Training Module 1 Integrated Coastal Management and Communication

Chapter 6

Household environmental management development in Latvia

Training Module 1Integrated Coastal Management and Communication

Introduction

• Household environmental management (HEM) is one of the 6 environmental management dimensions and HEM focus on household sustainable consumption promotion;

• The presentation introduce in actuality for households sustainable consumption development in Latvia;

• Described HEM structure, sectors and main actions for each sector sustainable development;

• Expanded analyze for HEM communication and collaboration instruments.

• In the second part there are given several practical examples in Latvia in HEM context.

COBWEB, Interreg IV A 2011University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management

Contents

1. Households and sustainable consumption 2. Need for household sustainable consumption in

Latvia;3. Household environmental management4. Household environmental management instruments5. Household environmental management development

in Latvia6. Conclusions7. Bibliography


1. Households and sustainable consumption

1. Household definitions2. Sustainable consumption definition3. Household sustainable consumption4. Environmentally friendly behavior (EFB): impact factors in Latvia


1.1.1 Household definitions

• Household as group of people:– A group of persons sharing a home or living space, who aggregate

and share their incomes, as evidenced by the fact that they regularly take meals together—the ‘common cooking-pot’ definition. (Marshall 1998, A dictionary of Sociology)

– Household as a‘single person or a group of people who have the address as their only or main residence and who either share one meal a day or share the living accommodation’ (ONS 2005)

– social units, which share the same language, norms and values, and are an expression of the ways in which people choose to live their personal lives (Diepen van A. M.L 1998)

Latvian Central Statistical Bureau:– Household is one or more persons living in the same dwelling and

jointly cover household expenses (CSB 2009)

• Household (home) as spatial element:– Home has been studied as material place (often surrounded by

garden and nearby in concrete neighborhood) and space with characteristic identities and meanings. (Valentine 2001)

– Household is the core, the first circle in the management of environmental services (EEA The Dobris Assessment).


1.1.2 Household definition

• In environmental management:– Household: both a spatial

element and a group of people

Household is a dwelling and its surroundings managed either individually or jointly by the residents of a specific territory, characterised by joint provisions and a domestic lifestyle (Ernsteins, Lice 2010)

1.2. Sustainable consumption

• Sustainable consumption is "the use of services and related products which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimizing the use of natural resources and toxic materials as well as the emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle of the service or product so as not to jeopardize the needs of future generations".

(January 1994 "Oslo Symposium“)


1.4.1. Environmentally friendly behavior (EFB): impact factors in Latvia

• When drafting Latvian Sustainable Development Strategy 2020, two significant studies were made on EFB factors in society:– Auzāne B., Elere L (2008) Sustainable consumption in

Latvia: barriers and consumer attitude– Ķīlis, R., Austers, A., Andersone, M. (2008) Latvian

sustainable development strategy 2030 report on public opinion poll

1.4.2. EFB impact factors in Latvia• Social and demographical factors such as age, sex

and education:– Elderly people more inclined toward resource-

efficient consumption– Higher level of education more knowledge on

environmental issues not always environmentally friendly behaviour (e.g. Educated people have a higher level of income, and often higher resource consumption – e.g. private car etc.)

– Do nothing to protect environment - 60,5% male, 39,5% female respondents.

• Level of income:– Residents not ready to invest in environmentally

friendly goods with present level of income

1.4.3. EFB impact factors in Latvia• information, social and atitude factors:

– Public does not search for information itself;– Producers – do not convey true information on

the product;– Individuals unsure that their action would yield

any benefit• Weakly developed collective solidarity;• Lack of attitude and responsibility;• Unavailable infrastructure, lack of public

support and faulty institutional framework; • Gap between governmental institutions and

public trust and suport.

