TRMT 396

Lecture #2

Dan McDonald

Tourists seek authenticity amidst anomie (Durkheim)

Dialectic created on the production of ‘locality’

“Double framing’ occurs to separate /protect local lifeways (misinformation, satire, psychological distancing)

Tourists aware of this ‘backstage’ and desire it

Irony …↑ secrecy = ↑ attraction

Harkin, 2003

Construction of a “Performance Space”Retain integrity but meet

demandMuseums & Cultural

CentresStrategic shaping of the

message – using cultural symbols for contemporary political arguments

Stereotype & received history corrective

Harkin, 2003

Anderson, 2009

Power of the Tourist culture can allow for a hegemonic construction of the host

Tourist channeled to dichotomize into Self and ‘Other’ (Foucault)

Indigenous needs only visible in the exchange based on tourist needs for authenticity

Tourists destinations as places for viewing rather than interaction

Conforming to ExpectationWearing & Darcy, 2011

Tourists?

There is no unity or fixity to host cultures (Bhahba)

Signs can be appropriated, translated, re-historicized, and read anew

Difference without inferiorization and identity fixity

Implies a two-way flow of cultural material & ideas

Creation of a ‘Third Space’

Connerton (1989) Collective Memories of a

people Experience of the present

depends of the knowledge of the past

Stories legitimate a social order

Said (1994) “nations are stories” The power to narrate is

central to a culture

Control of Stories and memories= Power

“Incanismo” in Peru (Hill, 2007)

Land claims and modern treaty environment in Canada

Treaty of Waitangi reassertion

“La Ruta Maya” and the rise of nationalism

Successful economic transformation (e.g. tourism) based on sovereignty (The Harvard Project)

Identity a contested spaceWorld Council of Indigenous

Peoples (1974-1996) Descendants of inhabitants at time of

colonization Non-dominant in society Residents of the 4th World (Manuel)

UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (to present) Historical continuity

Butler & Hinch Self-identify & others see as distinct Different linguistic identity Traditions distinct & desire to remain so Traditional systems of production Unique ties to territory & resources

CONTROL

Low High

T HEME

Culture Dispossessed

CultureControlled

Non-IndigenousTourism

DiversifiedTourism

Smith’s 4 H’s Habitat Heritage History Handicrafts

Majority Aboriginal owned and controlled plus sufficient cultural content that is culturally appropriate and recognized by the originators of that culture

(ATBC)

pre

absent

Butler & Hinch, 2007

Expectation can lead to ‘Cultural Triage’

Are dichotomy & differentiation necessary in tourism?

What is the relationship between hybridity, globalization and differentiation?

Shifting story can create space

What is sufficient cultural content?

Anderson, A. (2009). Reclaiming our Vision: Aboriginal People in the Performing Arts. [Powerpoint slides] October 26th lecture.

Connerton, . (1989). How Societies Remember. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Michael D. Hill (2007): Contesting Patrimony: Cusco's Mystical Tourist Industry and the Politics of Incanismo , Ethnos, 72:4, 433-460

Said, E. (1994). Culture and Imperialism. New York, NY: Vintage Books.

The Harvard Project. Retrieved from http://hpaied.org/