #&-h epe#e!"a")%!0 %*)#epe#e!"a")%!0 a# !e-e##a+. Th )" -a!!%" (e #a)$ "ha" p)a"e e#p%!$e!" G%!a'e# a!$"he e/)#"ee$ %!e %, "he :eep!e+ ee )! e#"%ppe' ,% 'ea$)!/ "he p&(')- "% (e')ee "ha" "he :eep!e+ (e'%!/e$ "% "he e/)#"ee$ %!e. "hird 0 "he )$)!/ p&(')- a# !%" (%"hee$ !%)!-%!e!)e!-e$ a" "he e+ 'ea#" (+ "he )''e/a' aa!/e*e!". O! "he -%!"a+0 )" a# p)a"e

e#p%!$e!" h)*#e', h% ha$ (ee! %!/e$ a!$ a# #ee)!/ -%*pe!#a")%! ,% "he $a*a/e $%!e"% h)*. Ce"a)!'+0 )" %&'$ (e "he he)/h" %, )!e8&)"+ "% $e!+ h)* h)# )/h".

I! ')/h" %, "he ,%e/%)!/0 )" )# e)$e!" "ha" p)a"e e#p%!$e!" ha# "he )/h" "% p%-ee$ a/a)!#" pe")")%!e# ,% "he $a*a/e -ae$ %! h)# pa##e!/e :eep!e+ a# e'' a# %! h)# ()!e##. A!+ e,,%""he! "% ,"a"e h)# -'a)* %, $a*a/e# (+ "he )!/e!&)"+ )"h h)-h pe")")%!e# ,a*e$ "he )##&e#h%&'$ (e $)#-%&a/e$0 ), !%" epe''e$.

I! aa$)!/ $a*a/e# ,% "%"&% )!:&+0 )" (e-%*e# "he #%'e $e#)/! %, "he -%&"# "% p%)$e ,%a$e8&a"e -%*pe!#a")%! (+ p&"")!/ "he p'a)!"),, )! "he #a*e ,)!a!-)a' p%#)")%! he a# )! p)% "%"he "%". I" )# a ,&!$a*e!"a' p)!-)p'e )! "he 'a %! $a*a/e# "ha" a $e,e!$a!" -a!!%" (e he'$')a('e )! $a*a/e# ,% *%e "ha! "he a-"&a' '%## h)-h he ha# )!,')-"e$ a!$ "ha" a p'a)!"),, )#e!")"'e$ "% !% *%e "ha! "he :" a!$ a$e8&a"e -%*pe!#a")%! ,% "he )!:&+ #&,,ee$. H)# e-%e+)#0 )! "he a(#e!-e %, -)-&*#"a!-e# /))!/ )#e "% a! a''%a!-e %, p&!)")e $a*a/e#0 ')*)"e$ "% a,a) -%*pe!#a")%! ,% "he ha* $%!e. The 'a )'' !%" p&" h)* )! a p%#)")%! (e""e "ha! hee he#h%&'$ (e )! ha$ !%" "he %!/ happe!e$.16

I! "he pe#e!" -a#e0 pe")")%!e# )!#)#" "ha" a# "he pa##e!/e :eep!e+ a# p&-ha#e$ )! 1476 ,%%!'+ P20222.22 "% aa$ $a*a/e# -%!#)$ea('+ /ea"e "ha! "h)# a*%&!" %&'$ (e )*p%pe a!$

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/jan2002/gr_125817_2002.html#fnt10http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/jan2002/gr_125817_2002.html#fnt11http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/jan2002/gr_125817_2002.html#fnt12http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/jan2002/gr_125817_2002.html#fnt12http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/jan2002/gr_125817_2002.html#fnt10http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/jan2002/gr_125817_2002.html#fnt11http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/jan2002/gr_125817_2002.html#fnt12