2. Need for sustainable household consumption

1. Sustainable consumption policy planning2. Ecological footprint and household impact

on environment3. Need for sustainable consumption practice

in sectors4. Comparision: Latvia, Estonia, Finland


2.1. Sustainable consumption policy planning

• International and regional policy formulations: Local Agenda 21, Johannesburg strategy, Marrakesh process – (states collaboration, corporation green development; consumers sustainable

lifestyle);

• National level:– Latvian Sustainable Development Strategy 2030 as a long-

term goal: promote sustainable lifestyle in sustainable management of natural values and services;

– A number of sectoral planning documents provide for public (household) participation in sustainable resource use:

• National Plan on Waste Management 2006 - 2012• Architecture policy guidelines 2009 – 2015• Latvian First Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2008 – 2010• Environmental Policy Plan 2009 – 2015


2.2. Ecological footprint, household impact on climate Ecological footprint approx. 5,6

ha per capita (2010) , while global availability - 1,8 ha per capita, average globally - 2,7 ha per capita*

Has doubled over the past 15 years from 2,5 ha to 5.6 ha per capita;

Household impact on climate: 4,35t CO2 per resident (2006). Main sectors: Housing (37%),

Transport (26%), Food (25%)**;

*Living Planet report WWF 2010

**Brizga, Kudrenickis 2009

2.3.1. Households consumption in Latvia

Household energy consumption indices 34% (2008) in total energy end-conusmption balance (in average in Europe 25,4%), Long – term target for buildings heat

consumption - 150 kwh/m2 at 2020, now – 220 kwh/m2

Households electricity use has increased by 4% (2000 – 2008).

Municipal waste 305 kg per capita** (Less than in average in

Europe, EU 15 ~ 620 kg per capita, EU-12 ~ 400 kg per capita EEA 2008);

46% of municipal waste are generated by households (limited capacity of waste landfills);

Week waste recycling system

Photos: web*Kudrenickis 2010

** LVĢMC 2009

2.3.2. Households consumption in Latvia

Food import increases.

Import dependency in period from 2004 till 2007 has increased by 9%. More than one third or 34% of food consumed in 2007 was imported*.

Mobility: 82% trips are made by private cars, buses – 12%, train – 4,5% (Europe –

76% private cars, 7%- trains)**;

Economic recession Last years data show consumption is decreasing due to Economic

recession, in the same time residents well–being become worse - 40% households are poor, unemployment problems, etc.***

*Melece L. 2011

** Klavs G. 2010

*** Central Statistical bureau

2.4. Comparision: Latvia, Estonia, Finland

1) Low energy efficiency of buildings in Latvia

2) Although the heating consumption per square metre in Finland is lower, there is higher demand for comfort, or different lifestyle like demand for bigger space ?

3) In Finland - high urbanization, in Latvia, Estonia similar. (Culture impact: Traditions to live in private houses in country, connection to countries, etc., but growing in last years also in other countries?)

4) Waste generation is considerably lover in Latvia

5) Food consumption

Indicators Latvia Estonia Finland

Living space per person (m2 )

27*** 29* 39**

Heating consumption (kwh/m2)*

220 200 170

Average size of the household (persons)

2,5*** - 2,08**

Urbanization (%) (Central Intelligence Agency)

68 65,7 85

Waste generation (kg/ per person/ year) (EEA 2008)

306 515 522

Food consumption kcal/per person/ per day (FAO 2005)

3020 3130 3220

*Tallinn University of Technology 2009**Statistics Finland

*** Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia

3. Household environmental management

1. Household environmental management definition

2. HEM structure3. HEM spatial sector structure


.

3.1. Household environmental management

• Household environmental management (HEM) is environmental management of a dwelling (private house, appartment) and its surroundings either individually or jointly by the residents of a specific territory, including environmentaly friendly:

– building environment, – Energy supply and use– Water supply and use– Food consumption– other everyday products, goods or

services consumption– Waste management – Mobility – Leisure activities and lifestyle

• HEM includes the entire environmental management cycle from situation assessment and environmental policy development to solutions planning and action programming for practical activities in the management of a dwelling and its internal and external environment. (Lice, Ensteins 2010)COBWEB, Interreg IV A 2011

University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management

leisure activities

mobility

Food consumptio

n Other products, goods or services

waste manageme

nt

Water supply and

use

Energy supply and use

building environme

nt

Household

3.2.1 HEM sectors • Sector division according to ETC SCP consumption

clusters Housing and Building, Food, Mobility.

