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A.T.E. ENTERPRISES PRIVATE LIMITEDBusiness Unit: HMX

v1.0– updated 17th Feb ‘15

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Presented at the IDECool Launch for Channel Partners, Pune, 10-11 February 2017

Trends in Comfort Cooling

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A Look Back1840s First mention of “active cooling systems”

1915 Carrier Corporation founded (now a part of UTC --- United Technologies)

1890s Air blown over stored ice or pipes with pressurized liquid that absorbed heat to provide comfort

1902 Sackett & Wilhelms, Brooklyn, New York, install a system to control the humidity in a printing factory. Designed by Willis Carrier.

Silk mill

Drug firm

Gillette factory to manufacture safety razors

1920s Comfort in public spaces like cinemas and department stores

Larger sizes, more standard products, refrigerants (CFCs, HCFCs), ……

Sources multiple including The Economist, Stan Cox’s Losing Our Cool

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Fast-Forward TodayRising CO2 levels in the atmosphere leading to global warming

Tied to the rising energy consumption all over the world and burning of fossil fuels

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India’s Growth Fueled by Oil

If India’s economy grows as expected, it will consume several times more energy in

next decade ….

Sources Energy Statistics 2012, Central Statistics Office, Government of India

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Cooling Contributes to Global Warming

About 35-40% of the energy consumed by commercial and residential buildings

As much as 50% of the energy consumed in buildings is used for cooling

India will construct 2x more building area in next 15 years than in last 60 years!Source: Energy Conservation and Commercialization [Eco-II], 2010

Huge potential in India to set a new energy-

efficient and greenhouse gas-sensitive paradigm

in “cooling for comfort”

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Trends in Comfort Cooling

• Green Refrigerants

• Understanding Comfort and Models for Comfort

• Quantifying comfort: building modelling and simulation

• Comfort through Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

• Benefits derived from Comfort

• Energy-efficient comfort cooling

• Building architecture to promote comfort

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Refrigerant Type Global Warming Potential or GWP(100 year, Assessment Report 4, 2007)

R410A – R32/R125 (50/50) HFC 2088

R22 – chloro difluoro methane HCFC 1810

R134A – chloro difluoro methane HFC 1430

R32 – methylene fluoride HFC 675

R290 – propane HC, “natural” 3.3

R1270 – propylene HC, “natural” 1.8

R744 – carbon dioxide “natural” 1

R717 – ammonia “natural” 0

Green Refrigerants

Agreement at Montreal Protocol (2016)

• Developed countries to reduce using HFC from 2019

• China to reduce using HFC from 2024

• India to reduce using HFC from 2028

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Comfort

“That condition of mind which expresses

satisfaction with the thermal environment

and is assessed

by subjective evaluation.”

ASHRAE Standard 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

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Comfort

Human body produces 100-150 W of heat under normal

conditions and moderate activity level

This heat must be “dissipated” in order to

maintain constant body temperature

Heat in Heat out

When human body attains constant temperature, it is said to be “comfortable”

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Comfort in Engineering Terms

Human body can lose heat (“dissipation”) by various mechanisms

• Conduction to air due to difference between temperature of air in contact with that of the human body

• Convection to air due to temperature difference and air movement

• Radiation to surrounding walls due to difference in temperature of surfaces not in contact

• Evaporation driven by moisture levels in air

Which is more important and when?

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Comfort in Engineering Terms

Evaporation

Convectionand radiation28 °C

Dry Bulb Temperature

Hea

t Los

s

Source Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning Guide 37 63

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Adaptive Model of Comfort

ASHRAE limits valid for :• Operable windows• No mechanical cooling• Metabolic rate 1-1.3 met• Clothing Level 0.5-0.7 clo

Indo

or O

pera

tive

Tem

pera

ture

f ( In

door

Tem

pera

ture

, MRT

)

90% Acceptance

(~5°C band)

Air speeds raise upper limit of comfort band by 1-2˚C

Prevailing Mean Outdoor Temperature(Moving average of mean daily temperature, 7-30 days,

single value for each day of year)

