CONTINUING EDUCATION 2ESTHETIC RIDGE AUGMENTATION

Tridimensional Reconstruction of a Complex Iatrogenic Defect Using Orthodontic Forced Eruption and Minimally Invasive Bone GraftingErnesto A. Lee, DMD

L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S

Abstract: As the use of dental implants has become more common, so has the frequency of complications and unforeseen outcomes. This article describes the treatment of a complex iatrogenic defect secondary to a failed implant (No. 7) and multiple bone-grafting attempts in the maxillary anterior region. The patient’s revealing smile line and high-risk circumstances demanded the use of an interdisciplinary treatment approach with high potential for predictable esthetic results. Forced eruption was performed to restore the alveolar height deficit and develop the compromised hard and soft tissues around teeth Nos. 6 and 8. The subperiosteal minimally invasive (a)esthetic ridge-augmentation technique (SMART) was subsequently used to provide horizontal bone augmentation while preserving the soft-tissue architec­ture. After bone-graft integration, immediate postextraction implants were placed at Nos. 6 and 8 using a flapless approach, and a screw-retained long­term polymethylmethacrylate provisional prosthesis was delivered during the same appointment. The synergy of these combined therapies resulted in a complete tridimensional reconstruction of the defect. Gingival and alveo­lar volumes and gingival margin levels were successfully restored.

• Discuss the rationale for implant therapy in the esthetic zone

• Describe the minimally invasive bone-grafting technique used for treating a complex iatrogenic gingival-alveolar defect

• Explain how forced eruption used in conjunction with minimally invasive bone grafting can enhance the reconstruction of gingival-alveolar defects in the esthetic zone

DISCLOSURE: "Subperiosteal Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Ridge

Augmentation Technique" and "S.M.A.R.T." are trademarks of the

author. The method and its associated devices are the subject of one or

more pending patent applications.

The use of dental implants has become increasingly widespread and, along with it, the frequency of com­plications and unexpected outcomes has risen. In par­ticular, iatrogenic sequelae from failed im plant and bone-augmentation procedures in the esthetic zone pose a significant challenge because of the often catastrophic na­

ture of the resulting gingival-alveolar defects. In the presence of a revealing smile, treatm ent of these complications represents a high-risk proposition for clinicians, which is compounded by po­tential medico-legal implications. The most difficult endeavor in

these situations is the recreation of an ideal gingival architecture, particularly when dental implants are involved.

Alveolar ridge defects have traditionally been treated with surgi­cal techniques that involve the reflection of a mucoperiosteal flap. Because these defects often require significant volume augmenta­tion, a greater degree of flap reflection and advancement is needed to achieve adequate co-aptation. The risk of complications is also in­creased, including incomplete wound closure and soft-tissue dehis­cences, which could lead to exposure of the membrane or graft mate­rial, infections, and compromised hard- and soft-tissue outcomes . 1

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An evaluation of the predictability of bone-augmentation pro­cedures in the esthetic zone must take into account the resulting peri-implant soft-tissue architecture. This factor becomes a crucial concern in high-risk scenarios when improved esthetic outcomes are required and minimally invasive surgical techniques need to be considered.2 Additionally, the use of combined therapies, includ­ing orthodontic forced eruption and distraction osteogenesis, may provide more predictable alternatives to vertical bone augmenta­tion while preserving the soft-tissue architecture.3,4

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate, through the pre­sentation of a case report, the use of an interdisciplinary approach that included forced eruption and a novel subperiosteal minimally invasive (a)esthctic ridge-augmentation technique (SMART) for the treatment of a complex iatrogenic gingival-alveolar defect.

Case PresentationA healthy 20-year-old woman presented to the author’s office re­questing treatment for a large defect in the area of missing tooth No. 7. She exhibited a high smile line that revealed a clearly visible deformity, associated with pain and sensitivity on teeth Nos. 6 and 8 and in the area of tooth No. 7 (Figure 1). Although the patient

wore a modified Essix retainer, the defect was still visible because of the magnitude of tissue loss and the revealing nature of her smile.

The patient reported previous comprehensive orthodontic ther­apy, part of which included the creation of adequate space for re­placement of the congenitally missing maxillary right lateral incisor. After completion of orthodontic therapy, implant placement and bone grafting were performed in the area of No. 7. Unfortunately, both procedures failed, resulting in a large hard- and soft-tissue de­fect. A subsequent attempt to perform bone augmentation was also unsuccessful and, instead, resulted in a larger deficit and increased recession on teeth Nos. 6 and 8. After a recommendation to attempt a third bone graft, the patient decided to seek alternative options.