European Topic Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production 2010

3.2.2 Building environment

1. First, not to build, • But to renovate by

choosing environmentally friendly materials and thinking about sustainability in the building use phase.

2. To build sustainably• Sustainable building• Low energy consumption

houses with 0% or passive homes (15 kwh/m2) and 50% energy consumption from average building consumption

Sustainable building in Latvia

In Germany – thousands and a topic on the agenda on building active homes producing their own energy and selling it to others•The only passive house in Talsi county, Gipka (finished in 2010)

3.2.3. Energy supply and useSustainable choice and action needs

to be promoted in sectors such as:

1. Sustainable energy end-consumption (heat and electricity)

(Energy efficiency measures – house insulation; Lifestyle changes – reduce use of energy-consuming technologies; Use energy efficient household goods)

2. Sustainable heating energy production in households (heat and electricity)

3. Sustainable energy production and supply from centralised heating system (heat and electricity)

4. Heating fuel supply according to sustainability principle:– To the centralised heating

supply fuel tank– To the place of residence

Source: Kudrenickis I. 2009COBWEB, Interreg IV A 2011University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management

3.3.4 HEM spatial sectors structure: Water supply and use

Water management tasks in ensuring environmentally friendly household management are:

• For centralised water supply and waste water management in water management company:– Ensure quality drinking water supply with low resource consumption– Increase availability of centralised water services for households

• Household:– reduce water consumption – reduce environmental load due to household chemicals use– Use environmentally friendly private water management systems;– Use rainwater for household needs


4.3.5 Household waste management

Sustainability means:1. Do not create waste –

buy less, do not chose additional packaging, choose environmentally friendly packaging;

2. Sort the waste created and use in households compost piles etc., deposit for recycling;

3. Use waste for energy production

4. Ensure that waste is disposed in environmentally friendly manner. Source : Arlington Virgina web page

www.greenpatriotposters.orgCOBWEB, Interreg IV A 2011University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management

http://www.greenpatriotposters.org/

3.3.5 Food consumption

• Local food consumption;

• Balanced diet and reccomended kcal consumption per day;

• Less animal product consumption (meat, dairy products, eggs);

• Organic farming products consumption.

3.3.6. Transport

– Less private automobiles use;

– In cities – walking, public transport, cycling;

– Intercity public transport;

– Less air transport use;

– Personal cars common use.

3.3.7 Lifestyle

• Conscious environmentally friendly behaviour:– Ensure information availability and interest among

residents on environmentally friendly behaviour,– Education and self-development, – Individual participation and possibility of environmentally

friendly lifestyle choices– environmentally friendly behaviour (Ernsteins 2003)


3.3.8 : Lifestyle

• Lifestyle as integrative sector, as motivated individual environmentally friendly behaviour

• Environmentaly friendly behaviour:– Environmentally friendly behaviour - motivated action

by the public or individual in the professional and everyday realms in problem identification and prevention. (Ernsteins 2003).

– individual or collective, direct or indirect action directed at nature capital development: resource depleation and pollution reduction, ecological capacity enlargement and ecosystem services preservation (Brizga, Antons 2009).


5. Household environmental management instruments

1. traditional five environmental management groups

2. communication and Co-operation instruments


Draft for consultations.

Not to be disseminated.

