TRADOC DCSINT

Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff

for Intelligence

U.S. ArmyTraining and

DoctrineCommand

TRADOC DCSINTTRADOC DCSINT

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FM 7-100.3 Opposing Force: Paramilitary and Nonmilitary Organizations and Tactics

Chapter 5 Internal Security

Forces

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Ministry of the InteriorMinistry of the Interior

POLITICAL DIRECTORATE

GENERAL POLICE

DIRECTORATE

CIVIL DEFENSE DIRECTORATE

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR

BORDER GUARD

FORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY

DIRECTORATE

INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE

INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES

CHIEF OF INTERNAL SECURITY

                   

“Confronted with a choice, the American people would choose the policeman’s truncheon over the Anarchist’s bomb.” Vice President Spiro T.

Agnew

“Confronted with a choice, the American people would choose the policeman’s truncheon over the Anarchist’s bomb.” Vice President Spiro T.

Agnew

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OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE

INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE

ORGANIZATION & MOBILIZATION DIRECTORATE

ARMY AIR FORCE

AIR DEFENSEFORCES

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE

GENERAL STAFF

INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES

NAVYSPF

COMMAND

STRATEGIC

FORCES

NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY

SUPREMEHIGH COMMAND

Supreme High Command and Supreme High Command and Service ComponentsService Components

The primary imperative for the

State is preservation of

the regime and all four instruments

of national power

The primary imperative for the

State is preservation of

the regime and all four instruments

of national power

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ThreatsThreats

• Internal

• Regional

• Extraregional

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ThreatsThreats

While free societies tend to tolerate protest…While free societies tend to tolerate protest…

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ThreatsThreats

...the attitude of the State is that protest against the State or its policies will not be accepted

...the attitude of the State is that protest against the State or its policies will not be accepted

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WARS• About 25 million soldiers died in World Wars I and II• Another 12 million were killed in the century's other wars• Total of 37 million dead

In the 20th Century, more people In the 20th Century, more people have been killed by their own have been killed by their own governments than by all wars governments than by all wars combined.combined.

GOVERNMENTS• Soviet Union: 40 Million• China 35 Million • Germany: 12 Million• Ottoman Empire: 2 Million• Ethiopia: 1 Million• Indonesia: .6 Million• Rwanda: .5 Million• Serbia: .2 Million• Total of 91.3 million dead

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ThreatsThreats

Internal threats often intensify during war. For instance, an enemy may incite or support anti-State activities by various segments of the State’s population .

The future of the Kurdish people is a concern of the internal security forces of many middle eastern nations. The fear is that an enemy might support Kurds who want to violently establish a Kurdish homeland out of their territory.

The future of the Kurdish people is a concern of the internal security forces of many middle eastern nations. The fear is that an enemy might support Kurds who want to violently establish a Kurdish homeland out of their territory.

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Ministry of the InteriorMinistry of the Interior

POLITICAL DIRECTORATE

GENERAL POLICE

DIRECTORATE

CIVIL DEFENSE DIRECTORATE

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR

BORDER GUARD

FORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY

DIRECTORATE

INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE

INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES

CHIEF OF INTERNAL SECURITY

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The KGB, literally "the Committee for State Safety,"

The KGB, literally "the Committee for State Safety," did not arrange its midnight knocks at the door to check for slippery floors but rather to enforce the USSR's control over its people.

did not arrange its midnight knocks at the door to check for slippery floors but rather to enforce the USSR's control over its people.

It incorporated the functions of the Political Directorate, the Intelligence Directorate, and the State Security Directorate.

It incorporated the functions of the Political Directorate, the Intelligence Directorate, and the State Security Directorate.

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Political DirectoratePolitical Directorate

POLITICAL DIRECTORATE

GENERAL POLICE

DIRECTORATE

CIVIL DEFENSE

DIRECTORATE

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR

BORDER GUARD

FORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY

DIRECTORATE

INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE

INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES

CHIEF OF INTERNAL SECURITY

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Intelligence DirectorateIntelligence Directorate

POLITICAL DIRECTORATE

GENERAL POLICE

DIRECTORATE

CIVIL DEFENSE

DIRECTORATE

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR

BORDER GUARD

FORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY

DIRECTORATE

INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE

INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES

CHIEF OF INTERNAL SECURITY

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Intelligence DirectorateIntelligence Directorate

• Subversive Groups

– Eavesdropping

– HUMINT Network

• Foreign Spies

• Foreign-Based Corporations

• Non Government Organizations (NGOs) and Private Volunteer Organizations (PVOs)

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Intelligence DirectorateIntelligence Directorate

• Regional Opponents

– Expanded HUMINT Network

– Cornerstone of RISTA

• Extraregional Opponents

– Offset Enemy’s Technological Advantages

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State Security DirectorateState Security Directorate

