Towards Critical Cultural Foresight: Australian Futures Studies

7/30/2019 Towards Critical Cultural Foresight: Australian Futures Studies

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xipkdj‛ pilrb kdeb}bds kd seb q}ncrhsx sebxb hngqidkbx i}b xbllkdj kd

Irxs}ilki$

SekxgkjesxrjjbxsseisIrxs}ilkidxsekdflbxxn`seb`rsr}bidcsebqixsix

xbqi}isbc m{ seb q}bxbds$ Xrhe i ckpkxknd n` skgb kdsn qixs, q}bxbds idc

`rsr}bcnbxdns}bill{}bq}bxbdsid{nmobhskpb`bisr}bn`skgbksxbl`mrsenlcx

`n} qx{henlnjkhil skgb ndl{ idc `}byrbdsl{ `n} seb hndpbdkbdhb n` sbdxkdj

fdnzlbcjb$ Mrs seb rxb n ̀ qi}skhrli} s{qbx n ̀ `rsr}bx sekdfkdj kd seb

cngbxskh xqeb}b ix zbll ix zksekd seb zkcb} nqb}iskndx n ̀ Irxs}ilkid

gbs}nqnlksidhrlsr}b hnd`lkhsxzkse sekx hndpbdskndilqb}xqbhskpb$ Sebdbz

hndhbqskndn`qx{henlnjkhilskgb,zeb}bseb`rsr}brdcb}z}ksbxsebq}bxbds

idcsebq}bxbds kx kdcbdsr}bc sn seb`rsr}b, eixm}nrjesimnrs i ―h}kxkx n`

qb}hbqsknd‛$Ihndpbdskndilndsnlnjkhilxbdxbn`seb`rsr}bgi{mbseisnì

―qise‛ qb}qbsrill{ kd seb q}nhbxx n` mbkdj hndxs}rhsbc– ―seb en}knd sn

zekhe ill ihsknd sbdcx‛– mrs zksekd sebgncrx nqb}idck n` qnxsgncb}d

hrlsr}b,zeb}bckxhnr}xbxissbgqssn ―iddbu‛ seb`rsr}b ndiqx{henlnjkhil

lbpbl, ―seb `rsr}b kx dnz‛$ Milli}c hei}ihsb}kxbx qi}skhrli} qx{henlnjkhil

ìllnrs `}ng sekx xksrisknd, zekhe sekx sebxkx i}jrbx kx qi}s n` Irxs}ilki*x

hndsbgqn}i}{gifb'rq?

Kdh}bixkdjl{,nr}hndhbqsxn`qixs,q}bxbdsidc`rsr}bi}bmbkdj`n}hbc

sn}bpkxbsebgxblpbx$Orxsixsebqixsksxbl`,kdxnhkilidcqx{henlnjkhil

sb}gx,mbhigbihixrils{nÈk}nxekgiidcsebdrhlbi}ijb%ilgnxsm{

cb`kdkskndiqb}knckdzekhezbzb}bill`n}hbcsnsekdfq}nxqbhskpbl{+,



xn kd ksx sr}d seb `rsr}b kx hbixkdj sn bukxs, cbpnr}bc m{ seb ill'

pn}ihknrxq}bxbds$90

Mrskx sebq}bxbdsndl{ ―ill'pn}ihknrx‛> Xlirjesb} i}jrbx seis dbzzn}f kd

xhkbdhbkxijikdilsb}kdjnr}qb}hbqskndn` skgb,senrjednssnid busbdsix

zkcbl{ ihfdnzlbcjbcixCipkxnd‛x sebxkx ndqrdhsrilks{$ ]iseb}, kd izi{

seis eix nmxhr}bc ks `}ng qrmlkh pkbz, i dbz h}bisknd n` seb q}bxbds eix

kgqlkhisbc ksxbl` kdsn cbìrls sbgqn}ill{ }blisbc hndhbqskndx idc hndhb}dx

imnrsskgb?

Sebgbixr}bgbdsn`cr}iskndeixmbhngbkdh}bixkdjl{q}bhkxbidceix

h}bisbc i gihekdb gbixr}b n` skgb zekhe ìllx mblnz ergid

qb}hbqsril se}bxenlcx † @n} ihskpbl{ xs}rhsr}kdj nr} kdckpkcril idc

xnhkil rxb n` skgb kx i cbìrls dnsknd n` seb q}bxbdszekhei}jriml{

kdsb}`b}bxzksenr}imklks{sn`rdhskndkdic{digkhill{kdsb}hnddbhsbc

zn}lc†Zeklbksgi{gifbqb}`bhsxhkbdsk`khxbdxbsngbixr}bskgbkd

didn' n} qkhn' xbhndcx, xrhe `}ijgbdsx i}b n ̀ dn ergid pilrb

zeisxnbpb}$9:

@nllnzkdj`}ng}bxbi}heidckdsb}ihskndzksexsrcbdsx–kdixfkdj―enzlndj

kx sebq}bxbds>‛idc nmsikdkdj xsidci}cidxzb}x n` ―`lbbskdj‛idc ―xen}s‛–

Xlirjesb} kx }b`b}}kdj eb}b sn seb ―gkdkgilkxs q}bxbds‛ sebxkx$ Nmxb}pkdj

cbxh}kqskndx idc qb}hbqskndx n ̀ skgb ix cb}kpbc `}ng gihekdb'c}kpbd

90 OMilli}c,H}ixe,Dbz[n}f,Pkdsijb,9;52,q3$

9: Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q3$



gbsiqen}xseisgkx}bq}bxbdshrlsr}ilidcbgqk}khil}bilks{idci}b`}byrbdsl{

buheidjbc mbszbbd qbnqlb, Xlirjesb} hillx kdsn ckx}bqrsb seb cbìrls

zbxsb}dpkbzn`sebq}bxbdsidclnicxkszksehndxkcb}imlbc{x`rdhsknd?

K`ndbhiddnsj}ixqsebq}bxbds6k`ndbkxdns,kdid{xbdxb,―isengb‛kd

ks6k`kskxsnnm}kb`snhnddbhszksezkcb}}bilkskbx,ndbkxs}rl{lnxskdi

q}n`nrdczi{$Eb}b,sebd,kxiekccbdhnds}kmrskndsnsebq}n`nrdc

`bblkdj n ̀ ilkbdisknd xn s{qkhil n ̀ gncb}d xnhkbskbx$ Zeklb xrhe

ilkbdiskndgi{xq}kdj`}ngipi}kbs{n`xnr}hbx,sebgkdkgilq}bxbds

hlbi}l{}bkd`n}hbxdnskndxn`xbqi}isbdbxxidckxnlisknd$95

Hlbi}l{seb ―gkdkgilkxs q}bxbds‛ hnd l̀khsxzkseenlkxskh iqq}nihebx snjlnmil,

xnhkil, hrlsr}il idc bdpk}ndgbdsil q}nmlbgx$ Ix Xlirjesb} qrsx ks, ―bihe

kdckpkcril idc ill xnhkil j}nrqkdjx i}b bgmbccbc kd i pixs drgmb} n ̀

kdsb}hnddbhsbcq}nhbxxbxzekhebusbdcse}nrjenrsskgbidcxqihb‛$9;Dndb

n` sebxb q}nhbxxbx i}b xsiskh, ix Hei}lbx Mk}he gikdsikdx kd ekx

j}nrdcm}bifkdjzn}f,Hnd`}ndskdjseb@rsr}b?Irxs}ilkiidcsebZn}lc–seb

DbusNdbErdc}bc[bi}x?

Dndb n`rx lkpbx kd seb zn}lc kdsnzekhezb zb}b mn}d$ Seb zn}lc

heidjbx ìxs$ Zbi}bgnpkdj `}ng seb kdcrxs}kilijb kdsn seb qnxs'

kdcrxs}kil ijb n} seb ijb n ̀ kd`n}gisknd6 `}ng i xnhkbs{ seis kx

bhnlnjkhill{ rdxrxsikdimlb kdsn ndb seis eix sn mb bhnlnjkhill{

95 kmkc$

9; kmkc$



xrxsikdimlb$ Sn lkpb kd seis dbz zn}lc gbidx seis zb dbbc sn mb

byrkqqbczkserdcb}xsidckdjidcfdnzlbcjbseisheidjbxzksekdnr}

jbdb}isknd$ Lk`bgnpbx ì}gn}b}iqkcl{dnz seid ksbpb}ckcmb`n}b$

Sekx }byrk}bx i heidjb kd nr} issksrcb snzi}c nr}xblpbx idc sn nr}

}bliskndxekqxsnsebzn}lc$ =1

Xkgkli}l{,senrjekdci}fb}bhnlnjkhill{xbdxkskpbsndbx,Ji}}bssEi}ckdzi}dx

―seb}bkxdnizi{snse}nzsn‛=9idcGkheiblEi}}kdjsnd`n}bhixsxseis―bkseb}

zbxsb}dgidkxjnkdjsnhennxbidbzxnhkbs{n}idbzxnhkbs{zkllhennxb

idcimnlkxeekg‛$==Xheblliccxseis―`n}gb}l{seb`rsr}bzixjkpbdsnrx,dnz

ksgrxsmbihekbpbc‛$=8

Xrhekdxkjesxc}iznr}issbdskndsnIrxs}ilki‛xqi}szksekdidbszn}fn`

}bliskndxekqx seis kdpnlpb seb qixs, q}bxbds idc `rsr}b idc i xb}kbx n ̀

cbqbdcbdhkbx%xnhkil,bhnlnjkhil,hrlsr}il,bsh+n`seb`rsr}b}bji}ckdjhenkhbx

idcihskndxkdsebq}bxbds,zebseb}sebxbkdpnlpbbdpk}ndgbdsil,bhndngkh

n} qb}xndil hndxkcb}iskndx$ Xlirjesb} i}jrbx seis sekx ―kdsb}hnddbhsbc

}bilks{‛ kx kd ìhs ―ndb n ̀ seb `rdcigbdsil hei}ihsb}kxskhx n ̀ l k̀ b † Seb

cbhkxkndxzbgifb,sebck}bhskndxzbhennxb,seb`rsr}bxzbbuskdjrkxeidc

=1 Hei}lbxMk}he,Hnd`}ndskdjseb@rsr}b?Irxs}ilkiidcsebZn}lc–sebDbusNdb

Erdc}bc[bi}x,Pkhsn}ki,Qbdjrkd,9;;8,q=5=$=9 Ji}}bssEi}ckd,―Qi}ignrdsQnxkskndxkdBhnlnjkhilBhndngkhx‛,kd]nmb}s

Hndxsidi%bc$+,BhnlnjkhilBhndngkhx,Dbz[n}f,HnlrgmkiRdkpb}xks{Q}bxx,

9;;9,q2=$== GkheiblEi}}kdjsnd,SebIhhkcbdsilHbdsr}{ ,Ei}gndcxzn}se,Qbdjrkd,9;0:,q

=95$=8 OXhebll,Seb@isbn`sebBi}se ,Lndcnd,Qkhicn},9;5=,q9:3$



senxbzbbdimlb,ill`}igbidchndckskndseblkpbxn`nr}cbxhbdcidsx$

=3Mrs

sebxb }bliskndxekqx eipb dn gbidkdj – dn ―engb‛ – kd i ―gkdkgilkxs

q}bxbds‛$Seb―kdsb}znpbddisr}b‛n`lk`bkxnmxhr}bc`}nghr}}bdssbgqn}il

xs}rhsr}bx idc sekdfkdj$=2 Zeis kgqlkhiskndx sebd cnbx seb ―gkdkgilkxs

q}bxbds‛sebxkxenlc`n}Irxs}ilki‛xxbdxbn`seb`rsr}b>

Ks kx jbdb}ill{ ihfdnzlbcjbc seis seb `rsr}b kx mnse rdhb}sikd idc

hndckskndil$ Ksx }bliskndxekq sn seb q}bxbds kx hngqlkhisbc, xngbskgbx

`}rxs}isbcm{,ixb}kbxn`xnhkil,hrlsr}ilidckcbnlnjkhilìhsn}x$Dndbseblbxx,

ixsekxsebxkxi}jrbx,seb`rsr}bidc}ebsn}khn`seb`rsr}bhidmbqnzb}`rl

snnlx$Kdzbxsb}dxnhkbskbx,―`rsr}b‛hidmbiqnzb}`rlzn}c$Zksesekxzn}c,

gicb gidk̀ bxs se}nrje hncbc gbxxijbx, mksx n ̀ lidjrijb, senrjes idc

kd`n}gisknd seis hid mb bcksbc snjbseb} sn jbdb}isb kcbix, xkgrliskndx,

mbeipknr}x idcgnpbgbdsx, qbnqlb xs}kpb sn heidjb sebzn}lc$ Zkse sekx

zn}c lbicb}x hid cbxkjd kgijbx n` i ―ck`̀ b}bds ijb‛ mb{ndc seb ―fdnzd

q}bxbds‛idchngqblsebk}`nllnzb}xsnlimnr}kdsebenqbn`jikdkdjihhbxxsn

sebxbkgijbx$ Zkse sekxzn}cn}kjkdisbxsebkdsbllkjkmklks{idcgbidkdjnì

xb}kbx n ̀ xqbhkil ihskpkskbx kdhlrckdj `n}bhixskdj, xhbdi}kn z}kskdj, idc

q}nobhskndidcs}bdcbus}iqnlisknd$Zksesekxzn}ckdckpkcrilxgkjessekdfi

q}nxqbhskpb zn}lc kdsn kgijkdi}{ bukxsbdhb idc z}ksb ks ix id ihekbpimlb

}bilks{$Zksesekxzn}cIrxs}ilkidxeipbxnrjessncbxh}kmbsebk}diskndixi

―mbhngkdjhkpklkxisknd‛$

KidSr}db}i}jrbc kd seb9;01x seis Irxs}ilki eixilzi{xmbbd idisknd

―q}kgbc‛ `n}, qb}eiqx hndxkxsbdsl{ bdjijbczkse, kcbixn` seb `rsr}b$ Ks kx

=3 Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q2$

=2kmkc$



}bixndimlbsnhndxkcb}sebdk`sebhndsbgqn}i}{}bq}bxbdsiskndn`sebskgb'

}bjkgbkdIrxs}ilkikxxn}ickhill{ck``b}bdssnq}bpknrxqb}knchndhbqskndxix

snqb}eiqxgnskpisbidbzh}kskhiliqq}nihesnseb`rsr}b>=0Ndb}bxqndxbkx

seishndsbgqn}i}{Irxs}ilkidhrlsr}bqnxbxskgbkdidbzzi{,kdseiskslbicx

seb―fbbqb}n`skgb‛`r}seb}snzi}cxihndsbgqliskndn`sebk}ihskndx―`n}seb

`rsr}b‛}iseb}seid,ixkdq}bpknrxekxsn}khkskbx,iqnxsrliskndn`sebk}ihskndx

―kdseb`rsr}b‛$Ilsenrjesekxqe}ixkdjgi{iqqbi}xngbsekdjnìxbgidskh

xlbkjes'n`'eidc,xrmxsksrskdj sebbuq}bxxknd ―`n} seb `rsr}b‛ kd ìpnr}n` ―kd

seb`rsr}b‛,sebkcbnlnjkhilxek`skd}bxqndxkmklks{kdeb}bdskdsebzn}ckdjkx

kggbdxbl{ xkjdk`khids$ Kskgqlkbxzeis `bgkdkxs sebn}kxs _nbXn`kihillx―seb

hnlliqxbn`seb `rsr}bndsnsebq}bxbds‛,zeb}bnr}hndsbgqn}i}{ihskpkskbx

idc mbeipknr}x xenrlc iqqbi} sn ―xrks seb `rsr}b‛ k ̀ seb{ i}b snmb `nrdc

iqq}npkdj$=:

Kdsekxxbdxb,sebq}bxbdskxs}idx`n}gbckdsnseb`rl`klgbdsnì

`rsr}b seis Irxs}ilkidx ikg sn ixqk}b sn$ Seb ―}rlbx n ̀ seb `rsr}b i}b

mbjkddkdj snrd`nlc‛q}bxbdsl{‛,z}ksbxHxkhxb}{']ndi{O}$,―zeb}b―seb}bi}b

dndn}gxxr``khkbdsl{`n}sebeb}bidcdnz,ndl{qb}qbsrilxsi}skdjqnkdsx‛`n}

seb`rsr}b$=5

[bs,sn}bsr}dsnsebgkdkgilkxsq}bxbdssebxkx,k`sebq}bxbdskx}bji}cbc

ixkgqb}hbqskml{xen}sidc`lbbskdj–kdzekherxb}xn`sekx`n}gn`sekdfkdj

i}b―lnxs‛,dbpb}yrksb―isengb‛kdsebgngbds–gkjesksmbi}jrbcseis

Irxs}ilkidxi}bbpbdlbxxxr}bkd sebk}qb}hbqskndxn`seb `rsr}b> Xlirjesb}

xbbgxsnsekdfxnkdi}jrkdjseisi―xs}rhsr}ilìrls‛eixcbpblnqbckdq}bxbds'

=0 KidSr}db},SebIrxs}ilkidC}big,Gblmnr}db,Xrd,9;05,qupk$

=: _nbXn`ki,―Busb}gkdiskdj@nbsrxbx?Imn}sknd,Ckxi}gigbdsidcsebXbun'

Xbgknskhxn`Bus}isb}}bxs}kilkxg‛, Ckih}kskhx,Xrggb}9;53,q3;$



ci{ sbgqn}il sekdfkdj, zekhe ―nmxhr}bx seb hbds}ilks{ n ̀ seb `rsr}bx

ckgbdxkndidcseb}b`n}bkgqbcbxseb{nrdjkdsebk}xbi}he`n}gbidkdjidc

qr}qnxb‛$=; Cipkxnd idc Milli}c hnggbdsisb nd seb hrlsr}il idc xnhkil

ìllnrs n` sekx kcbnlnjkhil xek̀ s kd q}ihskhb, qb}hbqsknd idc }bxqndxkmklks{

snzi}cx`rsr}bx'sekdfkdj$Senrjez}kskdjkd9;;8,q}kn}snsebzkcbxq}bic

}kxb idc ihhbqsidhb n ̀ seb Kdsb}dbs, qilg qklnsx idc qb}xndil zk}blbxx

cbpkhbx, Cipkxnd kx i}jriml{ hn}}bhs seis seb q}bxbds xnhkbs{ kx n}jidkxbc

i}nrdc i hndjlngb}isknd n` ―q}bxx'mrssnd qrdhsrilks{‛, ―orxs'kd'skgb‛ idc

―`lbukskgb‛$Ekxhndhlrxkndx}bgikdpilkcsnci{?Irxs}ilkikxhirjeskdi―skgb'

zi}q‛n`mlr}}bcmnrdci}kbxmbszbbdqixsidcq}bxbds,q}bxbdsidc`rsr}b$

Kd Irxs}ilki n ̀ seb 9;;1x, Cipkxnd xiz seb hnd l̀isknd n ̀ skgb idc seb

cb`liskndn`xqihb,mnsehei}ihsb}kxskhn`qnxs'kdcrxs}kilxnhkbskbx,seb}bxrls

nì―sbhednlnjkhilirsnbpnlrsknd‛?81

Seb hnggrdkhiskndx xisbllksb, seb }iqkc cbhlkdb kd seb hnxs n ̀

kdsb}diskndil sblbqendbhillxidc sebq}nlk̀ b}iskndn`ìugihekdbx–

cbpblnqgbdsx, kdhkcbdsill{, zekhe Irxs}ilkidx zblhngbc zkse

qi}skhrli} bdserxkixg–eipb}iqkcl{xe}rdf kdsb}diskndil ckxsidhbx,

idchnlliqxbclnhilskgbxkdsnixkdjlbkdsb}diskndilskgb'}bjkgb$89

=5 O]Lrhix,Seb@rsr}b,Higm}kcjb,Mixkl,Mlihfzbll,9;5;,q9

=; Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q0$

81 KHxkhxb}{']ndi{,―@rsr}kxskh@lr,n},Seb]bpbdjbn`seb@rsr}b‛,@khsknd=111,

9;;=,qq=0'32$89 Cipkxnd,nq$hks$,q930$



Cipkxnd xrjjbxsx ks kx sekx xsisb n` kdsb}diskndil, kdxsidsidbnrx

hnggrdkhisknd,zekheeixxbbdseb`rl`klgbdsnìGi}ukxsq}nqebh{,digbl{

―sebiddkekliskndn`xqihbm{skgb‛$8=Icckskndill{,kseixhirxbcseb―skgb'jiq

seiseiclndjxbqi}isbcIrxs}ilki`}ngseb}bxsn`sebzn}lc‛ixi―mi}}kb}idc

mr``b}‛snmbissbdrisbcidc,zkseks,―ndbn`sebq}nsbhskpbhrxekndx`n}nr}

`}ijklbxbdxbn`diskndilkcbdsks{‛$88Kskxiqqi}bdsseis,hnds}i}{snJbn``}b{

Mlikdb{‛x ―S{}idd{ n ̀ Ckxsidhb‛ sebxkx, kd seb `k}xs cbhicb n ̀ seb sek}c

gkllbddkrg,―Irxs}ilkikxsbseb}bc,bpb}gn}bhlnxbl{,snsebzn}lc‛$ 83

Qb}eiqxk`zbfdnzkdzeiszi{xseb`rsr}bkxq}bxbdsl{mbkdjkdpbdsbc,ks

kxrxb`rlsebdsnixf?―kxIrxs}ilkiid{hlnxb}snrdcb}xsidckdjzeisseb`rsr}b

kx hr}}bdsl{ gbids sn mb>‛ Ks xnnd mbhngbx hlbi} seis seb}b kx dn xkdjlb

idxzb}6qb}eiqxmbhirxbzbcnd‛s`rll{rdcb}xsidcsebyrbxsknd―zeiskxseb

`rsr}b>‛$ Gid{ idxzb}x jbdb}ilkxb zkse zn}cx lkfb ―heidjb‛, ―hnds}nl,

―henkhb‛,―xeiqb‛,―nqskndx‛,―q}nj}bxx‛idc―hillxsnihsknd‛mrssebxbhidgbid

gid{ck``b}bdssekdjxkdck``b}bdsxbsskdjx$Xkgkli}l{,zebdhlikgxsnfdnz

seb`rsr}bbgmnc{dnskndxn`nmobhskpbidcpilrb'`}bbfdnzlbcjb,seb{hid

ihssnnmxhr}bsebqnlkskhilidckcbnlnjkhilckgbdxkndxn`h}biskdjgbidkdjkd

seb`rsr}b$Snrdcb}xsidcsebdisr}bn`sebyrbxsknd―zeiskxseb`rsr}b>‛

sebd cbqbdcx rqnd rdcb}xsidckdj seb kgqlkhks `}igb seis kx kdpnfbc m{

qi}skhrli}ixxrgqskndxidckdpbxsbckdsb}bxsx$

@n} buigqlb, senrje dns xqbhk̀ khill{ Irxs}ilkid kd hndsbus, lbicb}x n`

}blkjknrxxbhsxzenxbcnhs}kdilekb}i}he{kxmixbcndkdsb}q}bsiskndxn`seb

8= Fi}lGi}u,J}rd}kxxb?@nrdciskndxnìH}kskyrbn`QnlkskhilBhndng{ ,952:,ix

yrnsbckdCipkxnd,kmkc$,q8$88 Cipkxnd,nq$hks$,q930$



Mnnfn`]bpblisknd rdcb}xsidcseb`rsr}bzksekdiskgb`}igbseiskgqrsbx

kcbix n` ckpkdb kdsb}pbdsknd, xilpisknd, iqnhil{qxb idc bdcskgbx$ Mrs `n}

senxbqliddkdj}bsk}bgbds,z}kskdjzkllx,mr{kdjxei}bxn}kdpbxskdj`rdcx,seb

`rsr}b idc ixxnhkisbc skgb `}igbx i}b qb}hbkpbc idc gidijbc yrksb

ck``b}bdsl{$Sebqnxkskndn`sebqb}xndixfkdjsebyrbxsknd%idcsebdisr}bn`

sebyrbxsknd+kxixxkjdk`khidsixseisn`sebndbidxzb}kdj$Sekxkgqlkbxi

dnskndn`xksrisbcdbxxkd zekhe sebyrbxsknd idc}bxqndcbdsi}bizi}bn`

sebq}nhbxxbxseb{i}bbgmbccbczksekd$Ksilxnqnkdsxsnsebqb}gbimklks{n`

lidjrijb,n`sebzi{xkskxkdsb}znpbdzksekdeb}ksbcidckdpbxsbcgbidkdjx,

lnhiskndx idc hndsbusx, n ̀ enz ks mnse }bpbilx, nmxhr}bx, buqnxbx idc

hndhbilx`rsr}bxkdsbdskndx$

Sekxkxiqnsbdskil}bxnr}hbn`kddnpisbcgbidkdj$Ebdhb,m{busbdckdj

Xlirjesb}‛x ―gkdkgilkxs q}bxbds‛ sebxkx sn kdhlrcb gkdkgil n} rdcbpblnqbc

xbdxbxn`seb`rsr}bkdIrxs}ilki,sebq}bxbdssebxkxi}jrbxseiskskxrdhb}sikd

yrbxskndxnÌrxs}ilki‛x`rsr}bhidmbq}nqb}l{}bxnlpbczksenrsixb}kbxn`

kddnpiskndxmixbcndqi}ickjgiskhidceb}gbdbrskhxs}isbjkbx`n}bdjijkdj

hndxs}rhskndx n` `rsr}b'xbdxbidcicckskndill{ sebicnqskndn` lndjb}'sb}g

sekdfkdj$Sebyrbxskndsebdn`―zeiskxskgb,seb`rsr}b,sebgkllbddkrgidc

iqnhil{qxb>‛ kx qb}eiqx i jnnczi{ sn xksrisb i sebxkx seis buigkdbx seb

hndsbgqn}i}{ idc ihskpb qnlkskhil kdpbdskndx n` seb `rsr}b idc sebk}

qnxksknd%kdj+kdIrxs}ilkidxnhkbs{$

83 kmkc$,q923$





Heiqsb}Szn

Zeiskxskgb>

Sncbd{sebqixskxsn`n}jbsseb`rsr}b$ 82

Cr}kdjsebxbhndceil`n`sebszbdskbsehbdsr}{,kszixhnggndl{ihhbqsbc

seis―zbhidhei}snr}`rsr}bhlbi}l{idczkxbl{ndl{zebdzbfdnzsebqise

zekheeixlbcsnsebq}bxbds‛$80Mrsk`,ixXsigmirjeixxb}sx,―sbgqn}ilks{kx

$$$sebnhhr}}bdhb,sebsifkdjqlihbn`sekdfkdj‛,zeb}bsenrjesxidcihskndx

kd skgb i}b hndsbusrilkxbc m{ i siundng{ n ̀ sbdxb, sebd id{ gbidkdj,

xkjdk`khidhbidcpilrbixh}kmbcsn sebbqnheilgngbds lkfbxi{seb―sr}dkdj

n`sebgkllbddkrg‛kxigb}blkdjrkxskhidckgijkdbcq}nobhskndn`nr}hr}}bds

q}borckhbx, kdsb}bxsx idc hndhb}dx, idc kx kd dn zi{ issihebc kd id{ }bil

xbdxb sn sebicpbds ksxbl`$8: Kdsebzn}cx n`gbsiqe{xkhilqeklnxnqeb} O]

Lrhix,―zeb}bixsebq}bxbdsidcqixsi}b}bil,seb`rsr}b,ixlndjixkskxxskll

`rsr}b, kx dns‛$85 Nd sekx pkbz, ks gi{ mb }bixndimlb sn ixf ze{ ks zix

ìxekndimlbcr}kdjseblisb9;;1xkdIrxs}ilkisnjiseb}`rsr}bxi}nrdcseb

drgmb} =111> Gid{ xhenli}x ixxb}sbc seis i dbz `n}g n ̀ Irxs}ilkid

hndxhknrxdbxx%kdckpkcrilidchnggrdil+ix{bsrd}bilkxbc,senrjekdsbdxbl{

xqbhrlisbc rqnd, znrlc }bqlihb seb hr}}bds hbds}b n` g{senlnj{,

ekxsn}khkskbx, kcbnlnjkbx idc di}}iskpbx seis zb dnz hill hnllbhskpbl{

82 Xn}}{Ci{Iddkpb}xi}{ qnxsb},=0Gi{=111$

80 IXsbpbdxnd,SebJrkddbxxBdh{hlnqbcki,Gkcclbxbu,Jrkddbxx,9;;1,q82;$

8: OXsigmirje,Kgqb}gidbdhbkxMerccei'Disr}b,Endnlrlr,EizikkRdkpb}xks{

Q}bxx,9;;1,q981$85 O]Lrhix,Seb@rsr}b,Higm}kcjb,MixklMlihfzbll,9;5;,q9$



―Irxs}ilkid‛n}―Irxs}ilki‛xngbskgbi}nrdcn}orxsi`sb}seb{bi}=111$Ixkcb

`}ng sebn}bskhil xqbhrlisknd, seb qliddbc hblbm}isknd n` 1l{gqkhx =111 kd

X{cdb{idcsebhnggbgn}iskndn ̀911{bi}xxkdhb@bcb}iskndkd=119iccbc

i xbdxb n ̀ kgqn}sidhb sn sekx ordhsr}b mbszbbd gkllbddkrgx$ Kd bkseb}

qi}ickjgn`sebn}{idcqliddkdj,seb{bi}=111zixqb}hbkpbc%idcsnxngb

busbdsxskll kx+m{gnxs sn kgqnxb i dbzmbjkddkdj ndIrxs}ilkid ihskpkskbx$

Orxszeis seis ―dbz mbjkddkdj xenrlc mb, sebqnxxkmklkskbx i}}ikjdbc is seb

gkllbddkil h}nxx}nicx idc seb xrjjbxskndx ck}bhsbc snzi}cx }bilkxkdj sebxb

qnxxkmklkskbx,}bgikdxnqbdsnhndxkcb}imlbhndobhsr}b$Gid{ck``b}bdsn}cb}x

n`senrjesidchndobhsr}bhlikgseb}kjessndi}}isbsebhrlsr}ilq}ncrhsknd

idcq}nobhskndxn` sebIrxs}ilkidqbnqlb,diskndidchrlsr}b%x+mb{ndc seb

{bi}=111$ Zbxeillbuigkdbixblbhskndn` sebxbcr}kdjsekxkdpbxskjisknd$

Mrs`k}xs,kskxdbhbxxi}{snckxhrxxsebhndxs}rhskndn`skgbkdhndsbgqn}i}{

Irxs}ilki %n} ihsril'Irxs}ilki k` zb i}b sn rdcb}xsidc seb gbidkdj n` seb

`rsr}bsnci{$

Ilndjseb`n}grliskndxn`]nmkdLbQnkcbpkdidcGr}}i{GihMbise,8;kskx

}bixndimlb sngikdsikd seis skgb kx i hnggndqlihb ckgbdxknd n` heidjb$

Sekxgbidx skgb kxhndxkcb}bcsnmb sebkdckhisn}n`pi}kisknd,gnck k̀hisknd

idcj}nzse kdsebn}ckdi}{q}nqb}skbxn`sekdjx,buqb}kbdhb, mbeipknr} idc

hndxhknrxdbxx$ Zksenrssekx `rdcigbdsil s}rkxg seiszbillmblkbpb imnrs

sebzn}lc– ―seis heidjb kxjnkdjndhndxsidsl{, seis heidjbxi}bhirxbc,

idcseisseb}bi}bhndxs}ikdsxndzeisheidjbxi}bqnxxkmlb‛'–zbznrlc

eipbipb}{lkgksbchndhbqskndidcbuqb}kbdhbn`}bilks{,ndbkdzekhe?