5.1. Household environmental management instruments

• Traditional five environmental management instrument groups:– Planning instruments– Legal and supervisory instruments – Infrastructural and institutional instruments– Financial and economic instruments– Communication and co-operation instruments


5.2.1 HEM instruments: Communication and co-operation instruments (CCI)

• Environmental information instruments• Environmental education instruments• Public participation instruments• Environmentally friendly action instruments


5.2.2 CCI: Environmental information instruments

• Ecolabelling, informative materials (brochures, TV, radio broadcasts, information on the internet)– Ecolabelling – text or symbols on products or packaging,

which indicates product or packaging environmental impact.

»Belongs to Latvian biological agriculture organisations association and testifies to product`s ecologically clean origin;

»EU Energy efficiency labelling (class A to F);»Green Certificate, which is rural tourist

residence eco-labelling;»FSC – sustainable forestry certificate,

indicated on products in which sustainable wood-pulp is used



EU official environmental labelling. Latvian producers may also obtain it. Currently, only textiles, floor covers and office paper available in Latvia;

Nordic Swan, Nordic labelling issued by the Nordic Council of Ministers. On two products in Latvia – United Press, Baltic Candles

Good Environmental Choice, developed by the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation. On many product groups. Considered to be one of the stricktest labellings.

Blue Angel German enviromental labelling, existent from 1978, considered one of the world`s most advanced environmental labellings. Found on over 3500 products.

TCO (Swedish professional employees confederation). Awarded to cell phones, office furniture, computers and assessories

Etc.



• Informative materials:– Brochures on environmentally friendly behaviour (Green

Guide, All that we eat, Sustainable construction, advice for building insulation, etc.)

– complex media campaigns, TV programmes "Vides fakti” (www.videsfakti.lv); Dabas taka, Uz meža takas (Latvian Television)

– Information on organisations websites • Sustainable consumption (Dolceta

http://www.dolceta.eu/latvija/, Vides risinajumi (www.videsrisinajumi.lv), Zaļā brīvība (www.zb-zeme.lv); ekozeme.lv (www.ekozeme.lv);

• sustainable construction(NGO “Zaļas mājas” www.zalasmajas.lv)• vegetarianism (www.vegetarisms.lv)• Etc.

Green guideNGO Green Liberty


http://www.videsfakti.lv/

http://www.dolceta.eu/latvija/

http://www.zb-zeme.lv/

http://www.zalasmajas.lv/

http://www.vegetarisms.lv/

5.2.5 CCI: Environmental education instruments

• Formal education: • Study subjects on environment; natural sciences

programmes in primary and secondary schools; higher education programmes.

• Non-formal education:• Campaigns • Educational events on environment – Environment

Weeks at schools etc.• Extra-curricular activities• Further education centres etc.



• Campaigns oriented towards primary and secondary school involvement:– Eco-schools, New environmental reporters, Get to

know the forest, The Revealed Latvia (Atrastā Latvija).

– Latvijas Zaļais punkts (Latvian Green Point) and Latvian University of Agriculture campaign „The Green Point Cup”

– Competitions for Best Class title – battery collecting, tree sowing and planing action `Oxigen`



• Other environmental education instruments:– Exhibitions devoted to environmental protection;– Conferences (annual “Environmental science and

education in Latvia”, Inhale 2010 green and ecological lifestyle conference);

– Cultural events: concerts, films, documentary demonstrations, theatre performances.

“Green movies” in “Green Ikskile”

Nature concerthall – music event


5.2.8 CCI: Public participation instruments

• NGO activities for public participation:– against GMO, green guide, green markets, Idea house

„Green lifestyle action”, NGO „Zaļas mājas” activities promoting sustainable construction, NGO Berga bazārs on environmentally friendly food, Global green work day, etc, Creative Cities Free from

GMO

Global green work day

Green market


5.2.9 CCI: Public participation instruments

• Ministry of the Environment activities for public participation:– Annual prize Ābols (Apple), awarded to local

governments implementing environmental infrastructute and nature protection projects, competition Best packaging in Latvia, competition Sējējs (The Sower) for farms and competition Best Environmental Reporter.