POLITICAL DIRECTORATE

GENERAL POLICE

DIRECTORATE

CIVIL DEFENSE

DIRECTORATE

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR

BORDER GUARD

FORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY

DIRECTORATE

INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE

INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES

CHIEF OF INTERNAL SECURITY

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State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateBorder Guard Forces

BORDER GUARDFORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY

DIRECTORATE

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• Professional Cadre

• Conscripts

• Civilian Auxiliaries

State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateBorder Guard Forces

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State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateBorder Guard Forces

BORDERGUARDFORCES

Naval Support

Unit

GeneralHead-

quarters

Intelli-genceUnit

TrainingUnit

Aviation Support

Unit

BorderBrigade

Special Border

Battalion

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State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateBorder Guard Forces

BORDERBRIGADE

IntelligenceUnit

Public Affairs Section

Aerial ObservationDetachment

BorderBattalions

Naval Support Unit

BrigadeHeadquarters

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State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateBorder Guard Forces

HeavyWeaponsCompany

BorderCompany

Border PostTeam

BORDERBATTALION

BattalionHeadquarters

IntelligenceElement

Public AffairsElement

MobileSecurityTeam

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• Elite Paramilitary Force

• Airborne Qualified

• Counterterrorism

• Commando Tactics

• Teams or Detachments

State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateSpecial Border Battalion

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The USSR concentrated its security forces to protect its

shores and borders where it felt most threatened as depicted in

this 1984 map.

The USSR concentrated its security forces to protect its

shores and borders where it felt most threatened as depicted in

this 1984 map.

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“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an Iron Curtain has

descended across the Continent.” Winston S. Churchill, March 5, 1946

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State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateNational Security Forces

BORDER GUARDFORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY DIRECTORATE

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• Dissidents

• Insurgents

• Regional Opponent

• Extraregional Opponent

State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateNational Security Forces

Banner commemorating

student defiance at Tiananmen Square,

China 1989

Banner commemorating

student defiance at Tiananmen Square,

China 1989

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• Dedicated and Loyal

• Covert Agents

• Military Ranks and Training

• Electronic Surveillance

• Prisoner Interrogation

• Augment Armed Forces (Intel)

State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateNational Security Forces

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State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateNational Security Forces

GeneralHeadquarters

IntelligenceUnit

TrainingUnit

Aviation Support Unit

SecurityBrigade

NATIONALSECURITYFORCES

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National Security ForcesNational Security ForcesSecurity Brigade

SECURITYBRIGADE

AirTransport

Unit

BrigadeHeadquarters

PublicAffairs Section

Aerial ObservationDetachment

IntelligenceSection

SecurityBattalion

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National Security ForcesNational Security ForcesSecurity Brigade

CommunicationsSubsection

IntelligenceOperations and

Collection Subsection

AdministrativeServices

Subsection

INTELLIGENCESECTION

IntelligenceProductionSubsection

1 x Administrative/ Finance Spec1 x Logistics Spec1 x Legal Spec

1 x Leader1 x Information Spec5 x Agents

1 x Leader3 x Intel Analysts

1 x Leader3 x Communications Spec

1 x Section Chief1 x Deputy Chief

Intelligence elements of the National Security Forces have considerable authority to imprison and interrogate suspicious personnel.

Intelligence elements of the National Security Forces have considerable authority to imprison and interrogate suspicious personnel.

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National Security ForcesNational Security ForcesSecurity Battalion

HeavyWeaponsCompany

SecurityCompany

Public AffairsElement

SecurityPlatoon

SecurityBattalion

BattalionHeadquarters

IntelligenceElement

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State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateNational Security Forces

• Located Throughout the State• Protects Government and Industrial Installations • Neutralizes Dissidents and Spies• Guards and Interrogates POWs • Evacuates Threatened Areas• Provides LOC and Convoy Security• Provides VIP Protection

Beirut security Beirut security guardingguardingkey infrastructure, key infrastructure, 19961996

Beirut security Beirut security guardingguardingkey infrastructure, key infrastructure, 19961996

Honduran security

guard stands sentry duty at airhead,

1983

Honduran security

guard stands sentry duty at airhead,

1983

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State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateSpecial-Purpose Forces

BORDER GUARD

FORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY

DIRECTORATE

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State Security State Security DirectorateDirectorate

Special-Purpose ForcesSPF

DETACHMENT

HeadquartersSPF

Team

1 x Team Leader6-8 x Commandos2-4 x Snipers

1 x Commander1 x Deputy Commander1 x Admin Spec1 x Finance Spec3 x Intelligence Spec1 x Logistics Spec1 x Communications Spec

Special - Purpose Soldier from Kazakhstan

Special - Purpose Soldier from Kazakhstan

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Internal State Functions• VIP Security• Hostage Rescue• Counterdrug• Counterinsurgency• Counterterrorism• Direct Action and Sabotage• Infiltration and Disruption