Clinical ExaminationThe intraoral examination revealed a substantial deficit of alveolar bone and gingival tissues in the maxillary right lateral incisor area. The ridge defect exhibited vertical and horizontal components, which were associated with a severe loss of clinical attachment on both the mesial aspect of tooth No. 6 and the distal aspect of tooth No. 8. Although probing depths were within normal limits, minimal keratinized gingiva was present and the soft tissues were acutely

Fig 1. The patient presented with a large deformity stemming from a congenitally missing maxillary right lateral incisor. Fig 2. A failed implant and bone-graft procedures had resulted in a substantial iatrogenic gingival-alveolar defect. Fig 3 and Fig 4. Tomographic images revealed a trid i­mensional defect extending to the apical third of teeth Nos. 6 and 8, a buccal bone dehiscence on tooth No. 5, and associated thin labial plates.

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inflamed. Plaque removal was difficult because of the soft-tissue defect, gingival-margin location, and irregular soft-tissue architec­ture. Additionally, bone sequestration could be observed through the labial mucosa (Figure 2).

Tomographic images revealed a large tridimensional defect, with vertical and horizontal loss of bone extending to the apical third of teeth Nos. 6 and 8. Additionally, a buccal bone dehiscence was evi­dent on tooth No. 5, and thin labial plates secondary to the orthodon­tic movement were present in several areas (Figure 3 and Figure 4).

Rationale for Implant Therapy in the Esthetic ZoneEstablishing esthetic and restorative objectives is essential in treat­m ent planning for complex defects in the maxillary anterior re­gion. In the present case, teeth Nos. 6 and 8 required extraction and replacement with implants due to their poor prognosis. The patient’s high smile line and esthetic demands precluded the use of any prosthesis incorporating pink restorative materials.

Esthetic outcomes in implant therapy are highly dependent on the architecture of the peri-implant soft tissues.11 Additionally, the esthetic predictability of immediate postextraction implant place­ment has been well-documented.613 Lee and coworkers reported minimal changes in the thickness of the labial plate 6 months after treatm ent,12 and Chu et al similarly reported negligible remodeling of labial soft-tissue profiles.14

Although different protocols have been advocated, recent publi­cations show consensus on the importance of clinician experience and adequate site selection in achieving predictable esthetic out­comes with immediate postextraction flapless implant placement and provisionalization.13,15'6 Therefore, a rationale for the predict­able treatm ent of severe gingival-alveolar defects in the esthetic zone may require development of compromised sites into ideal sites before implant placement.

In the present case, site development of Nos. 6 and 8 with predict­able soft-tissue esthetics would be a complex endeavor requiring the use of interdisciplinary therapy. W hether subsequent immedi­ate implant placement and provisionalization would result in abso­lute preservation of the hard and soft tissues is less relevant than a comparison between the esthetic outcomes of this approach versus those achieved with traditional flap-based surgical augmentations.

Esthetic Predictability of Bone-Grafting ProceduresBone-grafting procedures have been shown to be efficacious in pro­viding adequate bone volumes for dental implant placement.41719 However, the effect of these procedures on the peri-implant soft- tissue profiles is an important consideration in the esthetic zone. Several authors have reported that bone augmentation, guided bone regeneration (GBR), and flap-based techniques exhibit an increased risk of complications and compromised peri-implant esthetics, frequently resulting in sequelae ranging from scar for­mation and gingival defects to recession and deficient papillae, particularly in thin-biotype scenarios.2,20'22

In addition, the patient in this case report exhibited a large iat­rogenic defect with a substantial vertical component, and, there­fore, the predictability of vertical bone-augmentation procedures

Fig 5. S ta rt o f o rth o d o n tic fo rced e ru p tio n to deve lop sites Nos. 6 and 8 be fo re im p la n t p lacem ent. A den tu re to o th was co m m o n -tie d to th e arch­w ire to serve as a pon tic . A n cho rage requ irem ents de te rm in e d th e ex te n t o f b racke t p lacem ent. F ig 6 and F ig 7. E rup tion o f to o th No. 6 to th e a p i­cal th ird and to o th No. 8 beyond its a lveolus was needed to achieve ideal s ite deve lopm en t. This degree o f fo rce d e ru p tio n o fte n resu lts in lingual d isp lacem en t th a t needs to be m anaged w ith ro o t- to rq u in g auxiliaries. Su lcu la r ep ithe lium eversion can be observed on to o th No. 8. F ig 8 and F ig 9. C om pared to th e p reope ra tive v iew seen in F ig 2, adequa te a lveo lar h e igh t and g ing iva l p ro file w ere achieved w ith fo rce d e ru p tio n (F ig 8). D irec t co m p o s ite sp lin t w o u ld rem ain fo r 3 m onths. Residual c le ft was a v is ib le rem nan t o f ia trogen ic de fec t. P os t-o rthodon tica lly , ke ra tin iza tion o f su lcu la r e p ithe lium on to o th No. 8 was ev id e n t (F ig 9).