• Other public participation instruments: – Public hearings, consultative boards, participation in NGOs,

letter-writing etc.


6. Household environmental management development in Latvia

1. Municipal competition example: Liepāja competition on neatest building

2. Resident self-organisation example: idea actions;3. Riga household example;4. Valmiera city municipal action example;5. Expert evaluation on household environmental

management development in Latvia


6.1. Municipal competition example: Liepāja competition on neatest building

• Annually since 2005. City`s neatest buildings assessed annually from June to September

• Nominations: – „Neatest company”, – „Neatest institution”, – „Neatest multi-storey building” and– „Neatest private house”– „Broomstick” for most untidy buildings

• Resident organising and benefit for municipality – a well-kept city

Photo: Liepajniekiem web page


6.2. Resident self-organisation example: idea actions

• Idea actions – a consultations platform for companies to start business, for residents to live greener and other interested individuals for co-operation

• Project since 2009, over 20 idea actions. Slogan – together we can ourselves!

• March 2010 – Green Lifestyle action. 16 ideas submitted in total.

A number of ideas jointly implemented – some small gardens created, several ideas on self-organisation to create bicycle paths, gatherings, etc.

Photo: Ideju talka archive

Symbol of Idea action (Ideju talka)


6.3. Resident and municipal action development in Valmiera city municipality

1. Service supply for households2. “ZAAO” waste management company activities in

promoting environmentally friendly behaviour3. Building insulation activity development4. Impeding factors in Valmiera municipal activity

development


6.3.1.Service supply for households

– Service supply companies – „Valmieras ūdens”, „Valmieras siltums”, “ZAAO”

– All institutions possess active instruments in service improvement, a significant support for EU infrastructure programmes

– Company “ZAAO” – most significant public educator on environmental issues, internally – integrated environmental management systems (ISO 14001, ISO 9001, work safety), highest number of separate waste collection points in the region


6.3.2. ZAAO environmental information activities

• ZAAO company`s environmental information activities– environmental education

experts– issues informative

materials on environment (for primary and secondary schools)

– A number of co-operation programmes:

• With local governments

• With educational establishments

• Participation in environmental education association Source: “North Vidzeme Waste Management

Organisation” website www.zaao.lvCOBWEB, Interreg IV A 2011University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management

6.3.3. Building insulation activity development

Appartment owners society “Smilškrasti” experience in building insulation

Household action – facilitating factors:

• EU ERAF fund availability; • Municipal and Ministry of

Economy (BEMA) communication with residents;

• Good examples of other appartment owners societies in Valmiera;

• Inernal motivation – opportunity to save money, improve internal microclimate, increase property value

Household action – impeding factors:

• Complicated application procedure;

• Differing relations among owners in a building;

• Difficulties in achieving agreement;

• Lack of enthusiasts, leaders.COBWEB, Interreg IV A 2011University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management

Building: 5-floor building (series 103) built in 1976. 5656 appartments, total area 2867,85 m2

Renovation works: in 2005 – for walls and ends2009 - external construction and basement ceiling insulation, roof renovation, window change in corridors, heating and ventilation systems renovation

Heating enegy consumption:After 2005 renovation - 102 kWh/m2 (52% savings)After 2009 renovation – planned reduction 42,49 %, reaching approx. 60 kwh/m2

Attraction of co-financing - LVL 37 105,45

6.3.4. Impeding factors in Valmiera municipal action development

– Unavailability of a number of external national regulations (e.g., on green purchasing, no regulations on municipal obligations in relation to environmetal policy and lack of strategic governmental approach;

– Lack of resident interest and non-participation in decision-making processes;

– Municipal administration`s internal factors – lack of leadership interest, employee enthusiasm, capacity

– Etc.