43/135

&!:"),)e$. Pe")")%!e# ae a" (e#" e*)!$e$ "ha" )!$e*!),)-a")%! ,% $a*a/e# -%*pehe!$# !%"%!'+ "he a'&e %, "he '%## #&,,ee$ (&" a'#% "ha" %, "he p%,)"# h)-h "he %(')/ee ,a)'e$ "% %("a)!.I! %"he %$#0 )!$e*!),)-a")%! ,% $a*a/e# )# !%" ')*)"e$ "% damnum emer#ens % a-"&a' '%## (&" e3"e!$# "% lucrum cessans % "he a*%&!" %, p%,)" '%#".1

Ha$ p)a"e e#p%!$e!"# :eep!e+ !%" *e" a! a--)$e!" )" -%&'$ ea#%!a('+ (e e3pe-"e$ "ha" )"%&'$ hae -%!")!&e$ ea!)!/ ,%* "he ()!e## )! h)-h )" a# e!/a/e$. P)a"e e#p%!$e!"ae# "ha" he $e)e# a! aea/e )!-%*e %, P22.22 pe $a+ ,%* h)# pa##e!/e :eep!e+ a!$ "h)#ea!)!/ a# )!-'&$e$ )! "he aa$ %, $a*a/e# *a$e (+ "he ")a' -%&" a!$ &phe'$ (+ "he appea'#-%&". The aa$ "hee,%e %, P6=0222.22 a# -%*pe!#a"%+ $a*a/e# )# !%" (e+%!$ ea#%! !%#pe-&'a")e a# )" )# (a#e$ %! a ea#%!a('e e#")*a"e %, "he "%"a' $a*a/e #&,,ee$ (+ p)a"ee#p%!$e!"0 i.e. $a*a/e %&/h" &p%! h)# :eep!e+ a!$ "he )!-%*e '%#" ,%* h)# "a!#p%"a")%! ()!e##. Pe")")%!e# ,% "he) pa" $)$ !%" %,,e a!+ #&(#"a!")e e)$e!-e "% e,&"e "he e#")*a"e*a$e (+ "he -%&"# a quo.

H%ee0 e ae -%!#"a)!e$ "% $epa" ,%* "he -%!-')%! %, "he '%e -%&"# "ha" &p%! "he

aa$ %, -%*pe!#a"%+ $a*a/e# 'e/a' )!"ee#" #h%&'$ (e )*p%#e$ (e/)!!)!/ 66


44/135

a""%!e+# ,ee# )# MODIFIED. I!"ee#" a" "he a"e %, #)3 pe-e!" = pe a!!&* #ha'' (e-%*p&"e$ ,%* "he ")*e "he :&$/*e!" %, "he '%e -%&" )# *a$e &!")' "he ,)!a')"+ %, "h)#De-)#)%!. I, "he a$:&$/e$ p)!-)pa' a!$ )!"ee#" e*a)! &!pa)$ "heea,"e0 "he )!"ee#" #ha'' (e"e'e pe-e!" 16 pe a!!&* -%*p&"e$ ,%* "he ")*e :&$/*e!" (e-%*e# ,)!a' a!$ e3e-&"%+&!")' )" )# ,&''+ #a")#,)e$.1âwphi1.nêt

C%#"# a/a)!#" pe")")%!e#.

SO ORDERED.


45/135

D.. No. 17370. Apr'+ 2O, 2012.F

SCA L CAM#N, :., pet't'oner, vs. D#N!M AC$, Duard'an andrepresent'n t)e )'+dren, name+(; MA$ MA:!# . MNSAL%&, #!C .

MNSAL%&, M#"!# ANN . MNSAL%&, =A##N . MNSAL%&, L#NA& .MNSAL%&, :., and C!S"!NA . MNSAL%&, respondents.