8; ]LbQnkcbpkdidcGGihMbise,SebQeklnxnqe{n`Skgb,Nu`n}c,Nu`n}cRdkpb}xks{

Q}bxx,9;;8,q9$



Seb}b kxdnsekdj snqkhf nrs seb q}bxbds dnz, n} snjkpbi xbdxbn ̀

mbhngkdj,%ndb+kdzekhe`}bbcngkxidkllrxknd,bpb}{sekdjzkllmbixks

zkllmb,idcseb}bkxdnsekdjdbzrdcb}sebxrd$ 31

Xrhe i di}}nz rdcb}xsidckdj n ̀ skgb znrlc xbbg nrs n ̀ qlihb zkse nr}

hndsbgqn}i}{gbs}nqnlksidskgb'n}kbdsisbcxnhkbs{,zeb}b,`n}buigqlb,seb

gncb}dkdckpkcril,―`rlln`q}nobhsx‛kx―qb}bddkill{rqijikdxscbiclkdbx‛$39I

zn}lccbpnkcn`sbgqn}ilpi}kiskndznrlcmbcbpnkcn`,igndjnseb}sekdjx,

cbiclkdbxidcheidjb,idcznrlceipbìklbcsnpkbz=111ICixiqnsbdskil

―sr}dkdj.heidjkdjqnkds‛$

Sebxn'hillbcqixxijb,`lnzn}ck}bhskndn ̀skgbhidmbq}nmlbgiskh$Qbsb}

Grd,iqeklnxnqeb}ndsebq}ihskhbnèkxsn}{,z}ksbx?―skgbkxdnssebxn}sn`

sekdjseishideipbicb`kdksbxeiqbidcseisekxsn}{seb}b`n}bkxn`dbhbxxks{

mbkdj hndxsidsl{ }bz}kssbd‛$3= Lrhix pnkhbx i hngqi}imlb ck̀ k̀hrls{ kd seb

q}ihskhbn``rsr}bx?

Zb xbbg sn mb hnggkssbc, k ̀ seb `rsr}b bukxsx, sn xngb xn}s n ̀

cbsb}gkdkxg, senrje n` i qnxxkml{ rdfdnzimlb fkdc? xn, kdn}cb} sn

bxhiqbcbsb}gkdkxshndhlrxkndx,zb`bblkgqbllbcsncbd{bukxsbdhbsn

seb`rsr}b,idcs}rsexsisbgbdsximnrsks$Idc{bszbc}izmihf`}ng

31 Lrhix,nq$hks$,q9$

39 Cipkxnd,―Qrdhsrilks{idcQ}nj}bxx?seb@nrdciskndxnÌrxs}ilkidXsidci}cSkgb‛,

Irxs}ilkidEkxsn}khilXsrckbx,pnl=2,dn;;,Nhsnmb}9;;=,q9:=$3= QGrd,SebXeiqbxn`Skgb,Hnddbhskhrs,Zbxlb{idRdkpb}xks{Q}bxx,9;::,q9$



cbd{kdjills}rsesn q}bckhskndxidc xqbhrliskndx,n}gifkdjnrsseis

seb`rsr}bkxbdsk}bl{rdfdnzimlb$38

Seb cbmisb nd sbgqn}ilks{ kxdn lbxx q}nmlbgiskh$ GhSijji}s i}jrbx seis

dnsekdj bukxsbds hid qnxxbxx seb hei}ihsb}kxskhx n ̀ ―mbkdj kd skgb‛$ Sekx

cnhs}kdb}bxsxndGhSijji}s*xqb}xrixkpbsebxkxseisskgbkxrd}bil,seisseb

ckxskdhskndxzbrxbsni}skhrlisbn}hnck`{seb―qixxijbn`skgb‛–sebsbdxbc

qi}skhkqlbxn`qixs,q}bxbdsidc`rsr}b'–i}bdbpb}s}rbn`}bilks{?―dnsekdj

seisbukxsxhidmbsbgqn}il‛$33SekxhlixebxzkseEngkFMeimei*xdnskndseis

hrlsr}bkxlnhisbc―i}nrdcsbgqn}ilks{seidimnrsekxsn}khks{‛$32Icckskndill{,

Lrhix }b`rsbx GhSijji}s*x sebxkx m{ i}jrkdj seis ―skgb kx i qb}qbsril

mbhngkdj, i zbipkdj }iseb} seid id rd}nllkdj † ViW c{digkh, kd zekhe

xngbsekdj kx ilzi{x eiqqbdkdj, Vzeb}bW pijrb qnxxkmklkskbx h}{xsil%kxb+ nrs

kdsn xei}q ihsrilks{‛$ Kdcbbc, `n} Lrhix, ―}bilks{ kx se}nrje idc se}nrje

sbgqn}il‛$30Serx,zeklbKigrdimlbsnbdsk}bl{ij}bbzkseGhSijji}s*xkcbix

nd―rd}bilskgb‛ekxi}jrgbdscbgndxs}isbsebxkjdk`khidhb,k`pijrbdbxx,n`

sbdxbkdseb―skgkdj‛n`senrjes,rssb}idhbx,bpbdsxidcheidjb$Ks}bpbilx

qb}xrixkpbl{seissbdxbkxixnhkilhndpbdsknd,kdìhssebmbjkddkdjnìlndj

lkdbn`xnhkn'sbgqn}ilhrbx$Sekxhndhr}xzksesebiqqi}bdsi}mks}i}{ihsxn`

sebszbdskbsehbdsr}{ kd sbdxkdj=111ICix i ―`rsr}b‛ lnicbczkse hrlsr}il

idc xnhkil }blbpidhb$ Zksenrs cbd{kdj seb pilkcks{ n` nseb} hndsbdckdj

38 Lrhix,nq$hks$,q91$

33 OGBGhSijji}s,―SebRd}bilks{n`Skgb‛,kdQnkcbpkdidcGihMbise,nq$hks$,q=8$

32 EFMeimmi,―Ckxxbgk'disknd?Skgb,Di}}iskpbidcsebGi}jkdxn ̀sebGncb}d

Disknd‛,DiskndidcDi}}isknd,Lndcnd,9;;1,q=;=$30 Lrhix,nq$hks$,q=1;$



sebn}kbx nd skgb, idc issbgqskdj sn ipnkc h}rcb }bcrhskndkxg, sekx sebxkx

ij}bbxzkseLrhix‛sebn}bskhilxhi``nlckdjn`seb }bliskndmbszbbdskgbidc

heidjb rdcb} hndxkcb}isknd eb}b$ Seis kx, Lrhix‛ rdcb}xsidckdj n ̀ seb

sbgqn}il s}iobhsn}{ `}ngqixs sn `rsr}b, idc pkhb pb}xi, kx seb hndhbqsril

mixkxn` skgb}b`b}}bcsn se}nrjenrssekxkdpbxskjisknd$ @n}sebqr}qnxbxn`

kdsb}q}bsiskndkdsebq}bxbdskdyrk}{,zebdK}b`b}snsebimxs}ihsknd―skgb‛K

xeillgbidseb`nllnzkdj?

Skgb kx sebqixxijb `}ng qnxxkmklks{ se}nrjeihsrilks{ snrdilsb}imlb

dbhbxxks{$ Sebq}bxbdskx sebrdkyrbidcbxxbdskil lkdf mbszbbdseb

qnxxkmlb idc rdilsb}imlb dbhbxxi}{$ Seb `rsr}b idc seb qixs i}b

gncill{ idcndsnlnjkhill{ ck``b}bds, idc ks kx disr}il %n} lnjkhil+ seis

seb}bxenrlcmbick}bhsknd`}ngsebndbsnsebnseb}$Seb}bkx}nng

`n} ijbdh{ idc `}bbcng n` ihsknd$ Seb `rsr}b kxdns il}bic{ seb}b,

zikskdj,lkfbi}bbln``klgkdihkdbgi,snmbxenzd?kskx,%ndl{+kdqi}s,

nqbdsnnr}bdcbipnr}x,idchiqimlbn`mbkdjìxekndbcm{nr}b``n}sx

kdsnihekbpbgbdsx,zekhei}bnr}nzdidcn`zekhezbgi{mbq}nrc$

Sebheidhbkdsb}qli{n`hk}hrgxsidhbidcsebkgqlbgbdsiskndn`nr}

cbxkjdxidcqr}qnxbxzbipbsnjbseb}sebìm}khnèkxsn}{$3:



EnzsnCb`kdb@rsr}b>

@rsr}b,d$Seisqb}kncn`skgbkdzekhenr}i`ìk}xq}nxqb},nr}`}kbdcx

i}bs}rbidcnr}eiqqkdbxxkxixxr}bc† 35

Senrjesebimnpbyrnsb,c}izd`}ngsebk}ndkhill{ skslbcCbpkl‛xCkhskndi}{ ,

q}npkcbx id nqskgkxskh bds}{'qnkds kdsn rdcb}xsidckdj seb gbidkdj n` seb

`rsr}b,seb}bkxidbbcsnqkdcnzdgn}bq}bhkxbl{enzKzkllrxbsebzn}c

―`rsr}b‛n}―`rsr}bx‛kdsebbdxrkdjckxhrxxknd$Hb}sikdl{,ixxnhkbskbxsbdcsn

idskhkqisbseb`rsr}b,seb}bbukxsxijbdb}ill{ihhbqsbcrdcb}xsidckdjn`seb

―`rsr}b‛ ix ―i skgb sn hngb‛$ Nr} Bdjlkxe zn}c ―`rsr}b‛ cb}kpbx `}ng seb

`k̀ sbbdse hbdsr}{ Liskd zn}c, `rsr}rx, zekhe kx i `n}g n ̀ seb pb}m bxxb,

gbidkdj,-imnrssnmb$-Kdsekxxbdxb,`rsr}beixmbhngbijbdb}ilzn}c`n}

seb―skgb{bssnhngb‛,}bji}clbxxn`sebqi}skhrli}hndckskndxn`sebskgbkd

yrbxsknd$@rsr}bhideipbck``b}bdsgbidkdj`rlyrilkskbxcbqbdcbdsndenz

kskxrxbc$Kshidmbrxbcsnkdckhisb?sebskgb{bssnhngb6rdcbsb}gkdbc

bpbdsx seiszkll nhhr}kd seisskgb6 seb hndckskndn` iqb}xnd n}sekdjis i

lisb} cisb %bj, ―seb `rsr}b n` bcrhisknd kx rdcbhkcbc‛+6 lkfblkennc n` lisb}

kgq}npbgbds n} icpidhbgbds %bj, ―seb{ eipb i `rsr}b ix qrmlkh

kdsbllbhsrilx‛+6`}ngdnznd%bj,―kd`rsr}b‛+6idcisbdxbn`pb}mxrxbczebd

sebihskndn}bpbdscbxh}kmbckxsnnhhr}i`sb}sebskgbn`rssb}idhb6cbxskdbc

snmbhngb %bj, ―i `rsr}bIrxs}ilkid xsrckbx xhenli}‛+$ Ks kx rdcb}xsidcimlb

sebdseissebzn}c―`rsr}b‛,kdksxgnxsmixkhrxijb,kxiqqlkbcsniqb}kncn`

3: kmkc$,qq5';$

35 Igm}nxbMkb}hb,953='9;93,SebCbpkl‛xCkhskndi}{ $



skgb kgijkdbc mb{ndc seb fdnzd q}bxbds imnrs zekhe yrilksiskpb

xsisbgbdsxhidmbgicb,nqbdsnqnsbdskilpb}k`khiskndixs}rbn}ìlxb$

]i{gndcZkllkigxz}ksbx?―Igion}blbgbdsn`zeiskxjnkdjsneiqqbdkx

sebxsisbn`gkdcnìlln`rxzeni}bkdiqnxkskndsnkdsb}pbdbkdksxhngqlbu

q}nhbxxbx,idcismbxssncbsb}gkdbsebg`n}sebjbdb}iljnnc‛$3;Ihhn}ckdj

snSen}xsbkdPbmlbd,kdlbxxnqskgkxskhsb}gx,―nr}kgqrsiskndn``kdilks{snseb

sekdjxn`sebzn}lc,idcnr}sblbnlnjkhili}jrgbdsx`n}idkdsbllkjbdshirxbn`

sebzn}lc,q}nhbbcndxrmobhskpbj}nrdcxbdsk}bl{,idcjkpbdnfdnzlbcjbn`

nmobhskpbìhs,idc`r}dkxednq}nn`seiskxipiklimlb`n}bxsimlkxekdjbpbdi

q}nmimklks{kdìpnr}n`zeiskxhlikgbc‛$21Zkllkigx*idcPbmlbd*xlnhisbseb

kcbixn`seb`rsr}bkdsebqb}xkxsbdhbn`qi}skhrli}zi{xn`sekdfkdj$Mnserxb

seb xrmobhskpks{ idc i}mks}i}kdbxx n ̀ ergid hnjdksknd ix i pbekhlb `n}

ckxhrxxkdjsebblimn}iskndidcrsklkxiskndn`sbgqn}iln}cb}kdjkdillgngbds

sngngbdsihskpkskbx? ―kdkdsbllbhsrilidil{xkx kskx n`sbd `n}jnssbd seis seb

gnxszkcbxq}bicidcgnxs q}ihskhil sekdfkdj imnrs seb`rsr}bkx }nnsbc kd

ergididclnhilhndskdrkskbx‛$ 29Lkfbzkxb,ihhn}ckdjsnPbmlbd,nmobhsxidc

bpbdsxkdsebgxblpbx―eipbiq}nqbdxks{snbpbdsrisbkdijkpbdbdc,zebseb}

sekxbdcn}nmobhskpbqnkdsn` sebxbyrbdhb%n`qebdngbdi+kxhndhbkpbcsn

mb $$$ jkpbd n} cblkmb}isbl{ xnrjes‛$2= Icckskndill{, sn xksrisb Pbmlbd*x

grxkdjxkdsebhndsbgqn}i}{qb}knc,kskxzn}sednskdjseisseb?

3; Zkllkigx,nq$hks$,q2$

21 SPbmlbd,―Fids‛xH}kskyrbnÒrcjbgbds‛,kdLbndI}c}nndk%bc$+,Bxxi{xkdNr}

HeidjkdjN}cb} ,Dbz[n}f,Pkfkdj,9;03,qq9:2'9;8,950$29 Zkllkig,nq$hks$,qq3'2$

2= SPbmlbd,SebSebn}{n`sebLbkxr}bHlixx,Dbz[n}f,Gihgkllid,9;9=,q=51$



Q}kdhkqlbxn`hnggnd'xbdxbidchnggndkd`n}giskndq}bpilbdskdseb

†VlixscbhicbWn`sebhbdsr}{i}bnìdbpnlrskndi}{$$$hngqlbuknd,kd

seis seb{enlcsebissbdskndVn` seb qbnqlbW sn seb heidjbx seisi}b

jnkdj`n}zi}c,}iseb}seidsn`nhrxksndseis*Disr}ilXsisbn`Gid,*ix

DixxriXbdkn}hillbcks,snzekhesebgnpbgbdsn ̀ekxsn}{zixmblkbpbc

kdbpksiml{snsbdc$28

Pbmlbd*xsebn}{ndsebxrmobhskpks{n`fdnzlbcjbidcekxzn}fkdjbdb}ilnd

hkpklkxbc mi}mi}ks{ kx rxb`rl `n} ksx hli}ks{ kd sekdfkdj imnrs seb }blisknd

mbszbbd seb qb}xnd idc seb zn}lc$ Ckxqrsbx hndhb}dkdj seb disr}b n ̀

Irxs}ilki*x `rsr}b i}b i gissb} n ̀ qeklnxnqekhil }iseb} seid bgqk}khil

kdpbxskjisknd$ Zeb}b qeklnxnqekhil kdyrk}kbx kdsn seb `rsr}b i}bnqbdsni

q}kn}k i}jrgbds, seb}b kx dn bgqk}khil hb}sk`khisknd seis seb `rsr}b ihsrill{

bukxsx$Zebdsebyridsk`kimlbkxsifbdkdsnihhnrds,rxrill{cbxh}kmbcixseb

―ei}c‛ qnlb n` `rsr}bx }bxbi}he, ks n`sbd npb}lnnfx h}rhkil gbidkdjx idc

q}bxrqqnxkskndxcb}kpkdj`}nghrlsr}ilidcckxhkqlkdi}{s}ickskndx$Snyrnsb

KxspidHxkhxb}{']ndi{O},―Zbhiddnsfdnzzeisseb`rsr}bzkllm}kdj,mrszb

jbssnq}bsbdcseiszbfdnzksx“qnxxkmklkskbx‗‛$23Sekxiqqbi}xsngbsnmbi

xrmobhskpbq}nhbxx$Ebdhb,sniqq}bhkisbseb}blbpidhbn`Pbmlbd*xz}kskdjxkd

rdcb}xsidckdj seb xrmobhskpks{ n` fdnzlbcjb, ndb grxs cbhndxs}rhs seb

hndhbqsn`―skgbfbbqkdj‛kdgncb}dIrxs}ilkidhkpklkxiskndidcsebfdnzlbcjb

jbdb}isbc imnrs Irxs}ilki*x kdbun}imlb ―q}nj}bxx‛ snzi}cx sebq}bxrqqnxbc

28 SPbmlbd,―BhndngkhSebn}{kdsebHilhrlimlb`rsr}b‛,kdI}c}nndk,nq$hks$,qq8'

92,5$23 Hxkhxb}{']ndi{O},nq$hks$,q=0$



―}bqrsimlb `rsr}b‛ n ̀ qnxs'=111 Iddn Cngkdk$ K sifb Pbmlbd*x sebn}{ n`

fdnzlbcjb ix bubgqli}{ mbhirxb ks gifbx buqlkhks seb kgqlkhiskndx n ̀

―skgbfbbqkdj‛, ―mbkdj q}nj}bxxkpbl{ bpb}'gn}b hkpklkxbc‛ idc ―lnnfkdj sn seb

`rsr}b‛ixgb}bl{ìxekndimlb ―n}cb}xn` senrjes‛ henxbd `}ngidkdcb`kdksb

drgmb}n`kdsbllbhsrilqi}ickjgxidc―ìksex‛ipiklimlbsnIrxs}ilkidx$―Zb

eipbiddbubcseb`rsr}bkdsnnr}nzdq}bxbds‛,z}ksbxMilli}c,―ixgb}bl{ndb

n`sebgidk`nlcilsb}diskpbxnqbdsnrx‛kdizn}lczeb}b―nqskndxgrlskql{‛$22

Xkgkli}l{,Heif}imi}s{xsisbxseis―skgbkxdnsekdjmrsirxb`rl`khsknd,n}ixbs

n ̀ hndpbdskndx, i x{xsbg n` }bq}bxbdsiskndx, zekhe mbhngbx “}bil‗ %n}

ihekbpbx ksx s}rse'b``bhs+ ndl{ zksekd i qi}skhrli} `}igbzn}f n` qb}hbqsknd

idcq}ihskhb‛$20

Nd sebxb pkbzx, kd q}bxbdskdj sekx sebxkx‛ rxb n ̀ skgb, K mblkbpb seis

skgbfbbqkdj, q}nj}bxx idc `rsr}ks{ i}b byril kd xsisrx sn seb g{sex,

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sebpb}dihrli}nìdiqnhil{qskhxhbdi}kn?

Kd 9;;=, seb 9= Br}nqbid Hnggrdks{ s}ickdj hnrds}kbx zkll rdksb

qnlkskhill{ ixndbdisknd idc sebgikd n``khbn` seb000 n}jidkxisknd

zkllmbkdLrubgmnr}jidcM}rxxblx6sebxbsznhkskbxi}bigndjseb9=

Br}nqbidhnrds}kbx$$$ Dnndb {bs fdnzxzenzkllmb sebIdskhe}kxs

VmrsW $$$ Kd Br}nqb seb{ i}b zikskdj `n} ekg {bi} m{ {bi} $$$ Seb

Hixelbxx Xnhkbs{ %000+ kx ill qi}s n` seb Idskhe}kxs‛xgixsb} qlid$ Kd

Br}nqbidcIgb}khi,seb}bi}bmnnfxidcckxhrxxkndxndsekxgissb},

mixbcrqndseb000x{xsbgx$Zebdsekxx{xsbgkx`rll{cbpblnqbcidc

bxsimlkxebc kd i `bz {bi}x, ill gndb{ nd bi}se zkll mb imnlkxebc$

Qbnqlbzkllmbcbilkdjidcs}ickdjihhn}ckdjsnsekxx{xsbg$Sekxzkll

mbsebndl{h}bcks.s}icbx{xsbg`n}id{ndbndbi}se†Qbnqlbzeni}b

kdpnlpbcidczn}fkdjzkseseb000n}jidkxiskndzkllbdhnr}ijbqbnqlb

sn mb xsigqbc zkse sekx drgmb} nd seb `n}bebic idc.n} seb }kjes



eidc$ Sekxdrgmb}zkllmbkdpkxkmlb,dnsxbbdm{sebb{b$Dnxb}pkhbx

zkllmbipiklimlbsn{nrrdlbxx{nrhi}}{sekxdrgmb}%dnxenqqkdj,dn

bcrhisknd,bsh+$Ill{nr}s}idxihskndxzkllmb}bhn}cbckdsebhbds}il

hngqrsb}kdM}rxxblx.Lrubgmnr}j$$$Sebqbnqlb}bhbkpkdjsekxxsigq

%000+zkllirsngiskhill{mblndjsnsebcbpklidczklljnsnebll$Qi}sn`

seb x{xsbg kx il}bic{ q}ihskxbc kd xngbhnrds}kbx, Xzbcbd,Igb}khi

idckskxdnzdbzl{kds}ncrhbcsnIrxs}ilki,mrsdnsgid{qbnqlbebi}

imnrsks$

Xkgkli} kdsb}q}bsiskpb q}ihskhbx i}b nmxb}pimlb kd Obxrx Lnpbx [nr), i s}ihs

qrmlkxebcm{seb}blkjknrxn}jidkxiskndXnrlzkddb}x`n}He}kxs,mixbckdDbz

XnrseZilbx$Zksesznkgijbxgi}fbchlbi}l{ix―Igb}khidGbckhilHbds}b

n``b}xckxhnrdsx`n}seb}bhkqkbdsn`sebMi}hncb‛idc―Q}ngnskndilhigqikjd

`n}000Mi}hncb‛,sebsbushlikgx?

Seb Ln}c kx zi}dkdj rx dns sn }bhbkpb seb drgmb}, zekhe kx sn mb

kgqlidsbckdseb}kjeseidc,n}kdseb`n}bebic`n}kskxsebGi}fn`seb

Mbixs,000,ixq}nqebxkbckdsebMkmlb$SebIdskhe}kxsidcekxgi}f000

i}bbgb}jkdjixsebj}bisbxsbpklsngidfkdc$Se}bbgnxsxkjdk`khidsl{

npb}zeblgkdj`rl`klgbdsxn`sebMkmlbq}nqebhkbxcr}kdjseblixs=111

{bi}xi}b? seb hngkdj nÒbxrx ndbi}seixGbxxkie, ]bxsn}isknd n`

KdcbqbdcbdhbsnKx}iblidcsebbgb}jbdhbn`sebmbixsgi}f000$Seb

Idskhe}kxsxeillbgb}jb`k}xsmb`n}bsebhngkdjn`sebLn}cObxrxHe}kxs

zenzkllorcjbsebbi}sezkse}kjesbnrxdbxx$Xisidzklljkpbqnzb}sn

seb Idskhe}kxs sn hnds}nl seb zenlb zn}lc zkse seb rxb n ̀ seb



hngqrsb}kxbcx{xsbg000%mi}hncbn}gkh}nhekq+$Mkmlbkdckhisbxseb

xkjdn`sebbgb}jbdhbn`sebIdskhe}kxsixzebdsebqbnqlbìlliqi}s

`}ngseb`nrdciskndn`sebzn}cn`Jncn}fdnzdixiqnxsix{$Kskx

yrksbis}ijkhxksriskndsn}bilkxbseisgid{qbnqlbsifbsebgbidkdjn ̀

xbpbd{bi}xn`j}biss}kmrlisknd,sebmbixsgi}f000idcseb9111{bi}

}bkjdnÒbxrxndbi}seixx{gmnlkh$Hnckdjn`000eixil}bic{mbbd

hndhbilbcndillhndxrgb}jnncx$$$Seblixssekdjlb`ssnmbcndbkx`n}

bpb}{ergidmbkdjsnmbhncbczksedrgmb}xndsebk}`n}bebicxn}nd

sebk}}kjeseidc$

Seb Obenpie*xZksdbxxqrmlkhisknd,Lk`b?EnzCkcKsJbsEb}b> , kdsb}zbipbx

sebsznkcbixn`xbqi}iskndidcBcbdkh}bxsn}isknd,kdhn}qn}iskdji}iqsr}b'

lkfb}bgnpiln`sebzkhfbc?―Kdnr}ci{‛,kshndhlrcbx?