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needed to be considered. In the results of an initial study, Merli and coworkers reported a 54% total complication rate in vertical augmentation procedures comparing the use of autogenous bone grafts with resorbable membranes and titanium plates versus tita­nium-reinforced barriers.23 In a subsequent study of vertical GBR outcomes using resorbable and nonresorbable membranes, Merli reported a total complication rate of41%.24The complications in­cluded membrane exposure, infections, and loss of the graft. Both studies were limited to posterior sites, and all surgical procedures were perform ed by a highly skilled clinician with more than 20 years of experience with dental implant surgery.

Because of the high-risk scenario in the present case, based on the iatrogenic nature and complexity of the defect, its location in the anterior maxilla, and the revealing smile line, traditional sur­gical bone-augmentation procedures (horizontal or vertical) were likely to present an unacceptable rate of complications and lack of esthetic predictability. Therefore, they were not considered as op­tions for resolving the clinical challenges of this case.

developing alveolar ridge height while preserving or improving soft-tissue architecture, forced eruption was included as part of the interdisciplinary approach to treat the patient in the present case (Figure 5). Only stretching forces are applied to the periodon­tal ligament during the forced-eruption movement. This provides the stimulus for bone apposition within the socket walls. Generally, the orthodontic movement should be controlled so the root is ex­truded without impinging on the socket walls. In the presence of periodontal health, bone apposition and gingival remodeling will result in coronal proliferation of the attachment apparatus.29-30

Occlusal management during the forced-eruption process is es­sential to avoid premature contacts that may displace the teeth la- bially and cause resorption of the buccal plate. The author recom­mends providing 2.5 mm of occlusal clearance at the start of forced eruption and performing weekly occlusal adjustments to re-establish this distance through the duration of the forced eruption. The rate of extrusion may vary, so patients should be instructed to contact the office for ad hoc adjustments at any point where contact with the

Fig 10 through Fig 12. Tom ographic images o f tee th Nos. 6 (F ig 10), 7 (F ig 11), and 8 (F ig 12) clearly showed vertica l gains in alveolar height, includ ing in the edentu lous area corresponding to to o th No. 7. The apex o f to o th No. 8 was located w ith in the so ft tissue because it was force- erupted beyond its socket. Fig 13 through Fig 15. Flapless horizonta l bone augm entation in the areas o f tee th Nos. 6 (F ig 13), 7 (F ig 14), and 8 (F ig 15), using SMART m ethod.

Orthodontic Forced EruptionBone remodeling associated with orthodontic movement follows the basic principles described by Reitan. When a tooth is moved in a certain direction, bone resorption occurs on the side where pres­sure is applied to the periodontal ligament, while bone apposition is stimulated by the tension generated on the opposite side.25 In 1973, Brown reported the effect of orthodontic therapy on periodontal defects and the potential for changes in the hard- and soft-tissue architecture.26 In a classic report. Ingber described the use of orth­odontic forced eruption and the resulting bone remodeling to treat periodontal infrabony defects.27 Pontoriero et al demonstrated how this technique could also be used to alter interproximal crest levels.28 Ingber subsequently reported on the benefits of soft-tissue remod­eling associated with forced eruption in the treatm ent of cosmetic soft-tissue deformities.29 Salama and coworkers later described the use of forced eruption in hopeless teeth and how the resulting orthodontic extrusive remodeling of hard and soft tissues could be used to develop extraction-site defects before implant placement.30

Due to its predictability in achieving bone remodeling and

opposing dentition may be perceived. Additionally, supracrestal fi- berotomy maybe performed to sever the periodontal ligament fibers and control the coronal migration of the attachment apparatus.28 In the present case, supracrestal fiberotomies were performed biweekly on the mesial half of tooth No. 8 and the distal half of tooth No. 6.