C'v'+ La/ uas'-&e+'ts &otr'ne of es !psa Lo>u'tur %nder t)e dotr'ne of res'psa +o>u'tur, /)ere t)e t)'n t)at aused t)e 'n5ur( omp+a'ned of 's s)o/n to beunder t)e manaement of t)e defendant or )'s servants and t)e a'dent, 'n t)eord'nar( ourse of t)'ns, /ou+d not )appen 'f t)ose /)o )ad manaement orontro+ used proper are, 't aords reasonab+e ev'dene'n t)e absene of asuQ'ent, reasonab+e and +o'a+ ep+anat'on b( defendantt)at t)e a'dent arosefrom or /as aused b( t)e defendants /ant of are ")e dotr'ne 's based part+( ont)e t)eor( t)at t)e defendant 'n )are of t)e 'nstrumenta+'t( /)') auses t)e

'n5ur( e't)er 6no/s t)e ause of t)e a'dent or )as t)e best opportun't( ofaserta'n'n 't /)'+e t)e p+a'nt' )as no su) 6no/+ede, and 's t)erefore ompe++edto a++ee ne+'ene 'n enera+ terms.%nder t)e dotr'ne of res 'psa +o>u'tur,?T/U)ere t)e t)'n t)at aused t)e 'n5ur( omp+a'ned of 's s)o/n to be under t)emanaement of t)e defendant or )'s servants and t)e a'dent, 'n t)e ord'nar(ourse of t)'ns, /ou+d not )appen 'f t)ose /)o )ad manaement or ontro+ usedproper are, 't aords reasonab+e ev'dene'n t)e absene of a suQ'ent,reasonab+e and +o'a+ ep+anat'on b( defendantt)at t)e a'dent arose from or/as aused b( t)e defendants /ant of are.@ es 'psa +o>u'tur 's ?mere+(ev'dent'ar(, a mode of proof, or a mere proedura+ onven'ene, s'ne 't furn's)es asubst'tute for, and re+'eves a p+a'nt' of, t)e burden of produ'n a spe' proof ofne+'ene.@ !t ?reon'Bes t)at part'es ma( estab+'s) pr'ma fa'e ne+'ene

/'t)out d'ret proof, t)us, 't a++o/s t)e pr'n'p+e to subst'tute for spe' proof ofne+'ene. !t perm'ts t)e p+a'nt' to present a+on /'t) proof of t)e a'dent,enou) of t)e attend'n 'rumstanes to 'nvo6e t)e dotr'ne, reate an 'nfereneor presumpt'on of ne+'ene and t)ereb( p+ae on t)e defendant t)e burden ofprov'n t)at t)ere /as no ne+'ene on )'s part.@ ")e dotr'ne 's based part+( on?t)e t)eor( t)at t)e defendant 'n )are of t)e 'nstrumenta+'t( /)') auses t)e'n5ur( e't)er 6no/s t)e ause of t)e a'dent or )as t)e best opportun't( ofaserta'n'n 't /)'+e t)e p+a'nt' )as no su) 6no/+ede, and 's t)erefore ompe++edto a++ee ne+'ene 'n enera+ terms.@

Same Same Same e>u's'tes of t)e &otr'ne of es !psa Lo>u'tur.")ere>u's'tes of t)e dotr'ne of res 'psa +o>u'tur as estab+'s)ed b( 5ur'sprudene are asfo++o/s; 1H t)e a'dent 's of a 6'nd /)') does not ord'nar'+( our un+ess someone's ne+'ent 2H t)e ause of t)e 'n5ur( /as under t)e e+us've ontro+ of t)e person'n )are and 3H t)e 'n5ur( suered must not )ave been due to an( vo+untar( at'onor ontr'but'on on t)e part of t)e person 'n5ured.