10 °C 33.5 °C

80% Acceptance

= 90 % Acceptance ± 1˚C

31.7°C

24.7°C

ASHRAE 55-2010, Section 5.3

ASHRAE Software Tool for Comforthttp://smap.cbe.berkeley.edu/comforttool

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Adaptive Comfort is Applicable to India

ASHRAE limits

• Operable windows

• No mechanical cooling

• Metabolic rate 1-1.3 met

• Clothing Level 0.5-0.7 clo

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Building Energy Modelling (BEM)

• Computer-based simulation of energy performance of a building

• Process of using a computer to build a virtual replica of a building

• Focus on energy consumption and life-cycle costs

• Building simulation is a method to quantitatively predict the future and thus has considerable value

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BEM: Scope

Building simulation is commonly divided into two categories

• Load Design

• Energy-Analysis

Load Design is used to determine

• Air conditioning loads

• Volumetric air flow requirements

• Equipment capacities

Energy Analysis or Energy Modelling is used to (building simulation when energy is involved is commonly referred to as Energy Modelling)

• Predict the monthly & annual energy consumption and bills.

• Compare and contrast different efficiency options

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BEM: Benefits

For same degree of comfort:

• Compare different building designs including passive constructions

• Identify major contributors to heat load in the building

• Compare different technologies and HVAC configurations

• Evaluate equipment capacities based on unmet hours

• Detailed hourly results

• Compare annual energy consumption data of various equipment

• Evaluate energy savings

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Building Energy Modelling

6149 hours outside comfort envelope 3758 hours

STANDARD CONSTRUCTION… WITH REFLECTIVE and Low-EMISSIVITY

SURFACES

Case A.T.E. factory, Sari, Sanand taluk, Gujarat, 40,600 ft2 floor area

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BEM: Example

Configuration Machine Size, cfm(300 unmet hours at 28 °C)

CapExRs.

OpExRs. / year

NPV *Rs.

Ambiator 122,000 3.66 Mn 2.07 Mn - 23.4 Mn

Ambiator + Paint 85,000 2.96 Mn 1.56 Mn - 17.9 Mn

Ambiator + Paint + Film 80,000 3.29 Mn 1.5 Mn - 17.7 Mn

* Discount rate 10%, energy at constant Rs. 6/kWh, paint @ Rs. 10 / ft2 replaced every 3 years, film @ Rs. 12 / ft2 replaced every 5 years

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Comfort through Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Parameters include:

• Volatile organics (VOCs)

• Particulate matter (PM2.5 , PM10)

• Biological contaminants

• Chemical contaminants (NOx, SOx)

• Carbon dioxide (CO2) mainly due to that exhaled by humans

Two methods to maintain IAQ

• Incorporate multiple levels of filtration

• Use fresh air defined by ASHRAE standards for different applications

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Benefits Derived From Improved Comfort

• 12% higher productivity possible by maintaining comfort conditionsSharma & Chandwani 2016 IIM Ahmedabad study on Indian factories

• 0.2% rise in productivity for each 1°C drop in temperatureAdhvaryu et al. 2014 U Michigan on 29 garment factories in Bangalore

• 8.8% higher operator performance at a call centre by raising fresh air supply from 9.8 to 22.7 l/s-person (at indoor temperature 24.5°C)Tham et al. 2003 call centre in Thailand

• Inadequate fresh air propagated tuberculosis to health care workersMenzies et al 2000 study on 17 Canadian hospitals

• US soldiers got more coughs and colds if they slept in air-conditioned barracks than if they slept in tents and warehousesRichards et al 1993a on soldiers stationed in Saudi Arabian desert during Gulf War I

• Common colds in crowded dormitories fell by 85% by raising fresh air to 5 l/s-person from 1 l/s-personSun et al. 2011 3700 students in 1500+ dorm rooms

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Contact us

For more information:

A.T.E. Enterprises Private Limited (Business Unit: HMX)Plot no 113 & 114, Phase III,Peenya Industrial Area, Bengaluru - 560 058, India.

Email: ambiator@hmx.co.inPhone: +91 80 - 2372 1065 / 2372 2325Or visit us: www.ategroup.com/hmx

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