Kskx bdhnr}ijkdj sn xbbzn}lcbpbdsx `rl k̀llkdj“seb xkjd‗n` “seb lixs

ci{x‗$Sekxkdckhisbxseissebskgbkxdbi}zebdJnc*x“zn}czklleipb

hb}sikdxrhhbxx‗$Sekxxrhhbxxkxhb}sikdmbhirxbsebill'qnzb}`rlJnc

zkll kdsb}pbdb kd ergid i`ìk}x sn xbb seis ekx qr}qnxbx i}b

ihhngqlkxebc$Pb}{xen}sl{,zbhidbuqbhssnxbbseb`rl`klgbdsn`seb

q}nqebskhqxilgseisxi{x?“Bpklcnb}xsebgxblpbxzkllmbhrsn``,mrs

senxbenqkdjkdObenpiei}bsebndbxseiszkllqnxxbxxsebbi}se$Idc

orxs i lksslbzeklb lndjb}, idc sebzkhfbc ndb zkll mb dngn}b $$$ Seb

}kjesbnrx sebgxblpbx zkll qnxxbxx seb bi}se, idc seb{ zkll }bxkcb

`n}bpb}rqndks‗$Serx,senxbzenhennxbsnmbkdcbqbdcbdsn`seb

h}bisn}zkllmb“hrsn``‗$ Senxbzeni}b“enqkdjkdObenpie‗zklllkpb



se}nrjesebbdcn`sekxx{xsbgidcmbjkdseb}bxsn}iskndn`qi}ickxb$

J}icrill{kszkllxq}bicrdsklksbdhngqixxbxsebbdsk}bbi}se$

Ks hid mb nmxb}pbc `}ng xrhe sbusx seis ckxqbdxiskndilkxg, n} seb

buqbhsisknd n` seb ―lixs ci{x‛, }bsikdx i qnzb}`rl enlc npb} hndsbgqn}i}{

bpidjblkhilx, senrje seb n}cb} idc s{qbx n` bpbdsx pi}kbx `}ng j}nrq sn

j}nrqixsebhixsn`bpidjblkhilxheidjb$

Sebxbsbusxhidmbkcbdsk`kbcix―iqnhil{qskh‛$Mrs,bpbdxn,j}idsbcseb{

i}bcb}kpbc `}ng sebckxqbdxiskndilkxss}icksknd,zeisbuihsl{cn Kgbidm{

sekx hisbjn}kxiskndix ―iqnhil{qskh‛> ]bickdj se}nrjeseb busbds lksb}isr}b,

ndb yrkhfl{ ckxhnpb}x seis zeklb xbpb}il cb`kdkskndx n ̀ ―iqnhil{qxb‛ i}b

ipiklimlb, szn ckxskdhs xs}ikdx n` rdcb}xsidckdj bukxs$ @k}xs, kd mkmlkhil

sb}gkdnlnj{,―iqnhil{qxb‛kxdnsidbpbds$Kskx,ihhn}ckdjsn@blkuOrxs?

I “}bpblisknd‗seis kx }bhn}cbc kdz}kssbd`n}g? ks kxi qkbhbn` h}kxkx

lksb}isr}bseis“}bpbilx‗s}rseximnrssebqixs,q}bxbds,idc.n}`rsr}b

kd ekjel{ x{gmnlkh sb}gx6 seb }bpblisknd n`sbd hngbx kd c}bigx n}

pkxkndx,idcrxrill{dbbcxsnmbkdsb}q}bsbczksesebeblqnìdidjbl6

kskxrxrill{kdsbdcbcsnq}npkcbenqbidcbdhnr}ijbgbds`n}qbnqlbkd

sebgkcxsn`xbpb}bs}kilxidcs}kmrliskndx$ 09

09 Iqnhil{qxb?Cb`kdkskndxidc]blisbcSb}gx,@blkuOrxs,Ln{nliGi}{gnrds

Rdkpb}xks{,<essq?..hlizzz$lgr$bcr.ìhrls{.òrxs.Eidcnrsx.Iqnh^Cb`$esg4,=1

@bm}ri}{=111$



Sekx eix lbic sn ksx xbhndc, gn}b qnqrli}l{ fdnzd cb`kdksknd kd zekhe

―iqnhil{qxb‛kxsifbdsngbidckxixsb}n}ihisixs}nqekhbpbds$Se}nrjesekx

rxijb ―iqnhil{qskh‛eix ihh}rbcixxnhkiskpbgbidkdjxnrsxkcbseb xh}kqsr}il

bubjbxkx n` sebMnnfn`]bpblisknd,xrheseis,kdsebm}nicxbdxbxn`mbkdj

q}bckhskpb,hlkgiskh,ckxixs}nrxn}rd}bxs}ikdbc,sebbpbdsxn`h{hlndbS}ih{,

sebQn}sI}ser}gixxih}bidcseb[=fgkllbddkrgmrj,eipbmbbdpi}knrxl{

cbxh}kmbc ix iqnhil{qskh$ Sifkdj sebxb sznrdcb}xsidckdjx snjbseb} sebd,

zebd K rxb seb sb}gx ―Iqnhil{qxb‛ n} ―iqnhil{qskh‛ kdsb}heidjbiml{

se}nrjenrssekxsebxkx,Kxeill}b`b}snsebgncbn`sekdfkdjzekhebuqbhsx–

n}hidmbilkjdbczkse}blkjknrx`n}gxnìdskhkqiskdj–id―bdcn`sekdjx‛$Kd

iccksknd sn seb hndsbus n` sebk} qi}skhrli} }b`b}bdsx %qb}xndil, diskndil n}

jlnmil iqnhil{qxb+, sebxb sb}gx kgqlkhisb kcbix n` hisixs}nqeb, s}kmrlisknd,

cbxs}rhsknd idc rqebipil kd seb hr}}bds n}cb} ix qi}s n ̀ i qnqrli}

kdsb}q}bsiskpbxhebgbc}izd`}ngbpbdsxkdseb Mnnfn`]bpblisknd,senrje

sekxcnbxdnsdbhbxxi}kl{ilzi{xkdckhisbmkmlkhilrxijb$

Kd`n}giskndidc@rsr}bx

Seb buigqlbx jkpbd imnpb kd cb`kdkdj ―gkllbddkrg‛ idc ―iqnhil{qxb‛

cbgndxs}isbenzs{qbxn``rsr}bgi{mbkcbnlnjkhill{hnggkssbc,i}skhrlisbc

m{idcse}nrjepi}knrxq}bxrqqnxkskndxidckdpbxsbckdsb}bxsx$Dbkseb}sbus

imnpbhid xrmxsidskisb i hlikg sn xsidciqi}s `}ng sebxbq}nhbxxbx xkdhb

zeishnrdsxixkd`n}giskndimnrsseb`rsr}b}byrk}bxq}kn}orcjbgbdsxidc

pilkciskndx`}ngzkcb}xnr}hbx$Kdsebhixbn`sebimnpbbus}ihsx,sekxjkpbx

izi{ ijikd sn }bhnjdksknd n` xksrisbcdbxx, seis seb `rsr}b n``b}bc kx dns



kgqi}skilmrsgbckisbcse}nrjemkmlkhil}bxnr}hbx`n}h}biskdjidcn}jidkxkdj

q}nqebskh gbidkdj$ Sebxb i}b qnzb}`rl ihskpkskbx idc seb kd`n}gisknd

jbdb}isbc hid gnmklkxb zenlb hnggrdkskbx qnxkskpbl{ idc dbjiskpbl{$ I

xrmxsidskil lbpbl n` hndxbdxrx bukxsx }bji}ckdj seb h}kskhil }bliskndxekq

mbszbbdseb`rsr}bidcsebq}bxbds$Sekxkxbxqbhkill{iqqi}bdskdbhnlnjkhil

x{xsbgxn`kdsb}q}bsiskndzeb}bi`lnzn`hirxbidcb``bhskxiqq}bebdcbckd

bus}iqnliskpb sbhedkyrbx idcgbsencnlnjkbx$ Mrsnrsxkcbenlkxskh xhkbdhbx

seb}bkxlbxxij}bbgbdsimnrsiqq}bebdckdjseb`rsr}b$

Kd`n}gisknd imnrs seb `rsr}b ihhn}ckdj sn Xlirjesb},0= gkjes cblkpb}

hrlsr}il q}ncrhskndzkse j}bisb} ihhnrdsimklks{ sndbus jbdb}iskndx$ Kshid

i}skhrlisb seb cbxkjd n ̀ hkpklkxisknd %idc nr} qb}xndil lkpbx+ mb{ndc seb

q}bcngkdidsxen}s'sb}gjibn`zbxsb}dkdcrxs}kilkxs,hiqksilkxs,sbhednh}iskh

idc gb}ksnh}iskh x{xsbgx$ Idc ks hid m}nicbd xnhkbs{‛x qb}hbqskndn` seb

hndsbgqn}i}{ ―`rsr}b lidcxhiqb‛ – n} `rsr}bxhiqb$ Seis kx, ks hid jrkcb

xnhkbs{‛x bus}iqnliskpb }bihe kdsn sebdbzgkllbddkrg cbbqb} idc `r}seb},

xek`skdjsebdisknd‛xkgijkdiskpbqb}hbqsknd`}nggkdkgilkxs`rsr}bxsnlndj'

sb}g `rsr}bx, pki id kdsbllbhsril `}igbzn}f kd srdb zkse seb c{digkh idc

cbpblnqkdjx{xsbgx%xnhkil,bhnlnjkhil,bsh+n`zekhehkpklkxiskndkxiqi}s$Seb

rsklks{eb}bkxseiszeklbseb`rsr}bhiddnsmbfdnzdkshidmbbuqln}bcgn}b

rxb`rll{idc}bxqndxkml{$

Rdcb}xsidckdj enz kd`n}giskndimnrs seb`rsr}b `lnzx idcgrsisbx, kd

hnd k̀jr}kdji sebn}{n` seb}bliskndxekq mbszbbdhndsbdsimnrs seb`rsr}b

idcergid}bxqndxbx,mbszbbd `rsr}bxsbus idc `rsr}bxhiqb,zkllmbrxb`rlkd

bdimlkdj kd Irxs}ilki zeis Xlirjesb} eix hillbc – zksenrs bpidjblkhil



ixxnhkiskndx–seb―`n}zi}cpkbz‛$

08Seiskx,iqb}hbqsrilx{xsbgseisikgxsn

npb}hngb id kcbdsk̀ kimlb ―cb`bhskpb‛ kdsb}q}bskpb n}cb} hei}ihsb}kxkdj seb

hr}}bds skgbx$ K i}jrb ―cb`bhskpb‛ mbhirxb ―nmxhr}kdj yrbxskndx n` qnzb},

pilrb idc qr}qnxb mbekdc id kgq}bxxkpb ìhicb n` sbhedkhil zndcb}x kx

qi}skhrli}l{ c{x`rdhskndil, xkdhb sekx hlnxbx n`` `rsr}bx qnsbdskilx `}ng

buqln}isknd m{ seb zkcb} qrmlkh † Kcbnlnjkhil dikpbs{ ihsrill{ q}bpbdsx

`rsr}bx zn}f `}ng `rl k̀llkdj ndb n ̀ ksx hn}b qr}qnxbx? seb blimn}isknd n ̀

ilsb}diskpb`rsr}bx‛$ 03―Kskxn`bdn}gnrxq}ihskhilpilrb,‛hndskdrbxXlirjesb}?

Sn j}ixq seb zi{ `rsr}bx zn}f kx j}nrdcbc kd q}ihskhil `n}gx n ̀

fdnzlbcjb,idcilxnsnfdnzzebdidcenzsebxbgi{mblbjkskgisbl{

iqqlkbckdpi}knrxhndsbusx†VSWeb}b}bgikdxipixsidcrdxrxsikdimlb

ckxordhsr}b mbszbbd seb dbbcx n` ill xnhkbskbx `n} hndxhknrx

hnggksgbdsx sn gbidkdj`rl qr}qnxbx idc jnilx, idc seb xn'ì}

gkdkgil kdpbxsgbds kd h}biskdj idc iqql{kdj seb `n}zi}c pkbz m{

qrmlkhmnckbxidclbickdjkdxsksrskndx$Ixi}bxrlsn`sekxnpb}xkjeszb

hndskdrbsnqlrdjbkdsnignxsrdxsimlbidcck``khrlsskgbzksenrsseb

snnlxn`rdcb}xsidckdjseisndbdbbcbcsncbilhndxhknrxl{zkseks$02

Ze{ xenrlc buigkdkdj sebn}kbx, kcbix idc kgijbx n ̀ seb `rsr}b idc

ergid}bxqndxbxsnsebxbmbkgqn}sidssnhndsbgqn}i}{Irxs}ilkidxsrckbx>

@rsr}bx'mixbc fdnzlbcjb, K i}jrb, hid mb prldb}imlb sn lbxx xnqekxskhisbc

0= Xlirjesb},nq$hks$

08 kmkc$

03 kmkc$,q=99$



idcxnhkill{cidjb}nrxijbdcixn}cidjb}nrxbuq}bxxknd$K`kdxsksrskndilkxbc,

sekx s{qb n ̀ `rsr}bx'mixbc fdnzlbcjb, k ̀ dns heillbdjbc h}kskhill{, hid

cbxsimklkxb xnrdc kdyrk}{ n` seb `rsr}b$ Hnd k̀jr}bc zkse xrqb} k̀hkil n}

gidkqrliskpblidjrijb, `rsr}bxsbus hidlkgksxbdxbxn`sebq}bxbdskd`n}gxn`

idukbs{ imnrs skgb$ Sebxb `n}gx eipb mbbd pi}knrxl{ cbxh}kmbc m{ Ilpkd

Sn` l̀b} ix ―`rsr}b xenhf‛,00 m{ Lbb Yrkgm{ ix ―sb}gkdil h{dkhkxg‛,0: idc m{

OnedHi}}nllix―qdbrgi'qenmki%c}bicn}`bi}n`xqk}ks+‛,05―Isxngblbpbl‛,

gikdsikdxXlirjesb},―qbnqlbcnd‛szids snfdnzimnrs sngn}}nz6 snci{ kx

yrksbbdnrje‛$0;Enzsebdcnzbbuigkdbkcbix,kgijbxidc}bxqndxbxsn

seb`rsr}b>

02 kmkc$,qpkk$

00 IlpkdSn``lb},@rsr}bXenhf ,X{cdb{,Qid,9;51$

0:LbbYrkgm{,―GkllbddkilC}bigx0‛,SebXqk}ksn`Sekdjx,]icknDiskndil,

m}nichixs,9Gi}he=111$05OnedHi}}nll,―]b'Bdheidsgbds‛,SebXqk}ksn`Sekdjx,]icknDiskndil,m}nichixs,99

Irjrxs9;;;$0; Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q91$





Heiqsb}Se}bb

HillkdjsebMlr``nÌdnc{dbPkbzxn`seb@rsr}b:1

@n}xngb}bixndsebqixscnbxd‛s}ickisbxrhekggbdxbgndnsnd{ix

seb`rsr}bcnbx$Mbhirxbn`ksxqlbdksrcb,seb`rsr}bkxq}nqijidci† :9

Sngifbihlnxb}xsrc{nènzrxbxn`sbusximnrsseb`rsr}bi}bkgqlkhisbc

kdsebhndxs}rhskndn``rsr}bxfdnzlbcjbxidcxrmobhskpkskbx,igbsilidjrijb

kx dbbcbc sn q}npkcb id idil{xkx n` `rsr}bx'sekdfkdj mb{ndc seb ―kdxkjes̀ rl

kdsb}q}bsisknd‛ qeixb, i sebn}kxisknd seis m}kdjx ―Irxs}ilkid xsrckbx‛, ―sbus‛

idc―`rsr}b‛kdsndbz}bliskndxzksebihenseb}rdcb}seb`kblcnÌ@X$

Jkpbdseb`rsr}bkxrxrill{hndhbkpbcixxngbsekdjzekhe―cnbxdnsbukxs‛,

enz, ks hid mb ixfbc, gkjes ndb xsrc{ xngbsekdj seis qnqrli}l{ lihfx

bgqk}khilhb}sk`khisknd>Seb`k}xssixfkdkdsb}}njiskdjkcbixn`seb`rsr}bkx

hnd k̀jr}kdjid iqq}nq}kisblidjrijb n`bdjijbgbds$ Kd sebqixs, xhkbdsk k̀h

sb}gkdnlnj{eix hei}ihsb}kxbc kdsb}diskndil `rsr}nlnj{6 `n}buigqlb, [rok}n

Ei{ixek‛x ―`rsr}n'bqkxsbgnlnj{'hndhbqsnlnj{'bdjkdbb}kdj‛,:= @}idênkx

Ebsgid‛x―hngq}bebdxkpbjri}idskxg‛,:8QirlEizfbd‛x―ckxkdsb}gbckisknd‛,

:3

IlpkdSn``lb}‛x―qnxrgb}kxg‛:2idcEb}gidFied‛x―mixkhlndj'sb}ggrlsk`nlc

:1 kmkc$,q982$

:9 OnxbqeM}ncxf{,9;31'9;;0$LbxxSeidNdb$

:= [rok}nEi{ixek,―SebCk}bhskndidcN}kbdsiskndn`@rsr}nlnj{ixiXhkbdhb‛,

Kdsb}diskndil@rsr}b}bxbi}heHndj}bxx,Nxln,9='92Xbqsbgmb}9;0:$:8 @}idênkxEbsgid,@rsr}kmlbx,dn=3,91@bm}ri}{,9;0=$

:3 QirlEizfbd,SebDbusBhndng{ ,Dbz[n}f,Ebd}{Hnls,9;53$

:2 IlpkdSn``lb},SebSek}cZipb,Lndcnd,QidMnnfx,9;59$



s}bdc‛$

:0 Mrs lidjrijb n` sekx s{qb eix mbbd nqbd sn ihhrxiskndx n`

iqq}nq}kiskdj qnxxbxxknd npb} i xsrc{ n ̀ q}nhbxxbx se}nrje buhlrxkpb

lidjrijbidchndhbqsnzdb}xekq$@}bdhexnhknlnjkxsIlikdJ}ixzixkdxqk}bc

nd sekx mixkx sn hndcbgd `rsr}nlnj{ ix ―mixkhill{ i sbhedkyrb n` qnlkskhil

cngkdisknd† rlskgisbl{ lkdfbc zkse seb qnlkh{ n` }rlkdj blksbx mbhirxb ksx

ekccbdijbdcikxseb}bq}ncrhskndn`cngkdisknd‛$ ::

Kskxkgqn}sidssnipnkckgqbdbs}imklks{kdgbidkdj$IxijrkcbK`nllnzseb

buigqlb jkpbd m{ seb ―qrmlkh kdsbllbhsril‛ %xbb cb`kdksknd, Irxs}ilkid Qrmlkh

Kdsbllbhsril'Dbszn}f, zzz$iqk'dbszn}f$hng+$ Kd sekx zi{– `nllnzkdj seb

kgqb}iskpbsnzi}cxi―cbgnh}iskxiskndn`}bq}bxbdsisknd‛kdzekheillhkskbdx

qi}sifb kdi `n}g nÌrxs}ilkid qrmlkh kdsbllbhsrilkxg:5–Kc}izrqndseb

`kblcxnÌrxs}ilkid,hnggrdkhisknd,h}kskhil`rsr}bxidchrlsr}ilxsrckbxidc

q}nqnxbseisid blbgbdsi}{ `}igbzn}f `n}buqln}kdjsebsbdxkndxmbszbbd

henkhb, hennxkdj idc `rsr}bx }bxqndxkmklks{, zeklb dns kdprldb}imlb sn

h}kskhkxg,kxsnlnnfisseb}bliskndxekqmbszbbdse}bbli{b}xn``rsr}bx`lnzkd

Irxs}ilki$ Sebxb se}bb ckxskdhs li{b}x, se}nrjezekhe idIrxs}ilkid `rsr}bx

ckxhnr}xbgkjesmbcbpblnqbcidcbuqln}bc,hidmbsb}gbcidccb`kdbckd

n}cb}n`kgqn}sidhb? `rsr}bxsbus , `rsr}bxhiqbidc `rsr}bxqbif $

:0 Eb}gidFiedidcIdsend{Zkbdb},Seb[bi}=111 ,Dbz[n}f,Gihgkllid,9;0:$

:: yrnsbckdCrmlkd,nq$hks$,q99=$



@rsr}bxsbus

M{―`rsr}bxsbus‛,Kgbidid{gbcki,q}ihskhbn}ckxhnr}xbseis}bjkxsb}x,}b`b}x

snidc.n}bdhnr}ijbxsenrjesilndjsebkcbin``rsr}b$Sebqnxxkmlbs{qbn`

`rsr}bxsbushid}idjb`}ngidbpidjblkhils}ihsimnrssebbdcskgbx%xrheix

seb―ObxrxLnpbx[nr‛ buigqlbkd sebkds}ncrhsknd+ snidicpb}skxbgbds nd

sblbpkxkndkd9;;;hlikgkdjseisk`{nrc}kpbiSn{nsihi}sebd―seb`rsr}bkx

dnz‛$ K rxb seb xr`̀ ku ―sbus‛ sn kdckhisb seis i `rsr}bxsbus s{qkhill{ eix i

gisb}kil bukxsbdhb, senrje dns dbhbxxi}kl{ lkgksbc sn z}kssbd `n}g mrs

kdhlrxkpbn` xqbbhebx,qigqelbsx, i}heksbhsr}b,m}nichixsxidc hnggb}hkil$

Kdsekx}bxqbhs,`rsr}bxsbushidkdhlrcbbqkxsbgnlnjkhil`rsr}bxxsrckbxxrhe

ixHei}lbxMk}he‛xHnd`}ndskdjseb@rsr}b%9;;8+idcsebHnggkxxknd`n}seb

@rsr}bxb}kbxidcissebxigbskgbhndsbgqn}i}{icpb}skxkdjidcm}nichixs

q}nj}iggkdj kdzekhe seb ―`rsr}b‛ kx n`sbdgnmklb idc, ix seb lisb 9;;1x

cbgndxs}isbc,yrksbgkllbddkil?―DbusXsnq?Seb@rsr}b‛,Yrbbdxlidc]ikl6

―OnmIhhbxx?[nr}skhfbssnimbssb}`rsr}b‛,YrbbdxlidcJnpb}dgbds6―Ixzb

}ihb `n} seb `rsr}b, zb eipbd‛s `n}jnssbd seb qixs‛, Ji}rci Kdsb}diskndil

Ik}lkdbx6―Seb@rsr}bkxJbdnpkx‛,JbdnpkxXbzkdjGihekdbx6―K`{nrsenrjes

sebqixszixj}bis,xsi{srdbc`n}seb`rsr}b‛,IMHQ}ngnsknd%9;;5+6―S}rxs

idrdfdnzd`rsr}bkdifdnzdJnc‛,Si}kdjiMiqskxsHer}he6―Zblhngbsnseb

`rsr}b‛, ]ndHixb{ lirdhekdj Jiliu{ SP6 ―Q}nsbhskdj nr} heklc}bd‛x `rsr}b‛,

Xrdxgi}s6 ―Jnlc Gbcil =111‛, Bdb}jkxb} C}kdf6 Xqk}ks =111? Nl{gqkh

:5 IlkxndLbb,―Ckxhnr}xbIdil{xkxidcHrlsr}il%}b+Z}kskdj‛,kdIlkxndLbbidcHisb

Qn{dsnd%bcx+,Hrlsr}bidcSbus ,IllbdidcRdzkd,XsLbndi}cx,=111,q9;3$



C}bigkdj,SPXqbhkilndIMH6―Xeiqbrq`n}seb`rsr}b‛,XeiqbGklf6idc―Seb

`rsr}bkxhillkdj‛,Pnciqendb$

Mrsi`rsr}bxsbushidilxnmbrdcb}xsnnc–kdicckskndsnmbkdj―sbusril‛

– ix i q}ncrhs n ̀ kgijkdiskpb xnhkil idc `khsknd giqqkdj, ix qi}s n ̀ id

kgijkdiskpb%xngbskgbxdiskndil+}bxnr}hb$ Kshidmbid nmobhslnhisbckdi

―`}igbzn}fn`hndhbqsxidcq}nqnxkskndx‛xksrisbci}nrdcsebkcbi―`rsr}b‛:;

idcixxrhehidmbhngbi―qb}xqbhskpilhndxs}rhs‛kd`n}gbcm{sebekxsn}khil,

lkdjrkxskh,qnlkskhilidchrlsr}il―xksrisbcdbxx‛n`ck``b}bdss{qbxn`z}ksb}x$ 51

Xrhe z}ksb}x gkjes mb gidijb}x, ihicbgkhx, qnlkskhkidx, hkskbdx, kxxrb'

ihskpkxsx,onr}dilkxsx,n}bpbdbdcskgb}x$Seb}bi}b,n`hnr}xb,nseb}lbpblxn`

gbidkdjsnsebhndxs}rhskndn`―sbus‛%idcz}ksb}+zksekdsebsb}g`rsr}bxsbus$

@rsr}bxsbusidcIrsebdskhisknd

Kd dns mbkdj qb}xricbc seis irsen}x n` `rsr}bxsbus i}b xngbenz

kdcbqbdcbds n ̀ xrmobhskpb ìhsn}x idc n` xnhkil idc hrlsr}il kd`lrbdhbx,

qb}gksskdjrdbgm}nkcb}bc hndhbqskndxn` seb`rsr}b,gid{n` sebgissb}x

}ikxbckd sebckxhrxxkndmblnznd `rsr}bxsbus sifbzeis kxhnggndl{hillbc

seb―sbusrilsr}d‛,bdjijkdjkdyrbxskndxn`h}biskdjgbidkdjidcz}kskdjidc

}bq}bxbdsiskndmnse kdxkcbidcnrsxkcbsebq}ncrhskndn``rsr}bxsbus$ Xrhe

yrbxskndx i}b yrbxskndx n ̀ qnzb} – ―n` zen ks kx seis q}ncrhbx zekhe

:; GGrlfi{,XhkbdhbidcsebXnhknlnj{n`Fdnzlbcjb,DbzXnrseZilbx,Illbdidc

Rdzkd,9;:;,q83$51 Iqqicr}ik,nq$hks$,qq==9'=$



ihhnrdsn`sebV`rsr}bWxnhkilzn}lc‛

59–yrbxskndxn`qlbixr}bidccbxk}b–

n`zekhe`rsr}bxsbusx―qb}xricbidchndpkdhb,n`zengseb{qb}xricbidc

hndpkdhb idc sn zeis cbxk}bc bdcx‛, n` zen xrhe i `rsr}bxsbus zkll ―mb

“silfkdj sn‗ kd ksx q}ncrhsknd idc ksx bpbdsril ckxs}kmrsknd>‛5= – idc

yrbxskndxn`xnhkilihsknd–zeisgisb}kilheidjbkxseb`rsr}bxsbuskdsbdcbc

snq}ncrhbkdsebz}ksb}idc}bicb}>

@rsr}bxsbusidcQnzb}?Qlidn}MbQliddbc@n})58

Qirl Lndjlb{ I}ser} z}ksbx xkjdk k̀hidsl{ nd seb qnzb} n` q}b'hnlndkxisknd

idskqncbid ìdsixkbx sn kd`lrbdhb seb `n}gisknd n` Irxs}ilki‛x ekxsn}khil

hndxhknrxdbxxnpb}sebqixseil`gkllbddki?―VEW{qnsebskhilxqihbzixrsklkxbc

ixixbsskdj`n}Br}nqbidrsnqkid`khskndlndjmb`n}bseb}bzixid{hndh}bsb

bgqk}khilfdnzlbcjbn`seb}bjkndkdBr}nqb‛,I}ser}hlikgx$

Pkxkndx n` seb Idskqncbx kd lksb}isr}b `n}gbc i q}b'sbus seis j}bisl{

kd`lrbdhbc %idc b``bhskpbl{ lkgksbc+ seb “}bilks{‗ seis Br}nqbidx

“`nrdc‗zebdseb{`kdill{i}}kpbckdIrxs}ilki$SnBr}nqbidxlidckdjkd

seb rdhei}sbc Idskqncbx, ks zix ix senrje seb{ zb}b qli{kdj nrs i

hnlndkilc}igi seis eicil}bic{mbbd}bebi}xbcnd sebxsijbn` seb

Br}nqbidkgijkdisknd$53

59 Lbb,nq$hks$,qq95;';1$

5= kmkc$

58 ]rxxbllIhfnn`,H}biskdjsebHn}qn}isb@rsr}b?Qlidn}MbQliddbc@n} ,Dbz[n}f,

Zklb{,9;59$53 Lndjlb{I}ser},kdMi}hididcMrheidid,nq$hks$,q8:$



―E{qnsebskhil‛ xqihb,n}zeis Xkgnd]{id eixhillbc ―mlidf‛xqihb,zn}fbc

―xbgknskhill{sn`n}gsebidskqncillidcgixxixbgqs{,rdxbsslbcidckdpkskdj

Br}nqbid kdxh}kqsknd‛$52 Buqln}isknd qli{bc i h}kskhil qi}s kd ―Irxs}ilki‛x

hngkdj'kdsn'mbkdj ix i qlihb kd zekhe Br}nqbidx hnrlc mb xksrisbc

kgijkdiskpbl{‛$ Ix Qirl Hi}sb} eix kdpbxskjisbc blxbzeb}b kd Seb ]nic sn

Mnsid{ Mi{ , ―buqln}isknd b``bhsbc i s}idx`n}gisknd n` Ve{qnsebskhilW xqihb

kdsn V}bilW qlihb‛$50 Buqln}kdj seb ìdsix{ zix mnse id kd`lrbdskil idc

s}idx`n}giskpbq}nhbxxkdsebh}biskndnÌrxs}ilki$Zeiskx}bpbilkdjn`seb

qnzb}mbekdc xrhe ìdsixkbx idc `khskndx n` seb `rsr}b idc sebk}bpbdsril

buqln}isknd>Qnzb}kxidkgqn}sidskxxrbmbhirxb`rsr}bxsbushidxs}rhsr}b

sebxbl`'hndxsksrskndn}kgijkdiskndxn`ndb‛xnzd`rsr}b}bilks{k`dnsseisn`

idbdsk}bhnggrdks{,xbhs,hlixx,n}disknd$IxsebBr}nqbid`khskndn`―mlidf‛

xqihb xidhskndbc i `rsr}b qnlkh{ n ̀ sb}}i drllkrx %xkdhb Irxs}ilki zix

b``bhskpbl{ ―bgqs{‛ kd sebk} kgijkdisknd, izikskdj kdxh}kqsknd+, ks hid mb

gikdsikdbcseiskgijbxn`seb`rsr}bhidihs%idceipbihsbc+kdsebxb}pkhb

n` xnhkil hnds}nl$ Sekx kx dbkseb} i }bhbds nmxb}pisknd dn} i dnpbl

cbpblnqgbdskdergid}bliskndx$Seb―kcbnlnjkhilmkix‛n`―q}nobhsbcpkxknd‛kx

―dns rdrxril kd `rsr}nlnj{‛, }bgi}fx Giu Crmlkd5: idc eix hndxkcb}imlb

ekxsn}{$

52 Xkgnd]{id,SebHi}snj}iqekhB{b?EnzBuqln}b}xXizIrxs}ilki,Higm}kcjb,

Higm}kcjbRdkpb}xks{Q}bxx,9;;0,q912$50 Snd{Erjebx'c‛Ibse,―IQ}nxqbhsn`@rsr}b]bjrli}ks{?XqiskilSbhednlnjkbxkd