State Security State Security DirectorateDirectorate

Special-Purpose Forces

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War Time Functions• Strategic Reserve• Covert Missions• VIP Protection• Training of Insurgents• Securing Occupied Territory• Operating as Combat Troops• Actions against Extraregional Power

State Security DirectorateState Security DirectorateSpecial-Purpose Forces

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General Police DirectorateGeneral Police Directorate

POLITICAL DIRECTORATE

GENERAL POLICE

DIRECTORATE

CIVIL DEFENSE DIRECTORATE

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR

BORDER GUARDFORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY

DIRECTORATE

INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE

INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES

CHIEF OF INTERNAL SECURITY

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• Maintain Law and Order

• Enforce Regulations

General Police DirectorateGeneral Police DirectoratePolice Functions

““As long as the 'police' carries out the will of the As long as the 'police' carries out the will of the leadership, it is acting legally."leadership, it is acting legally." - Nazi jurist, Dr. Werner Best, on the Gestapo’s freedom from the limitations of written law.

TRADOC DCSINT

• National Police

• District Police

• Local Police

General Police DirectorateGeneral Police DirectoratePolice Organizations

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General Police DirectorateGeneral Police DirectorateNational PoliceNational Police

NATIONALPOLICE

InternalAffairs

AdministrativeServices

Department

Operations and InvestigationsDepartment

TacticalDirectorate

SurveillanceDirectorate

SpecialPolice

IntelligenceDepartment

AdministrativeDirectorate

FinanceDirectorate

FederalRegulation

SpecialPolice

Directorate

NarcoticsDirectorate

OrganizedCrime

Directorate

TrainingDepartment

TransportationDirectorate

Other

TRADOC DCSINT

• Elite Paramilitary Units• Counter Civil Disturbances and Terrorism• Direct Action• Collection of Foreign and Internal Intelligence• Supplement the Armed Forces• Special Police Battalion• VIP Protection

General Police DirectorateGeneral Police DirectorateSpecial Police

TRADOC DCSINT

• Crush Dissidents

• Domestic Counterintelligence

• SWAT Teams

– Capture Escapees

– Seize Weapons

– Crack Down on Public Disturbances

• Combat Potential

General Police DirectorateGeneral Police DirectorateSpecial Police

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1 x Officer1 x Admin Spec

TrainingDepartment

AdministrativeDepartment

LiaisonDepartment

3 x Officers 1 x Officer3 x Admin Spec

1 x Officer4 x Detectives

IntelligenceDepartment

SurveillanceDirectorate

SpecialPolice

InvestigationDirectorate

1 x Officer1 x Admin Spec

1 x Officer5-10 x Investigators

1 x Officer5-10 x Intel Spec

1 x Officer8-12 x Special Police

Sub-DistrictSuperintendent

DISTRICTPOLICEFORCE

AdministrativeDirectorate

AirfieldBureau

TrafficBureau

Theft Bureau

NarcoticsBureau

CriminalInvestigation

Bureau

1 x Officer6 x Intel Spec

1 x Officer5 x Admin Spec

2 x Officers15-30 x Patrolmen

1 x Officer 2 x Detectives4-8 x Investigators

1 x Officer 4 x Detectives 16-20 x Agents

1 x Officer6-8 x Patrolmen

1 x Officer2-3 x Air Traffic Specialists8-10 x Patrolmen

Operations andInvestigations

Directorate

Theft Bureau

1 x Officer6-8 x Patrolmen

IntelligenceDirectorate

General Police DirectorateGeneral Police DirectorateDistrict Police

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General Police DirectorateGeneral Police DirectorateLocal Police

LOCAL POLICEFORCE

TrafficSection

OtherSections

PatrolsSection

InvestigationsSection

1 x Police Chief

1 x Detective4 x Investigators

1 x Officer5 x Patrolmen

1 x Officer3 x Patrolmen

1 x Officer1 x Admin Spec

1 x Deputy Police ChiefHeadquartersPoliceStation

1 x Detective2 x Admin Spec

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Civil Defense DirectorateCivil Defense Directorate

POLITICAL DIRECTORATE

GENERAL POLICE

DIRECTORATE

CIVIL DEFENSE

DIRECTORATE

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR

BORDER GUARD

FORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY

DIRECTORATE

INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE

INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES

CHIEF OF INTERNAL SECURITY

TRADOC DCSINT

• Paramilitary Units– Protect an Area or Installation

• Nonmilitary Units Support– Civil Engineering– Salvage and Repair– Industrial Production

• Both Cooperate with National Police and other Internal Security Forces

Civil Defense DirectorateCivil Defense DirectorateCivil Defense Units

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• Peacetime:Peacetime:– Disaster Relief Disaster Relief – Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Programs Programs