6.4.1 Riga household action example

Case study of a particular household, whose residents are all

informed on environmentally friendly lifestyle

• Household characteristics:– Building built in 1900, not insulated, six storey appartment

block, brick external walls. – Appartment area - 114,3 m2, ceiling height – 3,4 m. 5 rooms, 5

residents, 22,86 m2 area available for each resident.

• Household service use:– heating supply by JSC „Rīgas siltums”, – Water supply services „Rīgas ūdens” Ltd.,– electricity supply services JSC „Latvenergo”;– Waste management services JSC "L & T Hoetika”.


6.4.2 Riga household action example: Household consumption indices

Consumptio

n

Amoun

t

LVL CO2

kgElectricity

consumption400 kwh

29,87 Ls

172

Heating consumption

2620 kwh

135 Ls 497

Gas consumption

3 m 1,60 Ls 5,67

Water consumption

- 7,35 Ls -

Wastesorted 20 kg 1,30 Ls

0,00374

unsorted 80 kg 0,032Total 150,12 663,4

4

• Electricity consumption annual indice - 4800 kwh corresponds to CSB classified biggest consumption group - 2000 kwh and more

• Heating consumption - 161 kwh/m2. (2016 consumption target indice – 195 kwh/m2, 2020 – 150 kwh/m21)

• GHG emisssions - 1,2t – smaller than Latvian average – 1,53t

• Electricity consumption as the only household evaluable indice

1The First energy efficiency action plan Latvia Saeima


6.4.3 Riga household action example: Household consumption patterns analysis

• Energy consumption high Household uses electric water boiler, part of electric appliances old;

• Heating consumption not high saving rather than comfort regime, considerable heat loss from building;

• Household residents partly sorte their waste – glass, PET bottles, paper;

• Interest in environmentally friendly lifestyle, participate in different events, involve others


6.4.4 Riga household action example: Conclusions

• Household does not promote sustainable consumption development:– Lack of infrastructure;– Resident status - tenants;– Neighbours and peers;– Economic aspects;

– Unwillingness to participate in municipality`s monitoring and disbelief in possible change


6.5. Expert evaluation on household environmental management development in Latvia• Opinion poll - 34 experts• Key framework for SD

development – resident interest and action development;

• First-priority instruments - economic stimula, good infrastructure, service supply improvement, good examples, enhancement of environmental education system;

• Sector situation assessment: 1%

- very good, 21% - good, 38% - average, 30% - bad, 11% - activities not noticed;

• Co-operation among target groups in SD development:– Most frequently - weak, only

public administrative educational institutions as good.

– Resident co-operation as most important to boost sustainable consumption in society.

COBWEB, Interreg IV AUniversity of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management

7. Conclusion


7.1 Conclusions

• The EF index and household GHG emissions data show the need for household sustainable consumption (HSC) in Latvia;

• The main household consumption clusters with highest impact on environment are housing, transport and food;

• HEM subsectors are:

– Building environment;

– Energy supply and use;

– Water supply and use;

– Food consumption,

– Other services and products consumption;

– Waste management;

– Transport;

– Lifestyle

COBWEB, Interreg IV A 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management

7.2 Conclusions

• The HEM examples in Latvia showed many obstacles in three main environmental management vertical levels (national, municipality and household) for HSC (for housing sub - sectors) promotion;

– The municipalities without national legislation and national strategy for HSC development are weak for initiatives realization;

– The obstacle factors on household level are related to unavailable infrastructure, information, and prices in external household environment as well as internal factors – habits, knowledge, values;

– the household residents informed about sustainable consumption practice are affected by many other actors, such as centralized service companies, waste management companies, business companies, neighborhood for sustainable consumption realization.

7.3 Conclusions

• Collaboration development among involved actors could promote HSC development – experts directed households internal collaboration as strong, Idea action example showed the successes in praxis;

• There are many communication instruments used for HSC development, but mostly by mediators;

• The representatives from municipality argued for the need of household involvement and participation in planning and decision making processes for municipality action development;

• This all brought to the conclusion – the need for systematic household environmental management.