46/135

Same Same Motor Ie)'+es ")e re'stered o/ner of an( ve)'+e, even 'f notused for pub+' serv'e, /ou+d pr'mar'+( be respons'b+e to t)e pub+' or to t)'rdpersons for 'n5ur'es aused t)e +atter /)'+e t)e ve)'+e /as be'n dr'ven on t)e)')/a(s or streets.!n Au'+ar, Sr. v. Commer'a+ Sav'ns an6, 3J0 SCA 39OG2001H, t)e ar of t)ere'n respondent ban6 aused t)e deat) of Conrado Au'+ar, :r./)'+e be'n dr'ven b( 'ts ass'stant v'e pres'dent. &esp'te Art'+e 210, /e st'++ )e+d

t)e ban6 +'ab+e for damaes for t)e a'dent as sa'd prov's'on s)ou+d defer to t)esett+ed dotr'ne onern'n a'dents 'nvo+v'n re'stered motor ve)'+es, '.e., t)att)e re'stered o/ner of an( ve)'+e, even 'f not used for pub+' serv'e, /ou+dpr'mar'+( be respons'b+e to t)e pub+' or to t)'rd persons for 'n5ur'es aused t)e+atter /)'+e t)e ve)'+e /as be'n dr'ven on t)e )')/a(s or streets.



Mar'+eno N. Ap'a for pet't'oner.

A+vareB, NueB, Da+an, #sp'na E LopeB La/ Qes for respondents.

L CAS"!LL, :.;

I! "h)# Pe")")%! ,% Re)e %! Ce")%a)01 "he e/)#"ee$ %!e %, a *%"% eh)-'e -ha''e!/e# "heDe-)#)%!6 $a"e$


47/135

)-")*#0 a!$ '%## %, !e" )!-%*e ea!)!/# %, E*)')a h% a# e*p'%+e$ a# a p&(')- #-h%%' "ea-hea" "he ")*e %, he $ea"h.

De,e!$a!"# e,e$ "% a##&*e -))' ')a()')"+ ,% "he )-")*#@ $ea"h#. O#-a S. aee$ "ha" "heM%!#a'&$# hae !% -ae %, a-")%! a/a)!#" "he* (e-ae he a!$ h)# ),e $% !%" %! "he :eep a!$

"ha" "he+ ee !ee "he e*p'%+e# %, A''a!.7

F% h)# pa"0 O#-a


48/135

#&(#)$)a+ -apa-)"+. The RTC a!-h%e$ )"# &')!/ p)*a)'+ %! "he p)!-)p'e %, e# )p#a '%8&)"&0).e.0 "ha" a pe#&*p")%! %, !e/')/e!-e %! "he pa" %, a $e,e!$a!" *a+ (e )!,ee$ ), "he "h)!/ "ha"-ae$ a! )!:&+ )# #h%! "% (e &!$e h)# *a!a/e*e!" a!$ "ha" )! "he %$)!a+ -%&#e %, "h)!/#0"he a--)$e!" %&'$ !%" hae happe!e$ ha$ "hee (ee! a! e3e-)#e %, -ae. Sa)$ -%&" a")%-)!a"e$"ha" O#-a


49/135

O#-a


50/135

W)"h e/a$ "% "he *a)! )##&e0 "he CA a$:&$/e$ O#-a


51/135

6. 3 3 3 $e-'a)!/ a 8&e#")%! %, #&(#"a!-e !%" )! a--%$ )"h 'a a!$ )"h "he app')-a('e$e-)#)%!# %, "he S&pe*e C%&";

. 3 3 3 $epa")!/ ,%* "he e/&'a -%&#e %, "he :&$)-)a' p%-ee$)!/# )! "he $)#p%#)")%! %,"he appea' a!$ )! /%)!/ (e+%!$ "he )##&e# %, "he -a#e.

O#-a

2. Q9 O! "ha" !)/h"0 %! % a(%&" 11>2 %@-'%- %! De-e*(e 10 14460 hee ee +%&

A9 I e!" "% "he $)#-% !ea "he P&(')- Mae"0 S%*)!%"0 a*(%a!/a $e' S&.

Date post:	08-Jul-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	anonymous-p4ws31dtsp
View:	215 times
Download:	0 times

TORTS Last Cases

Documents