Successful outcomes with forced eruption require the establish­m ent of treatm ent endpoints, which may include overcompen­sation beyond the desired soft- and hard-tissue changes. For the present case, achieving ideal gingival-alveolar socket architecture required force-erupting tooth No. 6 to the level of the apical third and tooth No. 8 beyond the confines of its alveolus. As the gingi­val sulcus is everted through the eruption process, a gingival red patch corresponding to the nonkeratinized sulcular epithelium may appear, as shown around tooth No. 8 in Figure 8 and Figure 9. This tissue will develop into keratinized gingiva when exposed to the oral environment.31,32 Additionally, when forced eruption of this magnitude is performed, there may be a tendency for lingual displacement that needs to be addressed with root-torquing orth­odontic auxiliaries (Figure 6 and Figure 7).

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When forced eruption is completed, the teeth should be splinted for a 3-month stabilization period,'"1 which will allow mineraliza­tion of osteoid tissue and settling of the gingival remodeling pro­cess. The degree of forced eruption in the present case was such that extreme mobility precluded the use of a provisional restora­tion. Instead, a metal-reinforced direct composite splint extending from teeth Nos. 6 to 8 was fabricated in situ (Figure 8 and Figure 9). When compared with the preoperative condition (Figure 2), Figure 8 and Figure 9 depict the treatment progression with forced eruption. The restoration of adequate alveolar height was achieved while enhancing the soft-tissue architecture, and the everted sul- cular epithelium on tooth No. 8 proceeded to develop keratiniza- tion. However, the pre-existing defect still manifested itself in the form of a residual cleft.

After 3 months of post-orthodontic stabilization, a cone-beam computed tomography scan was taken to re-evaluate the results and plan the future treatment sequence. Tomographic images clearly showed vertical gains in alveolar height, including in the edentulous area corresponding to tooth No. 7 (Figure 10 through Figure 12). The apex of tooth No. 8 was forced-erupted beyond its socket and could be visibly located within the soft tissue.30'33

Minimally Invasive Bone GraftingThe effect of complications secondary to traditional bone-augmen­tation procedures on the peri-implant soft-tissue architecture is an important consideration. Evidence suggests that flap-based surgi­cal techniques, such as bone augmentation and GBR, may have a deleterious effect on implant esthetics.2'20'22 Minimally invasive procedures offer the potential to decrease postoperative compli­cations and morbidity. Although a variety of tunneling techniques with particulate bone grafting have been attempted, they have not been widely accepted in clinical practice.34’30 Recent interest has focused mainly on soft-tissue tunneling applications.40'47

The author recently published a case series reporting the use of the SMART minimally invasive bone-grafting method. Bone aug­mentation was achieved in 60 sites within five treatment categories, with a maximum 30-month follow-up and human histology. The results demonstrated predictable and consistent bone augmenta­tion, with a reduction in morbidity and complications.48 The mean horizontal augmentation in edentulous ridges was 6.47 mm with the SMART approach, while the average gain in ridge width for all treatment categories was 5.11 mm. These results compare favor­ably with previously reported horizontal augmentation outcomes using traditional GBR techniques.49 54

For the present case, the SMART method was used to achieve hori­zontal bone augmentation while preserving the soft-tissue profiles developed using forced eruption. Flap elevation would have resulted in loss of gingival architecture and the residual root of tooth No. 8. A confined subperiosteal tunnel and pouch were developed using the SMART instrumentation and surgical technique to allowthe delivery of an anorganic bovine-derived bone mineral and platelet-derived growth factor combination and horizontally augment the labial al­veolar bone in area Nos. 6,7, and 8. The rationale for selecting the biomaterial was based on its lowsubstitution rate and ability to main­tain the contours of the augmentation (Figure 13 through Figure

Fig 18.

Fig 16. The SMART bone-graft procedure was extended to horizontally augment adjacent areas that exhibited dehiscences and thin buccal plates. This augmentation is clearly evident when compared with the preoperative condition shown in Fig 4. Fig 17 and Fig 18. Illustration of SMART method. A full-thickness incision is made at a remote loca­tion, and a subperiosteal tunnel is developed to provide laparoscopic access to the site (Fig 17). A subperiosteal pouch is then created to confine the graft w ithout damaging the periosteum (Fig 18).

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Fig 19 through Fig 21. After extraction of teeth Nos. 6 and 8, implants were placed and a screw-retained immediate three-unit provisional was delivered. Fig 22 and Fig 23. The implants selected for teeth Nos. 6 (Fig 22) and 8 (Fig 23) featured a tapered design. Fig 24. At 3 months post immediate implant placement and provisionalization, complete regeneration of the defect and adequate osseous crest levels and bone-to-implant contact were evident radiographically.Fig 25. Three months post-treatment, peri-implant soft tissues ap­peared healthy. Fig 26 and Fig 27. Three months post-treatment, favorable gingival architecture was preserved.