7.4 Conclusions

Systemic approach for household sustainable development needs

to be promoted in:– Development of environmental management dimensions:

• Public institutions need to ensure external preconditions for environmentally friendly behavior and promoting internal household action and development of environmental awareness;

• Municipal institutions – when implementing SD promotion policy – ensure sustainable services, municipal infrastructure, communication with residents and showing good example;

• Households implement and demand sustainable consumption in public environment;

• Every level of governance - vertical and horizontal co-operation, incl. involving corporate and mediator dimensions of environmental management.

– HEM thematic sector development:• Ensure HEM integration into every environmental management

sector;• Taking into account mutual sector integration in sustainable

development;• Complementary use of available instruments.


8. Bibliography


Bibliography

1. Auzāne B., Elere L (2008) Sustainable consumption in Latvia: barriers and consumer attitude

2. Brizga J. (2008) Ecological footprint in Latvia

3. Brizga J., Kudreņickis I. 2009 Household Climate Impact in Latvia: Measuring Carbon Footprint // RTU zinātniskie raksti. 13. sēr., Vides un klimata tehnoloģijas. - 3. sēj. , 34.-40. lpp.

4. Construction, Energy and Housing State Agency (2008) “Latvian Energy in Figures, Riga.

5. CSB - Central Statistical Bureau (2009) Ienākumi un dzīves apstākļi Latvijā 2007, LR Centrālā Statistikas pārvalde, 72 lp

6. Diepen van A. M.L (1998) Developments in Household composition in Europe Noorman K. Uiterkamp J. K. Green Households? Domestic Consumers, Environment and Sustainability, Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, UK, 82-100pp

7. EEA 2008 Municipal waste generation per capita available: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/municipal-waste-generation-per-capita-in-western-europe-eu-15-new-member-states-eu-12-eu-countries-eu-27-and-total-in-europe-eu-27-turkey-croatia-norway-iceland-switzerland-2

8. Ernsteins R. (2003) Environmental communication, Institute for Environmental Science and Management, University of Latvia, Riga, 96 pp.

9. ETC SCP - European Topic Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production (2010) Towards a Set of Indicators on Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) for EEA reporting

10. European Commission (2006) Environmental impact of products (EIPRO): Analysis of the life cycle environmental impacts related to the total final consumption of the EU25, European Commission Technical Report EUR 22284 EN, May 2006


Bibliography

11. Klavs G. 2010 Siltumnīcefekta gāzu emisijas un klimata politika to ierobežošanai transporta sektorā Latvijā; Zaļā brīvība; available: http://www.zb-zeme.lv/images/transports_draft.pdf

12. Kudrenickis I 2010 Siltumnīcefekta gāzu emisijas un klimata politika to ierobežošanai mājsaimniecību sektorā Latvijā; Zaļa Brīvība

13. Kudrenickis I. 2009 „Vides pārvalde: Enerģētikas saimniecība un gaisa aizsardzība” Lekciju konspekti, LU Vides pārvaldības katedra

14. Līce E. (zin. vad. prof. Ernšteins R.) 2010 Mājsaimniecību vides pārvaldības attīstība Latvijā; Latvijas Universitāte EVF Vides pārvaldības katedra, 2010. gada

15. Melece, L. (2011). Sustainable Food: Issues of Food Security in Latvia. Economic Science for Rural Development, No 25, pp. 124-134. ISSN 1691-3078

16. Offi ce of National Statistics (ONS) 2005: General household survey 2005. Appendix A: defi nitions and terms. Retrieved 28 August 2009 from http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=5756

17. Tallinn University of Technology 2009 Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Estonia; available: http://www.odyssee-indicators.org/publications/PDF/estonia_nr.pdf

18. WWF 2010 „Living Planet Report 2010”

http://www.zb-zeme.lv/images/transports_draft.pdf

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=5756

http://www.odyssee-indicators.org/publications/PDF/estonia_nr.pdf

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