Final report 2008-2010
2014.06.26For IEA
Tiejun ZhaoCAS Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Conversion
Science and EngineeringShanghai Advanced Research Institute
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Towards greener hydrogen production in China
Hydrogen from fossil fuels
Hydrogen production routines in China
natural gas
oil
coke
coal
biomass
waste
power
hydrogen
fuel products
other liquids
chemicals
syngas
syngas manufacturingtechnologies
syngas conversiontechnologies
Hydrogen production route is highly dependent on locally rich sources
Hydrogen is not a full commodity at present
Hydrogen consumption in China
Hydrogen use in China
In China, the produced hydrogen is mainly for ammonia and refinery
Alkaline industry
Methanol
Refinery
Ammonia
Hydrogen production from coal
1.884000Residue oil
1.403000Refinery gas
1.12950Petroleum coke
1.07760Coal
H2 price,RMB/Nm3Cost of raw materials, RMB/t
Resources
Due to availability of coal and lower cost, hydrogen production from coal will continue mainly for ammonia synthesis
For 20MT/y refinery
Gasification processes is a key step to produce hydrogen
• Higher efficiency and less coal consumption for pulverized gasifier than coal‐water slurry gasifier
Comparison of entrained gasification technology
• If we have to choose coal gasification to produce hydrogen, use the pulverized gasifier as much as possible
Hydrogen from methane reforming in China
• Currently, reforming process is mainly focus on using the tail gas, coke gas etc.•Shale gas and unconventional gas reforming is expected to produce hydrogen in the future
Catalysts, products and processes in steam reforming
Production costs for hydrogen with/without CO2 capture/storage. Data from IEA 2005
Hydrogen from non-fossil fuels
Routes to Harvest Photon Energy
Electrons
Photons
Hydrogen HCs
Near future: within 10 years?
Ancient & nature routesCelluloseProtein
Hydrocarbonscoal, oil & gas
Modern routes
Future routes > 50 years?Hydrocarbons
Efficiency >10%
Efficiency < 1%
Efficiency ~ 20%
Current efficiency <5%
Abundant renewable energies will provide cheap electrons to produce H2 via electrolysis and then HCs (such as FTS ) will be highly sustainable.
Direct hydrocarbon synthesis via photoelectrochemistryrequires significant advances in science and technology.
Photoelectrochem
Plants
PVWindWave
What if electricity is abundant but non‐balanced?
Wind electricity & demandWind electricity & demand
Distribution of solar powerDistribution of solar power
Theoretical 1.2*105 TW solar energyEstimated wind potential 70 TW (land only)
Solar electricity vs timeSolar electricity vs time
What if electrolysis plays a central role?
Solar, wind &
hydro-power
Biomass
Electricity
Power Plant
Electrolysis/ Fuel CellH2 and O2
H2 Storage
Fuel storage
Upgrading
CO2
H2CO2
hydrogenationCH4, CH3OH…
Fuels
ChemicalsConsumer
No shift reaction CO + H2O CO2 + H2 Effectively no CO2 emissions
Gasifier
Product Upgrade
Fischer-TropschSynthesis
Gas Cleanup
Nuclear Plant Electrolyzers
Small amount of CO2
H2S Sulfur
Product
Synfuel25,000
barrels/day
H2
O2
Hybrid system uses 70% less coal Product fuel’s energy is 20% from nuclear
Coal 4,400 tons/day
Converting available carbon to fuels, not by-product CO2
Energy content of fuels
Challenges in the Transport Sector
Thank you very much!