HnlndkilIrxs}ilki‛,kd]rseMi}hididcKidMrheidid%bcx+, KgijkdkdjIrxs}ilkid

Xqihb?Hrlsr}ilXsrckbxidcXqiskilKdyrk}{ ,Rdkpb}xks{n`Zbxsb}dIrxs}ilkiQ}bxx,

9;;;,q35';$5: Crmlkd,nq$hks$,q911$



@n}buigqlb,kd9:;5,BdjlkxebhndngkxsSengixGilserxqrmlkxebcseb

s}biskxb Id Bxxi{ nd seb Q}kdhkqlb n` Qnqrlisknd Ix ks I``bhsx seb @rsr}b

Kgq}npbgbdsn`Xnhkbs{ seis}bpbilbcsebhebb}lbxx`rsr}bn`npb}qnqrlisknd

idc zkcbxq}bic ìgkdb izikskdj seb hkskbdx n ̀ kdcrxs}kil xnhkbskbx$

Gilserxkidhilhrlrxgicbsebzn}lcìgklki}zksesebq}ihskhbn`q}bckhsknd

idc kdxn cnkdjkjdksbc i cbmisb npb} seb lkgksx sn j}nzse, dns rdlkfb seb

ckxhrxxkndx `nrdc kd seb Hlrm n` ]ngb qrmlkhiskndx q}ncrhbc cr}kdj seb

9;:1x$ Gilserx rxbc gisebgiskhx sn q}bckhs seis i lnngkdj kgmilidhb

mbszbbd qnqrlisknd j}nzse idc `nnc xrqql{ znrlc lbic sn seb bpbdsril

xsi}piskndn` Bdjlidc$ Mrsseb xnlrsknd q}bxh}kmbcm{Gilserx– seis seb

lnzb} hlixxbx xenrlc kdekmks sebk} }isb n ̀ }bq}ncrhsknd – xb}pbc lbxx ix

`rsr}bxsbuskgmrbczksesebbsekhilidcgn}ilkdsbllkjbdhbn`xi{sebmkmlkhil

q}nqebsxidcgn}bsebxbl`'}kjesbnrxkdsb}pbdskndnìse}bisbdbcblksb?―Kskx

hndpbdskndil zkxcng igndj ekxsn}kidx‛, n`̀ b}x Giu Crmlkd, ―seis sekx

q}bxh}kqskndpkdckhisbcsebq}borckhbxn`sebcngkdidsblksbn`sebxnhkbs{kd

zekheGilserxlkpb zenzidsbc snmligb sebqnn} `n} sebk}gkxb}{ }iseb}

seidsifbxngbn`seb}bxqndxkmklks{`n}sekxxksriskndndsebgxblpbx‛$ 55

Dbi}l{ szn hbdsr}kbx lisb}, Jbn}jb N}zbll‛x ìgnrx idc }blbpids

buqln}iskndn` seb `rsr}b kd9;53 kx sebxsn}{ n`Zkdxsnd Xgkse‛x }bmbllknd

ijikdxssebQi}s{,nèkxeis}bcsnzi}cxMkjM}nseb}idcsenrjesh}kgb$Bi}l{

kdsnsekx`khskndilbuqln}isknd,Zkdxsnd}b`lbhsxndsebqb}qbsrilxsisbn`zi}

seiseixbukxsbcmbszbbdNhbidkiidcBr}ixki?―SebQi}s{xikcseisNhbidki

55 kmkc$,q;;$XbbilxnIddkbPkdnfn},―GilserxkidKcbnlnj{idcsebH}kxkxn`seb

Zblì}bXsisb‛idcOnedXeb}znnc,―Bdjblx,Gi}u,GilserxidcsebGihekdb‛,kd

Igb}khidEkxsn}khil]bpkbz ,pnl;1,dn3,9;52$



eic dbpb}mbbdkd illkidhb zkse Br}ixki $$$ Mrszeb}bckc seisfdnzlbcjb

bukxs>Ndl{kdekxnzdhndxhknrxdbxx$$$kìllsebnseb}xihhbqsbcseblkbseis

sebqi}s{kgqnxbckìll}bhn}cxsnlcsebxigbsilb,sebdseblkbqixxbckdsn

ekxsn}{ idc mbhigb s}rse$ -Zen hnds}nlx seb qixs,- }id seb Qi}s{xlnjid,

-hnds}nlxseb`rsr}b?zenhnds}nlxsebq}bxbdshnds}nlxsebqixs$-Kszixyrksb

xkgqlb$Illseiszixdbbcbczixidrdbdckdjxb}kbxn`pkhsn}kbxnpb}{nr}

nzdgbgn}{$-]bilks{hnds}nl,-seb{hillbcks6kdDbzxqbif,-cnrmlbsekdf‗‛$5;

S}idxqnxkdj seb ck}bhsknd n ̀ N}zbll‛x hnggbdsi}{, `}ng i hnds}nl n ̀

fdnzlbcjbimnrssebqixssnihnds}nln``rsr}bg{senlnj{,q}npkcbxgn}b

seid orxsidnhhixkndilqnkds$ Snqi}iqe}ixb,igncb}d}b'hnd`kjr}iskndn`

N}zbll‛xi}jrgbdsgkjesxrjjbxsseis―zenhnds}nlxseb`rsr}bhnds}nlxseb

q}bxbds,idcseisillkx }byrk}bc kxidrdbdckdjxb}kbxn`pkhsn}kbxnpb}{nr}

kgijkdisknd‛$

S}nrmlbc m{ xnhkbs{‛x npb}zeblgkdj zkllkdjdbxx sn mb jrkcbc m{

`rsr}nlnjkxsx%ixxngb―xhkbdsk`kh‛zn}fb}xn``rsr}bxkcbixi}bfdnzdix+zkse

zeisebkcbdsk`kbcsnmbxbl`kxejnilx,GiuCrmlkdz}nsbkd @rsr}be{qb?―I

zbll'i}skhrlisbc pkxknd n` seb `rsr}b kx seb disr}il hbds}bqkbhb n ̀ gnxs

kcbnlnjkhil x{xsbgx, bxqbhkill{ senxb nd seb ì}seb} bdcx n` seb qnlkskhil

xqbhs}rg‛$Ebbuqlikdx,―bus}bgbkcbnlnjkbxillbdpkxkndsebqli{kdjnrsnì

j}bis c}igi npb} skgb, idc seb `kdil Vc}igiskhW hlkgiu – mb ks seb

“zkseb}kdj‗ n` seb xsisb k ̀ ks kx id kcbnlnj{ n ̀ seb Lb`s, n} xngb xn}s n`

m}bisesifkdj iqnhil{qxb kd zekhe seb zn}lc zkll mb cbxs}n{bc idc.n}

}bdbzbck` ks kx ndb ndseb]kjes– kx ilzi{x qli{bc nrs isxngb, rxrill{

5; Jbn}jbN}zbll,9;53,q83$



rdxqbhk k̀bc, qb}knc kd seb `rsr}b‛$

;1 Mbekdc hndsbgqn}i}{ ―dbz ijb‛

bdserxkixg, Xlirjesb} kcbdsk k̀bx ―isipkxskh hndhbqskndx n` `rsr}bx kdpnlpkdj

sb}}ksn}kilks{, cngkdisknd idc hndyrbxs‛, q}ngqskdj ekg sn hndhlrcb –

eipkdjs}ihbcsebgklksi}{idcxs}isbjkh}nnsxnÌgb}khid`rsr}kxg?―mbekdc

bpb}{ li}jb'xhilb q}nobhs n` seb `rsr}b lkb kdsb}bxsx seis i}b xb}pbc kd seb

q}bxbds‛$;9

Kpid Kllkhei}jrbc kd9;:9 seis `rsr}nlnj{q}ngnsbchrlsr}il hnds}ihsknd

ilndjsbhednh}iskhlkdbx$Eb}bgi}fbckd CbxhennlkdjXnhkbs{ seis―}bxbi}he

dnz jnkdjnd imnrsseb `rsr}b sbdcx snicpnhisb `r}seb}kdh}bixbxkd seb

kdxsksrskndilkxiskndn`pilrbx‛$;=Zn}fxxrheixSn``lb}‛x@rsr}bXenhf s}klnj{

%9;;1+, Eibl Ebdcb}xnd‛xH}biskdjIlsb}diskpb@rsr}bx %9;:5+, Lblki J}bbd

idc]njb}Jrdb}{‛x@}igkdjSbhednlnj{?Xnhkbs{,HenkhbidcHeidjb%9;;3+,

Nlkpb}Gi}flb{‛x Heidjkdj Kgijbx n` Gid %9;:3+, Mk}he‛x Hnd`}ndskdj seb

@rsr}b %9;;8+, Xlirjesb}‛x @rsr}b HndhbqsxidcQnzb}̀ rl Kcbix %9;;0+, idc

L{dbssb Erdsb}‛x H}kskyrbx n ̀ Fdnzkdj? Xksrisbc Sbusrilkskbx kd Xhkbdhb,

Hngqrskdj idc seb I}sx %9;;;+, }bq}bxbds issbgqsx sn lnhisb sbhednh}iskh

idc gb}ksnh}iskh pilrbx zksekd xnhkbs{ idc sn ckxskdjrkxe zekhe kdeb}ksbc

gbidkdjx`}ng sebkdcrxs}kilb}i eipb―jndbxnr}‛$;8Sifbdsnjbseb},seb{

gi}f ij}nzkdjzkcbxq}bicgnpbgbdsn` }bs}bis`}ngekxsn}{,hrlsr}b idc

s}ickskndkd seb}bhndhbqsrilkxiskndn`gbidkdjkd seb`rsr}b$ Q}kgi}kl{seb

hbds}il q}nhbxx is zn}f zksekd seb xnhkil xhkbdhbx %zekhe sebxb sbusx i}b

q}ncrhsx n +̀ kx seb j}nzkdj ckxs}rxs n ̀ nmobhskpks{$ Qnxs'qnxkskpkxs,

;1 GiuCrmlkd,@rsr}be{qb,Pkhsn}ki,Qbdjrkd,9;5;,q913$

;9 Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q==5$

;= KpidKllkhe,CbxhennlkdjXnhkbs{ ,Dbz[n}f,Ei}qb}idc]nz,9;:9,q=$



qnxsgncb}dkxg, `bgkdkxs, qnxsxs}rhsr}ilkxs idc kdsb}q}bskpkxs h}kskyrbx eipb

b}ncbcsebmixkxndzekheseb xnhkilxhkbdhbxndhbhlikgbchb}sikds{imnrs

zeiszixmbkdjxsrckbcidcxikc$

Kd }bnqbdkdj seb Irxs}ilkid hkpklkxiskndcbmisb kdekx mnnf n` seb xigb

digb,Dklbdnsbcixkgkli}}bs}bis,seissebq}bxbdsi}jrgbdszix―kd`n}gbc

m{seb `kd cb xkbhlbidc `kd cbgkllbddkrg,iqb}kncn`bus}in}ckdi}{heidjb

idc j}bis hnggrdil xnrl'xbi}hekdj‛$ Zb i}b hirjes ―kd seb gkcxs n ̀

s}bgbdcnrxrqebipilxkdnr}xnhkil,hrlsr}ilidcqb}xndil}bliskndxekqx‛,eb

z}nsbxku{bi}xq}kn}sn seb sr}dn`sebgkllbddkrg,kd idijb―zebd skgb'

endnr}bckdsbllbhsril,bgnskndilidcbhndngkhixxrgqskndxdbkseb}xrxsikd

dn} hng`n}s rx‛$ Dklb xiz seb ―hngqlbuknd n` seb hnrds}{ † sn mb

s}idx`n}gkdj mb`n}b nr} b{bx‛, gn}b seid lkjesl{ bdhnr}ijbc m{ seb szkd

j}nrqìdsixkbxn` `kdcbxkbhlb idc `kdcbgkllbddkrg$;3

Ks kx rxb`rl sebd sn xqbif n ̀ seb ―`rsr}b‛ ix i xksrisbc sbusrilks{ zkse

xqbhk̀ kh kdpbxsbc kdsb}bxsx idc i qnzb} sn s}idx`n}g idc hnds}nl$ Kd sekx

pkbz,kskxqnxxkmlbsncbxh}kmbsebqr}qnxbn``rsr}bxsbuskdgbckiidcgbcki

q}ihskhbixkdsbdckdjsnq}ncrhbxngb`n}gn`gisb}kilheidjb,ixblkhksbcm{

sebgn}bqnzb}`rlgbgmb}xnìxnhkbs{,ihnggrdks{n}ihnllbhskpb$

;8 Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q==0$

;3 ]khei}cDklb, Irxs}ilkidHkpklkxisknd,Gblmnr}db,Nu`n}cRdkpb}xks{Q}bxx,9;;3,q

pkk$



@rsr}bxsbusidcsebHndxrgqskndn`Qb}`n}giskpbS}idx`n}giskndil]ksrilx

@rsr}bxsbus hid mb ckxqb}xbc ilndj ck̀ `b}bds gncbx n` hnggrdkhisknd

se}nrjeI}ordIqqicr}ik‛x―gbckixhiqb‛n}Cnrjlix]rxefn``‛x―cisixqeb}b‛$

Hndxrgqskndnì`rsr}bxsbushidmbyrksbzkcbxq}bicidcckpb}xbix`rsr}bx

i}bbuqn}simlbmbszbbdkdckpkcrilx,j}nrqxidcdiskndx$Seb`rsr}bkx–lkfb

i xkjd, n}i disknd %Mbdbckhs Idcb}xnd‛x ―kgijkdbc hnggrdks{‛+ n}bpbd i

sblbpkxknd irckbdhb %Oned Ei}slb{‛x ―kdpkxkmlb `khsknd‛+ – i hndxs}rhs n`

qi}skhrli} kdxsksrskndx zekhe,zebd lkdfbc sn seb gbidx n` mnse q}ncrhkdj

idcn}jidkxkdjgbidkdjkd xnhkilhndsbusx, hidmb kdsb}dilkxbczkcbl{m{ id

irckbdhb seis Snm{Gkllb} eix cb k̀dbc sn mb hngqnxbcn` ―zbll'sbgqb}bc

hkskbdx‛$;2Sekxxnhkilkxiskndnìsekdjq}ncrhbc%seiskx,i―`rsr}bxsbus‛+eix

ixxnhkiskndx zkse En}febkgb} idc Icn}dn‛x sebn}kxisknd n` seb hrlsr}b

kdcrxs}{$ Kdigncb}dxbsskdj,sebk}i}jrgbds}b`b}xsnsebqnzb}n` }ickn,

hkdbgi idc sblbpkxknd %idc seb }blisbc k ̀ lbxx xnqekxskhisbc nrsqrs n ̀

icpb}skxkdj+sns}idx`n}gpilrbkdsniq}ncrhs%n}lk`bxs{lb+buheidjbczksekd

i hiqksilkxs x{xsbg$ Sekx ihhnrdscnbx dns ixxrgb seis seb kdckpkcril kxi

qixxkpbxrmobhskdsebxbyrbdhbn`hrlsr}ilicgkdkxs}isknd$[bs,ndsb}gxn`

sekxq}nobhs‛xkdpbxskjisknd,sebhrlsr}ilq}ncrhskndnì―`rsr}bxsbus‛%xi{,seb

khndkh ―=111‛+ is seb lbpbl n` gixx ckxqb}xknd idc hndxrgqsknd hid mnse

bgm}ihbidchndxs}ikdillergidxxrmobhssnksxkd`lrbdhb$

Ix id kllrxs}isknd, ilsenrje hblbm}iskdj gkllbddkil bpb nd seb X{cdb{

Ei}mnr}gi{mbdb`ksxsisrx`}ngnmsikdkdjbuqbdxkpbl{q}khbc%idcseb}b`n}b

}i}b+ xbiskdj is i }bxsir}ids, seb{ zb}b kd ìhs ix qnzb}lbxx mb`n}b seb



sbusril qnlkskhx n` ―=111‛ ix dnd'hblbm}iskdj hkskbdx$ Dbkseb} j}nrq hnrlc

b``bhs id{ heidjb nd seb kggkdbdhb n ̀ ‛=111‛ ix id ―bpbds‛$ Ze{ dns>

Mbhirxb, ―=111‛eic mbhngbgn}b seid idnseb}cisb nd sebiddnCngkdk

hilbdci}$ Ks eic mbhngb mnse i s}idxdiskndil idc s}idxliskndil %sn

iqq}nq}kisbI}ordIqqicr}ik‛xsb}gkdnlnj{+q}ncrhssnzi}csebhlnxbn`seb

9;;1x$Kszixs}idxdiskndilmbhirxbpkbzkdjseb―cizdn`=111‛ixksgnpbc

ih}nxxsebìhbn`sebqlidbs%idcseb}b`n}bih}nxxdiskndilmnrdci}kbx,ixk`

se}nrjei`n}gn`kdsb}diskndilsr}dxsklbx+cr}kdjseb=3'enr}lkpbsblbhixs–

qb}eiqxmbxs cbxh}kmbc ix igngbdsn` sebgkllbddkil ―srdbc'kdqlidbs‛–

hnd k̀}gbc sebxqiskilkxiskndn`gkllbddkil ―iqqbi}idhb‛$ Idnd'bukxsbdhbn`

diskndil lkgksx zix gicb pkbzimlb m{ ―jlnmil‛ gbcki sbhednlnjkbx? seb

―gkllbddkrg‛xbbgkdjl{s}ipbllbcbpb}{zeb}b$Dndiskndhnrlcekcb`}ngks$

Kdi hnllrxkndn`ck``b}bds}ksrilxn` hblbm}isknd–idcqb}eiqx kdxsidhbxn`

zeis gkjes mb hillbc ―sbgqn}il h}nxx'c}bxxkdj‛ – gkllkndx zishebc idc

hblbm}isbcnd sebdkjesn` 89Cbhbgmb} 9;;; ix }bq}bxbdsiskpbxn`diskpb

bqkxsbgnlnjkbx %`n} buigqlb, sebGin}k kd Dbz_bilidc+zblhngbc kd seb

{bi}=111%zekhekx`rdcigbdsill{izbxsb}dxksbn`gbidkdjidcdnsGin}k

}ksril+ ilndjxkcb seb hngqbskskndn` hndxqkhrnrx hndxrgqsknd kd `k}bzn}fx

mbszbbdzbxsb}dxrmobhsx%xi{,X{cdb{Ei}mnr}idcSeigbx]kpb},Lndcnd+$

Seb {bi} =111 zix s}idxliskndil mbhirxb ks mbhigb i m}nicl{

ckxxbgkdisbc ckxhnr}xb kd zekhe seb qi}skhrli}kskbx n ̀ i hrlsr}b zb}b

xrmxrgbcsnhblbm}iskdjsebgkllbddkrgkdi―jlnmil‛`}igbzn}f$Senrjeseb

xnhkilxqbhk`khks{n`q}ncrhkdjgbidkdjkd―=111‛zixskbcisskgbxsnzbxsb}d

hndsbusril lnhiskndx idc xnhkil x{xsbgxn` pilrb %Mkj Mbd, X{cdb{ Ei}mnr}

;2 Gkllb},nq$hks$



M}kcjb,SkgbxXyri}b,`k}bzn}fx,cidhbidcc}kdf+,―=111‛zixilxns}idxlisbc

kdsndnd'zbxsb}d%nseb}+xksbxn`hrlsr}b,n`sbdzksesebkdpbdskndnì dbz

s}icksknd%―hblbm}iskdj=111‛zixdnsidihskpks{rxrill{hncbczksekdxnhkbs{+$

Kd nseb} zn}cx, hblbm}iskdj ―=111‛ mbhigb i jlnmil }ksb cbqixxijb zekhe

gi}fbcmnseis}idxksknd`}ngndbxsijbn`lk`bsnidnseb}%`}ngsebxbhndc

gkllbddkrg sn seb sek}c+ idc seb xrmgkxxknd n` kdckpkcril xnhkbskbx sn seb

hnllbhskpb}byrk}bgbdsxn`}ksrilkxkdj―=111‛ixidbpbds$Q}kgbskgbsblbpkxknd

hb}sikdl{ m}nichixs sekx xbdxbn` hblbm}isn}{ hnebxknd6 ix i rdks{ se}nrje

kdhn}qn}iskndn`sebckpb}xbq}ihskhbxhnggbgn}iskdjseb{bi}=111$

@rsr}bxsbusidcsebZbxsb}dKdxh}kqskndn`Skgb?Sbgqn}ilDrllkrx

Kd seb hlnxkdj {bi} n` seb szbdskbse hbdsr}{, seb ―zn}lc‛ iqqbi}bc, `n} ill

kdsbdsxidcqr}qnxbx,snmbbdjijbckdidskhkqiskdjseb`rsr}bisigkllbddkil

sr}dkdj qnkds$ [bs, Irxs}ilkid ―ìkse‛ kd =111IC zix hndxsksrsbc ix q}b'

sebgiskh, q}b'sebn}bskhil idc hrlsr}ill{ kgqn}sbc? ―q}b'sebn}bskhil‛ kd seis

qnqrli}izi}bdbxxnìdkggkdbdsgkllbddkrgzixdnsli}jbl{dn}ihskpbl{

kd`n}gbcm{seb―hnjdkskpbkdsb}bxsxnìdihicbgkhckxhkqlkdb‛6―q}b'sebgiskh‛

kd seis ―=111IC‛ ixxrgbc i qnxksknd n ̀ hnggndqlihb kdpnlpbgbds kd

hndsbgqn}i}{qrmlkhckilnjrb6idc―hrlsr}ill{kgqn}sbc‛ixmblkb`kd=111IC

zixdnsbuhlrxkpbdn}kdckjbdnrxsnIrxs}ilki$Hr}knrxyrbxskndxi}kxbixsn

seb disr}b n` mblkb ̀ kd sekx `rsr}bxsbus$ Zeis ckc hndsbgqn}i}{ xnhkbs{

mblkbpb kd seb {bi} =111 idc ze{> Kdzeiszi{ ckc Irxs}ilkid sblbpkxknd

dbszn}fxidcgbckikgqrsbsebqnsbdskiln`=111IC>Ckcsebr}jbsnzi}cx

jlnmilhe}ndngbs}khhnebxkndkdxkxs%idceb}bsebq}nobhsn`qnlkskhkxkdjskgb



busbdcx mb{ndc diskndil mnrdci}kbx+ seis nseb} hrlsr}bx rxb sekx `n}g n`

hnrdskdj idc sekdf imnrs seb {bi} =111 kd seb xigb }bji}c seiszbxsb}d

xnhkbskbxckc>

Zbgkjes}bhnjdkxbseishrlsr}ilrxbxn`skgbi}bdbpb}`n}gkdn}b``bhsx$

Ji{dn}Gihcndilci}jrbxseisdnskndxn`skgbidcskgblbxxdbxx–idcseb

}blisbcqebdngbdin`xsixkx,s}icksknd,ekxsn}{idcheidjb–eipb―ilzi{x

mbbd i qi}s n` seb qnlkskhx n ̀ hndxs}rhskdj Imn}kjkdilkskbx kd Irxs}ilki‛$;0

Buqln}kdj seb kdsb}xbhsknd mbszbbd hndhbqsx n` skgb idc qnlkskhil qnzb}

zksekd Imn}kjkdil hndsbusx, Gihcndilc hndskdrbx? ―Bgqln{bc ix gbidx n`

kdhlrxkndidcbuhlrxknd,dnskndxn`skgbeipbmbbdidb``bhskpbgbckrgn`

jnpb}didhb$Gn}b}bhbdsl{seb{eipbmbhngbqi}sn` Imn}kjkdilxs}isbjkbx

`n}dbjnskiskdjihhbxx sn}bxnr}hbx$ Hndhbqsxn` skgbeipbmbbdqnlkskhkxbc

idc hndsbxsbc, `n} kdxsidhb, kd }bhbds diskpb skslb idc xsnlbd jbdb}isknd

cbmisbx‛$;:

Zebd zb rxb seb hilbdci} gbckrg dnd'}b`lbukpbl{, zb ihhbqs idc

}bkdxh}kmbsebmblkb`–idcZkllkigxeixi}jrbcseiskskxdnsekdjgn}bn}lbxx

seidid―i}mks}i}{‛hnllbhskpbihsn`ìkse–seisks kxnr}hrlsr}ilq}ihskhbn`

iddnCngkdk hngqrsisknd seis lksb}ill{gifbx qnxxkmlb hndskdrks{ kdsn seb

―xbhrli}gkllbddkrg‛$[bssebihsn`―i}}kpkdjissebgkllbddkrg‛kxis}krgqe

n` hnllbhskpbizi}bdbxxkdzekhe i xb}kbxn`di}}iskpbxi}nrdci xs}rhsr}bc

idc `khskndil nmobhsn` skgb %sebgkllbddkrg+hndpb}jb$ Gbcki eb}ilc}{ n`

q}b'idcqnxs'gkllbddkilihskpkxgìhklksisbxsekx―xbgidskhkddnpisknd‛idcseb

;0 Ji{dn}Gihcndilc,―Skgbidcsebh}biskndnÌmn}kjkdilkskbx‛,Kd.Mbszbbd,

<essq?..zzz$i}sx$rx{c$bcr$ir.ekxsn}{.hnd`b}bdhbx.kdmbszbbd.4$;: kmkc$



dbz sbgqn}illnhrx %=111ICqlrx+ kx―m}nrjes kdsn seb zn}lcm{gbidxn`

lidjrijb‛$Kd―x{dsebxkxkdjsebebsb}njbdnrx‛,ckxxkgkli}hndsbdszksekdseb

drgb}nrxgkllbddkildi}}iskpbx%kdhlrckdjsebk}xsn}{'sbllb}xidcirckbdhbx+kx

jiseb}bc snjbseb} idc ―ei}gndkxbc‛$ Zkse q}kds idc blbhs}ndkhgncbxn`

hnggrdkhiskndblkhkskdjc}igiskh}bxqndxbxn`hblbm}isknd,sebgrlskqlkhks{n`

bpbdsxidcxs}rhsr}il`bisr}bxn`sebkggbckisb`rsr}bi}b―xbkbcillisndhb‛

m{seb―irsen}kilnpb}pkbz‛n`=111IC$ 92

Kdnseb}zn}cx,seb}bi}nxbi`n}gilij}bbgbdsigndjsebhnggrdkskbx

seis q}ncrhbidcgikdsikdIrxs}ilki‛x ―skgkdj‛ seis seb―gkllbddkrg‛xenrlc

ixxb}sx{gmnlkhqnzb}kdpi}knrxhrlsr}ill{ihhbqsbcidcdnpbl`n}gx$ Enz

sebxbqnzb}x%n}sebgbxn`hblbm}isknd,s}idx`n}gisknd,bsh+i}bz}kssbdkdsn

seb ―x{gmnlkh idc ihsril lk̀ b'xqihb‛ n ̀ nr} lkpbx, enz ―kcbix, kcbnlnjkbx,

hnggksgbdsx idc qi}skhrli} zi{x n ̀ hndxs}rkdj‛ seb `rsr}b zn}lc i}b

xkjdk k̀bc, lbjkskgkxbc idc hnggrdkhisbc, enz gikdxs}big cb k̀dkskndx n`

―gkllbddkrg‛, `n}buigqlb, i}bkgqrsbckd sebq}nhbxxbx n` hrlsr}il bckskdj

idcxnhkilidchrlsr}ilheidjb,kxzn}se{n`xb}knrxbdyrk}{$;5―Dbzkgijbx‛,

icgksx Blkxb Mnrlckdj, ―jbdb}isb dbz mbeipknr} qnxxkmklkskbx‛$ Qi}skhrli}

kgijbx–lkfbsebgkllbddkrgixxkjdk`kbcm{sebx{gmnl―=111‛,rxbcn`sbd

cr}kdj seb 9;;1x sn xs}rhsr}b qnxxkmklkskbx n ̀ ekxsn}khil s}idx`n}gisknd

%gnpkdj`}ngseb―szbdskbsehbdsr}{‛idckdsnseb―szbds{'`k}xshbdsr}{‛+–

i}b ―xblbhskpbl{ bgqnzb}bc‛ idc ―buqlncb lisb}† kdsn seb}bilkxbc `rsr}b‛$

Xebhndhlrcbx,―kdid{hrlsr}ilbqnhe,ndl{hb}sikdkgijbxn`seb`rsr}bnrsn`

igrhezkcb}qnnl†cbpblnqbdnrjehrlsr}il}bxndidhbsni``bhsq}nhbxx,

;5 Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q;2$



idcsngnpbsnzi}cihsrilkxisknd‛$

;;Kdzeiszi{cnhb}sikdkgijbxmbhngb

xblbhsbcidcz}kssbdkdsnsebhndsbgqn}i}{hrlsr}ilhncb>Enzkxndb`rsr}b

hb}sk`kbcnpb}idnseb}>

Qb}eiqx,ixisebn}bskhilbusbdxkndn`]{id‛x―mlidfxqihb‛,seb}bbukxsxkd

seb qnxs kdcrxs}kilkxbc kgijkdisknd i ―mlidf skgb‛ seis kdpksbx %ilndj zkse

qnsbds kgqb}kilkxs ixxnhkiskndx+ i `n}g n` zbxsb}d kdxh}kqsknd? i sbgqn}il

drllkrx ix ks zb}b, i skgb bukxskdj kd i ―mlidf‛ xsisb ix i q}bhndcksknd sn

buqln}isknd,seiskx―nr}x‛`n}hnlndkxkdj$Hb}sikdl{,buqln}kdjsebgkllbddkrg

q}kn} sn ksx sblbpkxbc ―}bpblisknd‛ xbbgbc sn mb xngbsekdj n ̀ i diskndil

nmxbxxkndkdIrxs}ilkicr}kdjseb9;;1x$@n}ixen}sskgb,c}igixkgijkdjseb

szbds{' k̀}xs hbdsr}{, qnqrli} xhkbdhb cnhrsikdgbdsx nd seb `rsr}b n` seb

ergid xqbhkbx, xnhkil hnggbdsisn}x `n}bhixskdj Irxs}ilki szbds{'{bi}x

iebic,bdcskgb}xeb}ilckdjidkgqbdckdjiqnhil{qxb,xenqxgi}fbskdj{bi}

=111gb}heidckxb%`}ngxqbhsihlbxsnmnub}x+,icpb}skxbgbdsxrxkdj=111n}

iqnhil{qskhxkjdk`kb}xsnmnlxsb}xilbx–illsebxbsekdjxmbhigbhbds}bckd

qnqrli}idcqrmlkhhndxhknrxdbxx$Enzzixsekxqnxxkmlb>

Grhelkfbbuqln}b}x―%}b+xqiskilkxbcsebIrxs}ilkidhndskdbds‛ 911issebskgb

n`hnlndkxisknd,sebk}ihskpkskbx―m}kcjkdjsebjiqmbszbbdIrxs}ilkiixkszix

kgijkdbc idcIrxs}ilki ix kszix “ckxhnpb}bc‗‛,919

di}}iskpbxn` buqln}isknd

i}b `}byrbdsl{ cbqln{bc sn }b'sbgqn}ilkxb seb `rsr}b i}nrdc gngbdsx n`

kgqlkbcqrmlkhxkjdk`khidhb$Snzi}cx=111%ilxniskslbn`ndbxrheqrmlkxebc

di}}iskpb+, cbxh}kqskpb ihhnrdsx idc kgijkdiskpb `khskndx q}ncrhbc m{ qnq

;; BlkxbMnrlckdj,―SebC{digkhxn`Kgijkdj@rsr}bx‛,Zn}lc@rsr}bXnhkbs{Mrllbskd ,

9;:5,pnl9=,dn2,qq9'5$911

Erjebx'c‛Ibse,nq$hks$,q35$



`rsr}kxsxidcpnhilxnhkilblksbx%xhkbdskxsx,hnggbdsisn}x,qnlkskhkidx,xqn}skdj

`kjr}bx, ihicbgkhx, bsh+ `nllnzbc id kgqb}iskpb sn ―fdnz‛ seb `rsr}b

xr}}nrdckdj seb ―sr}d‛n` sebgkllbddkrg idcmb{ndc$ Sebk} `khskndx zb}b

kgqlbgbdsbcidc}bh{hlbcpkidbzxqiqb}x,c}igiskhckxqli{x,sblbpkxkndidc

}icknm}nichixsx,qrmlkhiskndx,x{gqnxkiidchnd`b}bdhbx%senxbgbheidkxgx

seis Mbdbckhs Idcb}xnd kcbdsk̀ kbx `n} q}npkckdj kgijkdi}{ lkdfx mbszbbd

hkskbdx+$ Ix id buigqlb, seb Irxs}ilkid sblbpkxknd q}nj}ig Mb{ndc =111

%`n}gb}l{ Snzi}cx =111+ ihekbpbc i xkgkli} ikg se}nrje i ckxhnr}xb n ̀

xhkbdsk k̀h bcrsikdgbds$ Se}nrjenrs bihe zbbfl{ bqkxncb, ks xrxsikdbc id

bpnlpkdj }bliskndxekq mbszbbd seb `khskndil nmobhs %―̀ rsr}b‛+ idc i dbz

ergid'hbds}bcsbgqn}ilìhs%―hnds}nllimlbidcseb}bm{fdnzimlb‛+,hnds}i}{

sn seb`rsr}b‛x nseb}zkxb ―disr}ilkxbc‛ xsisb %―rdfdnzimlb‛+$ Sbusx lkfb sekx

ck}bhssebk}irckbdhbxizi{`}nghndxkcb}kdjseiszeiskxz}kssbdn}xqnfbd

imnrsseb`rsr}bkxiergidq}ncrhsn}qnlkskhil`khskndxrqqn}sbcm{xnhkil

hndpbdsknd$Sekxh}bisbxixksbn`sbusrilhndsbxsiskndkdzekhe`rsr}bxsbusx

i}birsebdskhisbcm{sebk}irsen}x–seiskx,bdpk}ndgbdsil―zi}dkdjx‛i}b

―q}npbc‛m{―xhkbdskxsx‛,―en}nxhnqbx‛i}b―`n}bxbbd‛m{―ixs}nlnjkxsx‛idcbpbd

―xkjdxn` sebskgbx‛ s}ihsx i}b ―}bpbilbc‛ m{ ―mblkbpb}x‛$ Sebxb `khskndxidc

nseb}xlkfbsebghnds}kmrsbsnsebzi{Irxs}ilkidxhnllbhskpbl{hndxs}r%hs+bci

xbdxbn`sebskgbkdzekheseb{lkpb$Kdsekxgiddb},seb`rsr}bi}nrdc=111

zixxksrisbckdsebIrxs}ilkidkgijkdiskndidcgnpbc`}ngmbkdj―rdfdnzd‛

sn―fdnzd‛kdiq}nhbxxn`qnxxbxxkdjskgb$

919

Lndjlb{I}ser},nq$hks$,q32$



@rsr}bxsbusidcZ}kskdj

Kd sb}gx n ̀ Qirl Hi}sb}‛x hlixxkh kdpbxskjisknd n ̀ buqln}isknd sbusx idc

Hi}sbxkid sbhedkyrbxnìqq}bebdckdjxqihb,sebgkllbddkrgzixbuqln}bc,

hnlndkxbcidcsebdbuqlnksbc$Kszixz}kssbdkdsnmbkdjidcseb`rsr}bgnpbc

`}ngsbgqn}ildrllkrx snilidcxhiqbn``rsr}bxsbusx,i`rsr}bxhiqb$

Seb dnsknd n` ―z}kskdj‛ idc ―xkjdk`khisknd‛ rxbceb}b i}brdcb}xsnnc ―ix

q}nhbxxbxn`s}idx`n}gisknd}iseb}seid}bq}bxbdsisknd‛91=idc,kdsekxxbdxb,

kskxi}jrbcseis`rsr}bxsbus―ihs‛,seisseb{q}ncrhbidcqnxkskndseb`rsr}b

ixixnhkilq}nhbxxn}ckxh}bsbcbsiklsnzekhehkskbdx}bxqndcihhn}ckdjl{$918

IddbJigb,kdeb}9;;9zn}fRdcnkdjsebXnhkil?Snzi}cxiCbhndxs}rhskpb

Xnhknlnj{ , mbjkdx zkse ―seb mixkh xbgknskh ixxrgqsknd seis hrlsr}b n} seb

xnhkil kx z}kssbd, seis seb}b kx dn bus}i'ckxhr}xkpb }bil nrsxkcb hrlsr}il

x{xsbgx‛$913

Kd nseb} zn}cx, seb zi{ id irsen} hndhbqsrilkxbx seb `rsr}b

h}bisbx %z}ksbx+ seb sbus seis kx ckxxbgkdisbc$ Seb}b i}b dn ―}bil‛ `rsr}bx

%sbus+ iqi}s `}ng zeis kx qb}hbkpbc seis zi{$ Hrlsr}il kddnpisknd n}

s}idx`n}gisknd hid mb hlnxbl{ }blisbc kd sekxgiddb}zkse sebq}ncrhsknd,

hngmkdiskndidcrsklkxiskndn`xblbhsbc,i}jriml{―}bil‛,`rsr}bxkgijbx$

Xlirjesb} gifbx xkjdk k̀hids hlikgx `n} seb qnzb} n ̀ `rsr}bx zn}f kd

idil{xkdj s}idx`n}gisknd? ―M{rdcb}xsidckdj sebq}bxbds hrlsr}il s}idxksknd

91=

IddJigbidcIdc}bzGbshil`b, QixxkndisbXnhknlnj{ ,Lndcnd,Xijb,9;;0,q;9$918

Qirl]imkdnz,―]bq}bxbdsiskndxi}bXnhkil@ihsx?Gncb}dks{idcQnxsgncb}dks{kd

Idse}nqnlnj{‛,kdOigbxHlk``n}cidcJbn}jbGi}hrx%bcx+, Z}kskdjHrlsr}b?seb

QnbskhxidcQnlkskhxn ̀Bsednj}iqe{ ,Mb}fblb{,Rdkpb}xks{n`Hilk`n}dkiQ}bxx,qq

=83'09$913

IddbJigb,RdcnkdjsebXnhkil?Snzi}cxiCbhndxs}rhskpbXnhknlnj{ ,Gklsnd

Fb{dbx,NqbdRdkpb}xks{Q}bxx,9;;9,q3$



lbxx kd sb}gx n ̀ seb busb}dil }bjrlisknd n} hnds}nl n ̀ sbhedkyrbx idc

sbhednlnjkbx, seid ix i s}idx`n}giskpb q}nhbxx kdpnlpkdj m}bifcnzdx idc

}bdbzilxn`gbidkdjx,zbqbdbs}isbsnsebhn}bnìllnr}gion}hndhb}dx‛$912

Sekxeixihb}sikd}bxndidhbzkseckxhrxxkndxndhrlsr}bxek`s,Gihfi{‛x―ijb

n` }bcb`kdksknd‛,n}Dklb‛x ―mbhngkdj hkpklkxisknd‛ sebxkx$ Irxs}ilkigi{ pb}{

zbllmbisbusksxbl`,xskllkdsebq}nhbxxn`mbkdj%}b+z}kssbdm{irsen}xzeng

zb ndl{ nhhixkndill{ jbs jlkgqxbx n`$ ―Irxs}ilki‛, ks hid mb i}jrbc, kx id

buigqlbn`zeisqnxs'xs}rhsr}ilkxsxbdpkxijbixseb―xrmobhs'kd'q}nhbxx‛$Seis

kx,ndbxrmobhsnrsn`gid{ckxqb}xbcnpb}i}idjbn`grlskqlbqnxkskndx,xksbx

n`xs}rjjlbidcckxhnr}xbx,zekhe–cb`{kdjzeiseixmbbdhillbcseb―gixsb}

di}}iskpb‛–dndbseblbxxmbhngbxidnqskndil%idcn`sbdcngkdids,ixskgbx

n`zi}n} sebNl{gqkhxznrlckdckhisb+hndxs}rhsn`diskndilkcbdsks{nrsn`

pi}knrx xkjdk`{kdj hncbx idc q}ihskhbx$ Seb gnpb `}ng gndnhrlsr}b sn

grlskhrlsr}il idc mihf cr}kdj seb 9;;1x }bpbilx seis sekx kx id ndjnkdj

q}nhbxx

[bs zksekd seb buqidcbc cb k̀dksknd seis `rsr}bxsbus gkjes kdckhisb ill

`n}gxn`sbusrilidcckxhr}xkpbq}ihskhbkdpnlpkdj`rsr}bxsekdfkdj,yrbxskndx

n`qnzb}idccbxk}bkd %`rsr}bx+ sbusril q}ncrhsknd kdbpksiml{hnddbhszkse

yrbxskndxn`qrmlkhihhnrdsimklks{idcsebgisb}kilb``bhsxn`%`rsr}bx+sbusx$

Cbqbdckdj nd ndb‛x xrmobhskpb }blisknd sn id{ jkpbd `rsr}bxsbus, xngb

hndxs}rhsxnÌrxs}ilki‛x`rsr}biqqbi}gn}b―}bil‛n}hi}}{j}bisb}gbidkdj

seidnseb}x?dnsill`rsr}bxi}bh}bisbcbyril$

912

Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q==5$



@rsr}bxsbusidcsebXrmobhskpks{.Nmobhskpks{Ckhensngkbx

H}kskhil ckxhnr}xb idil{xkx eix kd qi}s mbbd `n}giskpb n` g{ nzd

rdcb}xsidckdjx n ̀ seb xksrisbcdbxx n ̀ `rsr}bx sekdfkdj idc `rsr}bxsbus$

Zksekd `bgkdkxs qnxs}rhsr}ilkxs ihhnrdsx n ̀ hrlsr}il xsrckbx idc h}kskhil

ckxhnr}xbidil{xkx,ixqbhkil}bickdjn ̀sebsb}g―gbsenc‛kxipiklimlbse}nrje

sebzn}fnÌlkxndLbb,HisbQn{dsnd,Xidc}iEi}ckdj,QisskLiseb}idcHlbn

Heb}}{enlgbx$Kdc}izkdjndqnxsxs}rhsr}ilkxsrdcb}xsidckdjxn`―gbsenc‛,

LbbidcQn{dsndq}npkcbirxb`rlgbsiqen}`n}sebqnzb}}bliskndxkdpnlpbc

kd sbusril kdxh}kqskndzekhe hidmb iqqlkbc sn idc kdxs}rhskpb kdcbxh}kmkdj

rxbxn``rsr}bxsbus?―VQWnxsxs}rhsr}ilkxs}bickdjx‛,z}ksbsebbcksn}xn`Hrlsr}b

idcSbus ,―pkbz}bxbi}heidcfdnzlbcjbq}ncrhskndixilzi{xidckdbpksiml{

idbdihsgbdsn`qnzb}}bliskndx‛$910

]bxbi}heq}ihskhbxpkbzbckdsekxzi{

hidmbhndxs}rbcgn}bix?

“Kdxh}kqskndx n` lbjkskgisknd‗ seid q}nhbcr}bx VzekheW eblq rx jbs

hlnxb}snxngb“s}rse‗seiskx hiqsr}imlbpki lidjrijb†VSekxWillnzx

idrdcb}xsidckdjn`seb`n}hbn`sbusrilks{,ksx`n}gilkxbcxs}isbjkbx`n}

hndpkdhkdjdbxx,ksxxqbbheihsx$91:

Mrssekxkxdnssnhndhbcbseb`n}gn`―sbusrilkxisknd‛seisGi}ukxgidc

xnhkilkxs `bgkdkxsx ckxiqq}npb n` kd ksx ―ckx}bji}c `n} seb lkpbc }bliskndx n`

910

LbbidcQn{dsnd,nq$hks$,q9;5$91:

kmkc$



cngkdisknd seis j}nrdc seb “qli{‗ n` i}mks}i}{ }bickdj‛$

915 Ix i xksb n`

bqkxsbgnlnjkhilxs}rjjlb,zeiskxisxsifbkdcbhndxs}rhskdj`rsr}bxsbuskxseb

hiqihks{ sn cbqnxb ―cbìrls‛ cb`kdkskndx idc kcbnlnjkhil `rdhskndx n ̀ seb

―`rsr}b‛ – seis kx, ―jkpbd‛ xsiskh hndhbqskndx pb}xrx ilsb}diskpb c{digkh

qb}hbqskndx, ―mrxkdbxx ix rxril‛ pb}xrx xs}isbjkh }bilkjdgbds, kdcrxs}kil

bqkxsbgnlnjkbx pb}xrx h}kskhil `rsr}bxgbsencnlnjkbx$ Ks kx snq}nmlbgiskxb

sebrdcb}xsidckdjx, hndhbqsxidcpilrbxn`seb `rsr}bseisi}bgkxsifbdix

―jkpbd‛ idc sebn}bskhill{ dbrs}il$ Ks kx sn jikd ―ihhbxx sn gbidkdjx idc

hnggksgbdsx seis sbdc sn mb ekccbd q}bhkxbl{ mbhirxb seb{ `}igb nr}

zn}lc‛$ Seb}bicb}mbhngbxdnsi ―qixxkpbnmxb}pb}‛mrsi―hn'irsen},`rll{

hiqimlbn`hillkdj`n}segbidkdj,qr}qnxbidckdsbdsknd‛$91;

@rsr}bxsbusidcsebSebn}kxiskndn`@rsr}bxQnxkskndx

Seb sebn}kxisknd n` xksrisbc.qnxkskndil `rsr}bx kd Irxs}ilki idc Irxs}ilkid

xsrckbx }byrk}bx i gbsilidjrijb hndhb}dkdj seb `rsr}b `n} }bpbilkdj seb

qnsbdskilrxb`rldbxxn``kdb'j}ikdbc`rsr}bxcbxh}kqskndidcidihhnrdsseis

issbdcx sn seb hnddbhskndx mbszbbd qnlkskhil, xnhkil, hrlsr}il, lkdjrkxskh,

kdxsksrskndil idc sebn}bskhil ckgbdxkndx n` `rsr}bx'sekdfkdj$ Seb s{qb n`

hndhbqskndn ̀sbusrilidchrlsr}ilq}ihskhbkd`n}gkdjsekxsebn}kxiskndcb}kpbx

q}kdhkqill{`}ngkdsb}xbhskndxmbszbbdhrlsr}ilxsrckbxihhnrdsxn`―xksrisbc

fdnzlbcjbx‛,―kdsb}sbusrilks{‛idc―hrlsr}b‛idcIrxs}ilkidxsrckbxihhnrdsxn`

―hkpklkxisknd‛,―mbhngkdj‛idc―z}kskdj‛$

915

Ei}izi{,nq$hks$,q=:3$91;

Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q==5$



Sifkdjfb{z}ksb}xkdsr}dsncb`kdbbihen`sebxbsb}gx,LbbidcQn{dsnd,

kdsebk}zn}fHrlsr}bidcSbus ,`nhrxndiqnxsxs}rhsr}ilkxsrdcb}xsidckdjn`

sbus?―‗Xksrisbcfdnzlbcjbx‗n``b}xizi{snsekdfimnrssebhk}hrgxsidhbxkd

zekhesbusxi}kxbidcenzseb{i}brxbcidcgbid†VSebxbWfdnzlbcjbxi}b

ckxs}kmrsbc se}nrjeixxbgmlijbx n` sbusx xksrisbc kd iqq}nq}kisb hndsbusx,

zeb}b“sbus‗gi{kdpnlpbpi}knrx`n}gxn`xbgknxkx,dnsorxslidjrijb,idc

zeb}b “xbsskdj‗ mnse kx idc kx dns “hndsbus‗ idc hb}sikdl{ kdpnlpbx

“kdxsksrsknd‗†VKWdckpkcrilxhngbsnxqbifixqi}skhrli}fkdcxn`xrmobhsx–

sn xqbif sebgxblpbx kdsn mbkdj – se}nrje xqbifkdj seb ckxhnr}xbx seis

bdimlb seb qi}skhrli} kdxsksrsknd‛$991

Oned @}nz idc Gbijeid Gn}}kx,

`nllnzkdjsebzn}fn`]i{gndcZkllkigx,hksbhrlsr}bixi―zi{n`lk`b‛?―seb

―zenlbzi{n`lk`b‗nìxnhkilj}nrqixkskxxs}rhsr}bcm{}bq}bxbdsiskndidc

m{ qnzb}† i dbszn}f n` }bq}bxbdsiskndx– sbusx, kgijbx, silf, hncbxn`

mbeipknr}, idc seb di}}iskpb xs}rhsr}bx n}jidkxkdj sebxb – zekhe xeiqbx

bpb}{ixqbhsn`xnhkillk`b‛$999

Dklbhndxs}rhsxsebdnskndn ̀Irxs}ilkidhkpklkxiskndixisbusz}kssbdkdlkbx$

―I mnnf nd hkpklkxisknd xenrlc pb}{ lkfbl{ mb `rll n`zndcb}`rl lkbx‛, nqbdx

Irxs}ilkid Hkpklkxisknd, ―idc i mnnf nd Irxs}ilki znrlc xbbg sn }byrk}b,

ilgnxsixigissb}n`hnr}xb,seislkbxmbsnlc$Sekxgrhe,islbixs,senxbszn

gi}pbllnrxl{ lnicbczn}cx “Irxs}ilki‛ idc “hkpklkxisknd‗ iqqbi} sn xei}b kd

hnggnd$“Ks‛xilllkbx‗‛$99=[bszksesebxblkbxhngbxidkdbpksimlbsbdxknd

zkse s}rse idc lbjkskgih{? ―Is sebebi}s n` xbsslb}Irxs}ilkididukbskbx i}b

991

LbbidcQn{dsnd,nq$hks$,q2$999

Oned@}nzidcGbijeidGn}}kx%bcx+, Irxs}ilkidHrlsr}ilXsrckbx?i}bicb} ,Illbd

idcRdzkd,X{cdb{,qpkkk$



cbbq xbbcbc `bblkdjx n` kllbjkskgih{†Irxs}ilki kx i sbdxkndqrllkdj kd szn

ck}bhskndx xkgrlsidbnrxl{,n` i hkpklkxisknd seis eixdns{bsi}}kpbc mrsorxs

imnrs sn bdc – idc seb bdc n` hkpklkxisknd, ix grhe ix Irxs}ilki‛x

rdhndpbdskndilmbjkddkdjx,i}bzkseIrxs}ilkigrhen`sebskgb‛$ 998

Xkgkli}l{qrlbcm{zeis@`kndGr}qe{hillx―ndbn`sebgnxsqb}xkxsbds

yrbxskndxhnddbhsbcsnsebxsrc{nÌrxs}ilki?cnbxIrxs}ilkieipbirdkyrb

hrlsr}bkdid{xbdxbn`sebzn}cseisgi{,`n}zeisbpb}}bixnd,mbzn}se{n`

xsrc{>‛, Higb}nd ]khei}cx xbi}hebc `n} i gbsencnlnjkhil `}igbzn}f `n}

hblbm}iskdjidc h}kskyrkdjIrxs}ilki idczixhngqbllbc rlskgisbl{ sngifb

xbdxbn`]khei}cZeksb‛x ―m}kllkidsk` rdcbpblnqbcidchnds}ickhsn}{ kdxkjes

seiskskxdnsxnkgqn}sidszebseb}sebkgijbxnÌrxs}ilki“i}bs}rbn}ìlxb,

mrs enz seb{ i}b rxbc‗ † VKs xbbgbcW seis seb “qi}icnu‗ n` Irxs}ilkid

Xsrckbxkxli}jbl{i}bxrlsn`h}kskhxiqq}nihekdjseb`n}gxidcckxhnr}xbn`

Irxs}ilkid hrlsr}il ekxsn}{ ix k` seb{ zb}b bkseb} lksb}ill{ s}rb n` ìlxb‛$993

Zksesebqrmlkhiskndn`Z}kskdjIrxs}ilki?DbzSilbdsx=9H ,Gr}qe{}bxqndcx

snseb9;;1xxklbdhkdjn`seb―fdnzlbcjbhlixx‛idci}jrbx`n}i}bdbziln`

seb qrmlkh kdsbllbhsril cbmisb idc i %}b+―z}kskdj‛ n` Irxs}ilkid xsrckbx$

Hndhb}dbczksesebq}ihskhbxidcqnlkskhxn`}bq}bxbdsiskndzksekdIrxs}ilkid

xsrckbxidcsebqrmlkhxqeb}b,Gr}qe{q}nmlbgiskxbxsebihskpbhkskbdxekqn`

kdsbllbhsrilxidcgnmklkxbxi}b'kdpkjn}iskndn`sebqrmlkhkdsbllbhsrilpnkhb?

99=

]khei}cDklb%bc$+, Irxs}ilkidHkpklkxisknd,nq$hks$,q9$998

]khei}cDklb,―Hkpklkxisknd‛,kd]khei}cDklb%bc$+, SebIrxs}ilkidLbjbdcidcksx

Ckxhndsbdsx,Rdkpb}xks{n`YrbbdxlidcQ}bxx,=111$



Zkse m}bisesifkdj xkgqlkhks{, orxs imnrs id{ xrjjbxsknd n` cbsiklbc

hrlsr}ilidil{xkxhnrlcmb xzbqsixkcbndsebmixkxseissebyrbxskndx

}ikxbczb}bsnn“ihicbgkh‗,gb}bl{―e{qnsebskhil‗,npb}l{“qi}skxid‗,

dns “ckjdk̀ kbc‗, lihfkdj “hnggnd xbdxb‗ n} nrsxkcb seb mnrdcx n`

“}bixndimlbdbxx‗ † Lkdjrkxskhill{, Irxs}ilki gnpbc `}ng

“}bhndhklkisknd‗ sn seb ―mlihf i}gmidc pkbz n ̀ ekxsn}{‗, `}ng

“grlskhrlsr}ilkxg‗ sn seb “gikdxs}big‗, `}ng ―snlb}idhb‗ sn ―rd'

Irxs}ilkid‗, idc `}ng “seb }bqrmlkh‗ sn seb “gndi}he{‗$ I}jriml{,

xnhkbskbxgnxs dbbc sebk} qrmlkh kdsbllbhsrilxzebdhk}hrgxsidhbxcn

dnsìpnr}sebg$992

Kdhlnxkdjsebkds}ncrhsknd,Gr}qe{heillbdjkdjl{li{xnrssebdbzhidpixn`

Irxs}ilkidxsrckbx,gnpkdjizi{`}ngdiskndilkxskh`n}gxnÌrxs}ilkidxsrckbx

bdyrk}{snign}bh}kskhil,c{digkh,q}n'ihskpb`}igbn`ckxhrxxknd?