1 5 ) 55-57 -p]le recombinant platelet-derived growth factor BB was used to stimulate bone formation and favor soft-tissue healing.58'00

The SMART method does not require the use of tenting screws or other space-maintaining devices. The degree of horizontal aug­mentation is a result of the ability to establish the confines of the tunnel and subperiosteal pouch, so that particle aggregation can be achieved while controlling the dispersion of the graft material.

Contrary to traditional GBR techniques, cell occlusive membranes are not required in the SMART method. The author previously con­ducted a pilot study that demonstrated membranes to be unneces­sary for graft integration and mineralization. In addition, Simion and coworkers have reported that growth factor-mediated bone regen­eration benefited when access to the periosteum was not prohibited by a barrier membrane.58 Because no decortication or intramarrow penetration was performed in the present case, the role of the peri­osteum as a potential source of osteoprogenitor cells in growth fac­tor-m ediated bone regeneration needs to be considered.6162

Because recession was already present on tooth No. 5, the scope of the SMART procedure was extended to horizontally augment adjacent areas that exhibited dehiscences and thin buccal plates (Figure 16). The augmented areas evident in Figure 16 (which can be compared to the preoperative imaging in Figure 4) were accom­plished using two remote incisions. 11 must be emphasized, however, that this procedure may be technique sensitive, and predictable outcomes require training and experience. Unlike lateral subperi­osteal techniques, the SMART method is based on the development of a laparoscopic tunnel from a remote incision to access the graft

site. A subperiosteal pouch is subsequently created to confine the biomaterial particles (Figure 17 and Figure 18). This approach en­sures that surgical trauma to the subperiosteum and the associated inflammatory reaction do not interfere with healing of the bone graft. Specially designed instruments are required to control the elevation of the periosteum, reach the graft site, and develop the subperiosteal pouch.

The bone graft underwent a 6-month maturation period to al­low integration of the biomaterial. At this point, teeth Nos. 6 and 8 were atraumatically removed, and implants were immediately placed into the extraction sites without elevating a flap (Figure 19 through Figure 21). The gingival tissues exhibited a moderate degree of inflammation as a result of the difficult access for oral hygiene procedures under the post-orthodontic splint, which at the time had remained in place for 9 months. Implants featuring a tapered design were selected, and excellent primary stability was achieved (Figure 22 and Figure 23). I nsertion torque values in ex­cess of 45 Ncm were recorded for both implants, which allowed an immediate loading protocol.67-63 64

A screw-retained three-unit provisional prosthesis from teeth Nos. 6 through 8 was delivered during the same appointment (Figure 20). Additionally, direct composite occlusal overlays were bonded to the central fossae of the maxillary bicuspids and first molars to open the bite and disengage the maxillary anterior teeth, thus avoiding cen­tric and excursive contacts during the osseointegration period.6'8-10-12

At the patient’s return visit 3 months after implant placement, the composite overlays were removed and the incisal edges of the

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provisional restoration were modified to approximate the length of the contralateral teeth. The patient reported no complaints, discomfort, or symptomatology throughout the osseointegration period. The implants were stable, and all discernable clinical pa­rameters were within normal limits. The radiographic assessment revealed adequate bone-to-implant contact and osseous crest levels. Similarly, the peri-implant soft tissues displayed a healthy appearance and satisfactory gingival margin architecture (Figure 24 through Figure 27).

The patient subsequently enrolled in medical school, limiting her availability to continue treatment because of academic commit­ments and geographic location. As a result, she has been maintained with a long-term milled polymethylmethacrylate temporary resto­ration for an 18-month period and is currently scheduled to return for final impressions and completion of the definitive restoration.

DiscussionPredictability is essential when considering the treatment of high- risk scenarios in the esthetic zone. Therefore, the potential out­comes from bone-augmentation procedures must also be evalu­ated with regard to the achievement of adequate peri-implant soft-tissue architecture.

In this case report, the tridimensional reconstruction of a com­plex iatrogenic defect was accomplished using orthodontic forced eruption to restore the vertical height and minimally invasive bone grafting to achieve horizontal augmentation.27'2948 This in­terdisciplinary approach allowed the predictable development

and preservation of favorable peri-implant soft tissues. Gingival volume, margin level, and architecture were successfully restored while avoiding multiple hard- and soft-tissue grafting procedures. The only shortcoming was the length of the papillae adjacent to the area of the defect, which did not match the contralateral side.