• Peacetime:Peacetime:– Disaster Relief Disaster Relief – Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Programs Programs

TRADOC DCSINT

• Wartime:Wartime:– Repair Battle-Repair Battle-Damaged FacilitiesDamaged Facilities– Minimize Enemy Minimize Enemy Impact on Impact on InfrastructureInfrastructure– Perform Support Perform Support Area SecurityArea Security– Supplement Supplement Combat EngineersCombat Engineers

• Wartime:Wartime:– Repair Battle-Repair Battle-Damaged FacilitiesDamaged Facilities– Minimize Enemy Minimize Enemy Impact on Impact on InfrastructureInfrastructure– Perform Support Perform Support Area SecurityArea Security– Supplement Supplement Combat EngineersCombat Engineers

Civil Defense DirectorateCivil Defense DirectorateCivil Defense MissionsCivil Defense Missions

TRADOC DCSINT

• Border Security

• Counterinsurgency

• Counterespionage

• Reconnaissance/Surveillance

• Security Operations

• Population Control

• Civic Action

Operations and TacticsOperations and Tactics

TRADOC DCSINT

• Counterterrorism

• Hostage Rescue

• VIP Protection

• Direct Action

– Raid

– Ambush

– Terror Tactics

Operations and TacticsOperations and Tactics

TRADOC DCSINT

• Patrols

•Observation Posts

•Checkpoints

• Population Control

Operations and TacticsOperations and Tactics

SomalianCheckpointSomalianCheckpoint

on patrol...on patrol...

Observation Post

at Checkpoint

Charlie

Observation Post

at Checkpoint

Charlie

Internal Travel Permit for

Jewish peasant, 1915 Belarus

Internal Travel Permit for

Jewish peasant, 1915 Belarus

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• Small Unit Tactics

• SPF Type Tactics

– Reconnaissance

– Direct Action

Operations and TacticsOperations and Tactics

TRADOC DCSINT

Operations and TacticsOperations and TacticsHistorical Example

First they came for the Jewsand I did not speak out — because I was not a Jew.

Then they came for the communists and I did not speak out —

because I was not a communist.

Then they came for the trade unionistsand I did not speak out —

because I was not a trade unionist.

Then they came for me —and by then there was no one left

to speak out at all. Martin Niemöller, German WWI U-boat Captain (initially pro-Nazi)

Later anti-Nazi Lutheran Pastor

Himmler discussing operations at an SS meeting.

Himmler discussing operations at an SS meeting.

TRADOC DCSINT

• Centralized or Decentralized

• SOPs

• Additional Procedures

• Interagency Headquarters

• Allocated to Military Command

Internal Security Forces Internal Security Forces Command and Control

TRADOC DCSINT

Operational Strategic Operational Strategic CommandCommand

Example

OSC

INTERNALSECURITY

FORCES BDE

MECHANIZEDINFANTRYDIVISION

MEDIUM-LIFTHELICOPTERSQUADRON

FLAME-THROWERCOMPANY

ENGINEERBRIGADE

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Division Tactical GroupDivision Tactical Group Example

DTG

INTERNALSECURITYBATTALION

INFANTRYDIVISION

FLAME-THROWERBATTALION

MRLBRIGADE

SEPARATEHELICOPTERSQUADRON

HELIBORNEJAMMINGFLIGHT

AA GUNREGIMENT

(57-mm) IIANTITANK

BATTALION

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Brigade Tactical GroupBrigade Tactical Group Example

BTG

HOWITZERBATTERY(122-mm)

TANKPLATOON

MOTORIZEDINFANTRYBRIGADE

MERCENARYCOMPANY

(AFL)

PSYWARPLATOON

INTERNALSECURITYBATTALION

OBSTACLEBATTALION

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Liaison TeamsLiaison Teams

OperationsOfficer

Chief ofIntegrated

Fires

Chief ofSpecial-Purpose

Operations

Chief ofInfrastructureManagement

Chief ofPopulation

Management

Chief ofLittoralWarfare

Chief ofWMD

Chief ofForce

Protection

TRADOC DCSINT

• Political Directorate

• Intelligence Directorate

• State Security Directorate

– Border Guard Forces

– National Security Forces

– Special-Purpose Forces

Internal Security ForcesInternal Security ForcesSummary

• General Police Directorate

– National Police

– District and Local Police

– Special Police

• Civil Defense Directorate

– Paramilitary

– Nonmilitary

TRADOC DCSINT

Internal Security ForcesInternal Security ForcesSummary

POLITICAL DIRECTORATE

GENERAL POLICE

DIRECTORATE

CIVIL DEFENSE DIRECTORATE

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR

BORDER GUARD

FORCES

NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES

SPECIAL-PURPOSE FORCES

STATE SECURITY

DIRECTORATE

INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE

INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES

CHIEF OF INTERNAL SECURITY