Z}kskdj Irxs}ilki xrjjbxsx seis qrmlkh kdsbllbhsril kdyrk}{ kx kd pb}{

hiqimlbeidcx$Dbusjbdb}isknd}bxbi}heb}xidcz}ksb}xi}bgn}bseid

imlbsnixxrgb}bxqndxkmklkskbx `n}gikdsikdkdjidcbusbdckdjxsrckbx

kdsn Irxs}ilki † Irxs}ilkid xsrckbx gi{ dnz gbid xngbsekdj yrksb

ck``b}bdssns}ickskndilq}ihskhbxidcsebpi}knrxissbgqsxgicbkdseb

9;:1x idc 9;51x sn bxsimlkxe Irxs}ilkid xsrckbx ix i ckxh}bbs idc

kcbdsk̀ kimlb ihicbgkh ckxhkqlkdb$ Ks gi{ ilxn gbid xngbsekdj yrksb

993

Higb}nd]khei}cx,―SebIrxs}ilkidQi}icnu%bx+]bpkxksbc‛,kd@`kndGr}qe{%bc$+,

Z}kskdjIrxs}ilki?DbzSilbdsx=9H ,XsLrhki,Rdkpb}xks{n`YrbbdxlidcQ}bxx,

=111,q9:2$



ck̀ `b}bds sn seb hlixxkh ckpkcb idc sb}}ksn}kil ckxqrsbx mbszbbd

Irxs}ilkididchrlsr}ilxsrckbx}b`b}}bcsnm{Higb}nd]khei}cx$990

@rsr}bxhiqb

Sekxm}kdjxrxsnsebxbhndcsb}gn`}b`b}bdhb?`rsr}bxhiqb$@rsr}bxsbusxi}b

seb mrklckdj mlnhfx n` – sn busbdc Mbdbckhs Idcb}xnd‛x ―kgijkdbc

hnggrdks{‛ idc I}ord Iqqicr}ik‛x ―kgijkdbc zn}lcx‛ – zeis K hill seb

―`rsr}bxhiqb‛$

Zeiskxi―`rsr}bxhiqb‛> Kshidmb}bixndiml{i}jrbcseiszb lkpbzksekd

xnhkbskbx seis kdh}bixkdjl{ pilrb kd`n}gisknd, cisi, kgijbx idc kcbnlnjkbx6

seiskdh}bixkdjl{qlihbxbgqeixkxndhnlndkxkdjkdsbllbhsrilsb}}ksn}{se}nrje

pi}knrxdnpbl`n}gxn`gbcki6seisxbbfxsnbgqnzb}senxbqnxxbxxkdjseb

j}bisb} sb}}ksn}{ n ̀ fdnzlbcjb6 idc zekhe q}ngnsbx seb ihyrkxksknd n`

kd`n}gisknd`n}ksxnzdxifb$Xnhkilxsisr}bsnci{kxgbixr}bcm{enzgrhe

ihhbxx id kdckpkcril eix sn seb cisixqeb}b, enz grhe kdsb}ihsknd id

kdckpkcrileixzkseck``b}kdjidchngqbskdj`n}gxn`cisi$SebKdsb}dbseix

hnds}kmrsbcsnb}nckdjgiqxidcmnrdci}kbx,snb}nckdjsb}}ksn}kil`}ndskb}x$

Lksslbxqihb}bgikdxsnhndyrb}$Ndbn`seblixsqlihbxlb`s`n}nr}xnhkbskbx

snbuqln}b–qb}eiqxi`}ndskb}–kxskgbksxbl`?digbl{seb`rsr}b$Ksgkjes

mbi}jrbcseisqnzb}snci{eixpb}{lksslbsncnzksegisb}kilqnxxbxxkndx

idc`kdidhkilixxbsxihyrk}bckdilk`bskgb6qnzb},ksgkjesmbxrjjbxsbc,kx

992

Gr}qe{,nq$hks$,qq8'3$990

kmkc$,q99$



kdxsbiccbsb}gkdbcm{sebignrdsn`hnds}nlidkdckpkcrilhidbub}hkxbnpb}

seb%k}+`rsr}bidcseb%k}+hndhbqsn`seb`rsr}b$

M{sekx,Kgbidsebqnlkskhxnìhskpbl{kdpbdskdjseb`rsr}bidcsebqnlkskhx

n`q}ngnskdjicngkdids`rsr}bseiskdhlrcbxndbxbsidcbuhlrcbxidnseb}

xbsn`mblkb x̀$Sn}bixndilndjsebxblkdbx}byrk}bxidbuigkdiskndn`seblkdf

mbszbbdhkskbdidcxnhkbs{kdsebhrlsr}ilhndxs}rhskndn``rsr}bxidcìhkdj

xngbyrbxskndximnrssebdisr}bn`mblkb`kdsebxnhkilìdsix{n``rsr}bx$Kd

sebhndsbgqn}i}{ hndsbusn` ―iqq}nihekdj sebsek}cgkllbddkrg‛zbgkjes

ixfimnrssekx`rsr}b?zeiskxnr}}bliskndxekqksxhndhbqsrilkxisknd>Zekhe

kdckpkcrilxeipbipnkhbkdxblbhsn}q}ngkdbdspkxrilkxiskndxn`seb`rsr}b>Kd

zeis zi{ cn qi}skhrli} j}nrqx hnds}nl n} kd l̀rbdhb seb buq}bxxknd n` seb

`rsr}b>Zekhekdckpkcrilxn`sebxbj}nrqxh}bisbsebkhndxidcx{gmnlxn`

seb`rsr}b>I}bsebxbkhndxxrmobhssngnck`khisknd>

Xnhkbs{*x qb}xqbhskpb n` seb `rsr}b eix buqidcbc kdsn i s}rb }bjknd n`

q}kgbxnhkn'sbgqn}ilsb}}ksn}{–igkllbddkrg,iqlihbn`skgbxbbgkdjl{ix

}bil idc nqbd ix seb zn}lczix eil̀ igkllbddkrgijn,zkserdfdnzimlb,

rdxsimlb idccidjb}nrxl{ hngqbskskpbblbgbdsx$ Sekx dbzxqihb K hill seb

`rsr}bxhiqb$ Ks kxdns idnmobhskpbl{cb`kdbc xqihbseisiqqbi}xseb xigb

`}ng bpb}{ idjlb n` pkxknd$ ]iseb}, seb `rsr}bxhiqb kx seb xksb n` ergid

kdsbllbhsrilbdcbipnr},bhndngkhbus}iqnlisknd,xnhkils}bdckdj,idcqnlkskhil

kdpbdsknd$Ixigissb}n``n}g,seb}bi}bislbixssznckxskdhs`rsr}bxhiqbxis

zn}fzksekdIrxs}ilkidxnhkbs{, senrje kdcbxh}kmkdj sebg sebk} mnrdci}kbx

i}b m{ dn gbidx cb k̀dksb$ Seb{ i}b seb sebnlnjkhil `rsr}bxhiqb idc seb

xbhrli}`rsr}bxhiqb$



Sebnlnjkhil@rsr}bxhiqbx

[nrdj‛xi}jrgbdsseis―sebjib}kdsnseb`rsr}beixdbpb}{bs`nrdci}bill{

hng`n}simlbkdsbllbhsrilqnxksknd,idcqb}eiqxdbpb}xenrlcrdlbxx,seiskx,eb

kxi q}biheb}‛,eixzkcbiqqlkhimklks{kd sebsebnlnjkhil`rsr}bxhiqbzekhekx

}bqlbsbzkseq}biheb}xnìlls{qbxq}ngrljiskdji`rsr}b$99:Sebsebnlnjkhil

`rsr}bxhiqbkxhei}ihsb}kxbcm{`nr}q}kgi}{`bisr}bx$@k}xs,kskxisebgiskh

i}biseisidskhkqisbxseb`rsr}bkdlkjesn`mkmlkhilq}nqebh{,bxqbhkill{sebfb{

sbus, ]bpblisknd$ Kds}ncrhbc kd ksx `k}xs heiqsb} ix *seb }bpbliskndn` Obxrx

He}kxs,zekheJnc jipb rdsn Ekg sn xenz ekx xb}pidsx sekdjx zekhegrxs

nhhr}xen}sl{hngbsnqixx*,issebhrxqn`=111{bi}xn`sebHnggndB}i,

bpidjblkhil j}nrqx i}b xskll q}nhlikgkdj xen}sl{ mrs zkse bpb} j}bisb}

hndpkhsknd$Kskxn`xhenli}l{kdsb}bxsseisbpidjblkxsj}nrqxgbckisbsebmnnf

n`]bpblisknd–n`sbdse}nrjehngqlkhisbc,xngbskgbxrd}bhnjdkxbclkdfxsn

seb xbhrli}zn}lc' idc xeiqb seb hnggrdkhiskndn` sekx sbus snHe}kxskid

}bicb}xkdizi{seisdnsznHe}kxskidj}nrqxhnddbhsrxsnsebsbuskdseb

xigb q}nhbxx$ [bs ill hlikg seis sebk} }bickdj n` ]bpblisknd idc

hndsbgqn}i}{skgbxkxs}rbidcihhr}isb$Ebdhb,sebsebnlnjkhil`rsr}bxhiqb

kxhngqbskskpbzeb}bsebq}kgbhr}}bdh{kxgbgmb}xekqdrgmb}x,iceb}bdsx

snq}nqebskhcnhs}kdb$

Xbhndc,gncb}d'ci{bpidjblkxsj}nrqxsbdcsngifbckxskdhskndxmbszbbd

xhenli}l{ idc ìkse`rl iqq}nihebx sn mkmlkhil q}nqebh{$ Seb xhenli}l{

iqq}nihe cnbx dns pkbz mkmlkhil q}nqebh{ ix xbl̀ 'hndsikdbc n} xbl '̀

99:

G[nrdj,@n}bhixskdjidcsebXnhkilXhkbdhbx,Ebkddbgidd,9;05,ixyrnsbckd

Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q=9=$



irsebdskhiskdj$ Hndsbgqn}i}{ bpidjblkxs j}nrqx i}b izi}b n` sekx idc xn

xbbfsnrdhnpb}sebhnddbhskndxkdq}nqebh{seisi}bdnsiqqi}bdsndseb

xr}ìhb, seb lisbds hnddbhskndx, seb ekccbd xs}rhsr}bx idc seb kdpkxkmlb

x{xsbgxn` mkmlkhil q}nqebh{n`zekhe seb xbhrli}zn}lc kx i qi}s$ Kd sekx

xbdxb,sebnlnjkhil he}ndnlnjkbxseis*q}npb*sebq}nqebskh ìhrls{n` mkmlkhil

q}nqebh{,seis*q}npb*sebbdcn`sebzn}lckxsngn}}nz,eipbmbhngbiìc

n`nr}ijb$Hndxkcb}imlbb``n}skxbuqbdcbckdbxsimlkxekdjsebs}rsembekdci

he}ndnlnj{ idc seb kcbdsk`khisknd n` Bdcskgb xkjdx ilndjxkcb seb

lbjkskgkxisknd n ̀ mkmlkhil hncbx n ̀ hndcrhs$ Kd b`̀ bhs, seb sebnlnjkhil

`rsr}bxhiqbkxq}nqebh{'c}kpbd$

Sek}c, kd q}bxbds'ci{ bpidjblkxg, mkmlkhil q}nqebh{ sifbx nd ckxskdhskpb

erbx, xeiqbx idc yrilkskbx }b`lbhskpb n ̀ seb hndsbgqn}i}{ xnhkbs{ seb

bpidjblkxskdeimksx$Sebiqq}nihen`seb{bi}=111xbbgxsnbpnfbbuhbxx

}bxqndxb `}ng bpidjblkxs j}nrqx se}nrjenrs seb zn}lc idc xrhe

hnggrdkskbx }bxqndc xs}ndjl{ sn dbz sbhednlnjkbx, qnlkskhil qissb}dx idc

gidnbrp}kdjndsebjlnmilxsijb,idcsebsr}dn`sebgkllbddkrg$Zeb}bix

seb xbhrli} `rsr}bxhiqb, ks hid mb xikc, kx mbkdj `rddbllbc cnzd sn i fb{

hilbdci} qnkds, seis kx sebsr}dkdj n` sebgkllbddkrg, sebxebb} kdimklks{ sn

qkdqnkdsmkmlkhilq}nqebh{snixqbhk`khskgblkdbseisbpb}{bpidjblkxsj}nrq

ij}bbx rqnd eix hrlskpisbc i sebnlnjkhil `rsr}bxhiqb n` hngqbskdj

he}ndnlnjkbx idc hndsbxsbc Bdcskgb kdsb}q}bsiskndx$ Seb Sebnlnjkhil

@rsr}bxhiqbkxhndxqkhrnrx`n}ksxlihfkdengnjbdbks{$

@kdill{,seb@rsr}bxhiqbkxkdeimksbcm{bpidjblkxsx,idrgm}bllisb}grxbc

eb}bsn}b`b}m}nicl{snHe}kxskid`rdcigbdsilkxsx,bpidjblkhilx,Qbdsbhnxsilx,

hei}kxgiskhxidcHe}kxskidhrlskxszenkdxkxsndxngbxn}sn`xqk}ksril}bmk}se



ixih}ksb}knd`n}bdsb}kdjsebfkdjcngnèbipbd,zenn`sbdkgqnxbbuihskdj

mbeipknr}il xsidci}cx nd seb ìkse`rl idc kdsbdxb qndcb}kdj nd seb

nrszn}fkdj n` q}nqebh{ kd nr} skgb, idc zenxb cnhs}kdbx, n}jidkxiskndx,

qrmlkhiskndxidcihskpkskbxhngq}kxbsebsebnlnjkhil`rsr}bxhiqb$

Xbhrli}@rsr}bxhiqbx

Seb hndhb}dx idc kdeimksidsx n ̀ seb Xbhrli} @rsr}bxhiqb i}b qnlkskhill{

ck`̀ b}bds sn senxb n` seb sebnlnjkhil qb}xrixknd$ @n} buigqlb, zksekd seb

Irxs}ilkid xbhrli} `rsr}bxhiqb, q}nmkdj yrbxskndx `lnr}kxe imnrs nr}

hnllbhskpb diskndil ck}bhsknd, yrbxskndx qnxbc m{, `n} buigqlb, qnlkskhkidx,

xnhkil hnggbdsisn}x, xbhrli}kxsx, ihicbgkhx, idc kxxrb'ihskpkxsx? Zeiszkll

mbIrxs}ilki*xn}kbdsiskndzksekdsebq}nqnxbcdbzkdsb}diskndiln}cb}>Zkll

Irxs}ilkikdsebszbds{'`k}xshbdsr}{xskllmb}bxqndxkmlb`n}ksxnzdzbll'mbkdj

idc xbl '̀}blkids cbpblnqgbds mixbc rqnd diskndil xnpb}bkjds{ idc seb

h}biskpbrsklkxiskndn` ksx }bxnr}hbx> Zeis }nlbzkll bhnlnjkhilxrxsikdimklks{

qli{kd sebgifb'rq n` `rsr}bIrxs}ilkid xnhkbs{> Zkll Irxs}ilki eipbxbl '̀

ixxr}bcidc xbl '̀hnd k̀cbdshnds}nlnpb}ksxnzdcbxskd{> N}zkllIrxs}ilki*x

cbpblnqgbds ix id irsndngnrx bdsks{ mb obnqi}ckxbc m{ nseb} disknd*x

cbhkxkndx>Zkllsebkdsb}diskndil`n}hbxseiseipbsncisbj}bisl{kd`lrbdhbc

Irxs}ilkidqnlkskhx,bhndngkhcbpblnqgbds,`n}bkjdqnlkh{idchrlsr}ilsixsbx,

sifbnpb}hngqlbsbl{>

@n} seb Irxs}ilkid xbbfkdj sn hnlndkxb seb `rsr}bxhiqb zkse sebk} nzd

kdsbllbhsril `lij, buqln}iskndn` sebxb yrbxskndx kdpnlpbx }bhndxkcb}iskndn`

zeisksgbidxsnmb-Irxs}ilkid-snci{idchndxkcb}iskndn`sebilsb}diskpb



xhbdi}knx`n}`rsr}bIrxs}ilkizekheeipbbgb}jbckd}bhbds{bi}x%n`zekhe

sebBhnlnjkhill{ Xrxsikdimlb Xnhkbs{idc sebGrlskhrlsr}il ]bqrmlkhi}b seb

gnxs hnds}npb}xkil, igmksknrx idc ì}'}bihekdj+$ Kd i xrmxsidskil }bxqbhs,

seb}bkxij}nzkdj,ilmbkskdsbdxk`{kdj,hill`n}igkllbddkilckgbdxknd,n}is

id{}isbxngbgkllbddkilqnsbdskil,snxrhexhbdi}knx%iyrkhfbuigqlbznrlc

mbseis Irxs}ilki xenrlc mbi ]bqrmlkh`n} seb X{cdb{ =111Nl{gqkhx+idc

zksekdxbhrli}`rsr}bx'sekdfkdjksxbl`,gn}bxnseidid{hn}}bxqndckdjqb}knc

n`q}nxqbhskpbsenrjesseiseixjndbmb`n}b$

Xrhekdsb}xbhskndxmbszbbdIrxs}ilkid'`rsr}bx}ebsn}khidcsebgkllbddkil

gnsk` }bqb}snk}b i}b bdeidhbc m{ seb he}ndnlnjkhil -ìhs- n` seb xbhrli}

gkllbddkrg-mbkdjxnhlnxb-$Igndjsebq}nobhskndxidcqliddkdjn``rsr}b

Irxs}ilki,=111ICkxxnhei}jbczkseq}n`nrdcx{gmnlkhhnddnsiskndxseisks

eixmbhngbsebhn}db}xsndbn`mnsenr}xkjdk̀ {kdjq}ihskhbxn` `rsr}ks{idc

nr}he}ndnlnjkhil`}igbzn}f`n}seb`rsr}b$@}ngsekxpidsijbqnkds,qnqrli}

idc-n``khkil- `rsr}kxsxxbbf snkcbdsk̀ {seb kgijbxn` qnxs'=111ICIrxs}ilki

seis i}b -qnxxkmlb-, -cbxk}imlb- n} -dbhbxxi}{- idc nrslkdb seb hr}}bds

nmobhskpbxrdcb}zi{snihekbpbidc}blisbseb`rsr}bkgijbn`xnhkbs{snseb

q}bxbds$ Enzbpb}, sebxb buqln}iskndx idc xhbdi}knx cn dns bukxs ix qr}b

imxs}ihs kgijkdkdjx n} kd id kcbnlnjkhil pihrrg snsill{ ckxixxnhkisbc `}ng

hndsbgqn}i}{ hrlsr}b idc seb }e{segx n` hkpklkxisknd$ Kdxsbic, seb{ i}b

idhen}bc yrksb xs}ndjl{ zksekd? i jbdb}isbc hndsbus n` j}bis hnggrdil

idskhkqisknd snzi}cxsekxgngbdsdigbc seb―sr}d%kdj+n` sebgkllbddkrg‛6

`n}buigqlb,sebIrxs}ilkiddbzxqiqb}x}rddkdji}skhlbxseisixf,―enzzkll

{nrhblbm}isb=111IC>‛ndsebixxrgqskndseisIrxs}ilkidxzklln}xenrlc6i

gidrìhsr}bchndsbus n` kgqn}sidhb imnrs nr}gncbx n` xkjdk`khisknd idc



kcbdsk`khiskndkdseb`rsr}bse}nrjekdpilkciskdjhr}}bdsx{gmnlx6`n}buigqlb,

senxbzkse i qrmlkh pnkhbxbbfsn ixf ―Cnbx seb Irxs}ilkid `lijicbyrisbl{

}bq}bxbds nr} `rsr}b kcbdsks{>‛ %Mrs zeis i}b seb hrlsr}il kgqlkhiskndx n`

se}nzkdj Irxs}ilki*x x{gmnlx idc kcbdsks{ kdsn yrbxsknd, xqbhk`khill{ zebd

}blisbc sn seb dbhbxxks{ idc q}ihskhimklks{ n` xeiqkdj seb `rsr}b>+6 idc id

bukxskdjekb}i}he{n`qnlkskhilqnzb}zeb}bsenxbzenxbbfidci}bimlbsn

kd`lrbdhbsebck}bhskndn`nr}hrlsr}bcnxnm{kd`rxkdjidcj}i`skdjdbzkcbix

ndsnnr}he}ndnlnjkhil`}igbzn}f%`n}buigqlb,q}kgbgkdkxsb}QirlFbiskdj

n`sbdlkdfbcsebqnlkskhilhill`n}idIrxs}ilkid}bqrmlkhzkseseb{bi}=111$

Lkfbid{lidcxhiqb,kseixck``b}bds`bisr}bxseisi}nrxbnr}issbdskndidc

ckxs}ihs rx? sebxb }idjb `}nggikdxs}big }bq}bxbdsiskndx n` seb xbhrli}

`rsr}bxhiqb, qi}skhrli}l{ senxb xhk'̀ k bdsb}sikdgbdsx buqn}sbc sn Irxs}ilki

`}ngIgb}khi,snengb'j}nzdicpb}skxbgbdsxzekhegi}fbsseb`rsr}bixi

`lbukmlbmrsissikdimlbhnggncks{$

@rsr}bxqbif

@rsr}bxqbifkxseblidjrijbidcckxhr}xkpbxs}isbjkbxrxbcsnsilfidcsekdf

imnrs seb `rsr}b$S{qkhill{, seb}b i}b se}bb q}kgi}{gbsiqen}kh qi}ickjgx

`n}xbdxkdj.sbdxkdjseb`rsr}b? seb`rsr}bix ―zeb}b‛6 seb`rsr}bix ―zebd‛6

idcseb`rsr}bix―zeis$‛

Seb`rsr}bix―zeb}b‛n}―blxbzeb}b‛mbjidzkseSengixGnn}b‛xRsnqki$

Xqbhrlisknd imnrs i gn}b orxs xnhkbs{ idc xbdxiskndil ìmrliskndx imnrs

rdrxrilqbnqlbxidchrlsr}bx,sbdcbc`n}ihndxkcb}imlbqb}kncsnmbxbsnd

}bgnsb kxlidcx idc j}bis xnrseb}d hndskdbdsx, q}bxbdsbc ix ebi}xi{,



ckilnjrbx n} s}ipbllb}*x silbx$ Seb j}idc i}hebs{qb n` s}ipbllb}*x silbx kx

Jrllkpb}*x S}ipblx m{ pk}srb n ̀ Jrllkpb}*x pn{ijbx sn qlihbx zeb}b eb eix

bdhnrdsb}x zkse xs}idjb h}bisr}bx$ Kd hndsbgqn}i}{ skgbx, seb xqiskil

gbsiqen}n`―zeb}b‛,ixxngbfkdcn`qlihb,eicsebb``bhsn`lnhiskdjseb

`rsr}bkdxngbck}bhsknd―`n}zi}cx‛,ixcb}kpbc`}ngsebxhnrskdjqi}s{n}seb

xekqn`s}ipbllb}*xsilbx$Xrhegbsiqen}xn`―zeb}b*idcksx}ebsn}khilidxzb}

―`n}zi}cx‛ixsebck}bhskndkdzekhezbznrlclkfbsnbdhnrdsb}seb`rsr}b,

hndckskndqbnqlbsnsekdfskgbkdsb}gxnìlkdbi}ck}bhsknd,zkseseb`rsr}b

―cnzdsebs}ihf‛,idckgqlkbxseiszbi}b―icpidhkdj‛snzi}cx ks$ Hb}sikdl{,

pkxkndx n ̀ seb ―dbi} `rsr}b‛, irsebdskhisbc m{ seb xbhrli} g{senlnj{ n ̀

qe{xkhil idc xnhkil q}nj}bxx ―`n}zi}c‛, i}b qb}pixkpb kd hndsbgqn}i}{

`rsr}bxsbus$

Xbhndc,gbsiqen}xkgql{kdjseisseb`rsr}bkxkdxngbgiddb}―`n}zi}c‛

xbdxbseb`rsr}bxkgql{isilisb}idcxngbzeis`lbukmlbcisb$Kdsekxxbdxb,

seb `rsr}b kx lnhisbc kd xngb `rsr}b skgb, idc kd seb hndpb}xknd n ̀

―blxbzeb}b‛ sn ―blxbzebd‛, hndsbgqn}i}{ `rsr}bxqbif lnhisbx seb `rsr}b is

xngb`n}zi}ccisblkfb,xi{,sebszbds{'`k}xshbdsr}{$Idcsek}c,seb}bkxseb

`rsr}bix―zeis‛$Kdsekx`}igbzn}f,seb`rsr}bgi{mbrdcb}xsnnckdsb}gx

n`gbsiqen}xcb}kpkdj`}nghndckskndx,pilrbx,mblkb`x,sebjnpb}dkdjn}cb},

bsh$Kdsebhndsbgqn}i}{xnhkbs{sekxhidkdhlrcbsebbuheidjbn`}b`b}bdhbx

sn seb dbz zn}lc n}cb}, seb bhnlnjkhill{ xrxsikdimlb xnhkbs{, seb qihk̀ kh

hbdsr}{,sebgrlskhrlsr}il}bqrmlkhnÌrxs}ilki,i}bsr}dsniq}kn}jnlcbdijb,

idcisebnh}iskhfkdjcng$



Heiqsb}@nr}

Ijikdxs seb Gikdxs}big? Ilsb}diskpb %Q}b'Iqnhil{qxb+ Xs{lbx n` @rsr}bx'

sekdfkdj

Se}nrje sekx kdpbxskjisknd n ̀ hndsbgqn}i}{ `rsr}bxsbus K i}jrb seis

`}ijgbdsiskndnÌrxs}ilki‛x`rsr}bqb}xqbhskpbilndjiqnhil{qskhìrlslkdbxkx

gnxs pkxkmlb cr}kdj seb lixs cbhicb n ̀ seb szbdskbse hbdsr}{$ Kdcbbc,

iqnhil{qskh xrmobhsx bub}hkxb i xs}ndj kd l̀rbdhb npb} Irxs}ilki‛x kdsb}dil

xs{lbxn`sekdfkdjimnrsseb`rsr}bsnzi}cxsebhlnxbn`seb9;;1x$Cr}kdj

sekx qb}knc, gid{ }blkjknrx n}jidkxiskndx se}nrje sebk} qrmlkxekdj i}gx

q}npkcbc id kdsbllbhsril orxsk k̀hisknd idc i}skhrlisbc ihhnrds n ̀ sebk}

iqnhil{qskh idc bdckxs qnxkskndx seis rxrill{ ilzi{x nqqnxbc cngkdids

hrlsr}ilpilrbxn`q}nj}bxx$Sebcbìrlspkbzkxsn}bji}csebk}ihhnrdsxix

qnxkskndbcnd sebgi}jkdxn`xnhkbs{$ [bssebk}xs{lbxn``rsr}bx'sekdfkdj–

zekhexrjjbxsbci`n}gnìqnhil{qskhidskhkqiskndsnzi}cxsebskgbxiebic

– zb}b q}ncrhbc idc buq}bxxbc zksekd i xqbhk̀ kh ekxsn}khil, hrlsr}il idc

x{gmnlkhhndordhsr}bn`lisbszbdskbsehbdsr}{jlnmilkxisknd,qnxsgncb}dkxg

idcq}b'gkllbddkiliqnhil{qskhbuqbhsiskndkdhlrxkpbn`xnhkbs{$

]khei}cLidcbx,ck}bhsn}n`sebHbds}b`n}GkllbddkilXsrckbxkdMnxsndidc

hlnxbnmxb}pb}n`gkllbddkil―gnpbgbdsx‛idc―gngbdsx‛kd}bhbdsIgb}khid

ekxsn}{, eixbuqln}bc rxbx n` seb}bliskndxekqmbszbbdseb `k}xs iqnhil{qxb

%9111iddnCngkdk+idchndsbgqn}i}{gkllbddkrgihskpkskbxi}nrdc=111IC

`n}rdcb}xsidckdjiqq}nihebxsnsebsek}cgkllbddkrg$C}izkdjndsebxnhkil

b``bhsx n` seb hilbdci} xek`s kd seb {bi} 9111, eb i}jrbx seis ilsenrje

iqnhil{qskh,gkllbddkilckxhnr}xbkxrxrill{xsrckbcixigi}jkdilnhhr}}bdhb,



xsi{kdj is seb `}kdjbx n ̀ gikdxs}big xnhkbs{, q}ncrhkdj gkdn}, gnxsl{

kdb`̀ bhsril hnggrdkskbx seis iss}ihs xgill drgmb}x n ̀ iceb}bdsx idc

nhhixkndill{i}nrxbzkcb}qrmlkhissbdskndkdsebk}eimksxn`xbsskdjicisb`n}

sebbdcn`sebzn}lc,kshidnhhrq{qnxkskndxn`hbds}ilks{kdxnhkbs{`}ngskgb

sn skgb$ Lidcbx hillx seb kd`}byrbdsmrs dndbseblbxx kdsbdxb kdxsidhbx n`

qrmlkh hr}knxks{ i}nrdc iddnrdhbc cisbx n ̀ I}gijbccnd ix ―gbcki

iqnhil{qxbx‛$Gbckiiqnhil{qxbxi}brdkyrbbpbdsxkdzekhesebm}kb`qrmlkh

m}nichixsn`gi}jkdilxs{lbxnìqnhil{qskhsekdfkdjhidjilpidkxbsebiqqbil

n` id ―bdc'n` seb'zn}lc'ix'zb'fdnz'ks‛ %xen}seidcbc kd kdsb}dbs hk}hlbx ix

―sbnszizfk‛+cisbndim}nicb},lbxxgi}jkdilxhilb,ilmbksrdsklsebhrxsngi}{

q}nqebskh―dnxenz‛$

Kd jbdb}il sb}gx, sekx hnd`kjr}isknd mbszbbd iqnhil{qskh gi}jkd idc

xbhrli}hbds}bkx}bq}ncrhbcyrksbxkjdk`khidsl{zksekdIrxs}ilkidgbckiidc

xhenli}xekq$ Irxs}ilki eix dns mbbd kggrdb `}ng xen}s'lkpbc mrs kdsbdxb

gngbdsxn`gbckiiqnhil{qxb kdid nseb}zkxbxbhrli}kxbconr}db{se}nrje

skgb$ Nd 9; Oidri}{ 9;:0, seb q}b`b}}bc qlihb sn mb kd Irxs}ilki zix

id{zeb}b mrs Icblikcb, zekhe zix q}nqebxkbc m{ i enrxbqikdsb} sn mb

zixebc izi{ m{ i sxrdigk – Jnc‛x zisb}{ ―}bpbdjb nd Icblikcb `n}

mbhngkdjixkdhks{‛$Ksgicblnhilebiclkdbxidcqnqrli}ekxsn}{?