The technique used provided adequate bone volume, while the soft-tissue disfigurements, complications, and morbidity associat­ed with traditional GBRprocedures were avoided.48 This procedure, however, may be technique sensitive, and predictable outcomes require the use of specially designed instruments, a specific surgi­cal methodology, training, and experience.

ConclusionForced eruption in conjunction with minimally invasive bone grafting may provide synergistic advantages for the predict­able and efficient reconstruction of gingival-alveolar defects in the esthetic zone. Further research and development are required to determ ine the full potential and lim itations of this approach.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author would like to thank LynAnn Mastaj, DMD, for her ex­pert orthodontic advice and assistance with root torque mechanics.

Queries to the author regarding this course may be submitted to authorqueries@aegiscomm.com.

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Ernesto A. Lee, DMDClinical Professor and Director, Postdoctoral Periodontal Prosthesis Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Private Practice, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania

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placed at extraction and with dehiscences and fenestration defects aug­mented with ePTFE membranes: results from a prospective multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat /?es,1999;1(1):27-32.18. Aghaloo TL, Moy PK. Which hard tissue augmentation techniques are the most successful in furnishing bony support for implant place­ment? Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007;22(suppl):49-70.19. Chiapasco M, Zaniboni M. Clinical outcomes of GBR procedures to correct peri-implant dehiscences and fenestrations: a systematic re­view. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20(suppl 4):113-123.20. Santing HJ, Raghoebar GM, Vissink A, et al. Performance of the Straumann bone level implant system for anterior single-tooth replace­ments in augmented and nonaugmented sites: a prospective cohort study with 60 consecutive patients. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24(8):941-948.21. Cosyn J, Eghbali A, Hanselaer L, et al. Four modalities of single implant treatment in the anterior maxilla: a clinical, radiographic, and aesthetic evaluation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2013;15(4):5l7-530.22. Cosyn J, Sabzevar MM, De Bruyn H. Predictors of inter-prox­imal and midfacial recession following single implant treatment in the anterior maxilla: a multivariate analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39(9):895-903.23. Merli M, Migani M, Esposito M. Vertical ridge augmentation with autogenous bone grafts: resorbable barriers supported by ostheosyn- thesis plates versus titanium-reinforced barriers. A preliminary report of a blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007;22(3):373-382.24. Merli M, Moscatelli M, Mariotti G, et al. Bone level variation after vertical ridge augmentation: resorbable barriers versus titanium-rein- forced barriers. A 6-year double-blind randomized clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2014;29(4):905-913.25. Reitan K. Clinical and histologic observations on tooth move­ment during and after orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod. 1967;53(10):721-745.26. Brown IS. The effect of orthodontic therapy on certain types of periodontal defects. I. Clinical findings. J Periodontol. 1973;44(12):742-756.27. Ingber JS. Forced eruption. I. A method of treating isolated one and two wall infrabony osseous defects—rationale and case report. J Periodontol. 1974;45(4):199-206.28. Pontoriero R, Celenza F Jr, Ricci G, Carnevale G. Rapid extrusion with fiber resection: a combined orthodontic-periodontic treatment modality. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1987;7(5):30-43.29. Ingber JS. Forced eruption: alteration of soft tissue cosmetic de­formities. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1989;9(6):416-425.30. Salama H, Salama M. The role of orthodontic extrusive remodeling in the enhancement of soft and hard tissue profiles prior to implant placement: a systematic approach to the management of extraction site defects. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. !993;13(4):312-333.31. Van Venrooy JR, Vanarsdall RL. Tooth eruption: correlation of his­tologic and radiographic findings in the animal model with clinical and radiographic findings in humans. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1987;2(4):235-247.32. Mantzikos T, Shamus I. Forced eruption and implant site develop­ment: soft tissue response. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;112 (6):596-606.33. Amato F, Mirabella AD, Macca U, Tarnow DP. Implant site develop­ment by orthodontic forced extraction: a preliminary study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012;27(2):411-420.34. Kent JN, Quinn JH, Zide MF, et al. Alveolar ridge augmentation us­ing nonresorbable hydroxylapatite with or without autogenous cancel­lous bone. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1983;41(10):629-642.35. Vanassche BJ, Stoelinga PJ, de Koomen HA, et al. Reconstruction of the severely resorbed mandible with interposed bone grafts and hydroxyl­apatite. A 2-3 year follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1988;17(3):157-160.36. Block MS, Degen M. Horizontal ridge augmentation using human mineralized particulate bone: preliminary results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004:62(9 suppl 2):67-72.