Eigkxe]nmb}sxnd?Jnncgn}dkdj$K*gEigkxe]nmb}sxnd,sekxkxIG$

Idc`k}xs,lbs*xxi{ihebb}{JnncGn}dkdj,Icblikcb,dkhbsnxbb{nr*}b

xskll zkserx$ Snci{n` hnr}xb kx Seb Ci{, Oidri}{ 9;se, zekhe k ̀ id

Icblikcbenrxbqikdsb}'hrg'hlik}pn{idshidmbmblkbpbc,kxsebci{seb

hks{hnrlcgbbsksxcnng$Seb}b*xsnmbidbi}seyrifbidcskcilzipb$



Dnei}c, n} bpbd xn`s, xhkbdsk`kh ìhsx gkdc {nr, orxs i `bblkdj$ Mrs

Icblikcbeixsifbdebbc,ksxbbgx,idcsebk}FkdjHidrsb,Q}bgkb}Cnd

Crdxsid, kxcnzdisJlbdbljObss{ snci{ snq}npb seb}b*x dnsekdj sn

zn}}{ imnrs$ Ilxn zishekdj seb zisb} liq i}nrdc seb obss{ kx Okg

Mnddb}$

OkgMnddb}?SebJlbdbljObss{issekxgngbdsq}nmiml{lnnfxsebxigb

ix ks cnbx is sekx skgbn` seb ci{ bpb}{ xrggb},zkse seb `k}xs `bz

snr}kxsxidcznrlc'mbxzkggb}xorxsxsi}skdjsnsr}drq$Kcnd*sfdnz

kìd{n`sebgi}bsifkdjsebci{n``zn}f,mrsseb{gkjesmbeb}b`n}

sebqi}s{seiskxgbidssnjbsrdcb}zi{xnnd$Iqixs}{'hnnfkxjnkdj

snxbllqixskbxidcn}idjborkhbkdidskhkqiskndnìmkjh}nzc$Eb*llmb

c}bxxbc`n}sebnhhixkndkdhixbid{sekdjrdrxrilnhhr}x?kdimnzskb,

miseb}x, `lkqqb}x idc xdn}fbl$ Seb}b*x ilxn i }bqn}s n ̀ kdxr}idhb

hngqid{bgqln{bbxzilfkdjsnzn}fzbi}kdjzbsxrksxidcrdcb}zisb}

ckpkdjjbi}$Mrsonmimxbdsbbkxgkxndbn`sebmkjzn}}kbxixi}bxrlsn`

zeisG}Crdxsidcbxh}kmbxix seb*yrksbdndxbdxkhile{xsb}ki i}kxkdj

`}ngsebbi}seyrifbidcskcilzipbq}bckhsknd$*

CndCrdxsid?Seb}bkximxnlrsbl{dnmixkx`n}ksisill$IdcKznrlcdns

gifbixsisbgbdsimnrsksmbhirxbK sekdfks*xxrhedndxbdxb,mrs`n}

seb ìhs seis ks eix il}bic{ hirxbc i pb}{ j}bis cbil n` hnggrdks{

cigijb,idckxlkfbl{snhirxbgn}b`}ngseb}bqn}sxidchngqlikdsx

seiseipbmbbdgicbsngb$Seb}beipbmbbdìgklkbxseiseipbqrs

sebgxblpbxkdsncbmssngnpbnrsn`XnrseIrxs}ilkiisseisskgb,seb}b



i}b nseb} ìgklkbx zen eipb xnlc sebk} enrxbx zebd seb{ hnrlcd*s

i``n}csncnxn$Seisxn}sn ̀sekdjeixeiqqbdbcigndjxsxngbqnn}b}

xbhskndxn`sebhnggrdks{$K*gs}{kdjsnxbbsnksseisseb}bkxdngn}b

cigijb,idcs}{kdjsn}bixxr}bqbnqlbseisseb}bkximxnlrsbl{dnsekdj

kdsekxisill$995

KdIrxs}ilkidxhenli}xekq,iqnhil{qskhxs{lbxnìqq}nihekdjseb`rsr}bi}b

hndpbdskndill{ }bic ix xs}isbjkbx n` kdckpkcrisknd %buqbhskdj id ―bdc n`

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}blisbc hndhb}dx xs}rhsr}kdj seb ―nrshngb‛ n ̀ henkhb idc cbsb}gkdkdj

qnxkskpb nqskndx `}ng dbjiskpb ck}bhskndx? ―seb cbhkxkndx zb gifb, seb

ck}bhskndx zb hennxb, seb `rsr}bx zbbuskdjrkxe idc senxbzbbdimlb, ill

`}igbidchndckskndseblkpbxn`nr}cbxhbdcidsx‛$959

Xlirjesb} hillx sekx sbdxknd mbszbbd henkhb, hennxkdj idc `rsr}bx

}bxqndxkmklks{seb―hkpklkxiskndilheillbdjb‛seishnd`}ndsxsebzn}lcn`diskndx

idcdnsorxsIrxs}ilkiilndb$Sebc{digkhxn`sebxbsbdxkndxeipbmbjrdsn

mbbuqln}bckdixnqekxskhisbcgiddb}ixih}kskhil`kblcn`bdyrk}{zksekdseb

bgb}jkdjckxhkqlkdbn``rsr}bxxsrckbx$MrskdIrxs}ilkidxsrckbx,grhedbbcx

snmbcndbsnxksrisb`rsr}bxixq}npkckdjmnseipkimlb`}igbzn}f `n}zi}c

idc i }bil j}nrdc `n} ―enqb, kdxkjes, bgqnzb}gbds idc xnhkil idc

n}jidkxiskndilkddnpiskndxn`gid{fkdcx‛$95=

@n}sebgngbds,enzbpb},lbs

rxdnsbsebhr}}bdsq}nmlbgxkdIrxs}ilkiidcIrxs}ilkidxsrckbxixseb―[nr

I}bZeis [nr@n}bxbb‛ c{digkh %`}ng sebxigbìgkl{ix sebqnqrli}kxbc

―{nr i}b zeis {nr bis‛, hndxrgb} xnhkbs{‛x ―{nr i}b zeis {nr mr{‛958 n}

Gihfi{‛x―{nri}bzeis{nrmblkbpb‛+$@}ngsekxqnkds,zbhidihfdnzlbcjb

951

kmkc$,q951$959

Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q2$95=

kmkc$,qu$





kdbpksimlb,dbrs}ilidcpilrb`}bb$Ndb}bxrlszkllmbign}bihhbxxkmlb

xs{lb n` ckxhnr}xb$ Kd sekx }bji}c, ks xenrlc bgqeiskhill{ ckxnzd seb

ebhsn}kdj,kdxkxsbdssndbicnqsbcm{xngbkdsebqixsidchndxhknrxl{

cbpblnq xs}isbjkbx n` hnggrdkhisknd mixbc gn}b nd ckilnjrb idc

dbjnskisknd$ Ks xenrlc ilxn xbbf i gn}b h}bckmlb milidhb mbszbbd

xsimklks{ idcheidjb, }bhnjdkxkdj sebgrsrilbukxsbdhb n` bihe nseb}

}iseb}seidsbdckdjsnnpb}xs}bxxseblissb}$Imnpbill,ksgrxsxbbfsn

cbpblnqimbssb}rdcb}xsidckdjn`ksxnzd,n`sbdnmxhr}bc,kcbnlnjkhil

hnggksgbdsx$952

Enz `rsr}khil sebd kxIrxs}ilkid xsrckbx> K ̀ ks kx `rsr}khil, zeis `rsr}bx

gbsencnlnjkbx cnbx ks rxb> Hid ks sifb ihhnrds n ̀ `rsr}bx'}blisbc sbus

%kd`n}gisknd qnxkskndbc idc bgqnzb}bc ix ―}blbpids‛ sn seb `rsr}b n}

―}bq}bxbdsiskpb‛n``rsr}b}bilks{+idclidjrijb%n}`rsr}bxqbif,gbsiqen}khil

`}igbzn}fx,hlnxbcidcnqbdpkxkndi}{xs}rhsr}bx+>Kxksqnxxkmlbsnhndxs}rhs

idiskndilqkhsr}bn`seb`rsr}b seiscnbxdns}bxn}ssngbsiqen}xkdpnlpkdj

ergid lk`b'h{hlbx %―icnlbxhbds, gisr}kdj, j}nzkdj, bpnlpkdj‛+ idc

sbhednlnj{> Kx sebq}nmlbg kdh}biskdj i hneb}bds idckdsbllkjbds diskndil

hndhbqsknd n` seb `rsr}b }blisbc sn qnlkskhil, hnds}ickhsn}{ rxbx n ̀

`rsr}bxqbif>HidIrxs}ilkidxsrckbxkdksxhr}}bds`n}gsifbkxxrbzkseseb

jnpb}didhb n` bqnheil `rsr}bx %xi{ =111IC+npb} seb diskndil kgijkdi}{>

Hid ks h}kskhill{ kdpbxskjisb seb qnlkskhil }bdcb}kdjx n ̀ skgb idc heidjb

se}nrjezekheseb―gkllbddkrg‛%ixidbuigqlb+zixcbqln{bcidcq}b`kjr}bc

ixidkdsb}pbdskndkdsn,idci}bpnlrskndn`,hndsbgqn}i}{Irxs}ilkidekxsn}{>

952

Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q=9=$



Zeisnseb} s}nqbxn` sbgqn}il s}idx`n}giskndeipbqrdhsrisbcIrxs}ilkid

`rsr}bx> Znrlc seb gnpb sn i dbz `n}g n ̀ h}kskhil bdjijbgbds zkse

Irxs}ilkid hrlsr}b, kdpnlpkdj h}kskhil `rsr}bx kd seb sebn}{ idc ihsknd n` ksx

kgijkdkdj, gbckisb seb sbdxkndx mbszbbd henkhb idc }bxqndxkmklks{> Kx

Irxs}ilkidxsrckbx‛bus}iqnliskpbdi}}iskpkxiskndn`sebq}bxbdsixkjdseisseb

`kblc kx gbsencnlnjkhill{ h}kqqlbc kd `rsr}bx, zkse rdbpbd kdpbxsgbds kd

―hndxhknrxdbxx'}ikxkdj‛}iseb}seidkd―s}rse'sbllkdj‛>950

HidIrxs}ilkidxsrckbx

icbyrisbl{hndxkcb}sebhr}}bdsqnpb}s{n`diskndil`n}bxkjesidcseb}kxbn`

xr}}njisbiqnhil{qskhsekdfkdjixqi}sn`sebrdcb}l{kdjx{xsbgxn`pilrbidc

gbidkdj %}bcrhskndkxg, kdcrxs}kil bqkxsbgnlnj{, kdxs}rgbdsil }iskndilkxg,

bsh+hk}hrliskdjzksekdIrxs}ilkidxnhkbs{>Enzsnci{xenrlch}kskhil`rsr}bx

bdjijbsebq}bxbdsidcpkhbpb}xikdq}ncrhskpb,xbdxkskpbzi{x>Zeiseix

`rsr}bxsncnzkseIrxs}ilkidxsrckbx>

Ks kx kd sekx qi}skhrli} ekxsn}khilgngbds is seb sr}d n` sebgkllbddkrg,

jkpbd seb cbxsimklkxkdj hndckskndx n` seb lixs hbdsr}{ idc seb q}nmlbgiskh

nrslnnfn` sebbi}l{szbds{'̀ k}xs hbdsr}{, seis Irxs}ilkid xsrckbx}byrk}bxi

h}kskhil`rsr}bxxbdxbsn}bxqndcsnsebhndsbgqn}i}{―hkpklkxiskndilheillbdjb‛

iebic$ I dbz mnc{ n` bdyrk}{, K i}jrb, kdsbj}iskdj sebgbsencnlnjkbx n`

h}kskhil `rsr}bxidcIrxs}ilkidxsrckbx– Irxs}ilkid `rsr}bxxsrckbx %I@X+–

znrlcbyrkqxrmxsidskpbl{seb%qnlkskhil,hrlsr}ilidcxnhkil+xs}rjjlbsn`kdc,

cb`bdcidcbdimlbnqskgkxskhidc}bxqndxkmlb`rsr}bxijikdxssebxrqb}`khkil

idc cbxsimklkxkdj `rsr}bx xbcrhkdj seb diskndil kgijkdisknd$ Seis kx,

Irxs}ilkid `rsr}bx xsrckbx znrlc mb xbdxkskpb sn seb `lnzx, }rqsr}bx idc

b``bhsrillk`bn`,idc}bxqndxbxsn,`rsr}bxsekdfkdj$

950

Cr}kdj,nq$hks$,q30$













Sekx qnxksknd kgqlkbx i hb}sikd }ebsn}khil `n}bxkjes imnrszeis kx ―lkfbl{ sn

eiqqbd‛ mrs }bobhsx nseb} qnxxkmklkskbx idc kjdn}bx seb hndxkcb}imlb

qbdsbhnxsil, hei}kxgiskh idcgkllbddkil }blkjknrx }bpkpilx seis eipbil}bic{

nhhr}}bc kd Irxs}ilki kd ìpnr} n ̀ id idnd{gnrx, rdidhen}bc mrs xbl '̀

cb`kdkdjgnpbgbds$Kskxidbuigqlbn`―kdxqk}iskndil`rsr}kxg‛,dbpb}yrksb

`}bbkdjksxbl``}ngseb―sbgqn}ilq}npkdhkilkxg‛n`―sebxqk}ksn`Vnr}Wskgbx‛

%Gihfi{‛x ―_bksjbkxs‛+ sn qr}xrb Irxs}ilki ilndj, xi{, seb lkdbx n` bdyrk}{

n``b}bc m{ Blkxb Mnrlckdj‛x =11'{bi} q}bxbds n} @}idf Enqfkdx‛ 921'{bi}

ekxsn}khilqb}xqbhskpb$9;;Kdb``bhs,kscnbxd‛sbusbdcixbdxbn`sebq}bxbds

mb{ndcigkdkgilkxsxbsskdj$Seiszekhekxorxsmb{ndcsebgkdkgilq}bxbds

–sebrdhb}sikd–kxkdxsbicsnmbbgm}ihbcixihndpbdskndil`bisr}bn`

gncb}dlk`b$

Sekxkxidbuigqlbn`q}n`rdcks{ixidkllrxkndn`qi}skhrli}lidjrijbrxbx

idciqqbilxsnqnzb}`rlkdxsksrskndx?

Xnhkilsebn}kbxseisgb}bl{}iskndilkxbbukxskdjhndckskndxidcseb}bm{

xb}pbsnq}ngnsb}bqbskskpbmbeipknr},sebhndskdrnrx}bq}ncrhskndn`

bxsimlkxebcxnhkilq}ihskhbx,cndns`kssebcb`kdkskndn`h}kskhilsebn}{$

Seb{gi{mbdnlbxxihhr}isbzkse}bxqbhssnzeisseb{i}bcbxh}kmkdj,

mrs sebk} }iskndilks{ %n} k}}iskndilks{, `n} seis gissb}+ kx lkfbl{ sn mb

9;5

kmkc$,q81=$9;;

@}idfEnqfkdx,―SebXbdkn}Hkskbdix@rsr}kxs‛,kd@@biseb}%bc$+, Se}nrjeseb51x,

Zn}lc@rsr}bxXnhkbs{,9;51,q855$













Irxs}ilki‛xHndskdrkdjPkxkndYrbxs?

ZeisFkdcn`@khskndkxseb@rsr}bKgijkdbcsnMb>

Seb Irxs}ilkid lidc gixx zix id illr}kdj bdkjgi kd seb Br}nqbid

kgijkdiskndhbdsr}kbxmb`n}bksx―ckxhnpb}{‛idchnlndkxisknd$Xnzebd

M}kskxexbsslb}x`kdill{i}}kpbckd9:55,seb{m}nrjeszksesebgipixs

xsn}bn`q}kn}buqbhsiskndxidckgijbx,mixbcmnsendihsril}bqn}sxn`

buqln}b}x idcnd ekxsn}khilg{sex,zekhe qb}xrixkpbl{ gnrlcbc sebk}

zi{n`xbbkdjsebrdìgklki}lidcidcksxqbnqlb$Irxs}ilki‛xdbmrlnrx

―}bilks{‛ mbjid sn mb `n}gbc idc gbixr}bc ijikdxs sebxb qnzb}`rl

ekxsn}khil kgijbx idc seb{ hndskdrb sn eipb i hlbi} mbi}kdj nd

qb}hbqskndxnÌrxs}ilkibpbddnz$ =9:

Gihfi{ q}bxbdsx ekx xbdxb n ̀ lisb szbdskbse'hbdsr}{ Irxs}ilkid hrlsr}il

ckxxndidhb dns xkgql{ ix hndsbgqn}i}{ xnhkil qebdngbdnd mrs ilxn ix i

gissb}n`hrlsr}ilkcbdsks{zekhe,ndihhnrdsn`pi}knrxckxkdsbj}iskndxzksekd

xnhkil,`kdidhkil,idcqnlkskhil}bliskndxidckdxsksrskndx,kgqlkbxidbi}'`rsr}b

idcdbhbxxi}{s}idx`n}giskndsnign}bxnqekxskhisbc,ei}gndkxbcxnhkbs{?

―Is seb sr}d n` seb hbdsr}{, Irxs}ilkidx mblkbpb seis nr} qnsbdskil ix i

q}nxqb}nrx,ìk}idccbhbdsxnhkbs{eixdns{bsmbbd}bilkxbc,idcseb{enqb

seis,lkfbidizfzi}cicnlbxhbdsndsebpb}jbnìcrlsennc,Irxs}ilkigkjes

=90

yrnsbckd]nmb}sEncjbidcIlbhGhEnrl,―SebQnlkskhxn`SbusidcHnggbdsi}{‛,

SbusrilQ}ihskhb,pnl0,dn=,qq95;'=1;,9;3$=9:

QirlLndjlb{I}ser},―@idsixkbxn`sebIdskqncbx‛,nq$hks$,q8:$





VQbsb}MbisskbW}bhfndxseb}beixmbbdi erjbheidjbkdqnlkskhilidc

xnhkilissksrcbxkd}bhbds{bi}xixqbnqlb}bobhsdbjiskpks{kdqrmlkhlk̀ b$

“Qbnqlbzidsipkxknd,seb{zidsi `rsr}b‗,eb xi{x$ Mbisskbkx onkdbc

m{imidcn`nqskgkxsxzeneipbixei}bcpkxknd`n}Yrbbdxlidc$Lkfbi

hkpkhhebb}xyric,seb{i}bhebb}kdjndsebdbzidcr}jkdj–se}nrje

qb}xrixknd idc ck}bhs ihsknd–dbz qli{b}x nd sn seb `kblc kdxskllbc

zkse izkll snzkd†Seb hndxbdxrx imnrsseb`rsr}b kxseis ndb mkj

s}idx`n}giskndkxdbbcbc$ ==2

BpbdGihfi{kdidbi}lkb}zn}f,]bkdpbdskdjIrxs}ilki,bgm}ihbxsekx`rsr}b

ixsebc}bignì―sek}cheidhb‛?―Ixr}bxkjdn`gkllbddkrggicdbxxzixseb

kdimklks{snhngbrqzkseislbixsndbxrmxsidskilc}bign ̀seb`rsr}b$Illseb

bgqeixkxkdsebkdsb}q}bsiskndn`c}bigxzixqlihbcndhishekdjijlkgqxbn`

sebsek}cHeidhb–ixsebdbzgkllbddkrgzixhngkdjsnmbhillbc‛$==0

Enzbpb},zksekdIrxs}ilkidxsrckbxseb}bkxihei}ihsb}kxskhizfzi}cdbxx

snzi}cxseb`rsr}bxnhkilkgijkdi}{$Sebxqihb`n}nqbdkdjrqdbz`n}gxn`

kcbdsk̀ khisknd zekhe n`sbd s{qk̀ kbx hndsbgqn}i}{ Irxs}ilkid xsrckbx –

bxqbhkill{senxbbuigkdiskndxseisgkusebsbgqn}ilnqqn}srdkxgn`―bdcn`

hbdsr}{‛}bpkxkndkxgzksersnqkidgbsiqen}x–hid―hnd`rxbsebhndskdrks{

nèkxsn}khilsbgqn}ilkskbx,hnd`nrdcsebn}cb}kdjn`hrlsr}ilx{gmnlx,VidcW

==3

Zbdc{GhHi}se{,―Xrggb}Ijbdci‛, X{cdb{Gn}dkdjEb}ilc ,2'5Oidri}{9;;8$==2

―SebPkxkndXqlbdckc‛,Hnr}kb}Gikl ,2Ordb9;;;$==0

]bkdpbdskdjIrxs}ilki,Q{gmlb,Idjrxidc]nmb}sxnd,9;;8$

















seb ―cizd n ̀ dbz b}i‛ }ebsn}kh xqlixebc ih}nxx seb `}nds qijbx n ̀ ill

Irxs}ilkiddbzxqiqb}xnd9Oidri}{=111,pkxkndkxzidkdjidckgq}bhkxb$

Hnrlcsebyrbxskndmbqrssebd,dnshnds}npb}xkill{n}mlixqebgnrxl{mrs

}iseb} h}kskhill{, seis hndsbgqn}i}{Irxs}ilkid xsrckbxcnbx dnsicbyrisbl{

}bq}bxbds seb s}krgqeids buq}bxxknd n} hnd k̀cbds xsisbgbds n ̀ i hlbi},

i}skhrlisbc pkxknd mrs }iseb} i ―cbxqb}isb, bpbd gidkh, issbgqs is

}bixxr}idhb‛>=21

Kx Irxs}ilki kdcbbc i hrlsr}b n` mbhngkdj kd xqksb n`

―kdicbyrisbqliddkdj, kdhngqbsbds lbicb}xekqidc rdhnggkssbcqnqrlihb‛$

N}kxsekx,ixGihFi{yrkbsl{qnxbxmb`n}bizipbn`qnxkskpkxs}biqq}ikxil,―id

bgqs{enqb‛>=29

Qb}eiqxicb`kdkskpbidxzb}kxxsklldns{bsqnxxkmlbmrskskx

kdpbdskmlb?

Zeb}bkseixhngb`}ngidczeb}b,kìd{zeb}b,VIrxs}ilkiWkxjnkdj†

VmWbhngkdjIrxs}ilkikxheillbdjkdjidc,`}byrbdsl{,buekli}iskdj$Idc

dns bdsk}bl{ zksenrs enqb$ Qb}eiqx, cbxqksb ill seb bpkcbdhb n ̀

ckxkdsbj}isknd, kdhlrckdj seb }bhbdsnrsmr}xsx n` mkjns}{, zb i}b xskll

kdpnlpbckddiskndmrklckdj$ =2=

=21

Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q2:$=29

Gihfi{,nq$hks$,qupk$=2=

QeklkqIcigx,MbhngkdjIrxs}ilki,`n}bzn}c$







ck``b}bdsqnlkskhilrxbx$ Hrlsr}ill{xqbhk`kh bpilriskndxn` seb`rsr}bhid mb

ixxnhkisbczksesebckxs}kmrskndn`qnzb}zksekdxnhkbs{,xnseis,kdsebszn

`nllnzkdjbuigqlbxxi{,sebixxnhkiskndn`hnds}nl–kdsebsb}g―henkhb‛–

zkse pkxknd, jnilx idc ikgx kx kdckhiskpb n` i xbhrli} cbgnh}iskh xnhkbs{

zeb}bixseblkdfkdjn`q}npkcbdhb–kdsebsb}g―q}nqebh{‛–zkse}blkjknd,

xh}kqsr}il z}kskdjx idc Jnc kdckhisbx i sebnh}iskh %}rlbc m{ i cbks{+

hnggrdks{$

Kd q}ihskhb, dn xkjd n} sbus n ̀ seb `rsr}b kx iqnlkskhil$ Sn hennxb sn

hnggrdkhisb i pkxknd n`, xi{, ―jnil‛ }iseb} seid ―ikg‛ qlihbx i xgill mrs

xkjdk k̀hids ckxskdhsknd nd zeis kx z}kssbd n} xqnfbd imnrs seis `rsr}b$

Lkfbzkxb, i s}iobhsn}{ n` }blkjknrx qnlkskhx kx ckxhb}dkmlb kd seb sebnlnjkhil

buigqlbn`q}bihekdj―xilpiskndm{zn}f‛ix nqqnxbcsn ―xilpiskndm{ ìkse‛$

Kdseb`k}xs,i`rsr}bxi`b`}ngsebs}kmrliskndxq}nqebxkbcsncbxhbdcrqnd

sebzn}lckxxbhr}bcse}nrjesebb``n}sxn`kgq}npkdjsebhndckskndxn`ndb‛x

`bllnzdbkjemnr}x–kdsebxbhndc,kskxj}idsbcse}nrjemblkbìlndb$Rxbxn`

`rsr}bxsbusidc`rsr}bxqbifserxhill`n}sesebpilrb'x{xsbgn`sebhrlsr}bn}

hnggrdks{zksekdzekhesebsbuskxrxbcidckdsb}q}bsbc$Ndsekxihhnrds,

`rsr}bxg{senlnj{j}nzxnrsn ̀idbbcsncb`kdbjnilxidccbxk}bx,snbuqlikd

qb}eiqx }bxs}ikdkdj mbeipknr}x snci{ `n} seb enqb n` jikd sngn}}nz, sn

ckxs}kmrsb }bliskndx n` qnzb} npb} ihskpkskbx n` n}jidkxisknd, qliddkdj idc

kdsb}dil xnhkil xs}rhsr}bx n ̀ seb disknd, idc sn ihhnrds `n} ck}bhskndx n`

q}nj}bxxn}bj}bxx$

Sekxpkbzc}izxksxxs}bdjse`}ngcbhbds}ilkxkdjsebqnxkskndn``rsr}bxkd

zbxsb}d idc Irxs}ilkid sbgqn}il sekdfkdj$ Ks gnpbx snzi}cx id

=22

Zbbs'Mku:21jmnu,Xidksi}krg



bqkxsbgnlnjkhil m}bif zkse seb pi}knrx fkdcx n` disr}ilkxbc,g{senlnjkxbc

idc hnggndxbdxb `n}gx n` `rsr}bx'sekdfkdj zekhe qixx sebgxblpbx n`` ix

s}rb mrszekhe kd ìhs bdhncb sebhrlsr}il pilrbxnì xnhkn'qnlkskhiln}cb}$

Seis kxsn xi{, kdn}cb} `n} seb `rsr}b snmb cb k̀dbc ―`}ngsebnrsxkcb‛,ksx

hnggidcbb}kdj n` sebdiskndil kgijkdiskndse}nrje xen}s'sb}gqi}ickjgx

dbbcxsnmbhngqbsbdsl{ckxbdjijbcsngifbxrheiqb}xqbhskpbixxkjdimlb

–seb`rsr}bhidmbj}ixqbcse}nrjeksxcbìgklki}kxisknd$Qnxs'g{senlnjkhil

idc qnxs'xs}rhsr}il gncblx i}b xrjjbxsbc m{ sekx idjlb n` kdpbxskjisknd

senrje sebxb i}b dns bixkl{ }bihebc idc hid mbhngb rdsbdimlb k ̀ qnn}l{

kgqlbgbdsbc$Gncblxn`bdyrk}{kdsnseb`rsr}bidcimnrsseb`rsr}bgrxs

sifb ihhnrdsn` seb kdsb}'}blisbcdbxx n` illxrmobhs qnxkskndx }bji}ckdj seb

`rsr}b kd yrbxsknd$ Seb sbus, ksx irsen}, seb idil{xs, seb hrlsr}b, seb

irckbdhb,sebhkskbd–illq}npkcbi―hnlnr}‛zksekdbdpkxijkdjseb`rsr}bixi

xrmobhskdq}nhbxx,ixkgqn}sidsqi}sxn`seb mbhngkdjsebxkx$

QrmlkhMbhngkdj?QliddbcNmxnlbxhbdhbidc%]b+Ckxhnpb}{

@n}seb`rsr}beixmbbdeimksrill{hnd`rxbczksembkdjicbdnsimlbhndxs}rhs

imnrszekhe―s}rb‛ n}―ìlxb‛ xsisbgbdsx– hnrlc sebxb mbkd seb ìgkl{ n`

Dklb‛xdiskndil―lkbx‛>–hidmbgicb}iseb}seidixihnddnsiskpbi}sbìhsn`

ergid senrjes cbqbdcbds rqndzkcbl{ ihhbqsbc kdsb}q}bsiskpb q}ihskhbx$

Snhndxkcb}seb`rsr}bixidi}sk`khkilxnhkilq}ncrhszksehndxs}rhsbchrlsr}il

kdsbdsknd kx sn nqbd i zi{ mb{ndc sekx hr}}bds sbgqn}il senrjes$ Grhe

kd l̀rbdhbc m{ Gkhebl @nrhirls‛x i}jrgbds seis ―s}rse‛ kx ilzi{x idc

bpb}{zeb}b id blbgbds n ̀ pbxsbc qnzb}'kdsb}bxsx, m{ }bcb`kdkdj ksx





sekxfkdcidcnseb}fkdcxixq}ncrhsxn`xqbhk`kh`n}zi}c'sekdfkdjbdsb}q}kxbx$

Kdsekxzi{,sn}bsr}dsnsebimnpb'gbdskndbckcbnlnjkhil―gbgbx‛,kshidmb

ilsb}diskpbl{hndhbkpbcseismrxkdbxxkxdnskdìhsrxrilidcq}nj}bxxkxdns

ilzi{x q}n k̀simlb zebd bdpk}ndgbdsil ckxhnr}xb %zkse ksx zi}dkdjx n ̀

bhnlnjkhilhnlliqxb+kxkdhn}qn}isbckdsnhnggb}hkils}nqbxn`kdcrxs}kilkxg$

Lkfbzkxb, skgb kx dns xen}s idc seb `rsr}b kx dns ihsrill{ ―dnz‛ k ̀ hkskbdx

busbdc sebk} xbdxb n` seb q}bxbds mb{ndc bds}bdhebc ―xen}s'xkjesbcdbxx‛$

Idcbgm}ihkdjrdhb}sikds{bdhnr}ijbxidukbs{}iseb}seidhndsbdsgbds,mrs

lkpkdj`n}lk`b–dnsgb}bl{sebgngbds–gi{q}npbsnmbgn}b`rl`kllkdj$

Eb}b sebd, K xrjjbxs, kx i q}bxxkdj kdsbllbhsril ijbdci `n} Irxs}ilkid

xsrckbx$ Rdlbxx Irxs}ilkidkxsx=2:

q}nmb nr} %ekxsn}khil idc hndsbgqn}i}{+

issbgqsxsnei}dbxxseb`rsr}bsnxnhkilbdcx,sebsebn}kxiskndnÌrxs}ilkiix

imbhngkdjhrlsr}bzkllmbkdicbyrisbsnsebsixfnÌrxs}ilkidxsrckbxidc

zklllihfsebgbsencnlnjkhilxrqqn}sse}nrjezekheIrxs}ilkidxhenli}xxbbf

sebn}bskhil pilkcisknd idc iqq}npil$ I`sb} ill, ix ]nlidc Mi}sebx qrsx ks,

―gbsenchb}sk`kbx‛$=25Mrssekxkxdnskdid{zi{snhndhbcbidbz`n}gn`

Irxs}ilkid xsrckbx n}sencnu{ zksekd zekhe ilsb}diskpb `rsr}bx i}b

%}b+qihfijbcn}}bh{hlbckdxi`bihicbgkh`n}gx$Dn}kxkssni}jrbseisi

q}kpklbjbcckxhnr}xbnÌrxs}ilkid`rsr}bx xsrckbxhnrlcxngbenzxqbif seb

―s}rse‛n`seb`rsr}bidc}idfnseb}kdsb}bxsxkdseb`rsr}bndixqbhk`khxhilb

n`q}kn}ks{$Kdcbbc,sebheillbdjbK‛gxrjjbxskdjkxdnsbdsk}bl{ihicbgkh6ks

=20

Gkllb},nq$hks$=2:

Isb}gcbxh}kmkdjIrxs}ilkidxsrckbxxhenli}xixrxbcm{―Gi{di}c‛kdid

Irxs}ilkidQrmlkhKdsbllbhsrilDbszn}fheis`n}rg, DbusJbdb}iskndQnxsj}icrisb

Irxs}ilkidXsrckbx,zzz$iqk'dbszn}f$hng,=3Gi{=111$









}bq}bxbdsiskpbidcdnd'}bq}bxbdsiskpbn`sebskgbkdzekhekskxz}kssbd‛idc

buqln}bx zebseb} ―ks kx qnxxkmlb sn ihhbxx “}bil lk̀ b‗ Vbuqb}kbdhbW se}nrje

di}}iskpb‛$=0=

Nd seb qnkds n` sekx sebxkx, sbusx hid ilxn ―h}bisb‛ skgbidc ks kx sebxb

qi}skhrli}sbusxseiseipbhndhb}dbcsebq}bxbdsIrxs}ilkidxsrckbxidil{xkx$

Hb}sikd sbusx, lkfb seb }blkjknrx idc xbhrli} buigqlbx ckxhrxxbc imnpb, cn

hlikgsnihhbxx―`rsr}blk`b‛se}nrjedi}}iskpb$Keipbi}jrbcseisIrxs}ilkid

xsrckbxgkjesmbhngbbdjijbcdnsndl{zksesebixxbgmlijbn`sebxb`rsr}bx

zksekd seb si}jbs xnhkbs{ mrs ilxn kd }b`lbukpb ckxhrxxkndx imnrs ksx nzd

`rsr}bx fdnzlbcjb'q}ncrhkdj idc }bq}bxbdsiskndil q}ihskhbx zksekd xnhkil,

qnlkskhil, hrlsr}il idc kgijkdiskpb hndsbusx$ Hnrhebc zksekd seb ―z}kskdj

Irxs}ilki‛cbmisbbdonkdbcm{@`kndGr}qe{idcdbusjbdb}iskndxhenli}xkd

Dbz Silbdsx, K eipb xqbhrlisbc seis seb Irxs}ilkid xsrckbx hnggbdsisn}

gkjeshndxkcb}sebk}q}ihskhbxn`xqbifkdjimnrs Irxs}ilkisnihnggrdks{n`

nseb} hnggbdsisn}x idc yrbxsknd seb qnxkskndilks{ n ̀ xrhe idil{xkx –

kdcbbc, seb ―z}kskdj‛ n` Irxs}ilki xsrckbx– kd }blisknd sn seb gbidkdj n`

―}bq}bxbdsisknd?kdsb}q}bsisknd,hnggrdkhisknd,pkxrilkxisknd,s}idxliskndidc

icpnhih{‛$=08

Seb q}ncrhsknd idc }bhbqskndnÌrxs}ilkid xsrckbxgi{ mb

kddnpisbckdsekxzi{idc}bxksrisbckdsebqrmlkhcngikd$Sebq}ncrhb}n`

Irxs}ilkixsrckbx–seb xhenli}, sebz}ksb},seb}bxbi}heb},sebicpnhisb–

gkjesdnlndjb}mbidkdxkcb}n}q}ihskskndb}n``kblc'mrklckdj,hng`n}simlbkd

sebln`s{zeksbsnzb}xnÒigbxOrqq‛x―Hei}cnddi{xnhkilkxg‛,mrskdxsbici

=0=

OrlkiGi}skd,―Cki}kbx,SkgbidcXrmobhskpks{‛,Kd.Mbszbbd?DbjnskiskdjSkgbidc

Xqihb,<essq?..zzz$i}sx$rx{c$bcr$ir.ekxsn}{.hnd`b}bdhbx.kdmbszbbd.4$



hkskbd cbgnh}iskxbc ix qrmlkh kdsbllbhsril, i pnkhb seis xqbifx kd

hk}hrgxsidhbxzekhecndnsìpnr}sebg$=03

Sebhill`n}sebqrmlkhkdsbllbhsrilixis{qbn`ngmrcxqb}xndn ̀seb`rsr}b

idc hrlsr}b eix q}ngkdbds xrqqn}sb}x$ @}ng seb qrlqks n` seb Ixe`kblc

Rdkskdj Her}he kd X{cdb{, gkukdj xsisb idc }blkjknrx hndhb}dx kd i

q}bxbdsiskndnpb}lnnfbcm{sebgbckin`sebci{,FkgMbilb{}bck}bhsbci

yrbxskndqnxbcm{Gi}fkdsebdbzsbxsigbds–―zeisxeillksq}n`ksigidk`

ebjikdsebzenlbzn}lcmrslnxbekxnzdxnrl>‛=02–`}nghkskbdsnxnhkbs{

sn`bllnzhkskbdx?

Zeiscnbxks q}n`ksi disknd k`ks jikdxsebzenlbzn}lcmrslnxbx ksx

xnrl>† Kzn}}{seiskcbix lkfb seb fdnzlbcjb disknd, kcbix K xbb ix

bxxbdskilsnseb`rsr}b,eipbmbhngbihlkheëissebpb}{skgbzbgnxs

dbbcsebgsngbidxngbsekdjsnqbnqlb$Heidjkdjseiskxionm`n}

gb, mrs ks kxilxn i onm `n} senxbzenmblkbpb kdi ìk}`rsr}b`n} nr}

hnrds}{$$$Rlskgisbl{idciqq}nq}kisbl{`n}snci{,sekxkxiyrbxskndn`

mblkb`$Cnzb}bill{mblkbpbkdìk}dbxxkdsekxhnrds}{>Dnsorxsseb

zn}c, mrs `n} zeis ks cbgidcxn`rx ill$ I}bzb}bill{q}bqi}bc sn

gifbsebkdpbxsgbdskdnr}`bllnzhkskbdxseiskxdbbcbc>=00

=08

IlkxndOigbx,Obdd{Enhfb{idcIdc}bzCizxnd%bcx+, I`sb}Z}kskdjHrlsr}b,

Lndcnd,]nrslbcjb,9;;:,q=$=03

Gr}qe{,nq$hks$=02

Jnxqbln`Gi}f5?80$=00

Mbilb{,nq$hks$



IciqskpbPilrbkdIrxs}ilkid`rsr}bxxsrckbx

K eipb xrjjbxsbc seis sekx bgb}jkdj m}bbc n` Irxs}ilkid xsrckbx xhenli},

qb}eiqxbyrkqqbczksesebsnnlxipiklimlbrdcb}Irxs}ilkid`rsr}bxxsrckbxn}

qrmlkhkdsbllbhsrilkxg,gkjesmbssb} ihhnrds`n} sebxbsn` }bliskndxekqxidc

ckilnjrbxmbszbbd`rsr}bx,sbusidchrlsr}b$Kdihhnrdskdj}b`lbukpbl{`n}seb

sbusrilks{n`sebk}nzdsbusx,Irxs}ilkidqrmlkhkdsbllbhsrilxznrlcmbxksrisbc

xbl`'hndxhknrxl{kdseb}bliskndxn`qnzb}nqb}iskdjimnrs,zksekdidci}nrdc

%`rsr}bx+ sbus$ Kd bdjijkdj ekxsn}kbx n` cbmisbx hndhb}dkdj seb qnlkskhx n`

}bq}bxbdskdj idc xkjdk`{kdj seb `rsr}b, Irxs}ilkid `rsr}bx xsrckbx gkjes

mbhngbiq}nobhsseis`nhrxbxxkjdk`khidsl{nd sebgifkdj,sebmbhngkdjxn`

Irxs}ilkidxnhkbs{,nd seb―jbdb}iskpbdisr}bn` sebgbidkdjn`VIrxs}ilkidW

sbusx,sebq}nhbxxidcsebgbsiqen}n`qb}`n}giskpks{‛$=0:

Kd}bpkbzkdjseb

ihskpbqnlkskhilkdpbdskndn`seb`rsr}b,―sebdnskndnìcpnhih{‛kdsekxzi{

znrlcmb―qlihbcilndjxkcbsebkxxrbnìjbdh{,seb“qnlkskhxidcqnbskhx‗n`

xqbifkdj `n}, imnrs idc sn, nseb}x6 seis kx, seb yrbxskndn` icc}bxxkpks{ kd

}bliskndsnVIrxs}ilkidxsrckbx‛Wckxhkqlkdi}{`n}gisknd‛$ =05

Kd c}izkdj seb se}bicxn` sekx ckxhrxxknd snjbseb} sebd, seb xbi}he `n}

}bxqndxkmklks{idcgbsencnlnj{kdIrxs}ilkid`rsr}bxm}kdjxihn}}bxqndckdj

xbs n` i}jriml{ kgqn}sids yrbxskndx sn seb `n}b$ Zebd hnd`}ndsbc zkse

`rsr}bg{senlnj{–zebseb}sekxsifbxseb`n}gnìdkgijbn}pkxkndn`seb

`rsr}b, id icpb}skxbgbds gi}fbskdj `rsr}bx ilndjxkcb seb qr}xrks n ̀

=0:

IlkxndLbb,―Ckxhnr}xbIdil{xkxidcHrlsr}il%]b+Z}kskdj‛,kdLbbidcQn{dsnd,nq$

hks$,q=11$=05

kmkc$,q=1=$





Zkse seis imklks{ hngbx seb imklkskbx sn gncbl seb zn}lc, sn gifb

buqlkhks hngqi}kxndx idc sn zbkje nrshngbx6 se}nrje xrhe

hngqi}kxndxhngbxsebqnxxkmklks{n`}bn}jidkxkdjqlidx$=0;

Xlirjesb} cbxh}kmbx i }bxqndxkmlb kdsb}q}bsisknd idc rxbn` sebq}bxbds kd

}bliskndsnrdcb}xsidckdjsebqixsidc`rsr}b,senrjednszksenrsizi}dkdj?

Seb}bkxdnqixskdsebxbdxbnìhngqlbsbcsnsilks{,xqlksn```}ngseb

q}bxbds$Byrill{,seb}bkxdn`rsr}bseisxsidcxilndb,rdi``bhsbcm{

zeis eix jndb mb`n}b$ Mnse i}b hndxsksrskpb n ̀ seb q}bxbds kd i

q}nhbxx n` rdbdckdjgbckisknd idc heidjb$ Ks `nllnzx seis, sn seb

busbdsxrhegbckiskndmbhngbxkdh}bixkdjl{hndxhknrx,idcgnskpisbc

m{sebekjebxs%bgidhkqisn}{+kdsb}bxsx,zbgi{kdcbbcixqk}bsnid

bsekh n` kgq}npbgbds idc ergid `rl̀ klgbds$ Byrill{, m{ iceb}kdj

rdh}kskhill{snrdcb}xsidckdjx,kcbnlnjkbxidchnggksgbdsxn`bi}lkb}

qb}kncx,idcseb}b`n}bìklkdjsnbdjijbkdsekxq}nhbxx,zbgi{gkxx

sebheidhbsnhnrdsb}ihsseb`n}hbxseislbicsnc{xsnqkid`rsr}bxidc

sebbdcn`sebergidbuqb}kgbds$=:1

=0;

JBcblgid,M}kjesIk},M}kllkids@k}b ,MixkhMnnfx,Dbz[n}f,9;;=,ixyrnsbckd

Xlirjesb},kmkc$,q81:$=:1

Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q==1'==9$

















sebbuhlrxkpks{`n}fbbqkdjks$Xrhe}bxs}khskndxqlihbsebqnzb}n`xilpisknd

kdsn seb eidcx n ̀ i xgill drgmb} n ̀ qbnqlb zen gifb ipiklimlb rqnd

xqbhkilkxbcn}}ksrilkxbc}byrbxssebgbidxsnlbixbks$Krxbsebzn}c*lbixb*

mbhirxb xilpisknd kx dbpb} `rll{ xbsslbc$ Kdxsbic, i x{gmnlkh hnds}ihs kx

ihekbpbc mbszbbd seb `}idhekxb idc seb xbbfb} kd zekhe xilpisknd kx

hndpb{bc sn seb xbbfb} `n} i xqbhk k̀bc qb}knc mrs rxrill{ kd buheidjb `n}

gbgmb}xekqidcn`sbdgbdsilidc`kdidhkilnmlkjisknd$K`sebxbbfb}m}bifx

sebhnds}ihs,xilpiskndkxlnxs$Obenpie*xZksdbxxbxhillsekxihsn`xbpb}idhb

*ckx`bllnzxekqqkdj* idc seb xbbfb} kx cbxkjdisbc m{ hndskdrkdj `nllnzb}x n`

Zishesnzb}ixid *iqnxsisb*,isb}g}bcbqln{bcsngbididkdckpkcrilzen

eixlnxssebìkseidckxicckskndill{ijikdxssebilgkjes{h}bisn}$Gid{bu'

zksdbxxbx i}b bgnskndill{ xhi}}bc m{ sekx cbpixsiskdj, pknlbds ihs n ̀

xbbgkdjl{}bgnpkdjxilpiskndidceipbxbsrqkdsb}diskndilxrqqn}sxb}pkhbx$

Kd sekx xbdxb, i xgill blksb rxkdj buhlrxkpb lidjrijb idcdi}}nzcb`kdkskndx

idc zen seb}b`n}b gndnqnlkxb seb `n}gx idc seb xbdxbx n ̀ ihekbpkdj

xilpisknd eimksrill{ `}igbx xilpisknd idc seb}ksrilx n` mbkdj xipbc `}ng i

gndxs}nrx`rsr}b$Zenmbdb`ksxidczenkxckxbgqnzb}bcm{sebijbdci

mbkdj xbs kd sekx giddb}> Ze{ i}b ndl{ xblbhsbc qbnqlb imlb sn lbixb

ck}bhskndx sn seb }nic n` xilpisknd zkse giqx seis qb}knckhill{ kgql{ seb

gixsb} qliddb} eix heidjbc hngqixx, mb ks seb xbhrli} xilpisknd `}ng

bhnlnjkhil cnng n} sebnlnjkhil xilpisknd `}ng seb cigdimlb gi}f n` seb

mbixs>

Xipkdj i qb}xnd `}ng seb idskhe}kxs eix mbhngb i }nmrxs kdcrxs}{$

]blkjknrx bds}bq}bdbr}x q}nlk̀ b}isb sebk} xh}kqsr}il xeidckbx idc xqk}ksril

yrkhf `kubx sn seb gkcclb'hlixx ckxebi}sbdbc zkse seb buqb}skxb n`







Lnickdjseb@rsr}bzkseX{gmnlkhXn`szi}b

Ixzksesebhixbzkse sebGkllbddkrgHndxn}skrg,`rsr}b'hndxhknrx hkskbdx

n`sbdhndxnlkcisbsebk}gbgmb}xekqsniqi}skhrli}`rsr}bixseb{ckxskdjrkxe

sebgxblpbx`}ngsebgixx$Seb`n}gsekxsifbxkxdnslkgksbcsnsebbuigqlb

q}npkcbc m{ seb imnpb'gbdskndbc qihs n` qihk`kh kxlidcx$ Xngb

hndxnlkciskndxi}bdbzidcbuqbhssnzkblcqnlkskhilqnzb}?

Irxs}ilkidHe}kxskid Her}hebx }bill{zidsx sn kgqihs seb`km}bn` seb

hnrds}{, sebebi}snÌrxs}ilki$ Kjbdrkdbl{mblkbpbseissebher}he kx

sebidxzb}n`sebdiskndkdseb`rsr}b$KsekdfIrxs}ilki‛xjnsij}bis

`rsr}bidcKsekdfsebher}heeixjnsij}bisqi}ssnqli{kdks$ =51

Nseb}xi}byrksblndj'lkpbcidccnhs}kdill{cbbq$Ixidkllrxs}isknd,Irxs}ilkid

Obenpie‛x Zksdbxxbx cbgndxs}isb i q}ndnrdhbc xiskxìhsknd idc xbdxb n`

n}jidkxiskndilxs}rhsr}bkdi`rsr}bj}nrdcbcndsebkgqbdckdjsebnh}ih{n`

sebk}jnczeklbckxqli{kdji hlbi}ipnkcidhbn`sikdsbc ―zn}lclkdbxx‛nrsxkcb

sebk}}bxqbhskpbhndj}bjiskndx?

Ze{,senrje,cnbxsebXnhkbs{hndxs}rhsdbzmrklckdjxzebdsebzn}lc

kxkdxrheid rdhb}sikdxsisb>M}nseb}Mi}}{buqlikdbcseisObenpie*x

n}jidkxiskndbuqbhsxsnxr}pkpbsebxbs}nrmlbcskgbx$Jnc*xqbnqlbi}b

jbsskdjbyrkqqbcidcn}jidkxbcsnjkpbsebj}bisbxszksdbxxqnxxkmlbkd

sebxb`kdil{bi}xmb`n}bI}gijbccndm}kdjxidbdcsnsekxx{xsbgn`













Ixgkjesmbbpkcbds`}ngsebq}bxbdsbdyrk}{,seb}bkxisbgqsiskndsn

}bcrhb seb ikgx n ̀ sekx q}nobhs sn xkgql{ i gissb} n ̀ ihyrk}kdj seb

iqq}nq}kisb lidjrijb n} sb}gkdnlnj{ sn cbxh}kmb seb `bisr}bx n` `rsr}bx

sekdfkdjhnggndl{isqli{$Sekxgkjesmbipilkch}kskhkxgmrsseb}bkxgn}b

isxsifbseidsebzn}fn`buhipiskdjij}iggi}`n}cbxh}kmkdjhndsbgqn}i}{

`rsr}bx g{senlnj{, qb}eiqx K znrlc hei}ihsb}kxb i gn}b igmksknrx crs{$

Lidjrijbi`sb}illcnbxdnsmbi}―ihlbi}idcrdigmkjrnrx}bliskndxekqsnseb

“}bil zn}lc‗‛, senrje `}byrbdsl{ kdxsksrskndx eipb s}kbc sn hiqksilkxb nd

q}ngnskdj xrhe i lkdf %`n} buigqlb, seb Yrbbdxlidc Rdkpb}xks{ n`

Sbhednlnj{‛xgnssn, ―i rdkpb}xks{ `n} seb}bil zn}lc‛+$=50

Mrssn }bck}bhs i

lisb}iljlidhbgicbm{@nrhirlsissebq}nobhsxn`xqihkilkxiskndidcekxsn}{,

zeiskxh}rhkilkxsnmbjkdz}kskdjsebxsn}{n``rsr}bx%n}sbgqn}il}bliskndx+,

zekheznrlchndhr}}bdsl{mbimnrsixsn}{n``n}zi}c'sekdfkdjqnzb}?`}ng

seb qnlkskhil xs}isbjkbx n` pkxkndi}{ xqbbhe, se}nrje seb kdpbxsbc hiqksil

kdsb}bxsx n` xilpisknd `}idhekxbx, sn seb hrlsr}il h}bisknd n` seb diskndil

`rsr}b$=5: ZksekdIrxs}ilkid `rsr}bxxsrckbx,hnggkxxkndbczksez}kskdj seb

dbi} idc ì} ekxsn}kbx n` ―mbhngkdj‛, zb gkjes q}nmb seb xnhkil, bsekhil,

qnlkskhil, hnggb}hkil idc pnhiskndil lbpblx n ̀ seb pi}knrx `rsr}bx seis

qnqrlisb i hkskbd‛x }bliskndxekq sn seb `rsr}b zkse i pi}kbs{ n ̀ kgijbx,

gbidkdjxidcqnxxkmklkskbx$N`sebxbihsxkdkgijkdiskpbkdpbdsknd,zbgkjes

ixfxbpb}ilyrbxskndx$

=50

Xlirjesb},nq$hks$,q=1:$=5:

Gkhebl@nrhirls,Qnzb}.Fdnzlbcjb,Dbz[n}f,Qidsebnd,9;51,q93;$



Szbds{'@nr}Yrbxskndx

Cnbx seb `rsr}bxsbus xb}pb seb hnggrdks{ n} seb hnggrdks{ xb}pb seb

`rsr}bxsbus>Zeisixqbhsxn`xnhkbs{idcksx}bliskndsnskgbcnbxks}b`lbhsn}

kdpbds>I}bseb}bkcbdsk`kimlbs}iobhsn}kbxn`sbgqn}ilsekdfkdjseisksgk}}n}x

%h{hlkhil, lkdbi}, gkdkgilkxs, hnxgkh, xqk}ksril, cbsb}gkdkxs, q}nqebskh,

skgblbxx+>Cnbx ksq}kpklbjbndb xbdxbn` skgbnpb}sebb}ixkdjnìdnseb}>

Cnbxksxb}pbsnhnggnck`{skgb,fdnzlbcjbidc}bliskndxekqx`n}xngb`n}g

n`q}n`ks> Cnbx seb sbus bgqnzb} hnggrdks{gbgmb}x idc, k ̀ xn, zeng

cnbxksmbdb k̀sidczeiskxksxqr}qnxb>Zeisfkdcn`hndxsksrskpbkdsb}bxsx

i}bbgmnckbckd seb`rsr}bxsbus> Cnbx seb`rsr}bxsbusbdeidhbn} cbq}bxx

hrlsr}illk`b>Cnbxkshndhbds}isb,hbds}ilkxbn}byrilkxbsebqnzb}n`henkhb>

Enz cnbx seb `rsr}bxsbus i``bhs seb qb}hbqsknd n ̀ nr} dbbcx idc xnhkil

}bliskndx>Zeiscnbxksqb}xricbhkskbdxsnkjdn}b>Kxkshndxkxsbdszkseseb

h}biskndn`}bxqndxkmlb,h}kskhilnqskndxkdseb`rsr}b>Zeisi}bksxb``bhsxnd

}bliskndxekqxzksekdidczksenrssebhnggrdks{>Cnbxks`nxsb}ickpb}xks{n`

`n}gxn`fdnzlbcjb,qb}eiqxfbbqkdjkd srdbzkse FkgMbilb{‛xc}bign`

seb―fdnzlbcjbdisknd‛,n}i hnds}ihskndn`nqskndx,qb}eiqxqn}skndkdjnrs

xei}bxn`CndCrdxsid‛x―xqnklxn`cb`bis‛>Kxsekx`rsr}bicbxk}imlbqlihb,

bpbdkdkgijkdisknd>Cnbxksh}bisbn}kdxsksrsbifdnzlbcjbblksb>Kxsekx

blksb }byrk}bc `n} ksx qb}qbsrisknd> Zeis mblkb`x cnbx ksx rxb `nxsb} idc

bdhnr}ijb> Hid ksx pilrb x{xsbg mb ck}bhsl{ iqq}bebdcbc n} i}b ksx

kcbnlnjkbx idc hnggksgbdsx kgqlkhks idc xrmgb}jbc> Kx seb `rsr}bxsbus

snsilksi}kid>Eixksmbbdnmobhsk`kbcidcgicbpkimlbmb`n}bcbmisbnpb}ks%k`

id{+mbjkdx>Cnbxkskdpkjn}isb,}b`n}g,zbifbdn}cbicbdergidh}biskpks{>

















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Towards Critical Cultural Foresight: Australian Futures Studies

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