454 COMPENDIUM July/August 2017 Volume 38, Number 7

37. Hasson O. Augmentation of deficient lateral alveolar ridge using the subperiosteal tunneling dissection approach. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103(3):e14-el9.38. Kfir E, Kfir V, Eliav E, Kaluski E, Minimally invasive guided bone re­generation. J Oral Implantol. 2007;33(4):205-210.39. Dibart S, Sebaoun JD, Surmenian J. Piezocision: a minimally inva­sive, periodontally accelerated orthodontic tooth movement proce­dure. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2009;30(6):342-344,346,348-350.40. Blanes RJ, Allen EP. The bilateral pedicle flap-tunnel technique: a new approach to cover connective tissue grafts. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1999;19(5):471-479.41. Zabalegui I, Sicilia A, Cambra J, et al. Treatment of multiple adjacent gingival recessions with the tunnel subepithelial connective tissue graft: a clinical report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1999;19(2):199-206.42. Mahn DH. Treatment of gingival recession with a modified “tunnel" technique and an acellular dermal connective tissue allograft. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2001;13(l):69-74.43. Tozum TF, Dini FM. Treatment of adjacent gingival recessions with subepithelial connective tissue grafts and the modified tunnel tech­nique. Quintessence Int. 2003;34(1):7-13.44. AIGhamdi AS, Buhite RJ. A new tunnel technique with acellular der­mal matrix for soft tissue preparation prior to symphyseal block graft— a description of technique and case report. J Oral Implantol. 2008;34 (5):274-281.45. Modaressi M, Wang HL. Tunneling procedure for root coverage us­ing acellular dermal matrix: a case series. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2009;29(4):395-403.46. Zadeh HH. Minimally invasive treatment of maxillary anterior gingi­val recession defects by vestibular incision subperiosteal tunnel access and platelet-derived growth factor BB. Int J Periodontics Restorative D ent 2011;31(6):653-660.47. Chao JC. A novel approach to root coverage: the pinhole surgical technique. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2012;32(5):521-531.48. Lee EA. Subperiosteal minimally invasive aesthetic ridge augmen­tation technique (SMART): a new standard for bone reconstruction of the jaws. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2017;37(2):165-173.49. Proussaefs P, Lozada J. Use of titanium mesh for staged localized alveolar ridge augmentation: clinical and histologic-histomorphomet- ric evaluation. J Oral Implantol. 2006;32(5):237-247.50. Pieri F, Corinaldesi G, Fini M, et al. Alveolar ridge augmenta­tion with titanium mesh and a combination of autogenous bone and anorganic bovine bone: a 2-year prospective study. J Periodontol. 2008;79(11):2093-2103.51. Hammerle CH, Jung RE, Yaman D, Lang NP. Ridge augmentation by applying bioresorbable membranes and deproteinized bovine bone mineral: a report o f twelve consecutive cases. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19(1):19-25.52. Urban IA, Nagursky H, Lozada JL, Nagy K. Horizontal ridge aug­mentation with a collagen membrane and a combination of particu- lated autogenous bone and anorganic bovine bone-derived mineral: a prospective case series in 25 patients. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2013;33(3):299-307.53. Meloni SM, Jovanovic SA, Urban I, et al. Horizontal ridge augmen­tation using GBR w ith a native collagen membrane and 1:1 ratio of par- ticulated xenograft and autologous bone: a 1-year prospective clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2017;19(1):38-45.54. Urban IA, Monje A, Lozada JL, Wang HL. Long-term evaluation of peri-implant bone level after reconstruction of severely atrophic eden­tulous maxilla via vertical and horizontal guided bone regeneration in combination w ith sinus augmentation: a case series with 1 to 15 years of loading. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2017;19(1):46-55.55. Nevins ML, Camelo M, Nevins M, et al. Minimally invasive alveolar ridge augmentation procedure (tunneling technique) using rhPDGF- BB in combination with three matrices: a case series. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2009;29(4):371-383.56. Buser D, Chappuis V, Bornstein MM, et al. Long-term stability of

contour augmentation with early implant placement following single tooth extraction in the esthetic zone: a prospective, cross-section­al study in 41 patients with a 5- to 9-year follow-up. J Periodontol. 2013;84(11):1517-1527.57. Jensen SS, Bosshardt DD, Gruber R, Buser D. Long-term stability of contour augmentation in the esthetic zone: histologic and histomor- phometric evaluation of 12 human biopsies 14 to 80 months after aug­mentation. J Periodontol. 2014;85(11):1549-1556.58. Simion M, Nevins M, Rocchietta I, et al. Vertical ridge augmenta­tion using an equine block infused with recombinant human platelet- derived growth factor-BB: a histologic study in a canine model. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2009;29(3):245-255.59. Cardaropoli D. Vertical ridge augmentation with the use of recombi­nant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB and bovine bone mineral: a case report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2009;29(3):289-295.60. Nevins M, Camelo M, Nevins ML, et al. Growth factor-mediated combination therapy to treat large local human alveolar ridge defects. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2012;32(3):263-271.61. Zhu SJ, Choi BH, Huh JY, et al. A comparative qualitative histologi­cal analysis of tissue-engineered bone using bone marrow mesenchy­mal stem cells, alveolar bone cells, and periosteal cells. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101(2):164-169.62. Ceccarelli G, Graziano A, Benedetti L, et al. Osteogenic potential of human oral-periosteal cells (PCs) isolated from different oral origin: an in vitro study. J Cell Physiol. 2016;231(3):607-612.63. Ottoni JM, Oliveira ZF, Mansini R, Cabral AM. Correlation between placement torque and survival o f single-tooth implants. Int J Oral MaxiHofac Implants. 2005;20(5):769-776.64. Greenstein G, Cavallaro J. Implant insertion torque: its role in achieving primary stability of restorable dental implants. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2017;38(2):88-95.

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w w w .com pendium live .com July/August 2017 COMPENDIUM 455

CONTINUING EDUCATION 2QUIZ

Tridimensional Reconstruction of a Complex Iatrogenic Defect Using Orthodontic Forced Eruption and Minimally Invasive Bone GraftingErnesto A. Lee, DMD

This article provides 2 hours of CE credit from AEGIS Publications, LLC. Record your answers on the enclosed Answer Form or submit them on a separate sheet of paper. You may also phone your answers in to 877-423-4471 or fax them to 215-504-1502 or log on to compendiumce.com/go/1719.Be sure to include your name, address, telephone number, and last 4 digits of your Social Security number.

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1. Alveolar ridge defects have traditionally been treated with:A. orthodontic repositioning of adjacent teeth.B. surgical techniques that involve the reflection of a

mucoperiosteal flap.C. orthotic appliances to remodel adjacent bone into a

better architecture.D. electromagnetic stimulation of local osteoblasts.

2. Why is a greater degree of flap reflection and advancement needed to achieve adequate co-aptation for failed implants?A. because alveolar ridge defects often require significant

volume augmentationB. because these defects are infectedC. because these defects have virtually no blood supply of their

own after an implant has failedD. because these defects have approximately 25% shrinkage of

the flap within 30 days

3. Establishing esthetic and restorative objectives is essential in treatment planning for complex defects in the:A. mandibular premolar region.B. mandibular molar region.C. maxillary molar region.D. maxillary anterior region.

4. The patient's high smile line and esthetic demands precluded the use of:A. a traditional metal framework removable partial denture.B. a provisional acrylic removable partial denture.C. any prosthesis incorporating pink restorative materials.D. metal copings.

5. Several authors have reported that which of the following exhibit an increased risk of complications and compromised peri-implant esthetics?A. bone augmentationB. guided bone regeneration (GBR)C. flap-based techniquesD. All of the above

6. In a subsequent study of vertical GBR outcomes using resorbable and nonresorbable membranes, Merli reported a total complication rate of:A. 14%.B. 41%.C. 73%.D. 91%.

7. When a tooth is moved in a certain direction, bone resorption occurs on the side where:A. heat is applied to the periodontal ligament.B. cold is applied to the periodontal ligament.C. pressure is applied to the periodontal ligament.D. vibration is applied to the periodontal ligament.

8. For orthodontic forced eruption, bone apposition is stimulated by:A. the compression generated on the opposite side.B. the tension generated on the opposite side.C. the compression generated on the same side.D. the tension generated on the same side.

9. What type of forces are applied to the periodontal ligament during the forced eruption movement?A. verticalB. lateralC. stretchingD. rotational

10. Forced eruption in conjunction with minimally invasive bone grafting may provide what type of advantages for the predictable and efficient reconstruction of gingival-alveolar defects in the esthetic zone?A. commensalB. synergisticC. parasiticD. esthetic

Course is valid from July 1, 2017 to August 31, 2020. Par­ticipants must attain a score of 70% on each quiz to receive credit. Participants receiving a failing grade on any exam will be notified and permitted to take one re-examination. Participants will receive an annual report documenting their accumulated credits, and are urged to contact their own state registry boards for special CE requirements.

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456 COMPENDIUM July/A ugust 2017 Volume 38, Number 7

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